1
|
Tusseau M, Khaldi-Plassart S, Cognard J, Viel S, Khoryati L, Benezech S, Mathieu AL, Rieux-Laucat F, Bader-Meunier B, Belot A. Mendelian Causes of Autoimmunity: the Lupus Phenotype. J Clin Immunol 2024; 44:99. [PMID: 38619739 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-024-01696-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that is characterized by its large heterogeneity in terms of clinical presentation and severity. The pathophysiology of SLE involves an aberrant autoimmune response against various tissues, an excess of apoptotic bodies, and an overproduction of type-I interferon. The genetic contribution to the disease is supported by studies of monozygotic twins, familial clustering, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that have identified numerous risk loci. In the early 70s, complement deficiencies led to the description of familial forms of SLE caused by a single gene defect. High-throughput sequencing has recently identified an increasing number of monogenic defects associated with lupus, shaping the concept of monogenic lupus and enhancing our insights into immune tolerance mechanisms. Monogenic lupus (moSLE) should be suspected in patients with either early-onset lupus or syndromic lupus, in male, or in familial cases of lupus. This review discusses the genetic basis of monogenic SLE and proposes its classification based on disrupted pathways. These pathways include defects in the clearance of apoptotic cells or immune complexes, interferonopathies, JAK-STATopathies, TLRopathies, and T and B cell dysregulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maud Tusseau
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, University Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Samira Khaldi-Plassart
- National Referee Centre for Rheumatic and AutoImmune and Systemic Diseases in Children, European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Pediatric Nephrology, Rheumatology, Dermatology Unit, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jade Cognard
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, University Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Pediatric Nephrology, Rheumatology, Dermatology Unit, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sebastien Viel
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, University Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Liliane Khoryati
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, University Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sarah Benezech
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, University Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Laure Mathieu
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, University Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Fréderic Rieux-Laucat
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Pediatric Autoimmune Diseases, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Bader-Meunier
- National Referee Centre for Rheumatic and AutoImmune and Systemic Diseases in Children, European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Pediatric Autoimmune Diseases, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Department for Immunology, Hematology and Pediatric Rheumatology, Necker Hospital, APHP, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Belot
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, University Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France.
- National Referee Centre for Rheumatic and AutoImmune and Systemic Diseases in Children, European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
- Pediatric Nephrology, Rheumatology, Dermatology Unit, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Improving human healthspan in our rapidly aging population has never been more imperative. Telomeres, protective "caps" at the ends of linear chromosomes, are essential for maintaining genome stability of eukaryotic genomes. Due to their physical location and the "end-replication problem" first envisioned by Dr. Alexey Olovnikov, telomeres shorten with cell division, the implications of which are remarkably profound. Telomeres are hallmarks and molecular drivers of aging, as well as fundamental integrating components of the cumulative effects of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors that erode telomere length over time. Ongoing telomere attrition and the resulting limit to replicative potential imposed by cellular senescence serves a powerful tumor suppressor function, and also underlies aging and a spectrum of age-related degenerative pathologies, including reduced fertility, dementias, cardiovascular disease and cancer. However, very little data exists regarding the extraordinary stressors and exposures associated with long-duration space exploration and eventual habitation of other planets, nor how such missions will influence telomeres, reproduction, health, disease risk, and aging. Here, we briefly review our current understanding, which has advanced significantly in recent years as a result of the NASA Twins Study, the most comprehensive evaluation of human health effects associated with spaceflight ever conducted. Thus, the Twins Study is at the forefront of personalized space medicine approaches for astronauts and sets the stage for subsequent missions. We also extrapolate from current understanding to future missions, highlighting potential biological and biochemical strategies that may enable human survival, and consider the prospect of longevity in the extreme environment of space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine and WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria A Sierra
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine and WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Tri-Institutional Computational Biology & Medicine Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henry J Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Susan M Bailey
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Byfield DC, Stacey BS, Bailey DM. Cognition is selectively impaired in males with spinal pain: A retrospective analysis of data from the Longitudinal Study of Ageing Danish Twins. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:474-483. [PMID: 38367242 PMCID: PMC10988731 DOI: 10.1113/ep091177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive decline and spinal pain (back pain [BP] and neck pain [NP]) represent a major public health challenge, yet the potential relationship between them remains elusive. A retrospective analysis of the Longitudinal Study of Ageing Danish Twins was performed to determine any potential relationships between BP/NP and cognitive function adjusting for age, sex, educational and socioeconomic status. A total of 4731 adults (2788 females/1943 males) aged 78 ± 6 (SD) years were included in the analysis. We observed a 1-month prevalence of 25% with BP, 21% with NP and 11% for combined BP/NP. While there were no differences in cognition scores for males and females reporting combined BP/NP, compared to those without combined BP/NP (34.38 points [95% confidence interval (CI) = 31.88, 36.88] vs. 35.72 points [95% CI = 35.19, 36.26]; P = 0.180; and 35.72 points [95% CI = 35.19, 36.26] vs. 35.85 points [95% CI = 35.39, 36.31]; P = 0.327; for male and females, respectively), an adjusted analysis revealed that males with combined BP/NP presented with lower cognitive scores compared to males without combined BP/NP (81.26 points [95% CI = 73.80, 88.72] vs. 79.48 points [95% CI = 70.31, 88.66]; P = 0.043). The findings of this hypothesis-generating study may highlight a potential sex-specific association between spinal pain and later-life neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C. Byfield
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and EducationUniversity of South WalesPontypriddUK
| | - Benjamin S. Stacey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and EducationUniversity of South WalesPontypriddUK
| | - Damian M. Bailey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and EducationUniversity of South WalesPontypriddUK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mirheidari B, Bittar A, Cummins N, Downs J, Fisher HL, Christensen H. Automatic detection of expressed emotion from Five-Minute Speech Samples: Challenges and opportunities. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300518. [PMID: 38512817 PMCID: PMC10956846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Research into clinical applications of speech-based emotion recognition (SER) technologies has been steadily increasing over the past few years. One such potential application is the automatic recognition of expressed emotion (EE) components within family environments. The identification of EE is highly important as they have been linked with a range of adverse life events. Manual coding of these events requires time-consuming specialist training, amplifying the need for automated approaches. Herein we describe an automated machine learning approach for determining the degree of warmth, a key component of EE, from acoustic and text natural language features. Our dataset of 52 recorded interviews is taken from recordings, collected over 20 years ago, from a nationally representative birth cohort of British twin children, and was manually coded for EE by two researchers (inter-rater reliability 0.84-0.90). We demonstrate that the degree of warmth can be predicted with an F1-score of 64.7% despite working with audio recordings of highly variable quality. Our highly promising results suggest that machine learning may be able to assist in the coding of EE in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Mirheidari
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - André Bittar
- Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Cummins
- Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- CAMHS Digital Lab, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johnny Downs
- CAMHS Digital Lab, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen L Fisher
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi Christensen
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sjölander A, Frisell T, Öberg S, Wang Y, Hägg S. Combining Mendelian randomization with the sibling comparison design. Stat Med 2024; 43:731-755. [PMID: 38073579 DOI: 10.1002/sim.9983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Mendelian randomization (MR) is a popular epidemiologic study design that uses genetic variants as instrumental variables (IVs) to estimate causal effects, while accounting for unmeasured confounding. The validity of the MR design hinges on certain IV assumptions, which may sometimes be violated due to dynastic effects, population stratification, or assortative mating. Since these mechanisms act through parental factors it was recently suggested that the bias resulting from violations of the IV assumptions can be reduced by combing the MR design with the sibling comparison design, which implicitly controls for all factors that are constant within families. In this article, we provide a formal discussion of this combined MR-sibling design. We derive conditions under which the MR-sibling design is unbiased, and we relate these to the corresponding conditions for the standard MR and sibling comparison designs. We proceed by considering scenarios where all three designs are biased to some extent, and discuss under which conditions the MR-sibling design can be expected to have less bias than the other two designs. We finally illustrate the theoretical results and conclusions with an application to real data, in a study of low-density lipoprotein and diastolic blood pressure using data from the Swedish Twin Registry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arvid Sjölander
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Frisell
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Öberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yunzhang Wang
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Hägg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hjelmborg JVB, Clemmensen SB. Twin studies on cancer. Ugeskr Laeger 2024; 186:V11230732. [PMID: 38305325 DOI: 10.61409/v11230732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Studies on cancer loci by use of twin data reveal sources of variation in risk. The Nordic twin and cancer registries contain the largest cohort of population representative twins ever studied with more than median 40 years of follow-up. This article considers findings that show influences on familial risk and demonstrates the strengths of the matched case co-twin design for unraveling important risk factors of cancers. Studies using twin data will expectedly continue to provide insights into cancer epidemiology and genetics for the benefit of prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob von Bornemann Hjelmborg
- Forskningsenheden for Epidemiologi, Biostatistik og Biodemografi, Institut for Sundhedstjenesteforskning, Syddansk Universitet
| | - Signe Bedsted Clemmensen
- Forskningsenheden for Epidemiologi, Biostatistik og Biodemografi, Institut for Sundhedstjenesteforskning, Syddansk Universitet
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jia P, Dong L, Yang X, Wang B, Bush SJ, Wang T, Lin J, Wang S, Zhao X, Xu T, Che Y, Dang N, Ren L, Zhang Y, Wang X, Liang F, Wang Y, Ruan J, Xia H, Zheng Y, Shi L, Lv Y, Wang J, Ye K. Haplotype-resolved assemblies and variant benchmark of a Chinese Quartet. Genome Biol 2023; 24:277. [PMID: 38049885 PMCID: PMC10694985 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-03116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent state-of-the-art sequencing technologies enable the investigation of challenging regions in the human genome and expand the scope of variant benchmarking datasets. Herein, we sequence a Chinese Quartet, comprising two monozygotic twin daughters and their biological parents, using four short and long sequencing platforms (Illumina, BGI, PacBio, and Oxford Nanopore Technology). RESULTS The long reads from the monozygotic twin daughters are phased into paternal and maternal haplotypes using the parent-child genetic map and for each haplotype. We also use long reads to generate haplotype-resolved whole-genome assemblies with completeness and continuity exceeding that of GRCh38. Using this Quartet, we comprehensively catalogue the human variant landscape, generating a dataset of 3,962,453 SNVs, 886,648 indels (< 50 bp), 9726 large deletions (≥ 50 bp), 15,600 large insertions (≥ 50 bp), 40 inversions, 31 complex structural variants, and 68 de novo mutations which are shared between the monozygotic twin daughters. Variants underrepresented in previous benchmarks owing to their complexity-including those located at long repeat regions, complex structural variants, and de novo mutations-are systematically examined in this study. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this study provides high-quality haplotype-resolved assemblies and a comprehensive set of benchmarking resources for two Chinese monozygotic twin samples which, relative to existing benchmarks, offers expanded genomic coverage and insight into complex variant categories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jia
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Center for Mathematical Medical, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- School of Automation Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- MOE Key Lab for Intelligent Networks & Networks Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Lianhua Dong
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaofei Yang
- MOE Key Lab for Intelligent Networks & Networks Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Genome Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Automation Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- MOE Key Lab for Intelligent Networks & Networks Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Stephen J Bush
- School of Automation Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Tingjie Wang
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Center for Mathematical Medical, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- School of Automation Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- MOE Key Lab for Intelligent Networks & Networks Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jiadong Lin
- School of Automation Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- MOE Key Lab for Intelligent Networks & Networks Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Songbo Wang
- School of Automation Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- MOE Key Lab for Intelligent Networks & Networks Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xixi Zhao
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Center for Mathematical Medical, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- MOE Key Lab for Intelligent Networks & Networks Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Tun Xu
- School of Automation Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- MOE Key Lab for Intelligent Networks & Networks Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yizhuo Che
- School of Automation Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- MOE Key Lab for Intelligent Networks & Networks Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ningxin Dang
- Genome Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Luyao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Sciences and Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xia Wang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fan Liang
- GrandOmics Biosciences, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Yang Wang
- GrandOmics Biosciences, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Jue Ruan
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Han Xia
- School of Automation Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yuanting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Sciences and Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Leming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Sciences and Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yi Lv
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Center for Mathematical Medical, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Kai Ye
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Center for Mathematical Medical, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
- School of Automation Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
- MOE Key Lab for Intelligent Networks & Networks Security, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
- Genome Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Leiden, 2311EZ, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mataix-Cols D, Fernández de la Cruz L, De Schipper E, Kuja-Halkola R, Bulik CM, Crowley JJ, Neufeld J, Rück C, Tammimies K, Lichtenstein P, Bölte S, Beucke JC. In search of environmental risk factors for obsessive-compulsive disorder: study protocol for the OCDTWIN project. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:442. [PMID: 37328750 PMCID: PMC10273515 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04897-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The causes of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) remain unknown. Gene-searching efforts are well underway, but the identification of environmental risk factors is at least as important and should be a priority because some of them may be amenable to prevention or early intervention strategies. Genetically informative studies, particularly those employing the discordant monozygotic (MZ) twin design, are ideally suited to study environmental risk factors. This protocol paper describes the study rationale, aims, and methods of OCDTWIN, an open cohort of MZ twin pairs who are discordant for the diagnosis of OCD. METHODS OCDTWIN has two broad aims. In Aim 1, we are recruiting MZ twin pairs from across Sweden, conducting thorough clinical assessments, and building a biobank of biological specimens, including blood, saliva, urine, stool, hair, nails, and multimodal brain imaging. A wealth of early life exposures (e.g., perinatal variables, health-related information, psychosocial stressors) are available through linkage with the nationwide registers and the Swedish Twin Registry. Blood spots stored in the Swedish phenylketonuria (PKU) biobank will be available to extract DNA, proteins, and metabolites, providing an invaluable source of biomaterial taken at birth. In Aim 2, we will perform within-pair comparisons of discordant MZ twins, which will allow us to isolate unique environmental risk factors that are in the causal pathway to OCD, while strictly controlling for genetic and early shared environmental influences. To date (May 2023), 43 pairs of twins (21 discordant for OCD) have been recruited. DISCUSSION OCDTWIN hopes to generate unique insights into environmental risk factors that are in the causal pathway to OCD, some of which have the potential of being actionable targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Mataix-Cols
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Lorena Fernández de la Cruz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elles De Schipper
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ralf Kuja-Halkola
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - James J Crowley
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Janina Neufeld
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study (SCAS), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Rück
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristiina Tammimies
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Region Stockholm, Solna, Sweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Bölte
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Curtin Autism Research Group, Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jan C Beucke
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Systems Medicine, Faculty of Human Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bouchard TJ. The Garden of Forking Paths; An Evaluation of Joseph's 'A Reevaluation of the 1990 "Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart" IQ Study'. Twin Res Hum Genet 2023; 26:133-142. [PMID: 37272376 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2023.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Joseph has written what purports to be a refutation of studies of Twins Reared-Apart (TRAs) with a singular focus on the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared-Apart (MISTRA). I show, in detail, that (a) his criticisms of previous TRA studies depend on sources that were discredited prior to MISTRA, as they all failed the test of replicability, (b) the list of biases he uses to invalidate MISTRA do not support his arguments, (c) the accusations of questionable research practices are unsubstantiated, (d) his claim that MISTRA should be evaluated in the context of psychology's replication crisis is refuted. The TRA studies are constructive replications. Like many other scholars, past and present, he has been misled by the variation introduced by small samples (sampling error) and the distortion created by walking in the garden of forking paths. His endeavor is a concatenation of elision and erroneous statistical/scientific reasoning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Bouchard
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Segal NL. Role of Twins in Waardenburg Syndrome: 1916 - present/Twin Research Reviews: MZ Twins' Different Dermatoglyphics; Twins with Sagittal Suture Crainosynostosis; Blood Pressure in Female Twins; MZ Twins' Education and Political Knowledge/Media Reports: Twins Created by Reciprocal In Vitro Fertilization; Reared-Apart Triplets' Limited TV Series; Abducted Twin Infants; Winkelvoss Twins Charged by the Securities and Exchange Commission; Going From 'Me' to 'We'. Twin Res Hum Genet 2023; 26:195-198. [PMID: 37170787 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2023.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Waardenburg's syndrome involves deafness accompanied by various visual difficulties. The role of twins in identifying this disorder and advancing understanding of its origins and symptoms is described, beginning in 1916 and continuing to the present. This overview is followed by current research on monozygotic (MZ) twins' different dermatoglyphic features, twins with sagittal suture crainosynostosis, blood pressure in female twins, and MZ twins' education and political knowledge. The final section presents media reports describing controversies surrounding twins created by reciprocal in vitro fertilization, reared-apart triplets' limited TV series, abducted twin infants, the Winkelvoss twins' charges by the Securities and Exchange Commission, and going from 'Me' to 'We'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Segal
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vieira AR. Heritability of Dental Caries: Twin Studies. Monogr Oral Sci 2022; 30:61-70. [PMID: 35078175 DOI: 10.1159/000520768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The study of twins is a powerful tool to infer the presence and amount of contribution of genetic variation to a particular trait or disease. The ability to compare identical or monozygotic twins with dizygotic twins permits the direct comparison of pairs of individuals that share 100% of their genomic DNA with pairs that share only 50%, with the assumption that these pairs are under the same environment. In the case of dental caries, the environment is same parents, under the same roof, with the same diet, oral hygiene habits, culture, and lifestyle. These data have consistently suggested that a relevant proportion of the variation of dental caries in populations is due to genetics.
Collapse
|
12
|
Eglit GML, Elman JA, Panizzon MS, Sanderson-Cimino M, Williams ME, Dale AM, Eyler LT, Fennema-Notestine C, Gillespie NA, Gustavson DE, Hatton SN, Hagler DJ, Hauger RL, Jak AJ, Logue MW, McEvoy LK, McKenzie RE, Neale MC, Puckett O, Reynolds CA, Toomey R, Tu XM, Whitsel N, Xian H, Lyons MJ, Franz CE, Kremen WS. Paradoxical cognitive trajectories in men from earlier to later adulthood. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 109:229-238. [PMID: 34785406 PMCID: PMC8715388 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Because longitudinal studies of aging typically lack cognitive data from earlier ages, it is unclear how general cognitive ability (GCA) changes throughout the life course. In 1173 Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA) participants, we assessed young adult GCA at average age 20 and current GCA at 3 VETSA assessments beginning at average age 56. The same GCA index was used throughout. Higher young adult GCA and better GCA maintenance were associated with stronger specific cognitive abilities from age 51 to 73. Given equivalent GCA at age 56, individuals who had higher age 20 GCA outperformed those whose GCA remained stable in terms of memory, executive function, and working memory abilities from age 51 to 73. Thus, paradoxically, despite poorer maintenance of GCA, high young adult GCA still conferred benefits. Advanced predicted brain age and the combination of elevated vascular burden and APOE-ε4 status were associated with poorer maintenance of GCA. These findings highlight the importance of distinguishing between peak and current GCA for greater understanding of cognitive aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham M L Eglit
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Jeremy A Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mathew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark Sanderson-Cimino
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - McKenna E Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lisa T Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nathan A Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Daniel E Gustavson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sean N Hatton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Donald J Hagler
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard L Hauger
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Amy J Jak
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark W Logue
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Psychiatry and Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Linda K McEvoy
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ruth E McKenzie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; School of Education and Social Policy, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Olivia Puckett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chandra A Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Rosemary Toomey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xin M Tu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Whitsel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hong Xian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carol E Franz
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are among the most common psychiatric disorders worldwide. They often onset early in life, with symptoms and consequences that can persist for decades. This makes anxiety disorders some of the most debilitating and costly disorders of our time. Although much is known about the synaptic and circuit mechanisms of fear and anxiety, research on the underlying genetics has lagged behind that of other psychiatric disorders. However, alongside the formation of the Psychiatric Genomic Consortium Anxiety workgroup, progress is rapidly advancing, offering opportunities for future research.Here we review current knowledge about the genetics of anxiety across the lifespan from genetically informative designs (i.e. twin studies and molecular genetics). We include studies of specific anxiety disorders (e.g. panic disorder, generalised anxiety disorder) as well as those using dimensional measures of trait anxiety. We particularly address findings from large-scale genome-wide association studies and show how such discoveries may provide opportunities for translation into improved or new therapeutics for affected individuals. Finally, we describe how discoveries in anxiety genetics open the door to numerous new research possibilities, such as the investigation of specific gene-environment interactions and the disentangling of causal associations with related traits and disorders.We discuss how the field of anxiety genetics is expected to move forward. In addition to the obvious need for larger sample sizes in genome-wide studies, we highlight the need for studies among young people, focusing on specific underlying dimensional traits or components of anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helga Ask
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rosa Cheesman
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eshim S Jami
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel F Levey
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kirstin L Purves
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Heike Weber
- Department of Psychology, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Havdahl A, Niarchou M, Starnawska A, Uddin M, van der Merwe C, Warrier V. Genetic contributions to autism spectrum disorder. Psychol Med 2021; 51:2260-2273. [PMID: 33634770 PMCID: PMC8477228 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (autism) is a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by early childhood-onset impairments in communication and social interaction alongside restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests. This review summarizes recent developments in human genetics research in autism, complemented by epigenetic and transcriptomic findings. The clinical heterogeneity of autism is mirrored by a complex genetic architecture involving several types of common and rare variants, ranging from point mutations to large copy number variants, and either inherited or spontaneous (de novo). More than 100 risk genes have been implicated by rare, often de novo, potentially damaging mutations in highly constrained genes. These account for substantial individual risk but a small proportion of the population risk. In contrast, most of the genetic risk is attributable to common inherited variants acting en masse, each individually with small effects. Studies have identified a handful of robustly associated common variants. Different risk genes converge on the same mechanisms, such as gene regulation and synaptic connectivity. These mechanisms are also implicated by genes that are epigenetically and transcriptionally dysregulated in autism. Major challenges to understanding the biological mechanisms include substantial phenotypic heterogeneity, large locus heterogeneity, variable penetrance, and widespread pleiotropy. Considerable increases in sample sizes are needed to better understand the hundreds or thousands of common and rare genetic variants involved. Future research should integrate common and rare variant research, multi-omics data including genomics, epigenomics, and transcriptomics, and refined phenotype assessment with multidimensional and longitudinal measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Havdahl
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, PROMENTA Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - M. Niarchou
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, TN, USA
| | - A. Starnawska
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Center for Genomics for Personalized Medicine, CGPM, and Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M. Uddin
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE
| | - C. van der Merwe
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, MA, USA
| | - V. Warrier
- Department of Psychiatry, Autism Research Centre, University of Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder with multiple symptom dimensions (e.g. contamination, symmetry). OCD clusters in families and decades of twin studies clearly demonstrate an important role for genetics in the etiology of the disorder. METHODS In this review, we summarize the genetic epidemiology and molecular genetic studies of OCD and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. RESULTS OCD is a heritable, polygenic disorder with contributions from both common and rare variants, including de novo deleterious variations. Multiple studies have provided reliable support for a large additive genetic contribution to liability to OCD, with discrete OCD symptom dimensions having both shared and unique genetic risks. Genome-wide association studies have not produced significant results yet, likely because of small sample sizes, but larger meta-analyses are forthcoming. Both twin and genome-wide studies show that OCD shares genetic risk with its comorbid conditions (e.g. Tourette syndrome and anorexia nervosa). CONCLUSIONS Despite significant efforts to uncover the genetic basis of OCD, the mechanistic understanding of how genetic and environmental risk factors interact and converge at the molecular level to result in OCD's heterogeneous phenotype is still mostly unknown. Future investigations should increase ancestral genetic diversity, explore age and/or sex differences in genetic risk for OCD and expand the study of pharmacogenetics, gene expression, gene × environment interactions and epigenetic mechanisms for OCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behrang Mahjani
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Tics, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Related Disorders, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katharina Bey
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Boberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christie Burton
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bjerager J, Dabbah S, Belmouhand M, Rothenbuehler SP, Sander B, Larsen M. Lens fluorescence and skin fluorescence in the Copenhagen Twin Cohort Eye Study: Covariates and heritability. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256975. [PMID: 34499644 PMCID: PMC8428679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lens and skin fluorescence are related to the systemic accumulation of advanced glycation end products, which is accelerated in diabetes. We have examined lens fluorescence and skin fluorescence in healthy adult twins. The study enrolled twins aged median 59 years from a national population-based registry. Diabetic individuals were excluded from analysis. The interrelatedness between fluorescence parameters and relations between fluorescence and age, current HbA1c and smoking pack years were examined using correlation tests and mixed model linear regression analyses. Broad-sense heritability was analyzed and compared for lens fluorescence, skin fluorescence and HbA1c. Lens fluorescence and skin fluorescence were crudely interrelated (R = 0.38). In linear regression analyses, age explained a larger fraction of the variance in lens fluorescence (R2 = 32%) than in skin fluorescence (R2 = 20%), whereas HbA1c explained smaller variance fractions (R2 = 3% and 8%, respectively) followed by smoking pack years (4% and 3%, respectively). In multivariate analyses, age, HbA1c and smoking pack years combined explained more of the variance in lens fluorescence (R2 = 35%) than in skin fluorescence (R2 = 21%), but the influence of HbA1c on lens fluorescence was not statistically significant (p = .2). Age-adjusted broad-sense heritability was 85% for lens fluorescence, 53% for skin fluorescence and 71% for HbA1c in best fitting heritability models. Both fluorescence parameters increased with age, current glycemia and cumulative smoking. Lens fluorescence was found to be a predominantly heritable trait, whereas skin fluorescence was more influenced by environmental factors and closer related to current glycemia. The results suggest that skin fluorophores have a faster turn-over than lens fluorophores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Bjerager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Sami Dabbah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | | | - Simon P. Rothenbuehler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Sander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Michael Larsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zouiouich S, Loftfield E, Huybrechts I, Viallon V, Louca P, Vogtmann E, Wells PM, Steves CJ, Herzig KH, Menni C, Jarvelin MR, Sinha R, Gunter MJ. Markers of metabolic health and gut microbiome diversity: findings from two population-based cohort studies. Diabetologia 2021; 64:1749-1759. [PMID: 34110438 PMCID: PMC8245388 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05464-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The gut microbiome is hypothesised to be related to insulin resistance and other metabolic variables. However, data from population-based studies are limited. We investigated associations between serologic measures of metabolic health and the gut microbiome in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC1966) and the TwinsUK cohort. METHODS Among 506 individuals from the NFBC1966 with available faecal microbiome (16S rRNA gene sequence) data, we estimated associations between gut microbiome diversity metrics and serologic levels of HOMA for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), HbA1c and C-reactive protein (CRP) using multivariable linear regression models adjusted for sex, smoking status and BMI. Associations between gut microbiome diversity measures and HOMA-IR and CRP were replicated in 1140 adult participants from TwinsUK, with available faecal microbiome (16S rRNA gene sequence) data. For both cohorts, we used general linear models with a quasi-Poisson distribution and Microbiome Regression-based Kernel Association Test (MiRKAT) to estimate associations of metabolic variables with alpha- and beta diversity metrics, respectively, and generalised additive models for location scale and shape (GAMLSS) fitted with the zero-inflated beta distribution to identify taxa associated with the metabolic markers. RESULTS In NFBC1966, alpha diversity was lower in individuals with higher HOMA-IR with a mean of 74.4 (95% CI 70.7, 78.3) amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) for the first quartile of HOMA-IR and 66.6 (95% CI 62.9, 70.4) for the fourth quartile of HOMA-IR. Alpha diversity was also lower with higher HbA1c (number of ASVs and Shannon's diversity, p < 0.001 and p = 0.003, respectively) and higher CRP (number of ASVs, p = 0.025), even after adjustment for BMI and other potential confounders. In TwinsUK, alpha diversity measures were also lower among participants with higher measures of HOMA-IR and CRP. When considering beta diversity measures, we found that microbial community profiles were associated with HOMA-IR in NFBC1966 and TwinsUK, using multivariate MiRKAT models, with binomial deviance dissimilarity p values of <0.001. In GAMLSS models, the relative abundances of individual genera Prevotella and Blautia were associated with HOMA-IR in both cohorts. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Overall, higher levels of HOMA-IR, CRP and HbA1c were associated with lower microbiome diversity in both the NFBC1966 and TwinsUK cohorts, even after adjustment for BMI and other variables. These results from two distinct population-based cohorts provide evidence for an association between metabolic variables and gut microbial diversity. Further experimental and mechanistic insights are now needed to provide understanding of the potential causal mechanisms that may link the gut microbiota with metabolic health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Semi Zouiouich
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer-WHO, Lyon, France.
| | - Erikka Loftfield
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer-WHO, Lyon, France
| | - Vivian Viallon
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer-WHO, Lyon, France
| | | | - Emily Vogtmann
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Claire J Steves
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu, University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, OYS, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Rashmi Sinha
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer-WHO, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pain O, Glanville KP, Hagenaars SP, Selzam S, Fürtjes AE, Gaspar HA, Coleman JRI, Rimfeld K, Breen G, Plomin R, Folkersen L, Lewis CM. Evaluation of polygenic prediction methodology within a reference-standardized framework. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009021. [PMID: 33945532 PMCID: PMC8121285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The predictive utility of polygenic scores is increasing, and many polygenic scoring methods are available, but it is unclear which method performs best. This study evaluates the predictive utility of polygenic scoring methods within a reference-standardized framework, which uses a common set of variants and reference-based estimates of linkage disequilibrium and allele frequencies to construct scores. Eight polygenic score methods were tested: p-value thresholding and clumping (pT+clump), SBLUP, lassosum, LDpred1, LDpred2, PRScs, DBSLMM and SBayesR, evaluating their performance to predict outcomes in UK Biobank and the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS). Strategies to identify optimal p-value thresholds and shrinkage parameters were compared, including 10-fold cross validation, pseudovalidation and infinitesimal models (with no validation sample), and multi-polygenic score elastic net models. LDpred2, lassosum and PRScs performed strongly using 10-fold cross-validation to identify the most predictive p-value threshold or shrinkage parameter, giving a relative improvement of 16-18% over pT+clump in the correlation between observed and predicted outcome values. Using pseudovalidation, the best methods were PRScs, DBSLMM and SBayesR. PRScs pseudovalidation was only 3% worse than the best polygenic score identified by 10-fold cross validation. Elastic net models containing polygenic scores based on a range of parameters consistently improved prediction over any single polygenic score. Within a reference-standardized framework, the best polygenic prediction was achieved using LDpred2, lassosum and PRScs, modeling multiple polygenic scores derived using multiple parameters. This study will help researchers performing polygenic score studies to select the most powerful and predictive analysis methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Pain
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kylie P. Glanville
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saskia P. Hagenaars
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saskia Selzam
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna E. Fürtjes
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Héléna A. Gaspar
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. I. Coleman
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kaili Rimfeld
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Plomin
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lasse Folkersen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Sankt Hans Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cathryn M. Lewis
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pirazzini C, Azevedo T, Baldelli L, Bartoletti-Stella A, Calandra-Buonaura G, Dal Molin A, Dimitri GM, Doykov I, Gómez-Garre P, Hägg S, Hällqvist J, Halsband C, Heywood W, Jesús S, Jylhävä J, Kwiatkowska KM, Labrador-Espinosa MA, Licari C, Maturo MG, Mengozzi G, Meoni G, Milazzo M, Periñán-Tocino MT, Ravaioli F, Sala C, Sambati L, Schade S, Schreglmann S, Spasov S, Tenori L, Williams D, Xumerle L, Zago E, Bhatia KP, Capellari S, Cortelli P, Garagnani P, Houlden H, Liò P, Luchinat C, Delledonne M, Mills K, Mir P, Mollenhauer B, Nardini C, Pedersen NL, Provini F, Strom S, Trenkwalder C, Turano P, Bacalini MG, Franceschi C. A geroscience approach for Parkinson's disease: Conceptual framework and design of PROPAG-AGEING project. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 194:111426. [PMID: 33385396 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advanced age is the major risk factor for idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), but to date the biological relationship between PD and ageing remains elusive. Here we describe the rationale and the design of the H2020 funded project "PROPAG-AGEING", whose aim is to characterize the contribution of the ageing process to PD development. We summarize current evidences that support the existence of a continuum between ageing and PD and justify the use of a Geroscience approach to study PD. We focus in particular on the role of inflammaging, the chronic, low-grade inflammation characteristic of elderly physiology, which can propagate and transmit both locally and systemically. We then describe PROPAG-AGEING design, which is based on the multi-omic characterization of peripheral samples from clinically characterized drug-naïve and advanced PD, PD discordant twins, healthy controls and "super-controls", i.e. centenarians, who never showed clinical signs of motor disability, and their offspring. Omic results are then validated in a large number of samples, including in vitro models of dopaminergic neurons and healthy siblings of PD patients, who are at higher risk of developing PD, with the final aim of identifying the molecular perturbations that can deviate the trajectories of healthy ageing towards PD development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pirazzini
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tiago Azevedo
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Baldelli
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Calandra-Buonaura
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Maria Dimitri
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Doykov
- Centre for Inborn Errors of Metabolism, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Gómez-Garre
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y NeurofisiologíaClínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédicaen Red sobreEnfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Sara Hägg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Hällqvist
- Centre for Inborn Errors of Metabolism, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Halsband
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Gerontopsychiatry, Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik, Andernach, Germany
| | - Wendy Heywood
- Centre for Inborn Errors of Metabolism, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Great Ormond Street Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital and UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Jesús
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y NeurofisiologíaClínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédicaen Red sobreEnfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Juulia Jylhävä
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Miguel A Labrador-Espinosa
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y NeurofisiologíaClínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédicaen Red sobreEnfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Cristina Licari
- CERM, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Maturo
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giacomo Mengozzi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Maddalena Milazzo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Periñán-Tocino
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y NeurofisiologíaClínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédicaen Red sobreEnfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Francesco Ravaioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Sala
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luisa Sambati
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Sebastian Schade
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schreglmann
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simeon Spasov
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardo Tenori
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Florence, Italy
| | - Dylan Williams
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sabina Capellari
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Pietro Cortelli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Liò
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- CERM, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Italy
| | | | - Kevin Mills
- Centre for Inborn Errors of Metabolism, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Great Ormond Street Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital and UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Mir
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y NeurofisiologíaClínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédicaen Red sobreEnfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christine Nardini
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo Mauro Picone, CNR, Roma, Italy
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Federica Provini
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Stephen Strom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudia Trenkwalder
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paola Turano
- CERM, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Franceschi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Systems Medicine of Healthy Aging and Department of Applied Mathematics, Lobachevsky University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kim H, Choe SA, Lee SJ, Sung J. Causal relationship between the timing of menarche and young adult body mass index with consideration to a trend of consistently decreasing age at menarche. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247757. [PMID: 33635908 PMCID: PMC7909625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Younger age at menarche (AAM) is associated with higher body mass index (BMI) for young women. Considering that continuous trends in decreasing AAM and increasing BMI are found in many countries, we attempted to assess whether the observed negative association between AAM and young adult BMI is causal. We included 4,093 women from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) and Healthy twin Study (HTS) with relevant epidemiologic data and genome-wide marker information. To mitigate the remarkable differences in AAM across generations, we converted the AAM to a generation-standardized AAM (gsAAM). To test causality, we applied the Mendelian randomization (MR) approach, using a genetic risk score (GRS) based on 14 AAM-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We constructed MR models adjusting for education level and validated the results using the inverse-variance weighted (IVW), weighted median (WM), MR-pleiotropy residual sum and outliers test (MR-PRESSO), and MR-Egger regression methods. We found a null association using observed AAM and BMI level (conventional regression; -0.05 [95% CIs -0.10–0.00] per 1-year higher AAM). This null association was replicated when gsAAM was applied instead of AAM. Using the two-stage least squares (2SLS) approach employing a univariate GRS, the association was also negated for both AAM and gsAAM, regardless of model specifications. All the MR diagnostics suggested statistically insignificant associations, but weakly negative trends, without evidence of confounding from pleiotropy. We did not observe a causal association between AAM and young adult BMI whether we considered the birth cohort effect or not. Our study alone does not exclude the possibility of existing a weak negative association, considering the modest power of our study design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hakyung Kim
- Genome and Health Big Data Laboratory, Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Ah Choe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (SAC); (SJL)
| | - Soo Ji Lee
- Genome and Health Big Data Laboratory, Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Health & Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (SAC); (SJL)
| | - Joohon Sung
- Genome and Health Big Data Laboratory, Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mukherjee C, Moyer CO, Steinkamp HM, Hashmi SB, Beall CJ, Guo X, Ni A, Leys EJ, Griffen AL. Acquisition of oral microbiota is driven by environment, not host genetics. Microbiome 2021; 9:54. [PMID: 33622378 PMCID: PMC7903647 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00986-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oral microbiota is acquired very early, but the factors shaping its acquisition are not well understood. Previous studies comparing monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins have suggested that host genetics plays a role. However, all twins share an equal portion of their parent's genome, so this model is not informative for studying parent-to-child transmission. We used a novel study design that allowed us to directly examine the genetics of transmission by comparing the oral microbiota of biological versus adoptive mother-child dyads. RESULTS No difference was observed in how closely oral bacterial community profiles matched for adoptive versus biological mother-child pairs, indicating little if any effect of host genetics on the fidelity of transmission. Both adopted and biologic children more closely resembled their own mother as compared to unrelated women, supporting the role of contact and environment. Mother-child strain similarity increased with the age of the child, ruling out early effects of host genetic influence that are lost over time. No effect on the fidelity of mother-child strain sharing from vaginal birth or breast feeding was seen. Analysis of extended families showed that fathers and mothers were equally similar to their children, and that cohabitating couples showed even greater strain similarity than mother-child pairs. These findings support the role of contact and shared environment, and age, but not genetics, as determinants of microbial transmission, and were consistent at both species and strain level resolutions, and across multiple oral habitats. In addition, analysis of individual species all showed similar results. CONCLUSIONS The host is clearly active in shaping the composition of the oral microbiome, since only a few of the many bacterial species in the larger environment are capable of colonizing the human oral cavity. Our findings suggest that these host mechanisms are universally shared among humans, since no effect of genetic relatedness on fidelity of microbial transmission could be detected. Instead our findings point towards contact and shared environment being the driving factors of microbial transmission, with a unique combination of these factors ultimately shaping the highly personalized human oral microbiome. Video abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shahr B. Hashmi
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | | | - Xiaohan Guo
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Ai Ni
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Eugene J. Leys
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Ann L. Griffen
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bergmans RS, Rapp A, Kelly KM, Weiss D, Mezuk B. Understanding the relationship between type 2 diabetes and depression: lessons from genetically informative study designs. Diabet Med 2021; 38:e14399. [PMID: 32924175 PMCID: PMC8990216 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To conduct a systematic review in order to comprehensively synthesize the findings from a diverse range of genetically informative studies on comorbid depression and type 2 diabetes. METHODS Database searches (1 January 2008 to 1 June 2020) in PubMed and EMBASE were conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Eligible reports employed any type of genetically informed design, including twin modelling, Mendelian randomization, genome-wide association studies, polygenetic risk scores, or linkage disequilibrium score regression. Searches generated 451 unique citations, and 16 manuscripts met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS The included studies addressed three aetiological models of the depression-diabetes relationship: uni- or bi-directional phenotypic causation; shared genetic liability; or gene-environment interaction. From these studies, there is modest evidence that type 2 diabetes is causally related to risk of developing depression, but much more limited evidence that depression is causally related to risk of diabetes. There is little evidence of shared genetic liability between depression and diabetes or of gene-environment interaction. CONCLUSIONS Findings from genetically informed studies are mixed but provide some support for the uni- or bi-directional phenotypic model of depression and type 2 diabetes. Future studies should also explore the hypothesis that this relationship may be influenced by shared environmental risk factors. Findings can inform multifaceted approaches to diabetes prevention and care that reflect how psychosocial factors contribute to type 2 diabetes risk and outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Bergmans
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A. Rapp
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K. M. Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D. Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Briana Mezuk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Behavior genetics studies how genetic differences among people contribute to differences in their psychology and behavior. Here, I describe how the conclusions and methods of behavior genetics have evolved in the postgenomic era in which the human genome can be directly measured. First, I revisit the first law of behavioral genetics stating that everything is heritable, and I describe results from large-scale meta-analyses of twin data and new methods for estimating heritability using measured DNA. Second, I describe new methods in statistical genetics, including genome-wide association studies and polygenic score analyses. Third, I describe the next generation of work on gene × environment interaction, with a particular focus on how genetic influences vary across sociopolitical contexts and exogenous environments. Genomic technology has ushered in a golden age of new tools to address enduring questions about how genes and environments combine to create unique human lives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Paige Harden
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Imamura A, Morimoto Y, Ono S, Kurotaki N, Kanegae S, Yamamoto N, Kinoshita H, Tsujita T, Okazaki Y, Ozawa H. Genetic and environmental factors of schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder: insights from twin studies. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:1501-1515. [PMID: 32285255 PMCID: PMC7578126 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02188-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Twin studies of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder have employed epidemiological approaches that determine heritability by comparing the concordance rate between monozygotic twins (MZs) and dizygotic twins. The basis for these studies is that MZs share 100% of their genetic information. Recently, biological studies based on molecular methods are now being increasingly applied to examine the differences between MZs discordance for psychiatric disorders to unravel their possible causes. Although recent advances in next-generation sequencing have increased the accuracy of this line of research, there has been greater emphasis placed on epigenetic changes versus DNA sequence changes as the probable cause of discordant psychiatric disorders in MZs. Since the epigenetic status differs in each tissue type, in addition to the DNA from the peripheral blood, studies using DNA from nerve cells induced from postmortem brains or induced pluripotent stem cells are being carried out. Although it was originally thought that epigenetic changes occurred as a result of environmental factors, and thus were not transmittable, it is now known that such changes might possibly be transmitted between generations. Therefore, the potential possible effects of intestinal flora inside the body are currently being investigated as a cause of discordance in MZs. As a result, twin studies of psychiatric disorders are greatly contributing to the elucidation of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of psychiatric conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Imamura
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Community Partnership Unit, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Yoshiro Morimoto
- Unit of Translation Medicine, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shinji Ono
- Department of Human Genetics, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Naohiro Kurotaki
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Japan
| | - Shinji Kanegae
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Community Partnership Unit, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Community Partnership Unit, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
- Unit of Translation Medicine, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Kinoshita
- Unit of Translation Medicine, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Yuji Okazaki
- Koseikai Michinoo Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
- Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ozawa
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Community Partnership Unit, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
- Unit of Translation Medicine, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ashtree DN, McGuinness AJ, Plummer M, Sun C, Craig JM, Scurrah KJ. Developmental origins of cardiometabolic health outcomes in twins: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:1609-1621. [PMID: 32682747 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Studies of twins can reduce confounding and provide additional evidence about the causes of disease, due to within-pair matching for measured and unmeasured factors. Although findings from twin studies are typically applicable to the general population, few studies have taken full advantage of the twin design to explore the developmental origins of cardiometabolic health outcomes. We aimed to systematically review the evidence from twin studies and generate pooled estimates for the effects of early-life risk factors on later-life cardiometabolic health. METHODS AND RESULTS An initial search was conducted in March 2018, with 55 studies of twins included in the review. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and eligible studies were included in a meta-analysis, where pooled estimates were calculated. Twenty-six studies analysed twins as individuals, and found that higher birthweight was associated with lower SBP (β = -2.02 mmHg, 95%CI: -3.07, -0.97), higher BMI (β = 0.52 kg/m2, 95%CI: 0.20, 0.84) and lower total cholesterol (β = -0.07 mmol/L, 95%CI: -0.11, -0.04). However, no associations were reported in studies which adjusted for gestational age. Few of the included studies separated their analyses into within-pair and between-pair associations. CONCLUSIONS Early-life risk factors were associated with cardiometabolic health outcomes in twin studies. However, many estimates from studies in this review were likely to have been confounded by gestational age, and few fully exploited the twin design to assess the developmental origins of cardiometabolic health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah N Ashtree
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Twins Research Australia, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Amelia J McGuinness
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michelle Plummer
- Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Cong Sun
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M Craig
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| | - Katrina J Scurrah
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Twins Research Australia, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Brikell I, Larsson H, Lu Y, Pettersson E, Chen Q, Kuja-Halkola R, Karlsson R, Lahey BB, Lichtenstein P, Martin J. The contribution of common genetic risk variants for ADHD to a general factor of childhood psychopathology. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:1809-1821. [PMID: 29934545 PMCID: PMC6169728 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Common genetic risk variants have been implicated in the etiology of clinical attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnoses and symptoms in the general population. However, given the extensive comorbidity across ADHD and other psychiatric conditions, the extent to which genetic variants associated with ADHD also influence broader psychopathology dimensions remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between ADHD polygenic risk scores (PRS) and a broad range of childhood psychiatric symptoms, and to quantify the extent to which such associations can be attributed to a general factor of childhood psychopathology. We derived ADHD PRS for 13,457 children aged 9 or 12 from the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden, using results from an independent meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of ADHD diagnosis and symptoms. We estimated associations between ADHD PRS, a general psychopathology factor, and several dimensions of neurodevelopmental, externalizing, and internalizing symptoms, using structural equation modeling. Higher ADHD PRS were statistically significantly associated with elevated neurodevelopmental, externalizing, and depressive symptoms (R2 = 0.26-1.69%), but not with anxiety. After accounting for a general psychopathology factor, on which all symptoms loaded positively (mean loading = 0.50, range = 0.09-0.91), an association with specific hyperactivity/impulsivity remained significant. ADHD PRS explained ~ 1% (p value < 0.0001) of the variance in the general psychopathology factor and ~ 0.50% (p value < 0.0001) in specific hyperactivity/impulsivity. Our results suggest that common genetic risk variants associated with ADHD, and captured by PRS, also influence a general genetic liability towards broad childhood psychopathology in the general population, in addition to a specific association with hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Brikell
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Henrik Larsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Statistical Genetics, Genetics and Computational Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Erik Pettersson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ralf Kuja-Halkola
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin B Lahey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joanna Martin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Huang Y, Ollikainen M, Muniandy M, Zhang T, van Dongen J, Hao G, van der Most PJ, Pan Y, Pervjakova N, Sun YV, Hui Q, Lahti J, Fraszczyk E, Lu X, Sun D, Richard MA, Willemsen G, Heikkila K, Leach IM, Mononen N, Kähönen M, Hurme MA, Raitakari OT, Drake AJ, Perola M, Nuotio ML, Huang Y, Khulan B, Räikkönen K, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Zhernakova A, Fu J, Zhu H, Dong Y, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Franke L, Eriksson JG, Fornage M, Milani L, Lehtimäki T, Vaccarino V, Boomsma DI, van der Harst P, de Geus EJC, Salomaa V, Li S, Chen W, Su S, Wilson J, Snieder H, Kaprio J, Wang X. Identification, Heritability, and Relation With Gene Expression of Novel DNA Methylation Loci for Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2020; 76:195-205. [PMID: 32520614 PMCID: PMC7295009 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We conducted an epigenome-wide association study meta-analysis on blood pressure (BP) in 4820 individuals of European and African ancestry aged 14 to 69. Genome-wide DNA methylation data from peripheral leukocytes were obtained using the Infinium Human Methylation 450k BeadChip. The epigenome-wide association study meta-analysis identified 39 BP-related CpG sites with P<1×10-5. In silico replication in the CHARGE consortium of 17 010 individuals validated 16 of these CpG sites. Out of the 16 CpG sites, 13 showed novel association with BP. Conversely, out of the 126 CpG sites identified as being associated (P<1×10-7) with BP in the CHARGE consortium, 21 were replicated in the current study. Methylation levels of all the 34 CpG sites that were cross-validated by the current study and the CHARGE consortium were heritable and 6 showed association with gene expression. Furthermore, 9 CpG sites also showed association with BP with P<0.05 and consistent direction of the effect in the meta-analysis of the Finnish Twin Cohort (199 twin pairs and 4 singletons; 61% monozygous) and the Netherlands Twin Register (266 twin pairs and 62 singletons; 84% monozygous). Bivariate quantitative genetic modeling of the twin data showed that a majority of the phenotypic correlations between methylation levels of these CpG sites and BP could be explained by shared unique environmental rather than genetic factors, with 100% of the correlations of systolic BP with cg19693031 (TXNIP) and cg00716257 (JDP2) determined by environmental effects acting on both systolic BP and methylation levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yisong Huang
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Miina Ollikainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, PO Box 20 (Tukholmankatu 8), Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 20 (Tukholmankatu 8), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maheswary Muniandy
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, PO Box 20 (Tukholmankatu 8), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Shandong University School of Public Health, Jinan, China
| | - Jenny van Dongen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7-9, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guang Hao
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Peter J. van der Most
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, the Netherlands
| | - Yue Pan
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Natalia Pervjakova
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, 23 Riia Street, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yan V. Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Qin Hui
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jari Lahti
- Turku Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eliza Fraszczyk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, the Netherlands
| | - Xueling Lu
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Dianjianyi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Melissa A. Richard
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7-9, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kauko Heikkila
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, PO Box 20 (Tukholmankatu 8), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Department of Cardiology, the Netherlands
| | - Nina Mononen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center – Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33521
| | - Mikko A. Hurme
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - Amanda J Drake
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Markus Perola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Nuotio
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yunfeng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Batbayar Khulan
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bruce HR Wolffenbuttel
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Endocrinology, the Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Zhernakova
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jingyuan Fu
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, The Netherlands
| | - Haidong Zhu
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yanbin Dong
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jana V. van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, the Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Endocrinology, the Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Genomics Coordination Center, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary health Care, Tukholmankatu 8 B, University of Helsinki, Finland and Helsinki University Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Mc Govern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, 23 Riia Street, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere 33014, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7-9, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim van der Harst
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Department of Cardiology, the Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J. C. de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7-9, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shengxu Li
- Children’s Minnesota Research Institute, Children’s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Shaoyong Su
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - James Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, MS 39216 USA
| | - Harold Snieder
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, the Netherlands
- Corresponding authors, Correspondence to:Harold Snieder, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, the Netherlands, , Jaakko Kaprio, Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, PO Box 20 (Tukholmankatu 8), Helsinki, Finland, , Xiaoling Wang, Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA,
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, PO Box 20 (Tukholmankatu 8), Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 20 (Tukholmankatu 8), Helsinki, Finland
- Corresponding authors, Correspondence to:Harold Snieder, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, the Netherlands, , Jaakko Kaprio, Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, PO Box 20 (Tukholmankatu 8), Helsinki, Finland, , Xiaoling Wang, Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA,
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Corresponding authors, Correspondence to:Harold Snieder, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, the Netherlands, , Jaakko Kaprio, Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, PO Box 20 (Tukholmankatu 8), Helsinki, Finland, , Xiaoling Wang, Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang Y, Bhattacharya T, Jiang Y, Qin X, Wang Y, Liu Y, Saykin AJ, Chen L. A novel deep learning method for predictive modeling of microbiome data. Brief Bioinform 2020; 22:5835556. [PMID: 32406914 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development and decreasing cost of next-generation sequencing technologies, the study of the human microbiome has become a rapid expanding research field, which provides an unprecedented opportunity in various clinical applications such as drug response predictions and disease diagnosis. It is thus essential and desirable to build a prediction model for clinical outcomes based on microbiome data that usually consist of taxon abundance and a phylogenetic tree. Importantly, all microbial species are not uniformly distributed in the phylogenetic tree but tend to be clustered at different phylogenetic depths. Therefore, the phylogenetic tree represents a unique correlation structure of microbiome, which can be an important prior to improve the prediction performance. However, prediction methods that consider the phylogenetic tree in an efficient and rigorous way are under-developed. Here, we develop a novel deep learning prediction method MDeep (microbiome-based deep learning method) to predict both continuous and binary outcomes. Conceptually, MDeep designs convolutional layers to mimic taxonomic ranks with multiple convolutional filters on each convolutional layer to capture the phylogenetic correlation among microbial species in a local receptive field and maintain the correlation structure across different convolutional layers via feature mapping. Taken together, the convolutional layers with its built-in convolutional filters capture microbial signals at different taxonomic levels while encouraging local smoothing and preserving local connectivity induced by the phylogenetic tree. We use both simulation studies and real data applications to demonstrate that MDeep outperforms competing methods in both regression and binary classifications. Availability and Implementation: MDeep software is available at https://github.com/lichen-lab/MDeep Contact:chen61@iu.edu.
Collapse
|
29
|
Yang T, Wu C, Wei P, Pan W. Integrating DNA sequencing and transcriptomic data for association analyses of low-frequency variants and lipid traits. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:515-526. [PMID: 31919517 PMCID: PMC7015848 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) integrate genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and transcriptomic data to showcase their improved statistical power of identifying gene-trait associations while, importantly, offering further biological insights. TWAS have thus far focused on common variants as available from GWAS. Compared with common variants, the findings for or even applications to low-frequency variants are limited and their underlying role in regulating gene expression is less clear. To fill this gap, we extend TWAS to integrating whole genome sequencing data with transcriptomic data for low-frequency variants. Using the data from the Framingham Heart Study, we demonstrate that low-frequency variants play an important and universal role in predicting gene expression, which is not completely due to linkage disequilibrium with the nearby common variants. By including low-frequency variants, in addition to common variants, we increase the predictivity of gene expression for 79% of the examined genes. Incorporating this piece of functional genomic information, we perform association testing for five lipid traits in two UK10K whole genome sequencing cohorts, hypothesizing that cis-expression quantitative trait loci, including low-frequency variants, are more likely to be trait-associated. We discover that two genes, LDLR and TTC22, are genome-wide significantly associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol based on 3203 subjects and that the association signals are largely independent of common variants. We further demonstrate that a joint analysis of both common and low-frequency variants identifies association signals that would be missed by testing on either common variants or low-frequency variants alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhong Yang
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Chong Wu
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Peng Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei Pan
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Maggioni E, Squarcina L, Dusi N, Diwadkar VA, Brambilla P. Twin MRI studies on genetic and environmental determinants of brain morphology and function in the early lifespan. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 109:139-149. [PMID: 31911159 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurodevelopment represents a period of increased opportunity and vulnerability, during which a complex confluence of genetic and environmental factors influences brain growth trajectories, cognitive and mental health outcomes. Recently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies on twins have increased our knowledge of the extent to which genes, the environment and their interactions shape inter-individual brain variability. The present review draws from highly salient MRI studies in young twin samples to provide a robust assessment of the heritability of structural and functional brain changes during development. The available studies suggest that (as with many other traits), global brain morphology and network organization are highly heritable from early childhood to young adulthood. Conversely, genetic correlations among brain regions exhibit heterogeneous trajectories, and this heterogeneity reflects the progressive, experience-related increase in brain network complexity. Studies also support the key role of environment in mediating brain network differentiation via changes of genetic expression and hormonal levels. Thus, rest- and task-related functional brain circuits seem to result from a contextual and dynamic expression of heritability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Maggioni
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via F. Sforza 28, Milano, Italy
| | - Letizia Squarcina
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, via Don Luigi Monza 20, Bosisio Parini, LC, Italy
| | - Nicola Dusi
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via F. Sforza 28, Milano, Italy
| | - Vaibhav A Diwadkar
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, 42 W Warren Ave, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via F. Sforza 28, Milano, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hur YM, Bogl LH, Ordoñana JR, Taylor J, Hart SA, Tuvblad C, Ystrom E, Dalgård C, Skytthe A, Willemsen G. Twin Family Registries Worldwide: An Important Resource for Scientific Research. Twin Res Hum Genet 2019; 22:427-437. [PMID: 31937381 PMCID: PMC7301690 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2019.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Much progress has been made in twin research since our last special issue on twin registries (Hur, Y.-M., & Craig, J. M. (2013). Twin Research and Human Genetics, 16, 1-12.). This special issue provides an update on the state of twin family registries around the world. This issue includes 61 papers on twin family registries from 25 countries, of which 3 describe consortia based on collaborations of several twin family registries. The articles included in this issue discuss the establishment and maintenance of twin registries, recruitment strategies, methods of zygosity assessment, research aims and major findings from twin family cohorts, as well as other important topics related to twin studies. The papers amount to approximately 1.3 million monozygotic, dizygotic twins and higher order multiples and their family members who participate in twin studies around the world. Nine new twin family registries have been established across the world since our last issue, which demonstrates that twin registers are increasingly important in studies of the determinants and correlates of complex traits from disease susceptibility to healthy development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Mi Hur
- Department of Education, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, South Korea
| | - Leonie H Bogl
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juan R Ordoñana
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology and Murcia Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIB-ARRIXACA), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jeanette Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Sara A Hart
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Catherine Tuvblad
- School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine Dalgård
- Department of Public Health, Environmental Medicine, and Danish Twin Registry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Axel Skytthe
- Department of Public Health, and Danish Twin Registry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
We provide the first investigation into whether and how much genes explain having health insurance coverage or not and possible mechanisms for genetic variation. Using a twin-design that compares identical and non-identical twins from a national sample of US twins from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States, we find that genetic effects explain over 40% of the variation in whether a person has any health coverage versus not, and nearly 50% of the variation in whether individuals younger than 65 have private coverage versus whether they have no coverage at all. Nearly one third of the genetic variation in being uninsured versus having private coverage is explained by employment industry, self-employment status, and income, and together with education, they explain over 40% of the genetic influence. Marital status, number of children, and available measures of health status, risk preferences, and prevention effort do not appear to be important channels for genetic effects. That genes have meaningful effects on the insurance status suggests an important source of heterogeneity in insurance take up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George L Wehby
- Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Dr., 100 College of Public Health Bldg., Room N250, Iowa City, IA, 52242-2007, USA.
- Department of Economics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Public Policy Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Dan Shane
- Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Dr., 100 College of Public Health Bldg., Room N250, Iowa City, IA, 52242-2007, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jayaweera K, Craig JM, Zavos HMS, Abeysinghe N, De Alwis S, Andras A, Dissanayake L, Dziedzic K, Fernando B, Glozier N, Hewamalage A, Ives J, Jordan KP, Kodituwakku G, Mallen C, Rahman O, Zafar S, Saxena A, Rijsdijk F, Saffery R, Simonoff E, Yusuf R, Sumathipala A. Protocol for establishing a child and adolescent twin register for mental health research and capacity building in Sri Lanka and other low and middle-income countries in South Asia. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e029332. [PMID: 31619420 PMCID: PMC6797400 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Worldwide, 10%-20% of children and adolescents experience mental health conditions. However, most such disorders remain undiagnosed until adolescence or adulthood. Little is known about the factors that influence mental health in children and adolescents, especially in low and middle-income countries (LMIC), where environmental threats, such as poverty and war, may affect optimal neurodevelopment. Cohort studies provide important information on risks and resilience across the life course by enabling tracking of the effects of early life environment on health during childhood and beyond. Large birth cohort studies, including twin cohorts that can be aetiologically informative, have been conducted within high-income countries but are not generalisable to LMIC. There are limited longitudinal birth cohort studies in LMIC. METHODS We sought to enhance the volume of impactful research in Sri Lanka by establishing a Centre of Excellence for cohort studies. The aim is to establish a register of infant, child and adolescent twins, including mothers pregnant with twins, starting in the districts of Colombo (Western Province) and Vavuniya (Northern Province). We will gain consent from twins or parents for future research projects. This register will provide the platform to investigate the aetiology of mental illness and the impact of challenges to early brain development on future mental health. Using this register, we will be able to conduct research that will (1) expand existing research capacity on child and adolescent mental health and twin methods; (2) further consolidate existing partnerships and (3) establish new collaborations. The initiative is underpinned by three pillars: high-quality research, ethics, and patient and public involvement and engagement (PPIE). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Ethics Review Committee of Sri Lanka Medical Association and Keele University's Ethical Review Panel. In addition to journal publications, a range of PPIE activities have been conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaushalya Jayaweera
- Institute for Research and Development in Health and Social Care, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Jeffrey M Craig
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helena M S Zavos
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nihal Abeysinghe
- Institute for Research and Development in Health and Social Care, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Sunil De Alwis
- Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Alina Andras
- Research Institute of Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lasith Dissanayake
- Institute for Research and Development in Health and Social Care, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Krysia Dziedzic
- Arthritis Research Campaign National Primary Care Centre, Stoke on Trent, UK
| | - Buddhika Fernando
- Institute for Research and Development in Health and Social Care, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Research Institute of Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Glozier
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Asiri Hewamalage
- Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Jonathan Ives
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Centre for Ethics in Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kelvin P Jordan
- Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Godwin Kodituwakku
- Institute for Research and Development in Health and Social Care, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Christian Mallen
- Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Omar Rahman
- Public Health, Independent University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shamsa Zafar
- Centre of Excellence in MNCH, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Alka Saxena
- Genomic Research Platform and Single Cell Laboratory, Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and Saint Thomas' Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Fruhling Rijsdijk
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Saffery
- Cancer and Disease Epigenetics, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emily Simonoff
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rita Yusuf
- School of Life Sciences, Independent University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Athula Sumathipala
- Institute for Research and Development in Health and Social Care, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Research Institute of Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Vitamin D plays an essential role in human health as it influences immune function, cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with numerous health outcomes, including bone disease, cancer, autoimmune disease, cardiovascular conditions and more. However, the causal role of vitamin D beyond its importance for bone health remains unclear and is under much debate. Twin and familial studies from past decades have demonstrated a nontrivial heritability of circulating vitamin D concentrations. Several large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have discovered associations of GC, NADSYN1/DHCR7, CYP2R1, CYP24A1, SEC23A, AMDHD1 with serum levels of vitamin D. A recent whole genome sequencing (WGS) study, combined with deep imputation of genome-wide genotyping, has identified a low-frequency synonymous coding variant at CYP2R1. Information on these genetic variants can be used as tools for downstream analysis such as Mendelian randomization. Here, we review the genetic determinants of circulating vitamin D levels by focusing on new findings from GWAS and WGS, as well as results from Mendelian randomization analyses conducted so far for vitamin D with various traits and diseases. The amount of variation in vitamin D explained by genetics is still small, and the putative causal relationship between vitamin D and other diseases remains to be demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Jiang
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Brookline, Boston 02115, USA; Unit of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Nobels vagen 13, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
| | - Douglas P Kiel
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, 1200 Centre Street, Boston, MA 02131, United States; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02142, United States
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Brookline, Boston 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Robino A, Concas MP, Catamo E, Gasparini P. A Brief Review of Genetic Approaches to the Study of Food Preferences: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081735. [PMID: 31357559 PMCID: PMC6722914 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation plays a crucial role in individual differences in food preferences which ultimately influence food selection and health. Our current understanding of this pathway has been informed through twin studies (to assess the heritability of food preferences), candidate gene studies, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, most of this literature is mainly focused on genes previously identified as having taste or smell functions. New data suggests that genes not associated with taste or smell perception may be involved in food preferences and contribute to health outcomes. This review highlights these emerging findings and suggests a polygenic risk assessment approach to explore new relationships between food preferences and health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy
| | - Eulalia Catamo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
In 2015, public awareness of Zika virus (ZIKV) rose in response to alarming statistics of infants with microcephaly being born to women who were infected with the virus during pregnancy, triggering global concern over these potentially devastating consequences. Although we have discovered a great deal about the genome and pathogenesis of this reemergent flavivirus since this recent outbreak, we still have much more to learn, including the nature of the virus-host interactions and mechanisms that determine its tropism and pathogenicity in the nervous system, which are in turn shaped by the continual evolution of the virus. Inevitably, we will find out more about the potential long-term effects of ZIKV exposure on the nervous system from ongoing longitudinal studies. Integrating clinical and epidemiological data with a wider range of animal and human cell culture models will be critical to understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms and developing more specific antiviral compounds and vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Christian
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Institute for Epigenetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Cross-ratio is an important local measure of the strength of dependence among correlated failure times. If a covariate is available, it may be of scientific interest to understand how the cross-ratio varies with the covariate as well as time components. Motivated by the Tremin study, where the dependence between age at a marker event reflecting early lengthening of menstrual cycles and age at menopause may be affected by age at menarche, we propose a proportional cross-ratio model through a baseline cross-ratio function and a multiplicative covariate effect. Assuming a parametric model for the baseline cross-ratio, we generalize the pseudo-partial likelihood approach of Hu et al. (Biometrika 98:341-354, 2011) to the joint estimation of the baseline cross-ratio and the covariate effect. We show that the proposed parameter estimator is consistent and asymptotically normal. The performance of the proposed technique in finite samples is examined using simulation studies. In addition, the proposed method is applied to the Tremin study for the dependence between age at a marker event and age at menopause adjusting for age at menarche. The method is also applied to the Australian twin data for the estimation of zygosity effect on cross-ratio for age at appendicitis between twin pairs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Hu
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Bin Nan
- Department of Statistics, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Xihong Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Abstract
There have been several recent studies addressing the genetic architecture of depression. This review serves to take stock of what is known now about the genetics of depression, how it has increased our knowledge and understanding of its mechanisms, and how the information and knowledge can be leveraged to improve the care of people affected. We identify four priorities for how the field of MD genetics research may move forward in future years, namely by increasing the sample sizes available for genome-wide association studies (GWASs), greater inclusion of diverse ancestries and low-income countries, the closer integration of psychiatric genetics with electronic medical records, and the development of the neuroscience toolkit for polygenic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London UK
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chon AH, Chan Y, Korst LM, Llanes A, Abdel-Sattar M, Chmait RH. Quantitative fetal fibronectin to predict spontaneous preterm delivery after laser surgery for twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4438. [PMID: 30872799 PMCID: PMC6418228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Our goal was to assess whether quantitative fetal fibronectin (qfFN) is associated with spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) after laser surgery for twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). qfFN was collected within 24 hours before and after laser surgery. Aims were: (1) To determine if qfFN changed with operative fetoscopy; and (2) To estimate the number of patients needed to study the predictive value of qfFN for sPTB <28 and <32 weeks. Results are reported as median (range). Among 49 patients, there was no net difference in qfFN levels after laser surgery [0.0 ng/mL (-37 to +400), p = 0.6041]. However, patients with a qfFN increase >10 ng/mL were 19 times more likely to undergo sPTB at <28 weeks (OR = 19.5). We determined that 383 and 160 patients would be needed to achieve adequate statistical power for qfFN to be predictive of sPTB at a GA <28 weeks and <32 weeks, respectively. In conclusion, laser surgery did not alter the qfFN level within the entire cohort, but qfFN may be useful in identifying a subset of patients at increased risk of preterm delivery.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Female
- Fetofetal Transfusion/surgery
- Fibronectins/metabolism
- Gestational Age
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/diagnosis
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/etiology
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/metabolism
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/pathology
- Laser Therapy/adverse effects
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy, Twin
- Premature Birth/diagnosis
- Premature Birth/etiology
- Premature Birth/metabolism
- Premature Birth/pathology
- Prospective Studies
- Twin Studies as Topic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Chon
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yen Chan
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lisa M Korst
- Childbirth Research Associates, North Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Arlyn Llanes
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mira Abdel-Sattar
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ramen H Chmait
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the association between dog ownership and cardiovascular risk factors. DESIGN A nationwide register-based cohort study and a cross-sectional study in a subset. SETTING A cohort of 2 026 865 participants was identified from the Register of the Total Population and linked to national registers for information on dog ownership, prescribed medication, hospital admissions, education level, income and country of birth. Participants were followed from 1 October, 2006, to the end of the study on 31 December, 2012, assessing medication for a cardiovascular risk factor, emigration and death. Cross-sectional associations were further assessed in 10 110 individuals from the TwinGene study with additional adjustment for professional level, employment status, Charlson comorbidity index, disability and tobacco use. PARTICIPANTS All Swedish residents aged 45-80 years on 1 October, 2006. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Initiation of medication for hypertension, dyslipidaemia and diabetes mellitus. RESULTS After adjustment for confounders, the results indicated slightly higher likelihood of initiating antihypertensive (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.03) and lipid-lowering treatment (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.04) in dog owners than in non-owners, particularly among those aged 45-60 years and in those owning mixed breed or companion/toy breed dogs. No association of dog ownership with initiation of treatment for diabetes was found in the overall analysis (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.95 to 1.01). Sensitivity analyses in the TwinGene cohort indicated confounding of the association between dog ownership and prevalent treatment for hypertension, dyslipidaemia and diabetes mellitus, respectively, from factors not available in the national cohort, such as employment status and non cardiovascularchronic disease status. CONCLUSIONS In this large cohort study, dog ownership was associated with a minimally higher risk of initiation of treatment for hypertension and dyslipidaemia implying that the previously reported lower risk of cardiovascular mortality among dog owners in this cohort is not explained by reduced hypertension and dyslipidaemia. These observations may suffer from residual confounding despite access to multiple important covariates, and future studies may add valuable information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mwenya Mubanga
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liisa Byberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Orthopedics, Uppsala University, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Agneta Egenvall
- Division of Ruminant Medicine and Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Sundström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tove Fall
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
The sulcal morphology of the human medial frontal cortex has received marked interest because of (1) its remarkable link with the functional organization of this region, and (2) observations that deviations from 'normal' sulcal morphological variability correlate with the prevalence of some psychiatric disorders, cognitive abilities, or personality traits. Unfortunately, background studies on environmental or genetic factors influencing the ontogenesis of the sulcal organization in this region are critically lacking. We analysed the sulcal morphological organization in this region in twins and non-twin siblings, as well as in control subjects for a total of 599 subjects from the Human Connectome Project. The data first confirm significant biases in the presence of paracingulate sulci in left vs right hemispheres in the whole population (twin: p < 2.4.10-9; non-twin: p < 2.10-6) demonstrating a clear general laterality in human subjects. Second, measures of similarity between siblings and estimations of heritability suggest significant environmental factors, in particular in-womb environment, and weak additive genetic factors influencing the presence of a paracingulate sulcus. Finally, we found that relationships between sulcal organization and performance in cognitive, motor, and affective tests depend on the twin status (Twins versus Non-twins). These results provide important new insights to the issue of the significance of sulcal organization in the human medial frontal cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Amiez
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500, Bron, France.
| | - Charles R E Wilson
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Emmanuel Procyk
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500, Bron, France
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Rizzuto D, Feldman AL, Karlsson IK, Dahl Aslan AK, Gatz M, Pedersen NL. Detection of Dementia Cases in Two Swedish Health Registers: A Validation Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 61:1301-1310. [PMID: 29376854 PMCID: PMC6218116 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population-based health registers are potential assets in epidemiological research; however, the quality of case ascertainment is crucial. OBJECTIVE To compare the case ascertainment of dementia, from the National Patient Register (NPR) and the Cause of Death Register (CDR) with dementia diagnoses from six Swedish population based studies. METHODS Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) of dementia identification in NPR and CDR were estimated by individual record linkage with six Swedish population based studies (n = 19,035). Time to detection in NPR was estimated using data on dementia incidence from longitudinal studies with more than two decades of follow-up. RESULTS Barely half of the dementia cases were ever detected by NPR or CDR. Using data from longitudinal studies we estimated that a record with a dementia diagnosis appears in the NPR on average 5.5 years after first diagnosis. Although the ability of the registers to detect dementia cases was moderate, the ability to detect non-dementia cases was almost perfect (99%). When registers indicate that there is a dementia diagnosis, there are very few instances in which the clinicians determined the person was not demented. Indeed, PPVs were close to 90%. However, misclassification between dementia subtype diagnoses is quite common, especially in NPR. CONCLUSIONS Although the overall sensitivity is low, the specificity and the positive predictive value are very high. This suggests that hospital and death registers can be used to identify dementia cases in the community, but at the cost of missing a large proportion of the cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debora Rizzuto
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Aging Research Center (ARC), Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adina L. Feldman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ida K. Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna K. Dahl Aslan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Gerontology and Aging Research Network – Jönköping (ARN-J), School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Margaret Gatz
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nancy L. Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using visual food cues provides insight into brain regulation of appetite in humans. This review sought evidence for genetic determinants of these responses. RECENT FINDINGS Echoing behavioral studies of food cue responsiveness, twin study approaches detect significant inherited influences on brain response to food cues. Both polygenic (whole genome) factors and polymorphisms in single genes appear to impact appetite regulation, particularly in brain regions related to satiety perception. Furthermore, genetic confounding might underlie findings linking obesity to stereotypical response patterns on fMRI, i.e., associations with obesity may actually reflect underlying inherited susceptibilities rather than acquired levels of adiposity. Insights from twin studies show that genes powerfully influence brain regulation of appetite, emphasizing the role of inherited susceptibility factors in obesity risk. Future research to delineate mechanisms of inherited obesity risk could lead to novel or more targeted interventional approaches.
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human cognition has long been known to be under substantial genetic control. With the complete mapping of the human genome, genome-wide association studies for many complex traits have proliferated; however, the highly polygenic nature of intelligence has made the identification of the precise genes that influence both global and specific cognitive abilities more difficult than anticipated. METHOD Here, we review the latest developments in the genomics of cognition, including a discussion of methodological advances in the genetic analysis of complex traits, and shared genetic contributions to cognitive abilities and neuropsychiatric disorders. RESULTS A wealth of twin and family studies have provided compelling evidence for a strong heritable component of both global and specific cognitive abilities, and for the existence of "generalist genes" responsible for a large portion of the variance in diverse cognitive abilities. Increasingly sophisticated analytic tools and ever-larger sample sizes are now facilitating the identification of specific genetic and molecular underpinnings of cognitive abilities, leading to optimism regarding possibilities for novel treatments for illnesses related to cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS We conclude with a set of future directions for the field, which will further accelerate discoveries regarding the biological pathways relevant to cognitive abilities. These, in turn, may be further interrogated in order to link biological mechanisms to behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Los Angeles
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bollati V, Rota F. [Homo faber fortunae suae?]. Epidemiol Prev 2017; 41:316-317. [PMID: 29119772 DOI: 10.19191/ep17.5-6.p316.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bollati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, "Clinica del Lavoro Luigi Devoto", Università degli Studi di Milano.
| | - Federica Rota
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, "Clinica del Lavoro Luigi Devoto", Università degli Studi di Milano
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Nielsen JS, Bech M, Christensen K, Kiil A, Hvidt NC. Risk aversion and religious behaviour: Analysis using a sample of Danish twins. Econ Hum Biol 2017; 26:21-29. [PMID: 28214730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Economics offers an analytical framework to consider human behaviour including religious behaviour. Within the realm of Expected Utility Theory, religious belief and activity could be interpreted as an insurance both for current life events and for afterlife rewards. Based on that framework, we would expect that risk averse individuals would demand a more generous protection plan which they may do by devoting more effort and resources into religious activities such as church attendance and prayer, which seems to be in accordance with previous empirical results. However, a general concern regards the problems of spurious correlations due to underlying omitted or unobservable characteristics shaping both religious activities and risk attitudes. This paper examines empirically the demand for religion by analysing the association between risk attitudes on the one hand, and church attandance and prayer frequency on the other controlling for unobservable variables using survey data of Danish same-sex twin pairs. We verify the correlation between risk preferences and religion found previously by carrying out cross-sectional analyses. We also show that the association between risk attitudes and religious behaviour is driven by the subgroup of individuals who believe in an afterlife. In addition, when re-analysing our results using panel data analyses which cancel out shared factors among twin pairs, we find that the correlation found between risk aversion and religious behaviour is no longer significant indicating that other factors might explain differences in religious behaviour. Caution is needed in the interpretation of our results as the insignificant association between risk aversion and religious behaviour in the panel data analyses potentially might be due to measurement error causing attenuation bias or lack of variation within twin pairs rather than the actual absence of an association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jytte Seested Nielsen
- Newcastle University Business School, Newcastle University, 5 Barrack Road, NE1 4SE, UK.
| | - Mickael Bech
- KORA-Danish Institute for Local and Regional Government Research, Købmagergade 22, DK-1150 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Kaare Christensen
- The Danish Twin Registry, Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9B, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Astrid Kiil
- KORA-Danish Institute for Local and Regional Government Research, Købmagergade 22, DK-1150 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Niels Christian Hvidt
- Research Unit of General Practice, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9A, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gibson EL, Cooke L. Understanding Food Fussiness and Its Implications for Food Choice, Health, Weight and Interventions in Young Children: The Impact of Professor Jane Wardle. Curr Obes Rep 2017; 6:46-56. [PMID: 28205158 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-017-0248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review examines the concepts of fussy eating and food neophobia in the context of key determinants of the development of children's food preferences. We discuss the evidence for genetic versus parental and other environmental influences on the ontogeny of these behavioural traits and the implications of current knowledge for interventions that attempt to lessen the impact of these traits on children's diets. Finally, we consider whether these traits increase the risk of a child becoming obese, or alternatively, underweight and malnourished. RECENT FINDINGS Fussy eating and neophobia are related concepts with both genetic and environmental aetiologies. Parent-child correlations and heritability estimates are moderate to high for both traits, but aspects of the family environment remain influential in young children, although no longer in young adults. Parental strategies based around repeat tasting opportunities can improve acceptance of disliked foods in even the fussiest children. Fussy eating and neophobia are not risk factors for obesity but could limit growth in severe cases. Fussy eating and food neophobia are common concerns for parents, though health risks are low. Dissemination of evidence-based strategies to parents that can encourage a more varied diet in young children would be helpful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Leigh Gibson
- Department of Psychology, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London, SW15 4JD, UK.
| | - Lucy Cooke
- Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Myopia has become epidemic, particularly in East Asia, and is a major cause of visual impairment worldwide. Twin studies are an important resource to investigate the genetics and the gene-environment interaction in myopia. This article aims to provide an overview of major findings regarding myopia from different types of twin studies, from the heritability of myopia-related traits to novel findings of genome-wide association studies. In the postgenomic era, twin studies will continue to serve as a unique method in the investigation of gene-environment interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxian Chen
- From the *State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; and †Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent psychiatric disorders often comorbid with depression and substance abuse. Twin studies have shown that anxiety disorders are moderately heritable. Yet, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have failed to identify gene(s) significantly associated with diagnosis suggesting a strong role for environmental factors and the epigenome. A number of anxiety disorder subtypes are considered "stress related." A large focus of research has been on the epigenetic and anxiety-like behavioral consequences of stress. Animal models of anxiety-related disorders have provided strong evidence for the role of stress on the epigenetic control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and of stress-responsive brain regions. Neuroepigenetics may continue to explain individual variation in susceptibility to environmental perturbations and consequently anxious behavior. Behavioral and pharmacological interventions aimed at targeting epigenetic marks associated with anxiety may prove fruitful in developing treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Bartlett
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Rumani Singh
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Richard G Hunter
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125, USA.
| |
Collapse
|