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Denisova SA, Shchenkov SV, Lebedenkov VV. Microanatomy and ultrastructure of the nervous system of adult Renicola parvicaudatus (Digenea: Renicolidae). J Morphol 2024; 285:e21672. [PMID: 38361267 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The digenean complex life cycle includes various morphological forms with different locomotory and behavioral activities, and the functional specialization of their nervous system is of importance for the transmission of these parasites. Adult digeneans acquire many adaptive features associated with the final settlement in a vertebrate host. Our study describes the general morphology and ultrastructure of the nervous system of the adult renicolid digenean Renicola parvicaudatus parasitizing the renal tubules of herring gulls. Using immunocytochemical and electron microscopic methods, we identified the distinctive characteristics of ganglia and synapses in the studied species. A comparative analysis of the organization of the nervous system of adult individuals and their continuously-swimming stylet cercariae revealed a number of stage-related differences in the composition of ganglia, the distribution of serotonin- and FMRFamide-immunoreactive neurons, the cytomorphology of neuron somata and free sensory endings. Thus, in adults, the presence of FMRFamide-positive neuron somata, accessory muscle bundles in the ganglionic cortex, and eight types of neuronal vesicles was detected, but no glia-like elements were identified. Their neurons are characterized by a larger volume of cytoplasm and also show greater ultrastructural diversity. Although the sensory papillae of adults do not vary in their external morphology as much as those of larvae, their sensory bulbs are more diverse in cytomorphology. Following our previous data on the "support" cell processes related to various tissues of the larvae and considered as glia-like structures, we also briefly present the identified features of the parenchyma, attachment organs and excretory system of adult individuals. The excretory system of adult R. parvicaudatus is characterized by the presence of unique terminal cells with several flame tufts, which are not typical either for the larvae of this species or for other digeneans studied so far. We also used molecular phylogenetic analysis to clarify species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia A Denisova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergei V Shchenkov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Lebedenkov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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2
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Pagowski V. A description of the bat star nervous system throughout larval ontogeny. Evol Dev 2024; 26:e12468. [PMID: 38108150 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Larvae represent a distinct life history stage in which animal morphology and behavior contrast strongly to adult organisms. This life history stage is a ubiquitous aspect of animal life cycles, particularly in the marine environment. In many species, the structure and function of the nervous system differ significantly between metamorphosed juveniles and larvae. However, the distribution and diversity of neural cell types in larval nervous systems remains incompletely known. Here, the expression of neurotransmitter and neuropeptide synthesis and transport genes in the bat star Patiria miniata is examined throughout larval development. This characterization of nervous system structure reveals three main neural regions with distinct but overlapping territories. These regions include a densely innervated anterior region, an enteric neural plexus, and neurons associated with the ciliary band. In the ciliary band, cholinergic cells are pervasive while dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and GABAergic cells show regional differences in their localization patterns. Furthermore, the distribution of some neural subtypes changes throughout larval development, suggesting that changes in nervous system structure align with shifting ecological priorities during different larval stages, before the development of the adult nervous system. While past work has described aspects of P. miniata larval nervous system structure, largely focusing on early developmental timepoints, this work provides a comprehensive description of neural cell type localization throughout the extensive larval period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Pagowski
- Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California, USA
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3
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Hochner B, Zullo L, Shomrat T, Levy G, Nesher N. Embodied mechanisms of motor control in the octopus. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R1119-R1125. [PMID: 37875094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Achieving complex behavior in soft-bodied animals is a hard task, because their body morphology is not constrained by a fixed number of jointed elements, as in skeletal animals, and thus the control system has to deal with practically an infinite number of control variables (degrees of freedom). Almost 30 years of research on Octopus vulgaris motor control has revealed that octopuses efficiently control their body with strategies that emerged during the adaptive coevolution of their nervous system and body morphology. In this minireview, we highlight principles of embodied organization that were revealed by studying octopus motor control, and that are used as inspiration for soft robotics. We describe the evolved solutions to the problem, implemented from the lowest level, the muscular system, to the network organization in higher motor control centers of the octopus brain. We show how the higher motor control centers, where the sensory-motor interface lies, can control and coordinate limbs with large degrees of freedom without using body-part maps to represent sensory and motor information, as they do in vertebrates. We demonstrate how this unique control mechanism, which allows efficient control of the body in a large variety of behaviors, is embodied within the animal's body morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyamin Hochner
- Department of Neurobiology, Silberman Life Sciences Institute, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Letizia Zullo
- IRCSS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.
| | - Tal Shomrat
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Michmoret, Israel
| | - Guy Levy
- Department of Neurobiology, Silberman Life Sciences Institute, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nir Nesher
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Michmoret, Israel
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Temereva EN, Isaeva MA, Kosevich IA. Unusual lophophore innervation in ctenostome Flustrellidra hispida (Bryozoa). J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 2023; 340:245-258. [PMID: 35662417 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Since ctenostomes are traditionally regarded as an ancestral clade to some other bryozoan groups, the study of additional species may help to clarify questions on bryozoan evolution and phylogeny. One of these questions is the bryozoan lophophore evolution: whether it occurred through simplification or complication. The morphology and innervation of the ctenostome Flustrellidra hispida (Fabricius, 1780) lophophore have been studied with electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Lophophore nervous system of F. hispida consists of several main nerve elements: cerebral ganglion, circumoral nerve ring, and the outer nerve ring. Serotonin-like immunoreactive perikarya, which connect with the circumoral nerve ring, bear the cilium that directs to the abfrontal side of the lophophore and extends between tentacle bases. The circumoral nerve ring gives rise to the intertentacular and frontal tentacle nerves. The outer nerve ring gives rise to the abfrontal neurites, which connect to the outer groups of perikarya and contribute to the formation of the abfrontal tentacle nerve. The outer nerve ring has been described before in other bryozoans, but it never contributes to the innervation of tentacles. The presence of the outer nerve ring participating in the innervation of tentacles makes the F. hispida lophophore nervous system particularly similar to the lophophore nervous system of phoronids. This similarity allows to suggest that organization of the F. hispida lophophore nervous system may reflect the ancestral state for all bryozoans. The possible scenario of evolutionary transformation of the lophophore nervous system within bryozoans is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Temereva
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A Isaeva
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor A Kosevich
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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5
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Bibermair J, Wood TS, Chaichana R, Schwaha T. Reconstructing the neuromuscular ground pattern of phylactolaemate bryozoans: new data from the Lophopodidae. BMC Ecol Evol 2022; 22:118. [PMID: 36261803 PMCID: PMC9580149 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-022-02076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The solely freshwater inhabiting Phylactolaemata is a sister taxon to all other bryozoans. Among phylactolaemates, Lophopodidae represents an early branching clade that is therefore crucial for ground pattern reconstruction. While more recent morphological data of most phylactolaemate families are present, data of lophopodids are scarce. The genus Asajirella especially, which was previously assigned to the family Pectinatellidae, lacks any detailed analysis with more recent morphological methods. RESULTS This study provides the first morphological analyses of three lophopodid species using serial-sectioning histology and 3D reconstruction, but also immunocytochemical stainings and confocal laserscanning microscopy. There are several lophopodid-specific traits in the nervous system such as the large ganglion with extensive lumen and two prominent protrusions referred to as epistomial horns. The epistome in all lophopodids is rather small and dome-shaped. Contrary to previous reports, we can confirm that duplicature bands insert at the tentacle sheath rather than the diaphragmatic sphincter in all phylactolaemates. The morphology of the digestive tract of lophopodids is identical to other phylactolaemates and possesses exclusively circular muscles. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, this study fills significant gaps in our knowledge on phylactolaemate neuromuscular systems and general morphology. It shows that the insertion of the duplicature bands at the tentacle sheath and the circular musculature of the digestive tract to be the ground pattern in phylactolaemates. In addition, we found apomorphic characters for lophopodids such as the dome-shaped epistome with its musculature and the voluminous ganglion with its epistomial horns, which aid in defining and delineating the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bibermair
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - T S Wood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Ohio, USA
| | - R Chaichana
- Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - T Schwaha
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Terenina NB, Kreshchenko ND, Mochalova NV, Nikoghosyan MA, Petrosyan RA, Movsesyan SO. Neuromuscular system of the causative agent of dicrocoeliosis, Dicrocoelium lanceatum. I. 5-Hydroxytryptamine in the nervous system. Vet Parasitol 2022; 309:109768. [PMID: 35914354 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The trematode Dicrocoelium lanceatum known as lancet fluke, is a causative agent of dicrocoeliosis, a widespread parasitic disease of the grazing ruminants. The investigation of the major neurotransmitters and their functions are an important step in the development of a new pharmacological strategy of the struggle against the dicrocoeliosis affecting the neuronal signal substances and the functions of its nervous system. The aim of this work was to study the presence and localization of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT, 5-Hydroxytryptamine) in the nervous system of D. lanceatum using immunocytochemical technique and confocal laser scanning microscopy. For the first time the data on the presence and distribution of serotonin-immunopositive components in the central and peripheral compartments of the nervous system of D. lanceatum has been obtained. Serotonin-immunopositive neurons and neurites were identified in paired brain ganglia, in the brain commissure, longitudinal nerve cords and connective nerve commissures. The innervation of the oral and ventral suckers by serotonergic nerve structures was revealed. The distal part of the reproductive system and the region of the reproductive pore were intensively innervated by serotonergic neurites. Serotonin-immunopositive neurons and neurites were also revealed in the proximal region of the reproductive system. The data obtained suggest that the serotonergic nervous system is involved in the regulation of the attachment organs and the reproductive system functions in D. lanceatum. The new results on the morphological and functional organization of the D. lanceatum nervous system increase our knowledge of the structure and function of nervous system of trematodes of various taxonomic groups and support the possibility of the exploitation of the serotonergic system of the parasite as a target for anthelmintic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Terenina
- Center of Parasitology, А.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr., 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia.
| | - N D Kreshchenko
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - N V Mochalova
- Center of Parasitology, А.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr., 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Nikoghosyan
- Institute of Zoology, Scientific Center for Zoology and Hydroecology, National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia, P. Sevaka str., 7, Erevan 0014, Armenia
| | - R A Petrosyan
- Institute of Zoology, Scientific Center for Zoology and Hydroecology, National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia, P. Sevaka str., 7, Erevan 0014, Armenia
| | - S O Movsesyan
- Center of Parasitology, А.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr., 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia
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Ortega-Hernández J, Lerosey-Aubril R, Losso SR, Weaver JC. Neuroanatomy in a middle Cambrian mollisoniid and the ancestral nervous system organization of chelicerates. Nat Commun 2022; 13:410. [PMID: 35058474 PMCID: PMC8776822 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a steady increase in reports of fossilized nervous tissues among Cambrian total-group euarthropods, which allow reconstructing the early evolutionary history of these animals. Here, we describe the central nervous system of the stem-group chelicerate Mollisonia symmetrica from the mid-Cambrian Burgess Shale. The fossilized neurological anatomy of M. symmetrica includes optic nerves connected to a pair of lateral eyes, a putative condensed cephalic synganglion, and a metameric ventral nerve cord. Each trunk tergite is associated with a condensed ganglion bearing lateral segmental nerves, and linked by longitudinal connectives. The nervous system is preserved as reflective carbonaceous films underneath the phosphatized digestive tract. Our results suggest that M. symmetrica illustrates the ancestral organization of stem-group Chelicerata before the evolution of the derived neuroanatomical characters observed in Cambrian megacheirans and extant representatives. Our findings reveal a conflict between the phylogenetic signals provided by neuroanatomical and appendicular data, which we interpret as evidence of mosaic evolution in the chelicerate stem-lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ortega-Hernández
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Rudy Lerosey-Aubril
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Sarah R Losso
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - James C Weaver
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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8
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Temereva EN, Kuzmina TV. The nervous system of the most complex lophophore provides new insights into the evolution of Brachiopoda. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16192. [PMID: 34376709 PMCID: PMC8355163 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95584-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The lophophore is a tentacle organ unique to the lophophorates. Recent research has revealed that the organization of the nervous and muscular systems of the lophophore is similar in phoronids, brachiopods, and bryozoans. At the same time, the evolution of the lophophore in certain lophophorates is still being debated. Innervation of the adult lophophore has been studied by immunocytochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy for only two brachiopod species belonging to two subphyla: Linguliformea and Rhynchonelliformea. Species from both groups have the spirolophe, which is the most common type of the lophophore among brachiopods. In this study, we used transmission electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and confocal laser scanning microscopy to describe the innervation of the most complex lophophore (the plectolophe) of the rhynchonelliform species Coptothyris grayi. The C. grayi lophophore (the plectolophe) is innervated by three brachial nerves: the main, second accessory, and lower. Thus, the plectolophe lacks the accessory brachial nerve, which is typically present in other studied brachiopods. All C. grayi brachial nerves contain two types of perikarya. Because the accessory nerve is absent, the cross nerves, which pass into the connective tissue, have a complex morphology: each nerve consists of two ascending and one descending branches. The outer and inner tentacles are innervated by several groups of neurite bundles: one frontal, two lateral, two abfrontal, and two latero-abfrontal (the latter is present in only the outer tentacles). Tentacle nerves originate from the second accessory and lower brachial nerves. The inner and outer tentacles are also innervated by numerous peritoneal neurites, which exhibit acetylated alpha-tubulin-like immunoreactivity. The nervous system of the lophophore of C. grayi manifests several evolutionary trends. On the one hand, it has undergone simplification, i.e., the absence of the accessory brachial nerve, which is apparently correlated with a reduction in the complexity of the lophophore's musculature. On the other hand, C. grayi has a prominent second accessory nerve, which contains large groups of frontal perikarya, and also has additional nerves extending from the both ganglia to the medial arm; these features are consistent with the complex morphology of the C. grayi plectolophe. In brachiopods, the evolution of the lophophore nervous system apparently involved two main modifications. The first modification was the appearance and further strengthening of the second accessory brachial nerve, which apparently arose because of the formation of a double row of tentacles instead of the single row of the brachiopod ancestor. The second modification was the partial or complete reduction of some brachial nerves, which was correlated with the reduced complexity of the lophophore musculature and the appearance of skeletal structures that support the lophophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Temereva
- Department Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Tatyana V Kuzmina
- Department Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-12, Moscow, Russia, 119991
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Grosbusch AL, Bertemes P, Egger B. The serotonergic nervous system of prolecithophorans shows a closer similarity to fecampiids than to triclads (Platyhelminthes). J Morphol 2021; 282:574-587. [PMID: 33569841 PMCID: PMC7986211 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Prolecithophora is a poorly studied flatworm order belonging to the adiaphanidan clade, together with Tricladida and Fecampiida. The phylogenetic position of the three orders within this clade is not yet resolved. Additionally, no obvious synapomorphy other than an opaque epidermis could be found so far. In this study, the serotonergic nervous system of six different prolecithophoran species has been studied for the first time with a fluorescent immunocytochemical technique. We found that all six species show a similar pattern of the serotonergic nervous system. The typical prolecithophoran serotonergic nervous system consists of a cephalic ganglion in the anterior body part from which a pair of dorsal, ventral, and lateral longitudinal nerve cords originate. Furthermore, the three longitudinal nerve cords of one body side are connected to each other at the posterior body part by a conspicuous commissure. The ventral cords, which we consider the main cords, are most prominent and show double brain roots. A comparison of the nervous system within Adiaphanida shows clearly that prolecithophorans and fecampiids are much more similar in this regard than prolecithophorans and triclads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L. Grosbusch
- Research Unit, Evolutionary Developmental BiologyInstitute of Zoology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Philip Bertemes
- Research Unit, Evolutionary Developmental BiologyInstitute of Zoology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Bernhard Egger
- Research Unit, Evolutionary Developmental BiologyInstitute of Zoology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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10
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Liu CY, Lai WS. Functional neuroanatomy and neural oscillations during social eavesdropping in male golden hamsters. Horm Behav 2021; 127:104881. [PMID: 33127368 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Social eavesdropping is a low-cost learning mechanism by which individuals extract relevant social information from social interactions between conspecifics, thereby gaining subsequent advantages in information gathering and usage. The aim of this study was to take advantage of a new hamster model of social eavesdropping to investigate behavioral consequences and neural activity in male hamsters during social eavesdropping. Bystander hamsters with a defeat experience were exposed to either a fighting interaction, a neutral encounter, or control conditions for 3 days of social eavesdropping. In Experiment 1, bystanders in the fight and neutral groups displayed more information gathering behaviors and less nonsocial behavior than control hamsters. The fight group displayed significant increases in c-Fos-positive neurons in the anterior mid-cingulate cortex (aMCC) and the piriform cortex. A slight but not significant group difference was found in their serum cortisol levels. In vivo local field potential oscillation recordings in Experiment 2 revealed that bystanders in the fight group had more delta oscillations in the aMCC during information gathering across 3-day social eavesdropping than those in the other 2 groups. Experiment 3 confirmed that 20 min of social eavesdropping on Day 1 was sufficient to evoke differential behavioral outcomes, and the behavioral responses became more prominent after 3 days of social eavesdropping. Collectively, our study confirmed that male golden hamsters are capable of social eavesdropping and indicated the involvement of aMCC delta oscillations in social eavesdropping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yi Liu
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sung Lai
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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11
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Lianguzova AD, Ilyutkin SA, Korn OM, Miroliubov AA. Specialised rootlets of Sacculina pilosella (Rhizocephala: Sacculinidae) used for interactions with its host's nervous system. Arthropod Struct Dev 2021; 60:101009. [PMID: 33307518 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2020.101009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic rhizocephalan barnacles induce morphological, physiological, and behavioural changes in their hosts. The mechanisms of these intimate host-parasite interactions remain unknown. We have shown previously that rootlets of the internae of Peltogasterella gracilis and Peltogaster paguri penetrate the ganglion's envelope of their hermit crab hosts and form specialised structures in the ganglion periphery, the so-called goblet-shaped organs. Here, we examine the gross morphology and ultrastructure of these goblet-shaped organs in the interna of Sacculina pilosella. They consist of three layers of cells; in the intermediate layer of the organs, unusual lamellar bodies and muscle cells were found. Extensive degeneration of the host nervous tissue was observed in the funnel of the goblet-shaped organs. We conclude that the ability to penetrate into the host's nervous tissue could be a common trait in rhizocephalans. The goblet-shaped organs may play a key role in the host-parasite relationships by enabling the parasite to influence the host via hormones and neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia D Lianguzova
- Saint Petersburg State University, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Universitetskaya Emb, 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Stanislav A Ilyutkin
- Saint Petersburg State University, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Universitetskaya Emb, 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Olga M Korn
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, FEB RAS, Palchavskogo str., 17, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia.
| | - Aleksei A Miroliubov
- Zoological Institute RAS, Laboratory of Parasitic Worms and Protists, Universitetskaya emb., 1, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
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12
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Walsh JD, Boivin O, Barr MM. What about the males? the C. elegans sexually dimorphic nervous system and a CRISPR-based tool to study males in a hermaphroditic species. J Neurogenet 2020; 34:323-334. [PMID: 32648491 PMCID: PMC7796903 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2020.1789978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism is a device that supports genetic diversity while providing selective pressure against speciation. This phenomenon is at the core of sexually reproducing organisms. Caenorhabditis elegans provides a unique experimental system where males exist in a primarily hermaphroditic species. Early works of John Sulston, Robert Horvitz, and John White provided a complete map of the hermaphrodite nervous system, and recently the male nervous system was added. This addition completely realized the vision of C. elegans pioneer Sydney Brenner: a model organism with an entirely mapped nervous system. With this 'connectome' of information available, great strides have been made toward understanding concepts such as how a sex-shared nervous system (in hermaphrodites and males) can give rise to sex-specific functions, how neural plasticity plays a role in developing a dimorphic nervous system, and how a shared nervous system receives and processes external cues in a sexually-dimorphic manner to generate sex-specific behaviors. In C. elegans, the intricacies of male-mating behavior have been crucial for studying the function and circuitry of the male-specific nervous system and used as a model for studying human autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). With the emergence of CRISPR, a seemingly limitless tool for generating genomic mutations with pinpoint precision, the C. elegans model system will continue to be a useful instrument for pioneering research in the fields of behavior, reproductive biology, and neurogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon D Walsh
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Olivier Boivin
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Maureen M Barr
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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13
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Abstract
Insect navigation arises from the coordinated action of concurrent guidance systems but the neural mechanisms through which each functions, and are then coordinated, remains unknown. We propose that insects require distinct strategies to retrace familiar routes (route-following) and directly return from novel to familiar terrain (homing) using different aspects of frequency encoded views that are processed in different neural pathways. We also demonstrate how the Central Complex and Mushroom Bodies regions of the insect brain may work in tandem to coordinate the directional output of different guidance cues through a contextually switched ring-attractor inspired by neural recordings. The resultant unified model of insect navigation reproduces behavioural data from a series of cue conflict experiments in realistic animal environments and offers testable hypotheses of where and how insects process visual cues, utilise the different information that they provide and coordinate their outputs to achieve the adaptive behaviours observed in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelong Sun
- Computational Intelligence Lab & L-CAS, School of Computer Science, University of LincolnLincolnUnited Kingdom
| | - Shigang Yue
- Computational Intelligence Lab & L-CAS, School of Computer Science, University of LincolnLincolnUnited Kingdom
- Machine Life and Intelligence Research Centre, Guangzhou UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Michael Mangan
- Sheffield Robotics, Department of Computer Science, University of SheffieldSheffieldUnited Kingdom
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14
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Strauß J. Early postembryogenic development of the subgenual organ complex in the stick insect Sipyloidea sipylus. Arthropod Struct Dev 2020; 56:100933. [PMID: 32259775 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2020.100933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Stick insects have elaborate mechanosensory organs in their subgenual organ complex in the proximal tibia, particularly the distal organ with scolopidial sensilla in linear arrangement. For early postembryonic developmental stages of Sipyloidea sipylus (Phasmatodea: Necrosciinae), the neuroanatomy of the scolopidial organs in the subgenual organ complex and the campaniform sensilla is documented by retrograde axonal tracing, and compared to the adult neuroanatomy. Already after hatching of the first larval instars are the sensory structures of subgenual organ and distal organ as well as tibial campaniform sensilla differentiated. In the distal organ, the full set of sensilla is shown in all larval stages examined. This finding indicates that the sensory organs differentiate during embryogenesis, and are already functional by the time of hatching. The constancy of distal organ sensilla over postembryonic stages allows investigation of the representative number of sensilla in adult animals as well as in larval instars. Some anatomical changes occur by postembryogenic length increase of the distal organ, and grouping of the anterior subgenual sensilla. The embryonic development of scolopidial sensilla is similar for auditory sensilla in hemimetabolous Orthoptera (locusts, bushcrickets, crickets) where tympanal membranes develop during postembryogenic stages, conferring a successive gain of sensitivity with larval moults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Strauß
- AG Integrative Sensory Physiology, Institute for Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Gießen, Germany.
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15
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Wang SJH, Sinclair DAR, Kim HY, Kinsey SD, Yoo B, Shih CRY, Wong KKL, Krieger C, Harden N, Verheyen EM. Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase (Hipk) plays roles in nervous system and muscle structure and function. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0221006. [PMID: 32187190 PMCID: PMC7080231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeodomain-interacting protein kinases (Hipks) have been previously associated with cell proliferation and cancer, however, their effects in the nervous system are less well understood. We have used Drosophila melanogaster to evaluate the effects of altered Hipk expression on the nervous system and muscle. Using genetic manipulation of Hipk expression we demonstrate that knockdown and over-expression of Hipk produces early adult lethality, possibly due to the effects on the nervous system and muscle involvement. We find that optimal levels of Hipk are critical for the function of dopaminergic neurons and glial cells in the nervous system, as well as muscle. Furthermore, manipulation of Hipk affects the structure of the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) by promoting its growth. Hipk regulates the phosphorylation of the synapse-associated cytoskeletal protein Hu-li tai shao (Hts; adducin in mammals) and modulates the expression of two important protein kinases, Calcium-calmodulin protein kinase II (CaMKII) and Partitioning-defective 1 (PAR-1), all of which may alter neuromuscular structure/function and influence lethality. Hipk also modifies the levels of an important nuclear protein, TBPH, the fly orthologue of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), which may have relevance for understanding motor neuron diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J. H. Wang
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Donald A. R. Sinclair
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Hae-Yoon Kim
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Stephen D. Kinsey
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Byoungjoo Yoo
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Claire R. Y. Shih
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Kenneth K. L. Wong
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Charles Krieger
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Nicholas Harden
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Esther M. Verheyen
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
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16
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Slyusarev GS, Starunov VV, Bondarenko AS, Zorina NA, Bondarenko NI. Extreme Genome and Nervous System Streamlining in the Invertebrate Parasite Intoshia variabili. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1292-1298.e3. [PMID: 32084405 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Orthonectida is a small, rare, and in many aspects enigmatic group of organisms with a unique life cycle and a highly simplified adult free-living stage parasitizing various marine invertebrates [1, 2]. Phylogenetic relationships of Orthonectida have remained controversial for a long time. According to recent data, they are close to Annelida, specifically to Clitellata [3-5]. Several studies have shown that parasitism can not only lead to a dramatic reduction of the body plan and morphological structures but also affect organisms at the genomic level [6, 7]. Comparative studies of parasites and closely related non-parasitic species could clarify the genome reduction degree and evolution of parasitism. Here, we report on the morphology, genome structure, and content of the smallest known Orthonectida species Intoshia variabili, inhabiting the flatworm Graffiellus croceus. This orthonectid with an extremely simplified nervous system demonstrates the smallest known genome (15.3 Mbp) and one of the lowest reported so far gene numbers (5,120 protein-coding genes) among metazoans. The genome is extremely compact, due to a significant reduction of gene number, intergenic regions, intron length, and repetitive elements. The small genome size is probably a result of extreme genome reduction due to their parasitic lifestyle, as well as of simplification and miniaturization of the free-living stages. Our data could provide further insights into the evolution of parasitism and could help to define a minimal bilaterian gene set.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Slyusarev
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Viktor V Starunov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; Zoological Institute RAS, Universitetskaya nab. 1, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton S Bondarenko
- Faculty of Physics, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia A Zorina
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalya I Bondarenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
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17
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Abdreshov SN, Akhmetbaeva NA, Atanbaeva GK, Mamataeva AT, Nauryzbai UB. Adrenergic Innervation of the thyroid Gland, Blood and Lymph Vessels, and Lymph Nodes in Hypothyroidism. Bull Exp Biol Med 2019; 168:295-299. [PMID: 31782006 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04694-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adrenergic innervation in the tissue of the thyroid gland, blood vessels of the thyroid gland, cervical lymphatic vessel, and lymph nodes in rats with hypothyroidism was studied by using a specific histochemical fluorescent-microscopic method of visualization of catecholamines. The presence of adrenergic innervation in the blood and lymph vessels and nodes was demonstrated. In hypothyroidism, diffusion of norepinephrine from nerve fibers and varicose thickenings was observed in the wall of the upper and lower thyroid arteries and adjacent cervical lymphatic vessels and nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Abdreshov
- Laboratory of Lymphatic System Physiology, Institute of Human and Animal Physiology, Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
| | - N A Akhmetbaeva
- Laboratory of Lymphatic System Physiology, Institute of Human and Animal Physiology, Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - G K Atanbaeva
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - A T Mamataeva
- Laboratory of Lymphatic System Physiology, Institute of Human and Animal Physiology, Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - U B Nauryzbai
- Laboratory of Lymphatic System Physiology, Institute of Human and Animal Physiology, Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
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18
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Hecht EE, Smaers JB, Dunn WD, Kent M, Preuss TM, Gutman DA. Significant Neuroanatomical Variation Among Domestic Dog Breeds. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7748-7758. [PMID: 31477568 PMCID: PMC6764193 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0303-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have bred different lineages of domestic dogs for different tasks such as hunting, herding, guarding, or companionship. These behavioral differences must be the result of underlying neural differences, but surprisingly, this topic has gone largely unexplored. The current study examined whether and how selective breeding by humans has altered the gross organization of the brain in dogs. We assessed regional volumetric variation in MRI studies of 62 male and female dogs of 33 breeds. Neuroanatomical variation is plainly visible across breeds. This variation is distributed nonrandomly across the brain. A whole-brain, data-driven independent components analysis established that specific regional subnetworks covary significantly with each other. Variation in these networks is not simply the result of variation in total brain size, total body size, or skull shape. Furthermore, the anatomy of these networks correlates significantly with different behavioral specialization(s) such as sight hunting, scent hunting, guarding, and companionship. Importantly, a phylogenetic analysis revealed that most change has occurred in the terminal branches of the dog phylogenetic tree, indicating strong, recent selection in individual breeds. Together, these results establish that brain anatomy varies significantly in dogs, likely due to human-applied selection for behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dog breeds are known to vary in cognition, temperament, and behavior, but the neural origins of this variation are unknown. In an MRI-based analysis, we found that brain anatomy covaries significantly with behavioral specializations such as sight hunting, scent hunting, guarding, and companionship. Neuroanatomical variation is not simply driven by brain size, body size, or skull shape, and is focused in specific networks of regions. Nearly all of the identified variation occurs in the terminal branches of the dog phylogenetic tree, indicating strong, recent selection in individual breeds. These results indicate that through selective breeding, humans have significantly altered the brains of different lineages of domestic dogs in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Hecht
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138,
| | - Jeroen B Smaers
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - William D Dunn
- Departmentt of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
| | - Marc Kent
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, The University of Georgia at Athens, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Todd M Preuss
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases and Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, and
| | - David A Gutman
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329
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19
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Abstract
Annelid worms are a disparate, primitively segmented clade of bilaterians that first appear during the early Cambrian Period. Reconstructing their early evolution is complicated by the extreme morphological diversity in early diverging lineages, rapid diversification, and sparse fossil record. Canadia spinosa, a Burgess Shale fossil polychaete, is redescribed as having palps with feeding grooves, a dorsal median antenna and biramous parapodia associated with the head and flanking a ventral mouth. Carbonaceously preserved features are identified as a terminal brain, circumoral connectives, a midventral ganglionated nerve cord and prominent parapodial nerves. Phylogenetic analysis recovers neuroanatomically simple extant taxa as the sister group of other annelids, but the phylogenetic position of Canadia suggests that the annelid ancestor was reasonably complex neuroanatomically and that reduction of the nervous system occurred several times independently in the subsequent 500 million years of annelid evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Parry
- Department of Natural History, Palaeobiology, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen’s Park, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6, Canada
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Jean-Bernard Caron
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
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20
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Abstract
The common marmoset, a New World (platyrrhine) monkey, is currently being fast-tracked as a non-human primate model species, especially for genetic modification but also as a general-purpose model for research on the brain and behavior bearing on the human condition. Compared to the currently dominant primate model, the catarrhine macaque monkey, marmosets are notable for certain evolutionary specializations, including their propensity for twin births, their very small size (a result of phyletic dwarfism), and features related to their small size (rapid development and relatively short lifespan), which result in these animals yielding experimental results more rapidly and at lower cost. Macaques, however, have their own advantages. Importantly, macaques are more closely related to humans (which are also catarrhine primates) than are marmosets, sharing approximately 20 million more years of common descent, and are demonstrably more similar to humans in a variety of genomic, molecular, and neurobiological characteristics. Furthermore, the very specializations of marmosets that make them attractive as experimental subjects, such as their rapid development and short lifespan, are ways in which marmosets differ from humans and in which macaques more closely resemble humans. These facts warrant careful consideration of the trade-offs between convenience and cost, on the one hand, and biological realism, on the other, in choosing between non-human primate models of human biology. Notwithstanding the advantages marmosets offer as models, prudence requires continued commitment to research on macaques and other primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Preuss
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,
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21
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Abstract
In recent years, many attempts have been made to connect electrical circuits with the human nervous system. The objective of type of research was diverse - from the desire to understand the physiology of the nervous system, through attempting to substitute nervous tissue defects with synthetic systems, to creating an interface that allows computers to be controlled directly with one's thought. Regardless of the original purpose, the creation of any form of such a combination would entail a series of subsequent discoveries, allowing for a real revolution in both theoretical and clinical neuroscience. Computers based on neurons, neurochips or mind prostheses are just some examples of technologies that could soon become part of everyday life. Despite numerous attempts, there is still no interface that meets all the expectations of the scholars. However, many scientific groups seem to be on the right track and their achievements raise extraordinary expectations. This paper evaluates historical theories and contemporary ideas about such interfaces to smoothly describe the major medical and scientific utility of the subject. Thus it presents the main issues surrounding the concept of integrating the human nervous system with electronic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tymoteusz Skok
- Student Scientific Circle at the Department of Neurosurgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Paweł Tabakow
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
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22
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Petrov AA, Podvyaznaya IM, Zaitseva OV. Architecture of the nervous system in metacercariae of Diplostomum pseudospathaceum Niewiadomska, 1984 (Digenea). Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1193-1203. [PMID: 30725179 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06231-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of metacercariae of Diplostomum pseudospathaceum Niewiadomska, 1984 is accompanied by profound morphological transformations often characterized as metamorphosis, which makes these metacercariae an interesting case for studying the morphogenesis of the digenean nervous system. Although the nervous system of D. pseudospathaceum is one of the most extensively studied among digeneans, there are still gaps in our knowledge regarding the distribution patterns of some neuroactive substances, most notably neuropeptides. The present study addresses these gaps by studying pre-infective metacercariae of D. pseudospathaceum using immunochemical staining and confocal microscopy to characterize the distribution patterns of serotonin (5-HT) and two major groups of flatworm neuropeptides, FMRFamide-related (FaRPs) and substance P-related (SP) peptides. The general morphology of the nervous system was examined with antibodies to alpha-tubulin. The nervous system of the metacercariae was shown to conform to the most common morphology of the nervous system in the hermaphroditic generation, with three pairs of posterior nerve cords and four pairs of anterior nerves. The patterns of FaRP- and 5-HT immunoreactivity (IR) were similar to those revealed in earlier studies by cholinesterase activity, which is in accordance with the known role of these neurotransmitters in controlling muscle activity in flatworms. The SP-IR nervous system was significantly different and consisted of mostly bipolar cells presumably acting as mechanoreceptors. The architecture of the nervous system in D. pseudospathaceum metacercariae is discussed in comparison to that in cercariae of D. pseudospathaceum and metacercariae of related digenean species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly A Petrov
- Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab., 1, 199034, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Irina M Podvyaznaya
- Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab., 1, 199034, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga V Zaitseva
- Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab., 1, 199034, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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23
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Pearce JMS. Early contribution of Alexandria medical school to the anatomy, physiology and pathology of the nervous system. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2018; 175:119-125. [PMID: 30293880 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alexandria's famous medical school was established about 300 BC. It was the seat of learning for many Greco-Roman physicians. The physiologist Erasistratus, the anatomist Herophilus - named the Father of Anatomy were outstanding pioneers. Their work and discoveries of the nervous system, its structure and function, are described. In the 2nd century AD they were succeeded by Rufus of Ephesus - the medical link between Hippocrates and Galen, - and Aretaeus a leading anatomist and physician in this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M S Pearce
- Department of Neurology, Hull Royal Infirmary, 304, Beverley Road Anlaby, East Yorks, HU10 7BG, England, UK.
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Schwaha TF, Handschuh S, Ostrovsky AN, Wanninger A. Morphology of the bryozoan Cinctipora elegans (Cyclostomata, Cinctiporidae) with first data on its sexual reproduction and the cyclostome neuro-muscular system. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:92. [PMID: 29898669 PMCID: PMC6000935 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclostome bryozoans are an ancient group of marine colonial suspension-feeders comprising approximately 700 extant species. Previous morphological studies are mainly restricted to skeletal characters whereas data on soft tissues obtained by state-of-the-art methods are still lacking. In order to contribute to issues related to cyclostome ground pattern reconstruction, we analyzed the morphology of the neuromuscular system Cinctipora elegans by means of immunocytochemical staining, confocal laser scanning microscopy, histological sections and microCT imaging. RESULTS Polypides of C. elegans are located in elongated tubular skeletal cystids. Distally, the orifice leads into a prominent vestibulum which is lined by an epithelium that joins an almost complete perimetrical attachment organ, both containing radially arranged neurite bundles and muscles. Centrally, the prominent atrial sphincter separates the vestibulum from the atrium. The latter is enclosed by the tentacle sheath which contains few longitudinal muscle fibers and two principal neurite bundles. These emerge from the cerebral ganglion, which is located at the lophophoral base. Lateral ganglia are located next to the cerebral ganglion from which the visceral neurite bundles emerge that extend proximally towards the foregut. There are four tentacle neurite bundles that emerge from the ganglia and the circum-oral nerve ring, which encompasses the pharynx. The tentacles possess two striated longitudinal muscles. Short buccal dilatators are situated at the lophophoral base and short muscular sets are present at the abfrontal and frontal side of the tentacle base. The pharynx is myoepithelial and triradiate in cross-section. Oocytes are found inside the pharyngeal myoepithelium. The digestive tract contains dense circular musculature and few longitudinal muscles. The membranous sac contains regular, thin, circular and diagonal muscles and neurites in its epithelial lining. CONCLUSIONS The general structure of the neuro-muscular system is more reminiscent of the condition found in Gymnolaemata rather than Phylactolaemata, which supports a close relationship between Cyclostomata and Gymnolaemata. Several characters of C. elegans such as the lateral ganglia or loss of the cardia are probably apomorphic for this species. For the first time, oocytes that surprisingly develop in the pharyngeal wall are reported for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F. Schwaha
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Handschuh
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrew N. Ostrovsky
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Geozentrum, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andreas Wanninger
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Dittmann IL, Zauchner T, Nevard LM, Telford MJ, Egger B. SALMFamide2 and serotonin immunoreactivity in the nervous system of some acoels (Xenacoelomorpha). J Morphol 2018; 279:589-597. [PMID: 29388261 PMCID: PMC5947262 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Acoel worms are simple, often microscopic animals with direct development, a multiciliated epidermis, a statocyst, and a digestive parenchyma instead of a gut epithelium. Morphological characters of acoels have been notoriously difficult to interpret due to their relative scarcity. The nervous system is one of the most accessible and widely used comparative features in acoels, which have a so-called commissural brain without capsule and several major longitudinal neurite bundles. Here, we use the selective binding properties of a neuropeptide antibody raised in echinoderms (SALMFamide2, or S2), and a commercial antibody against serotonin (5-HT) to provide additional characters of the acoel nervous system. We have prepared whole-mount immunofluorescent stainings of three acoel species: Symsagittifera psammophila (Convolutidae), Aphanostoma pisae, and the model acoel Isodiametra pulchra (both Isodiametridae). The commissural brain of all three acoels is delimited anteriorly by the ventral anterior commissure, and posteriorly by the dorsal posterior commissure. The dorsal anterior commissure is situated between the ventral anterior commissure and the dorsal posterior commissure, while the statocyst lies between dorsal anterior and dorsal posterior commissure. S2 and serotonin do not co-localise, and they follow similar patterns to each other within an animal. In particular, S2, but not 5-HT, stains a prominent commissure posterior to the main (dorsal) posterior commissure. We have for the first time observed a closed posterior loop of the main neurite bundles in S. psammophila for both the amidergic and the serotonergic nervous system. In I. pulchra, the lateral neurite bundles also form a posterior loop in our serotonergic nervous system stainings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel L. Dittmann
- Research unit Evolutionary Developmental BiologyInstitute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25Innsbruck6020Austria
| | - Thomas Zauchner
- Research unit Evolutionary Developmental BiologyInstitute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25Innsbruck6020Austria
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and EnvironmentUniversity College London, Darwin Building, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom
| | - Lucy M. Nevard
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and EnvironmentUniversity College London, Darwin Building, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom
| | - Maximilian J. Telford
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and EnvironmentUniversity College London, Darwin Building, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Egger
- Research unit Evolutionary Developmental BiologyInstitute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25Innsbruck6020Austria
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and EnvironmentUniversity College London, Darwin Building, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom
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Abstract
The nervous system regulates immunity and inflammation. The molecular detection of pathogen fragments, cytokines, and other immune molecules by sensory neurons generates immunoregulatory responses through efferent autonomic neuron signaling. The functional organization of this neural control is based on principles of reflex regulation. Reflexes involving the vagus nerve and other nerves have been therapeutically explored in models of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, and recently in clinical settings. The brain integrates neuro-immune communication, and brain function is altered in diseases characterized by peripheral immune dysregulation and inflammation. Here we review the anatomical and molecular basis of the neural interface with immunity, focusing on peripheral neural control of immune functions and the role of the brain in the model of the immunological homunculus. Clinical advances stemming from this knowledge within the framework of bioelectronic medicine are also briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin A Pavlov
- Center for Biomedical Science and Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA; , ,
| | - Sangeeta S Chavan
- Center for Biomedical Science and Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA; , ,
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Center for Biomedical Science and Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA; , ,
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Ottinger MA. Functional and Anatomic Correlates of Neural Aging in Birds. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2018; 21:151-158. [PMID: 29146028 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Avian species show variation in longevity, habitat, physiologic characteristics, and lifetime endocrine patterns. Lifetime reproductive and metabolic function vary. Much is known about the neurobiology of the song system in many altricial birds. Little is known about aging in neural systems in birds. Captive birds often survive beyond the age they would in the wild, providing an opportunity to gain an understanding of the physiologic and neural changes. This paper reviews the available information with the goal of capturing areas of potential investigation into gaps in our understanding of neural aging as reflected in physiologic, endocrine, and cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Ottinger
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, 4302 University Drive, Room 316, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
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Abstract
Members of the phylum Mollusca demonstrate the animal kingdom's tremendous diversity of body morphology, size and complexity of the nervous system, as well as diversity of behavioral repertoires, ranging from very simple to highly flexible. Molluscs include Solenogastres, with their worm-like bodies and behavior (see phylogenetic tree; Figure 1); Bivalvia (mussels and clams), protected by shells and practically immobile; and the cephalopods, such as the octopus, cuttlefish and squid. The latter are strange-looking animals with nervous systems comprising up to half a billion neurons, which mediate the complex behaviors that characterize these freely moving, highly visual predators. Molluscs are undoubtedly special - their extraordinary evolutionary advance somehow managed to sidestep the acquisition of the rigid skeleton that appears essential to the evolution of other 'successful' phyla: the exoskeleton in ecdysozoan invertebrates and the internal skeleton in Deuterostomia, including vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyamin Hochner
- Department of Neurobiology, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - David L Glanzman
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, USA; Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
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Strauß J. The scolopidial accessory organs and Nebenorgans in orthopteroid insects: Comparative neuroanatomy, mechanosensory function, and evolutionary origin. Arthropod Struct Dev 2017; 46:765-776. [PMID: 28864301 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Scolopidial sensilla in insects often form large sensory organs involved in proprioception or exteroception. Here the knowledge on Nebenorgans and accessory organs, two organs consisting of scolopidial sensory cells, is summarised. These organs are present in some insects which are model organisms for the physiology of mechanosensory systems (cockroaches and tettigoniids). Recent comparative studies documented the accessory organ in several taxa of Orthoptera (including tettigoniids, cave crickets, Jerusalem crickets) and the Nebenorgan in related insects (Mantophasmatodea). The accessory organ or Nebenorgan is usually a small organ of 8-15 sensilla located in the posterior leg tibia of all leg pairs. The physiological properties of the accessory organs and Nebenorgans are so far largely unknown. Taking together neuroanatomical and electrophysiological data from disparate taxa, there is considerable evidence that the accessory organ and Nebenorgan are vibrosensitive. They thus complement the larger vibrosensitive subgenual organ in the tibia. This review summarises the comparative studies of these sensory organs, in particular the arguments and criteria for the homology of the accessory organ and Nebenorgan among orthopteroid insects. Different scenarios of repeated evolutionary origins or losses of these sensory organs are discussed. Neuroanatomy allows to distinguish individual sensory organs for analysis of sensory physiology, and to infer scenarios of sensory evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Strauß
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Institute for Animal Physiology, AG Integrative Sensory Physiology, Germany.
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Davranoglou LR, Baňař P, Schlepütz CM, Mortimer B, Taylor GK. The pregenital abdomen of Enicocephalomorpha and morphological evidence for different modes of communication at the dawn of heteropteran evolution. Arthropod Struct Dev 2017; 46:843-868. [PMID: 28864300 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The internal and external anatomy of the posterior metathoracic region, pregenital abdomen, and associated nervous system of the heteropteran infraorder Enicocephalomorpha are thoroughly described, using an array of state-of-the art techniques. Based on morphology, it is hypothesised which modes of communication these insects use. This study is based primarily on an undescribed species of Cocles Bergroth, 1905 (Enicocephalidae) and another undescribed species of Lomagostus Villiers, 1958 (Aenictopecheidae), but additional representatives of the infraorder are also examined. Our results are compared with the literature on other Heteroptera. The metathoracic scent gland system of Enicocephalomorpha uses the same muscles as that of more derived Heteroptera, although the efferent system is different. The presence of a tergal plate and well-developed longitudinal musculature in the families Enicocephalidae and Aenictopecheidae, as well as a sexually dimorphic set of sclerites and membranes that allow an as yet undetermined type of motion, may indicate the presence of vibrational signaling in the infraorder, although experimental confirmation is required. Our findings raise new research questions regarding heteropteran functional morphology and communication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petr Baňař
- Department of Entomology, Moravian Museum, Hviezdoslavova 29a, Brno CZ-627 00, Czech Republic
| | | | - Beth Mortimer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Graham K Taylor
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
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Serova KM, Vishnyakov AE, Zaitseva OV, Kotenko ON, Ostrovsky AN. Comparative analysis of the nervous system structure of polymorphic zooids in marine bryozoans. Dokl Biol Sci 2017; 475:144-147. [PMID: 28861879 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496617040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The nervous system structure was compared for the first time in avicularia and vibracula in seven species of the cheilostome bryozoans from six families by immunohistochemical methods and confocal scanning microscopy. Regardless of significant differences in heterozooid shape, size, and position in a colony, their muscular and nervous systems have a common structure, which suggests their parallel evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Serova
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | | | - O V Zaitseva
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - O N Kotenko
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A N Ostrovsky
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Abstract
Today's neuroanatomical terminology has its origins in the Romans' way of life, in their civil and military house architecture, as well as in the fields of engineering and technology. Despite the fact that they did not know how the nervous system worked and what the role of each neuroanatomic structure was, over time, especially in Renaissance and early modern times, the anatomists sought descriptive names for the nervous structures they have identified by way of similarity with some ancient items. This study aims to briefly review the influence of Roman architecture, engineering, and technology on neuroanatomic nomenclature, the precursor of modern neuroanatomical terminology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Turliuc
- a Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Iasi , Romania
- b Nicolae Oblu Emergency Clinical Hospital , Iasi , Romania
| | - Șerban Turliuc
- a Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Iasi , Romania
- c Socola Psychiatry Hospital , Iasi , Romania
| | - Andrei Cucu
- b Nicolae Oblu Emergency Clinical Hospital , Iasi , Romania
| | | | - Claudia Costea
- a Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Iasi , Romania
- b Nicolae Oblu Emergency Clinical Hospital , Iasi , Romania
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Chvtal A. Vincenc Alexandr Bohdálek (1801-1883) and his contributions in the field of neuroscience. Cesk Fysiol 2016; 65:4-24. [PMID: 29489088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vincenc Alexandr Bohdálek (Vincenz Alexander Bochdalek) is known primarily as an anatomist and pathologist and entered into the history of anatomy by describing a number of anatomical structures. Unfortunately his findings in the field of neuroscience are, with few exceptions, almost unknown. Current reviewtherefore partially fills a gap in the evaluation of the contributions of Bohdálek and based on available archival sources provides an overview of his results in the field of the nervous system research, which accounts for almost half of his works. He studied in detailpredominantly the innervation of eye, upper jaw, hard palate,auditory system and meninges, and surprisingly also dealt with the tissue regeneration. Bohdálek's works also show that he tried to find a physiological explanation to the observed anatomical and pathological findings, therefore he could be considered as a pioneer of the field, which is now called as func- tional anatomy. Present overview of his neuroscience works, including his complete bibliography,partially fills a huge debt to Bohdálek. Key words: nerves, brain, Bohdálek, 19th century.
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Bolon B, Garman R, Jensen K, Krinke G, Stuart B. A ‘Best Practices’ Approach to Neuropathologic Assessment in Developmental Neurotoxicity Testing—for Today. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 34:296-313. [PMID: 16698729 DOI: 10.1080/01926230600713269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A key trait of developmental neurotoxicants is their ability to cause structural lesions in the immature nervous system. Thus, neuropathologic assessment is an essential element of developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) studies that are designed to evaluate chemically-induced risk to neural substrates in young humans. The guidelines for conventional DNT assays have been established by regulatory agencies to provide a flexible scaffold for conducting such studies; recent experience has launched new efforts to update these recommendations. The present document was produced by an ad hoc subcommittee of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP) tasked with examining conventional methods used in DNT neuropathology in order to define the ‘best practices’ for dealing with the diverse requirements of both national (EPA) and international (OECD) regulatory bodies. Recommendations (including citations for relevant neurobiological and technical references) address all aspects of the DNT neuropathology examination: study design; tissue fixation, collection, processing, and staining; qualitative and quantitative evaluation; statistical analysis; proper control materials; study documentation; and personnel training. If followed, these proposals will allow pathologists to meet the need for a sound risk assessment (balanced to address both regulatory issues and scientific considerations) in this field today while providing direction for the research needed to further refine DNT neuropathology ‘best practices’ in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Bolon
- GEMpath Inc., Cedar City, Utah 84720, USA
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Worsaae K, Rimskaya-Korsakova NN, Rouse GW. Neural reconstruction of bone-eating Osedax spp. (Annelida) and evolution of the siboglinid nervous system. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:83. [PMID: 27080383 PMCID: PMC4832464 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone-devouring Osedax worms were described over a decade ago from deep-sea whale falls. The gutless females (and in one species also the males) have a unique root system that penetrates the bone and nourishes them via endosymbiotic bacteria. Emerging from the bone is a cylindrical trunk, which is enclosed in a transparent tube, that generally gives rise to a plume of four palps (or tentacles). In most Osedax species, dwarf males gather in harems along the female's trunk and the nervous system of these microscopic forms has been described in detail. Here, the nervous system of bone-eating Osedax forms are described for the first time, allowing for hypotheses on how the abberant ventral brain and nervous system of Siboglinidae may have evolved from a ganglionated nervous system with a dorsal brain, as seen in most extant annelids. RESULTS The intraepidermal nervous systems of four female Osedax spp. and the bone-eating O. priapus male were reconstructed in detail by a combination of immunocytochemistry, CLSM, histology and TEM. They all showed a simple nervous system composed of an anterior ventral brain, connected with anteriorly directed paired palp and gonoduct nerves, and four main pairs of posteriorly directed longitudinal nerves (2 ventral, 2 ventrolateral, 2 sets of dorso-lateral, 2 dorsal). Transverse peripheral nerves surround the trunk, ovisac and root system. The nervous system of Osedax resembles that of other siboglinids, though possibly presenting additional lateral and dorsal longitudinal nerves. It differs from most Sedentaria in the presence of an intraepidermal ventral brain, rather than a subepidermal dorsal brain, and by having an intraepidermal nerve cord with several plexi and up to three main commissures along the elongated trunk, which may comprise two indistinct segments. CONCLUSIONS Osedax shows closer neuroarchitectural resemblance to Vestimentifera + Sclerolinum (= Monilifera) than to Frenulata. The intraepidermal nervous system with widely separated nerve cords, double brain commissures, double palp nerves and other traits found in Osedax can all be traced to represent ancestral states of Siboglinidae. A broader comparison of the nervous system and body regions across Osedax and other siboglinids allows for a reinterpretation of the anterior body region in the group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Worsaae
- />Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Greg W. Rouse
- />Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0202 USA
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Díaz-Balzac CA, Lázaro-Peña MI, Vázquez-Figueroa LD, Díaz-Balzac RJ, García-Arrarás JE. Holothurian Nervous System Diversity Revealed by Neuroanatomical Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151129. [PMID: 26987052 PMCID: PMC4795612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Echinodermata comprise an interesting branch in the phylogenetic tree of deuterostomes. Their radial symmetry which is reflected in their nervous system anatomy makes them a target of interest in the study of nervous system evolution. Until recently, the study of the echinoderm nervous system has been hindered by a shortage of neuronal markers. However, in recent years several markers of neuronal and fiber subpopulations have been described. These have been used to identify subpopulations of neurons and fibers, but an integrative study of the anatomical relationship of these subpopulations is wanting. We have now used eight commercial antibodies, together with three antibodies produced by our group to provide a comprehensive and integrated description and new details of the echinoderm neuroanatomy using the holothurian Holothuria glaberrima (Selenka, 1867) as our model system. Immunoreactivity of the markers used showed: (1) specific labeling patterns by markers in the radial nerve cords, which suggest the presence of specific nerve tracts in holothurians. (2) Nerves directly innervate most muscle fibers in the longitudinal muscles. (3) Similar to other deuterostomes (mainly vertebrates), their enteric nervous system is composed of a large and diverse repertoire of neurons and fiber phenotypes. Our results provide a first blueprint of the anatomical organization of cells and fibers that form the holothurian neural circuitry, and highlight the fact that the echinoderm nervous system shows unexpected diversity in cell and fiber types and their distribution in both central and peripheral nervous components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Díaz-Balzac
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Ullmann Room 709, Bronx, New York, 10461, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico–Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23360, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, 00931–3360, Puerto Rico
| | - María I. Lázaro-Peña
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Ullmann Room 709, Bronx, New York, 10461, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico–Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23360, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, 00931–3360, Puerto Rico
| | - Lionel D. Vázquez-Figueroa
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico–Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23360, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, 00931–3360, Puerto Rico
| | - Roberto J. Díaz-Balzac
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico–Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23360, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, 00931–3360, Puerto Rico
| | - José E. García-Arrarás
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico–Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23360, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, 00931–3360, Puerto Rico
- * E-mail:
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Yang J, Ortega-Hernández J, Butterfield NJ, Liu Y, Boyan GS, Hou JB, Lan T, Zhang XG. Fuxianhuiid ventral nerve cord and early nervous system evolution in Panarthropoda. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2988-93. [PMID: 26933218 PMCID: PMC4801254 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1522434113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Panarthropods are typified by disparate grades of neurological organization reflecting a complex evolutionary history. The fossil record offers a unique opportunity to reconstruct early character evolution of the nervous system via exceptional preservation in extinct representatives. Here we describe the neurological architecture of the ventral nerve cord (VNC) in the upper-stem group euarthropod Chengjiangocaris kunmingensis from the early Cambrian Xiaoshiba Lagerstätte (South China). The VNC of C. kunmingensis comprises a homonymous series of condensed ganglia that extend throughout the body, each associated with a pair of biramous limbs. Submillimetric preservation reveals numerous segmental and intersegmental nerve roots emerging from both sides of the VNC, which correspond topologically to the peripheral nerves of extant Priapulida and Onychophora. The fuxianhuiid VNC indicates that ancestral neurological features of Ecdysozoa persisted into derived members of stem-group Euarthropoda but were later lost in crown-group representatives. These findings illuminate the VNC ground pattern in Panarthropoda and suggest the independent secondary loss of cycloneuralian-like neurological characters in Tardigrada and Euarthropoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Paleobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | | | - Nicholas J Butterfield
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Paleobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; Developmental Neurobiology Group, Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; GeoBio-Center Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - George S Boyan
- Developmental Neurobiology Group, Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jin-Bo Hou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Paleobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Tian Lan
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Xi-Guang Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Paleobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China;
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Strauß J, Riesterer AS, Lakes-Harlan R. How many mechanosensory organs in the bushcricket leg? Neuroanatomy of the scolopidial accessory organ in Tettigoniidae (Insecta: Orthoptera). Arthropod Struct Dev 2016; 45:31-41. [PMID: 26627978 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The subgenual organ and associated scolopidial organs are well studied in Orthoptera and related taxa. In some insects, a small accessory organ or Nebenorgan is described posterior to the subgenual organ. In Tettigoniidae (Ensifera), the accessory organ has only been noted in one species though tibial sensory organs are well studied for neuroanatomy and physiology. Here, we use axonal tracing to analyse the posterior subgenual organ innervated by the main motor nerve. Investigating seven species from different groups of Tettigoniidae, we describe a small group of scolopidial sensilla (5-9 sensory neurons) which has features characteristic of the accessory organ: posterior tibial position, innervation by the main leg nerve rather than by the tympanal nerve, orientation of dendrites in proximal or ventro-proximal direction in the leg, and commonly association with a single campaniform sensillum. The neuroanatomy is highly similar between leg pairs. We show differences in the innervation in two species of the genus Poecilimon as compared to the other species. In Poecilimon, the sensilla of the accessory organ are innervated by one nerve branch together with the subgenual organ. The results suggest that the accessory organ is part of the sensory bauplan in the leg of Tettigoniidae and probably Ensifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Strauß
- AG Integrative Sensory Physiology, Institute for Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Germany.
| | - Anja S Riesterer
- AG Integrative Sensory Physiology, Institute for Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Lakes-Harlan
- AG Integrative Sensory Physiology, Institute for Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Germany
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Abstract
Recent molecular clock studies date the origin of Metazoa to 750-800 million years ago (Ma), roughly coinciding with evidence from geochemical proxies that oxygen levels rose from less than 0.1% present atmospheric level (PAL) to perhaps 1-3% PAL O2. A younger origin of Metazoa would require greatly increased substitution rates across many clades and many genes; while not impossible, this is less parsimonious. Yet the first fossil evidence for metazoans (the Doushantuo embryos) about 600 Ma is followed by the Ediacaran fossils after 580 Ma, the earliest undisputed bilaterians at 555 Ma, and an increase in the size and morphologic complexity of bilaterians around 542 Ma. This temporal framework suggests a missing 150-200 Myr of early metazoan history that encompasses many apparent novelties in the early evolution of the nervous system. This span includes two major glaciations, and complex marine geochemical changes including major changes in redox and other environmental changes. One possible resolution is that animals of these still unknown Cryogenian and early Ediacaran ecosystems were relatively simple, with highly conserved developmental genes involved in cell-type specification and simple patterning. In this model, complex nervous systems are a convergent phenomenon in bilaterian clades which occurred close to the time that larger metazoans appeared in the fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Erwin
- Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
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Hejnol A, Lowe CJ. Embracing the comparative approach: how robust phylogenies and broader developmental sampling impacts the understanding of nervous system evolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20150045. [PMID: 26554039 PMCID: PMC4650123 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular biology has provided a rich dataset to develop hypotheses of nervous system evolution. The startling patterning similarities between distantly related animals during the development of their central nervous system (CNS) have resulted in the hypothesis that a CNS with a single centralized medullary cord and a partitioned brain is homologous across bilaterians. However, the ability to precisely reconstruct ancestral neural architectures from molecular genetic information requires that these gene networks specifically map with particular neural anatomies. A growing body of literature representing the development of a wider range of metazoan neural architectures demonstrates that patterning gene network complexity is maintained in animals with more modest levels of neural complexity. Furthermore, a robust phylogenetic framework that provides the basis for testing the congruence of these homology hypotheses has been lacking since the advent of the field of 'evo-devo'. Recent progress in molecular phylogenetics is refining the necessary framework to test previous homology statements that span large evolutionary distances. In this review, we describe recent advances in animal phylogeny and exemplify for two neural characters-the partitioned brain of arthropods and the ventral centralized nerve cords of annelids-a test for congruence using this framework. The sequential sister taxa at the base of Ecdysozoa and Spiralia comprise small, interstitial groups. This topology is not consistent with the hypothesis of homology of tripartitioned brain of arthropods and vertebrates as well as the ventral arthropod and rope-like ladder nervous system of annelids. There can be exquisite conservation of gene regulatory networks between distantly related groups with contrasting levels of nervous system centralization and complexity. Consequently, the utility of molecular characters to reconstruct ancestral neural organization in deep time is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hejnol
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, Bergen 5008, Norway
| | - Christopher J Lowe
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biology, Stanford University, 120 Oceanview Blvd., Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
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Kerbl A, Bekkouche N, Sterrer W, Worsaae K. Detailed reconstruction of the nervous and muscular system of Lobatocerebridae with an evaluation of its annelid affinity. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:277. [PMID: 26653148 PMCID: PMC4676111 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0531-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microscopic worm group Lobatocerebridae has been regarded a 'problematicum', with the systematic relationship being highly debated until a recent phylogenomic study placed them within annelids (Curr Biol 25: 2000-2006, 2015). To date, a morphological comparison with other spiralian taxa lacks detailed information on the nervous and muscular system, which is here presented for Lobatocerebrum riegeri n. sp. based on immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy, supported by TEM and live observations. RESULTS The musculature is organized as a grid of longitudinal muscles and transverse muscular ring complexes in the trunk. The rostrum is supplied by longitudinal muscles and only a few transverse muscles. The intraepidermal central nervous system consists of a big, multi-lobed brain, nine major nerve bundles extending anteriorly into the rostrum and two lateral and one median cord extending posteriorly to the anus, connected by five commissures. The glandular epidermis has at least three types of mucus secreting glands and one type of adhesive unicellular glands. CONCLUSIONS No exclusive "annelid characters" could be found in the neuromuscular system of Lobatocerebridae, except for perhaps the mid-ventral nerve. However, none of the observed structures disputes its position within this group. The neuromuscular and glandular system of L. riegeri n. sp. shows similarities to those of meiofaunal annelids such as Dinophilidae and Protodrilidae, yet likewise to Gnathostomulida and catenulid Platyhelminthes, all living in the restrictive interstitial environment among sand grains. It therefore suggests an extreme evolutionary plasticity of annelid nervous and muscular architecture, previously regarded as highly conservative organ systems throughout metazoan evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kerbl
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 1st floor, 2100, Copenhagen E, Denmark.
| | - Nicolas Bekkouche
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 1st floor, 2100, Copenhagen E, Denmark.
| | | | - Katrine Worsaae
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 1st floor, 2100, Copenhagen E, Denmark.
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Abstract
This article provides a new consideration of how Thomas Willis (1621-75) came to write the first works of 'neurology', which was in its time a novel use of cerebral and neural anatomy to defend philosophical claims about the mind. Willis's neurology was shaped by the immediate political and religious contexts of the English Civil War and Restoration. Accordingly, the majority of this paper is devoted to uncovering the political necessities Willis faced during the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, with particular focus on the significance of Willis's dedication of his neurology and natural philosophy to the Archbishop of Canterbury, Gilbert Sheldon. Because the Restoration of Charles II brought only a semblance of order and peace, Willis and his allies understood the need for a coherent defense of the authority of the English church and its liturgy. Of particular importance to Sheldon and Willis (and to others in Sheldon's circle) were the specific ceremonies described in the Book of Common Prayer, a manual that directed the congregation to assume various postures during public worship. This article demonstrates that Willis's neurology should be read as an intervention in these debates, that his neurology would have been read at the time as an attempt to ground orthodox worship in the structure of the brain and nerves. The political necessities that helped to shape Willis's project also help us to better understand Willis's innovative insistence that philosophical statements about the mind should be formulated only after a comprehensive anatomical investigation of the brain and nerves.
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44
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Zanchin G, Panetto M, Dalla Francesca EH. Echoes from the anatomical theater of Padua: Fabrici on the nervous system. Vesalius 2015; 21:54-62. [PMID: 26592083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Girolamo Fabrici d'Acquapendente, never published a systematic description nor an iconographic record of the nervous system except for the series of 21 pictures, entitled De Anatomia Capitis Cerebri Nervorum, stored in the Biblioteca Marciana of Venice.
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Emmons SW. The beginning of connectomics: a commentary on White et al. (1986) 'The structure of the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans'. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140309. [PMID: 25750233 PMCID: PMC4360118 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The article 'Structure of the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans' (aka 'The mind of a worm') by White et al., published for the first time the complete set of synaptic connections in the nervous system of an animal. The work was carried out as part of a programme to begin to understand how genes determine the structure of a nervous system and how a nervous system creates behaviour. It became a major stimulus to the field of C. elegans research, which has since contributed insights into all areas of biology. Twenty-six years elapsed before developments, notably more powerful computers, made new studies of this kind possible. It is hoped that one day knowledge of synaptic structure, the connectome, together with results of many other investigations, will lead to an understanding of the human brain. This commentary was written to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Emmons
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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46
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Dao V, Yeh PH, Vogel KS, Moore CM. Applied neuroanatomy elective to reinforce and promote engagement with neurosensory pathways using interactive and artistic activities. Anat Sci Educ 2015; 8:166-174. [PMID: 24920370 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
One in six Americans is currently affected by neurologic disease. As the United States population ages, the number of neurologic complaints is expected to increase. Thus, there is a pressing need for more neurologists as well as more neurology training in other specialties. Often interest in neurology begins during medical school, so improving education in medical neural courses is a critical step toward producing more neurologists and better neurology training in other specialists. To this end, a novel applied neuroanatomy elective was designed at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA) to complement the traditional first-year medical neuroscience course and promote engagement and deep learning of the material with a focus on neurosensory pathways. The elective covered four neurosensory modalities (proprioception/balance, vision, auditory, and taste/olfaction) over four sessions, each with a short classroom component and a much longer activity component. At each session, students reviewed the neurosensory pathways through structured presentations and then applied them to preplanned interactive activities, many of which allowed students to utilize their artistic talents. Students were required to complete subjective pre-course and post-course surveys and reflections. The survey results and positive student comments suggest that the elective was a valuable tool when used in parallel with the traditional medical neuroscience course in promoting engagement and reinforcement of the neurosensory material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh Dao
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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47
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Abstract
The invention of the microscope at the beginning of the seventeenth century was a pivotal event for subsequent studies of the microscopic structure of nerve tissue. The present article, using translations of the original texts, presents a recollection of the discoveries made during the second half of the seventeenth century up to the beginning of the nineteenth century by prominent scholars as well as those nearly forgotten today. The findings in the field of neuroanatomy are collected together into a coherent form and in chronological order, showing the progress of the discoveries from a historical perspective. The early scientists discovered, and then repeatedly confirmed, that nerve tissue was remarkably similar over a wide range of animal forms. While they offered little detail, and much of what was described was flawed because of various technical restraints of the time, what they did report was very similar from animal to animal. Their studies, however, in parallel with the improvement of microscopic techniques as well as the processing and fixation of animal tissues, helped to create fertile ground for a number of important neurohistological discoveries in the first half of the nineteenth century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Chvátal
- a Department of Cellular Neurophysiology , Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic
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48
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Chvátal A. [Revealing the structure of the nervous tissue III: From Jan Evangelista Purkyne (1787-1869) to Ludwig Mauthner (1840-1894)]. Cesk Fysiol 2015; 64:52-72. [PMID: 26852523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The works of Jan Evangelista Purkyne, Gabriel Valentin and Robert Remak showed that the nervous system contains not only nerve fibers, but also cellular elements. The use of microscopes and new fixation techniques have enabled the retrieval of accurate data on the structure of nervous tissue and in many European universities microscopes began to be widely used for histological and morphological studies. The present review summarizes the discoveries of the structure of predominantly vertebrate nerve tissue during the period from 1838 to 1865, made by prominent scholars who described the structure of fibers and cells of the nervous system and demonstrated that some nerve fibers are enwrapped by a sheath. In addition, the first attempts were made to make a cytoarchitectonic description of the spinal cord and brain. During the same time the concept of a neuroglial tissue was introduced, first as a tissue for "gluing" nerve fibers, cells and blood capillaries into one unit, but later some glial cells were described for the first time. Microscopic techniques started to be used for examination of physiological as well as pathological nerve tissues. The overall state of knowledge was just a step away from the emergence of the concept of neurons and glial cells.
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Abstract
The treatise "De structura nervorum" by Jiří Procháska was published in 1779 and is remarkable not only for its anatomical and histological findings but also for its historical introduction, which contains a detailed bibliographical review of the contemporary knowledge of the structure of the nervous tissue. Unfortunately, the treatise has never been translated from the Latin language, but it deserves further analysis as a historical document about the level of neuroscience research conducted by a famous Czech scholar. The present article includes a historical overview of the contemporary knowledge of the structure of the nervous tissue up to the late eighteenth century from the perspective of today, a translation of selected chapters from Prochaska's treatise (a historical introduction about the medieval knowledge of the structure of the nervous tissue and an interpretation of his neurohistological observations), and an analysis of Jiří Prochaska's results in light of current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Chvátal
- a Department of Cellular Neurophysiology , Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic
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50
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Farley A, McLafferty E, Johnstone C, Hendry C. Nervous system: part 3. Nurs Stand 2014; 28:46-50. [PMID: 24734837 DOI: 10.7748/ns2014.04.28.33.46.e8187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This article, which forms part of the life sciences series and is the last of three articles on the nervous system, explores the major divisions of the peripheral nervous system. Motor and sensory nerves will be described before a more detailed examination of the cranial and spinal nerves is provided. The autonomic nervous system will be explored, including the diverse roles of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions. The role of spinal reflexes in maintaining homeostasis is identified. Motor neurone disease will be discussed briefly as an example of a disorder of the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Farley
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
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