Change of physiochemical characteristics, nutritional quality, and volatile compounds of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. during germination

The impacts of varying germination periods (0-72 h) on morphological properties, proximate composition, amino acid profile, GABA levels, antioxidant attributes, polyphenol content (both free and bound), and volatile compounds of quinoa were evaluated. Germination significantly increased the content of fiber, amino acids, GABA, polyphenols, and in-vitro antioxidant activities in quinoa. The optimal nutritional quality and antioxidant capacity of quinoa were observed during the 36-72 h germination period. We examined the dynamics of 47 phenolic compounds in quinoa during germination and noted a substantial rise in free phenolic acids and bound flavonoids post-germination. A total of 53 and 84 volatile compounds were respectively identified in ungerminated quinoa and germinated quinoa. It was found that the germination period of 24-48 h contributed to reducing the presence of undesirable flavors. TEM analysis revealed significant structural damage to the ultrastructure and relaxation of the cell wall in germinated quinoa grains.

Enhancing the antioxidant properties and compatibility of protein/sodium alginate film by incorporating Zanthoxylum bungeanum essential oil Pickering emulsion

Zanthoxylum bungeanum essential oil (ZBEO) Pickering emulsion was incorporated into rice protein (RP)/sodium alginate (SA)-based film to enhance the antioxidant activity and compatibility. With increasing ZBEO content from 2 % to 4 %, the average size of ZBEO Pickering emulsion ranged from 124.28 to 165.65 nm. The best mechanical property with a tensile strength of 14.56 MPa and hydrophobicity with a water vapor permeability of 2.11 × 10-12 g⋅cm-1⋅s-1⋅Pa-1 of emulsion film were achieved with 0.8 % ZBEO. In addition, the loss of ZBEO in the emulsion films was reduced by 11-14 %. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of emulsion film with 1.2 % ZBEO was 65.54 % in 95 % ethanol. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulation showed that electrostatic interactions played a leading role in film formation. Overall, ZBEO Pickering emulsion is an effective method to enhance the antioxidant activity, mechanical strength and hydrophobicity of RP/SA film.

Application of nanosilica in the construction industry: A bibliometric analysis using Methodi Ordinatio

The number of publications related to the implementation of nanotechnology in the construction industry, and specifically to the application of nanosilica (SiO2), has had a constant increase in recent years. Based on this, in the present work, an analysis was carried out using bibliometric techniques, with the aim at characterizing the development of specialized literature and identifying the largest areas of growth in the field, maintaining hydrophobic nanosilica as the research guideline. This analysis acquired information from the Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) databases to compare bibliometric indicators of the publications. It should be noted that, even though bibliometric analysis is useful to identify the study areas of greatest interest, to complement this work, the implementation of a method that helped in the research process to obtain the most important bibliography was required. This study implemented Methodi Ordinatio, which helped to take a new direction. Therefore, based on this method, a list of articles cataloged and ranked is obtained, which is the basis for integrating the final bibliographic portfolio. •The study applies the Methodi Ordinatio to obtain a portfolio of the most relevant articles to guide the researchers' work.•Insightful information can be obtained using VOSviewer to analyze and visualize metadata of the bibliographic portfolio.•The study demonstrates how the alpha value in the InOrdinatio formula modifies the resulting portfolio.

Phonological decoding and morpho-orthographic decomposition: Complementary routes during learning to read

We examined the reliance on phonological decoding and morpho-orthographic decomposition strategies in developing and skilled readers of French. A lexical decision experiment was conducted where the critical stimuli were four types of nonwords, all derived from the same base word, such as the French word visage (face) in the following examples: (a) pseudo-homophone (PsH) nonwords (e.g., visaje), (b) orthographic controls for PsH nonwords (e.g., visape), (c) pseudo-morphemic (PsM) nonwords (e.g., visageable), and (d) orthographic controls for PsM nonwords (e.g., visagealle, where alle is not a suffix in French). Responses to PsH and PsM nonwords and their controls were studied in three groups of school children (Grades 1, 2, and 5) and one group of skilled adult readers. PsH interference effects (i.e., more errors to PsH nonwords than to the corresponding controls) decreased during reading acquisition to become nonsignificant in skilled readers. Interestingly, the opposite pattern was seen in PsM interference effects (also measured in terms of accuracy), which were already significant in Grade 1 and increased during reading development to reach their maximum in skilled readers. These results point toward opposing learning trajectories in the use of phonological and morphological information when learning to silently read for meaning.

Boosting oxygen vacancies by modulating the morphology of Au decorated In2O3 with enhanced CO2 hydrogenation activity to CH3OH

CO2 hydrogenation to methanol has become one of the most promising ways for CO2 utilization, however, the CO2 conversion rate and methanol selectivity of this reaction still need to be improved for industrial application. Here we investigated the structure-activity relationship for CO2 conversion to methanol of In2O3-based catalysts by modulating morphology and decorating Au. Three different Au/In2O3 catalysts were prepared, their activity follow the sequence of Au/In2O3-nanosphere (Au/In2O3-NS) > Au/In2O3-nanoplate (Au/In2O3-NP) > Au/In2O3-hollow microsphere (Au/In2O3-HM). Au/In2O3-NS exhibited the best performance with good CO2 conversion of 12.7%, high methanol selectivity of 59.8%, and large space time yield of 0.32 gCH3OH/(hr·gcat) at 300°C. The high performance of Au/In2O3-NS was considered as the presence of Au. It contributes to the creation of more surface oxygen vacancies, which further promoted the CO2 adsorption and facilitated CO2 activation to form the formate intermediates towards methanol. This work clearly suggests that the activity of In2O3 catalyst can be effective enhanced by structure engineering and Au decorating.

Acute pancreatitis in Turkey: Results of a nationwide multicenter study

BACKGROUND

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is the most common gastrointestinal disease requiring hospitalization, with significant mortality and morbidity. We aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of AP and physicians' compliance with international guidelines during its management.

METHODS

All patients with AP who were hospitalized at 17 tertiary centers in Turkey between April and October 2022 were evaluated in a prospective cohort study. Patients with insufficient data, COVID-19 and those aged below 18 years were excluded. The definitions were based on the 2012 revised Atlanta criteria.

RESULTS

The study included 2144 patients (median age:58, 52 % female). The most common etiologies were biliary (n = 1438, 67.1 %), idiopathic (n = 259, 12 %), hypertriglyceridemia (n = 128, 6 %) and alcohol (n = 90, 4.2 %). Disease severity was mild in 1567 (73.1 %), moderate in 521 (24.3 %), and severe in 58 (2.6 %) patients. Morphology was necrotizing in 4.7 % of the patients. The overall mortality rate was 1.6 %. PASS and BISAP had the highest accuracy in predicting severe pancreatitis on admission (AUC:0.85 and 0.81, respectively). CT was performed in 61 % of the patients, with the majority (90 %) being within 72 h after admission. Prophylactic NSAIDs were not administered in 44 % of the patients with post-ERCP pancreatitis (n = 86). Antibiotics were administered to 53.7 % of the patients, and 38 % of those received them prophylactically.

CONCLUSIONS

This prospective study provides an extensive report on clinical characteristics, management and outcomes of AP in real-world practice. Mortality remains high in severe cases and physicians' adherence to guidelines during management of the disease needs improvement in some aspects.

Embryonic development and transcriptomic analysis in red-eared slider Trachemys scripta elegans under salinity stress

The elevated salinity in freshwater causes a serious threat to the survival and reproduction of freshwater organisms. The effect of salinity on embryonic development of freshwater turtles is little known. In this study, we investigated the embryonic morphology and underlining mechanism of red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) in different salinities incubated environment (2.5 ppt and 5 ppt). Results showed that salinity caused various forms of malformed embryos, including brain hypoplasia, eye defects, skeletal dysplasia, deformities of carapace, plastron, limb in the embryo. Severely, salinity could lead to embryos decease. Transcriptome analysis showed that differentially expressed genes induced by salinity primarily enriched in development pathways, metabolism pathways, disease pathways as well as cell processes through KEGG enrichment analysis. In addition, in early and middle embryonic developmental stages, the mRNA expression of apoptotic genes (p38 and bax) significantly increased, whereas anti-apoptotic gene bcl-2 decreased in salinities incubated environment. These findings demonstrated that salinity inhibited the process of embryonic development and damaged organogenesis of turtles through promoting apoptotic pathways.

Ultrastructural characterization and quantification of hemocytes in engorged female Amblyomma sculptum ticks

Amblyomma sculptum (formerly Amblyomma cajennense) ticks have been implicated in the transmission of pathogens that cause diseases in animals and humans. Their wide geographic distribution and high impact on animal health and zoonotic disease transmission highlight the importance of studying and implementing effective control measures to mitigate the risks associated with this tick species. The aim of this study was to quantify and characterize the morphology and the ultrastructure of different types of hemocytes in the hemolymph in engorged A. sculptum females fed on rabbits. The hemolymph samples were collected by perforation of the cuticle in the dorsal region. Hemocyte types, sizes, and differential counts were determined using light microscopy, while ultrastructural analysis of hemocytes was performed using transmission electron microscopy. The average number of total hemocytes in the hemolymph was 1024 ± 597.6 cells µL-1. Five morphologically distinct cell types were identified in A. sculptum females: prohemocytes (6 % ± 8.8), plasmatocytes (10 % ± 7.7), granulocytes (78 % ± 12.2), spherulocytes (5 % ± 4.48), and oenocytoids (1 % ± 1.6). In general, prohemocytes were the smallest hemocytes. The ultrastructural morphology of A. sculptum hemocytes described in the present study agrees with the findings for other hard ticks. This is the first study to investigate ultrastructural characteristics of hemocytes of female A. sculptum ticks.

Comparison of the first time detected Oesophagostomum asperum with Oesophagostomum columbianum in sheep and goats in Bangladesh based on the trinity: Morphology, morphometry and genetic diversity

Oesophagostomum spp. (Family: Chabertiidae) is keeping a low profile in terms of severity in Bangladesh while maintaining economic loss through disguise within sheep and goats. The study was performed to identify prevalence, confirmation of species through morphology and morphometry followed by phylogeny using ITS2 and COX1 genes. In total 384 slaughterhouse-sourced small and large intestines were pooled from Mymensingh, Kishoreganj, Netrokona, Sherpur and Tangail districts of Mymensingh division. Followed by isolation, O. columbianum and O. asperum were identified following their key morphological features. Notably, O. asperum was first time detected in Bangladesh. The overall prevalence of Oesophagostomum spp. was found 60.93%. The prevalence of O. columbianum (64.95%) was almost double than that of O. asperum (35.04%). Among several characters, only the distance between anus to tail tip showed a significant morphological disparity in female. The Neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenic trees based on ITS2 and COX1 genes confirmed the study species. The first time identified O. asperum along with morphometry and phylogeny will add value to the fact that nematodes are invisibly present with high prevalence in this country. This study will help to draw specific attention to command a practical control strategy for intervening in economic loss.

Concordance of multigene genealogy along with morphological evidence unveils five novel species and two new records of boletoid mushrooms (fungi) from India

Agaricales, Russulales and Boletales are dominant orders among the wild mushrooms in Basidiomycota. Boletaceae, one of the major functional elements in terrestrial ecosystem and mostly represented by ectomycorrhizal symbionts of trees in Indian Himalaya and adjoining hills, are extraordinarily diverse and represented by numerous genera and species which are unexplored or poorly known. Therefore, their hidden diversity is yet to be revealed. Extensive macrofungal exploration by the authors to different parts of Himalaya and surroundings, followed by through morphological studies and multigene molecular phylogeny lead to the discovery of five new species of wild mushrooms: Leccinellum bothii sp. nov., Phylloporus himalayanus sp. nov., Phylloporus smithii sp. nov., Porphyrellus uttarakhandae sp. nov., and Retiboletus pseudoater sp. nov. Present communication deals with morphological details coupled with illustrations and phylogenetic inferences. Besides, Leccinellum sinoaurantiacum and Xerocomus rugosellus are also reported for the first time from this country.

Metal Organic Frameworks Synthesis: The Versatility of Triethylamine

Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are organic-inorganic hybrid materials with exceptionally customizable composition and properties. MOFs intrinsically possess open metal sites, tunable pore size/shape and an ultra-large specific surface area, and have obtained significant attention over the past 30 years. Furthermore, through the integration of functional moieties such as, molecules, functional groups, noble metal clusters and nanocrystals or nanoparticles into MOFs, the resulting composites have greatly enriched the physical and chemical properties of pure MOFs, enabling their application in a wider range of fields. Triethylamine (TEA) as an organic base has consistently played a fundamental role in the development of MOFs. In this Concept, the versatility of triethylamine when involved in the synthesis of MOFs is discussed. Four sections are used to elaborate on the role of TEA including: (1) Single crystal synthesis; (2) Size and morphology control; (3) Counterion of MOFs; (4) MOFs composites synthesis. In the last part, we highlight the potential of TEA for further developments.

The effects of re-irradiation on the chemical and morphological properties of permanent teeth

This study aimed to assess the in vitro effects of re-irradiation on enamel and dentin properties, simulating head and neck cancer radiotherapy retreatment. Forty-five human permanent molars were classified into five groups: non-irradiated; irradiated 60 Gy, and re-irradiated with doses of 30, 40, and 50 Gy. Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were employed for analysis. Raman spectroscopy assessed intensity, spectral area, and specific peaks comparatively. Statistical analysis involved Kolmogorov-Smirnov and One-Way ANOVA tests, with Tukey's post-test (significance level set at 5%). Significant changes in irradiated, non-irradiated, and re-irradiated enamel peaks were observed, including phosphate (438 nm), hydroxyapatite (582 nm), phosphate (960 nm), and carbonate (1070 nm) (p < 0.05). Re-irradiation affected the entire tooth (p > 0.05), leading to interprismatic region degradation, enamel prism destruction, and hydroxyapatite crystal damage. Dentin exhibited tubule obliteration, crack formation, and progressive collagen fiber fragmentation. EDX revealed increased oxygen percentage and decreased phosphorus and calcium post-reirradiation. It is concluded that chemical and morphological changes in irradiated permanent teeth were dose-dependent, exacerbated by re-irradiation, causing substantial damage in enamel and dentin.

Fine scale diversity in the lava: genetic and phenotypic diversity in small populations of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus

BACKGROUND

A major goal in evolutionary biology is to understand the processes underlying phenotypic variation in nature. Commonly, studies have focused on large interconnected populations or populations found along strong environmental gradients. However, studies on small fragmented populations can give strong insight into evolutionary processes in relation to discrete ecological factors. Evolution in small populations is believed to be dominated by stochastic processes, but recent work shows that small populations can also display adaptive phenotypic variation, through for example plasticity and rapid adaptive evolution. Such evolution takes place even though there are strong signs of historical bottlenecks and genetic drift. Here we studied 24 small populations of the freshwater fish Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) found in groundwater filled lava caves. Those populations were found within a few km2-area with no apparent water connections between them. We studied the relative contribution of neutral versus non-neutral evolutionary processes in shaping phenotypic divergence, by contrasting patterns of phenotypic and neutral genetic divergence across populations in relation to environmental measurements. This allowed us to model the proportion of phenotypic variance explained by the environment, taking in to account the observed neutral genetic structure.

RESULTS

These populations originated from the nearby Lake Mývatn, and showed small population sizes with low genetic diversity. Phenotypic variation was mostly correlated with neutral genetic diversity with only a small environmental effect.

CONCLUSIONS

Phenotypic diversity in these cave populations appears to be largely the product of neutral processes, fitting the classical evolutionary expectations. However, the fact that neutral processes did not explain fully the phenotypic patterns suggests that further studies can increase our understanding on how neutral evolutionary processes can interact with other forces of selection at early stages of divergence. The accessibility of these populations has provided the opportunity for long-term monitoring of individual fish, allowing tracking how the environment can influence phenotypic and genetic divergence for shaping and maintaining diversity in small populations. Such studies are important, especially in freshwater, as habitat alteration is commonly breaking populations into smaller units, which may or may not be viable.

Food grain quality: Analysis of physical, biometric, and colorimetric properties to promote consumption

This research focused on analyzing the biometric, colorimetric and morphological characteristics of thirty seeds, covering legumes, cereals and oilseeds. Thirteen legumes, fourteen cereals and three oilseeds were collected from three different locations. The methodology used was descriptive, applying multivariate multiple factorial and cluster analysis. The results showed variability between biometric, chromatic and morphological characteristics among the seeds. Predominant shapes include circular, oval, oblong, less frequently kidney and lanceolate. Significant differences in biometric parameters stand out, evidencing similarities in colorimetric parameters. Specifically, Pallar and Bean exhibited greater equatorial dimensions, length, weight, 100 g weight, area and perimeter, While peanut and Chickpea presented greater thickness. In terms of colorimetry - luminosity, Pallar, Yellow corn and Tarwi presented higher values unlike Black lentils, Purple corn and Black beans, being less luminous. Multivariate tests revealed the formation of four groups based on the parameters studied. This study provides valuable information about the different seeds, establishing a basis for their propagation and improvement in the Peruvian context.

Exogenous application of salicylic acid ameliorates salinity stress in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a significant cereal crop belonging to Poaceae that is essential for human food and animal feeding. The production of barley grains was around 142.37 million tons in 2017/2018. However, the growth of barley was influenced by salinity which was enhanced by applying a foliar spray of salicylic acid. The current study investigated to evaluated the potential effect of SA on the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants under salinity stress and its possible effects on physiological, biochemical, and growth responses. The experiment was conducted at Postgraduate Research Station (PARS), University of Agriculture; Faisalabad to assess the influence of salicylic acid on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under highly saline conditions. The experiment was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 replicates. In plastic pots containing 8 kg of properly cleaned sand, two different types of barley (Sultan and Jau-17) were planted. The plants were then watered with a half-strength solution of Hoagland's nutritional solution. After the establishment of seedlings, two salt treatments (0 mM and 120 mM NaCl) were applied in combining three levels of exogenously applied salicylic acid (SA) (0, 0.5, and 1 mg L-1). Data about morphological, physiological, and biochemical attributes was recorded using standard procedure after three weeks of treatment. The morpho-physiological fresh weight of the shoot and root (48%), the dry mass of the shoot and root (66%), the plant height (18%), the chlorophyll a (30%), the chlorophyll b (22%), and the carotenoids (22%), all showed significant decreases. Salinity also decreased yield parameters and the chl. ratio (both at 29% and 26% of the total chl. leaf area index). Compared to the control parameters, the following data was recorded under salt stress: spike length, number of spikes, number of spikelets, number of tillers, biological yield, and harvest index. Salicylic acid was used as a foliar spray to lessen the effects of salinity stress, and 1 mg L-1 of salicylic acid proved more effective than 0.5 mg L-1. Both varieties show better growth by applying salicylic acid (0 mg L-1) as a control, showing normal growth. By increasing its level to (0.5 mg L-1), it shows better growth but maximized growth occurred at a higher level (1 mg L-1). Barley sultan (Hordeum vulgare L.) is the best variety as compared to Jau-17 performs more growth to mitigate salt stress (0mM and 120mM NaCl) by improving morpho-physiological parameters by enhancing plan height, Root and shoot fresh and dry weights, as well as root and shoot lengths, photosynthetic pigments, area of the leaves and their index, and yield attributes and reduce sodium ions.

Facile Layer Diffusion Technique for Synthesis of Terbium-Based Metal Organic Framework for Fluorometric Sensing of Hydroquinone

A photoluminescent terbium (III)-based Metal Organic Framework (MOF) was synthesized at room temperature by layer diffusion method utilizing mixed carboxylate linkers (4,4'-oxybis(benzoic acid) and benzene-1,3,5 tricarboxylic acid). Synthesized MOF has crystalline nature and rod-shaped morphology and is thermally stable up to 455 °C. The fluorescence emission spectra and theoretical results revealed that carboxylate linkers functioned as sensitizers for Tb(III) photoluminescence which resulted in four distinct emission peaks at 495, 547, 584, and 621 nm corresponding to the transitions 5D4 → 7F6, 5D4 → 7F5, 5D4 → 7F4, and 5D4 → 7F3. Using synthesized MOF as fluorescent probe, hydroquinone was detected in aqueous medium with a detection limit of 0.048 μM, remarkable recovery (95.6-101.1%), and relative standard deviation less than 2.25%. The quenching phenomenon may be ascribed to electron transfer from synthesized probe to oxidized hydroquinone via carboxylic groups on the surface of MOF, which is further supported by photo-induced electron transfer mechanism. This study introduces a cheaper, faster, and more accurate method for hydroquinone detection.

Rhes, a striatal enriched protein, regulates post-translational small-ubiquitin-like-modifier (SUMO) modification of nuclear proteins and alters gene expression

Rhes (Ras homolog enriched in the striatum), a multifunctional protein that regulates striatal functions associated with motor behaviors and neurological diseases, can shuttle from cell to cell via the formation of tunneling-like nanotubes (TNTs). However, the mechanisms by which Rhes mediates diverse functions remain unclear. Rhes is a small GTPase family member which contains a unique C-terminal Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) E3-like domain that promotes SUMO post-translational modification of proteins (SUMOylation) by promoting "cross-SUMOylation" of the SUMO enzyme SUMO E1 (Aos1/Uba2) and SUMO E2 ligase (Ubc-9). Nevertheless, the identity of the SUMO substrates of Rhes remains largely unknown. Here, by combining high throughput interactome and SUMO proteomics, we report that Rhes regulates the SUMOylation of nuclear proteins that are involved in the regulation of gene expression. Rhes increased the SUMOylation of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and histone 2B, while decreasing SUMOylation of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein M (HNRNPM), protein polybromo-1 (PBRM1) and E3 SUMO-protein ligase (PIASy). We also found that Rhes itself is SUMOylated at 6 different lysine residues (K32, K110, K114, K120, K124, and K245). Furthermore, Rhes regulated the expression of genes involved in cellular morphogenesis and differentiation in the striatum, in a SUMO-dependent manner. Our findings thus provide evidence for a previously undescribed role for Rhes in regulating the SUMOylation of nuclear targets and in orchestrating striatal gene expression via SUMOylation.

"Naked life": the vital meaning of nutrition in Claude Bernard's physiology

The aim of this paper is to elucidate the vital meaning and strategic role that nutrition holds in Claude Bernard's  "biological philosophy", in the sense Auguste Comte gave to this expression, i.e. the theoretical part of biology. I propose that Bernard's nutritive perspective on life should be thought of as an  "interfield" object, following Holmes' category. Not only does nutrition bridge disciplines like physiology and organic chemistry, as well as levels of inquiry ranging from special physiology to the organism's total level, including the cell and protoplasm, but it also forms the genetic and structural foundation for Bernard's two fundamental axioms in general physiology: the necessary complementarity of destruction and creation (1) and the uniformity of this physiological law across all life forms, be it plants or animals (2). Because Bernard's nutritive theory is a major pivot for the re-ordering of life and its characterization, I argue that it must be located and understood in the scientific and metaphysical context of his time, of which he claims to be the heir and challenger-what I propose to characterize as the  "epistemic space" of nutrition, on the background of which Bernard builds his own  "logic". I then set out this logic of nutrition, focusing on three interrelated bernardian theses: the establishment of the theory of indirect nutrition as the basis for the notion of  "milieu intérieur"; the enduring conception of nutrition as a continuous generation; the emphasis on nutrition as a way of reshaping the form/matter relationship.

Morphological variability of the pectoralis minor muscle. Study in human fetuses

BACKGROUND

The pectoralis minor muscle is located in the anterior thoracic wall. Typically, is constituted by a single belly originating from the 3rd to the 5th rib and inserted into the coracoid process near the origins of the biceps brachii shorth head and of the coracobrachialis muscle. The current study, on human fetuses, aims to detect all morphological muscle variants and to create a new classification system.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Classical dissection of the thoracic wall and the upper limb was bilaterally performed on 25 (13 male and 12 female) human formalin-fixed fetuses aged 18-38 weeks of gestation. The spontaneously aborted fetuses were donated after parental consent to the Medical University anatomy program. The pectoralis minor muscle's morphology, the number of the muscle's bellies, their origins, and insertions, as well as the morphometric details of each belly of the pectoralis minor, were assessed.

RESULTS

The pectoralis minor was bilaterally found in all fetuses (50 cases). Three types of muscle were identified based on the number of muscle bellies. In type, I (typical anatomy), were classified the cases with a single belly (in 66%). This type was divided into two subtypes (Ia and Ib). In the subtype Ia, the single belly had a typical course, and in Ib, a proximal attachment was characterized by two small bellies connecting together and creating one muscular mass. In type II, two bellies (24%), and in type III, three bellies (10%) were identified.

CONCLUSIONS

Pectoralis minor is morphologically variable in the number of its bellies, its course, its origins, its insertions, and the location of its proximal attachments. The most common type (typical anatomy) was the type I represented by one belly. Other identified variants in the number of bellies by the present study may be hypothetically a result of prematurely terminated embryogenesis.

Description of three new species of Gyrodactylus von Nordmann, 1832 (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae) on bitterling fishes (Acheilognathinae) from China

Three new species of Gyrodactylus are described from three species of bitterling in Donghu Lake, China: Gyrodactylus ocellorhodei n. sp. from Rhodeus ocellatus; G. sinenorhodei n. sp. from Rhodeus sinensis; and G. acheilorhodei n. sp. from Acheilognathus macropterus. All the three new species showed similar opisthaptor morphology, especially the marginal hooks: all had a slender and perpendicular sickle shaft, and flat sickle base with distinct heel and inner arch which was different from the G. rhodei-group species parasitic on bitterling. Multivariate analyses based on hamulus and marginal hooks suggested that these three new species cannot be completely distinguished, despite some morphology divergence observed in certain less reliable morphometric features, such as hamulus root length, ventral bar total length and process shape. These three new species shared an identical 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequence, while the variation in the Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS1-ITS2) sequence among them (8.4-11.2%, K2P) far exceeded the 1% ITS sequence difference that had been suggested as a threshold for species delimitation of Gyrodactylus. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS1-ITS2 showed that all these sequenced Gyrodactylus spp. parasitic on the subfamily Acheilognathinae host formed a monophyletic group. However, a clear differentiation (18.9-20.9%, K2P of ITS1-ITS2) could be found between the subgroup from China (G. ocellorhodei n. sp., G. sinenorhodei n. sp. and G. acheilorhodei n. sp.) and that from Europe (G. rhodei).

Template-free efficacious morphology of electrosynthesized polyaniline/β-cyclodextrin host-guest complex on Au/rGO modified electrode for removal and recovery of rare-earth and heavy elements from seawater

Global water pollution and scarcity of water resources are turning increasingly into serious threats to the survival of all living organisms on Earth. This study offers an influent strategy for the electrosynthesis of reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline/β-cyclodextrin (rGO/PAni/βCD) nanocomposite and its application to the removal/recovery of heavy elements (HEs) and rare-earth elements (REEs). Besides physicochemical and electrochemical studies, the surface morphological and statistical properties of fabricated nanocomposite electrode were examined. The textural and morphological characteristics of nanocomposite electrode were investigated via AFM data based on statistical, stereometric, and fractal theory. The cohesive, porous, and well-developed morphology of fabricated nanocomposite electrode has enabled the electrodeposition technique to achieve significant simultaneous removal/recovery efficiency of HE and REE ions such as Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), Ce(IV), and Nb(V). Therefore, using rGO/PAni/βCD, considerable removal of HEs and REEs was achieved under optimized pH, 0.1 M KNO3, and 35 mg L-1 metal ion initial concentration during 20 min. Removal capacity of the nanocomposite electrode is preserved subsequent to 10 cycles of electrodeposition/desorption, according to the desorption investigation through eluted adsorbent at time intervals in deionized water and adjusted acidic pH values. Then, using rGO/PAni/CD nanocomposite, simulated seawater remediation was accomplished successfully. This interdisciplinary approach reveals that the removal/recovery efficiency enhance linearly along with the improvement of well-developed morphology for electrosynthesized composites. Thus, these results suggest how the morphological features of the polymer composites could improve remediation of water resources.

Combined 100 keV Cryo-Electron Microscopy and Image Analysis Methods to Characterize the Wider Adeno-Associated Viral Products

Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are effective vectors for gene therapy. However, AAV drug products are inevitably contaminated with empty particles (EP), which lack a genome, owing to limitations of the purification steps. EP contamination can reduce the transduction efficiency and induce immunogenicity. Therefore, it is important to remove EPs and to determine the ratio of full genome-containing AAV particles to empty particles (F/E ratio). However, most of the existing methods fail to reliably evaluate F/E ratios that are greater than 90 %. In this study, we developed two approaches based on the image analysis of cryo-electron micrographs to determine the F/E ratios of various AAV products. Using our developed convolutional neural network (CNN) and morphological analysis, we successfully calculated the F/E ratios of various AAV products and determined the slight differences in the F/E ratios of highly purified AAV products (purity > 95 %). In addition, the F/E ratios calculated by analyzing more than 1000 AAV particles had good correlations with theoretical F/E ratios. Furthermore, the CNN reliably determined the F/E ratio with a smaller number of AAV particles than morphological analysis. Therefore, combining 100 keV cryo-EM with the developed image analysis methods enables the assessment of a wide range of AAV products.

Distinguishing features of Prunus humilis, P. japonica, P. pedunculata seeds and their adulterant based on DNA barcoding, morphological characterization, and chemical profiles

Pruni Semen, the dried ripe seed of Prunus humilis, P. japonica, or P. pedunculata as recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, has been widely used in pharmaceutical and food industries. The adulteration of the marketed product with morphologically similar plants of the same genus has led to variable product quality and clinical effectiveness. This study systematically investigated the phylogenetic relationships, morphological traits, and chemical profiles of 37 Pruni Semen samples from planting bases, markets, and fields. DNA barcoding could successfully distinguish the genuine and counterfeit Pruni Semen, and the results indicated that there was almost no authentic Pruni Semen available in the market. The samples were divided into "big seed" (P. pedunculata and P. salicina seeds) and "small seed" (P. humilis, P. japonica, P. tomentosa, and P. avium seeds) categories based on morphology results. The notable discrepancy in the chemical characteristics of "big seed" and "small seed" was that "small seeds" were rich in flavonoids and low in amygdalin, whereas "big seeds" were the opposite. Furthermore, principal component analysis and clustered heatmap analysis verified the distinguishing features of "big seed" and "small seed" based on morphological and chemical characteristics. This study suggested that a combination of DNA barcoding and morphological and chemical characteristics can aid in the identification and quality evaluation of authentic and adulterated Pruni Semen. These findings may help standardize Pruni Semen available in the market and protect the rights and interests of customers.

Examining the relationship between different naturally-occurring maxillary beak shapes and their ability to cause damage in commercial laying hens

1. Using chicken models to avoid unnecessary harm, this study examined the relationship between naturally-occurring maxillary (top) beak shapes and their ability to cause pecking damage.2. A selection of 24 Lohmann Brown laying hens from a total population of 100 were sorted into two groups based on their maxillary beak shape, where 12 were classified as having sharp beaks (SB) and 12 as having blunt beaks (BB).3. All hens were recorded six times in a test pen which contained a chicken model (foam block covered with feathered chicken skin) and a video camera. During each test session, the number of feathers removed from the model, the change in skin and block weight (proxies for tissue damage) and the percentage of successful pecks (resulting in feather and/or tissue removal) were recorded.4. SB hens removed more feathers from the model and had a greater change in skin weight than BB hens. The mean number of pecks made at the model did not differ between the beak shape groups; however, SB hens had a greater percentage of successful pecks, resulting in feather and/or tissue removal, compared to BB hens.5. In conclusion, SB hens were more capable of removing feathers and causing damage. Birds performed more successful pecks resulting in feather and/or tissue removal as they gained experience pecking at the model.

Cancer-induced morphological changes in enteric glial cells in the jejunum of Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats

Cancer-induced cachexia is associated with systemic inflammation and gastrointestinal dysfunction. How changes to cells of the enteric nervous system contribute to gut dysfunction in tumor development and cancer cachexia is unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that changes to enteric glia, a type of peripheral glia that surround enteric neurons and regulate gut homeostasis, are associated with tumor development and that supplementing with the antioxidant L-glutathione is protective against the changes induced. Immunohistochemistry for neurons, enteric glial cells and immune cells was performed in whole-mount preparations and frozen histological sections of the jejunum from 20 Wistar rats, distributed in 4 groups: control, tumor of Walker-256, control administered with 1 % L-glutathione, and tumor of Walker-256 administered with 1 % L-glutathione. Morphoquantitative analyses were made using Image-Pro® Plus 4.5 and ImageJ® 1.43° software. Tumor development significantly reduced neuronal and glial cell populations in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses and enlarged glial cell body area in the submucosal plexus. In contrast, tumors increased glia in the jejunal mucosa and this effect was accompanied by B-lymphocyte recruitment. GSH-supplemented diet was not sufficient to protect against changes to neurons and glia in the submucosal plexus but was partially protective in the myenteric plexus. L-glutathione had no effect on physiological parameters of cachexia but was sufficient to preserve enteric glial cell density in the myenteric plexus. These results suggest that changes to both enteric neurons and glia likely contribute to the gastrointestinal effects of tumor development and that oxidative stress contributes to these effects in the enteric nervous system.

DULCITRANSVERSOTREMA N. GEN. (DIGENEA: TRANSVERSOTREMATIDAE) AND FIRST MORPHOLOGICAL AND NUCLEOTIDE-BASED CONFIRMATION OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF A TRANSVERSOTREMATID IN NORTH AMERICA

We propose Dulcitransversotrema n. gen. for the freshwater transversotrematids Dulcitransversotrema patialense (Soparkar, 1924) n. comb. and Dulcitransversotrema chauhani (Agrawal and Singh, 1960) n. comb. Dulcitransversotrema is unique by the combination of lacking an oral sucker and an extensively coiled uterus as well as having testes that are not deeply lobed and that abut or nearly abut the inner posterolateral margins of the digestive tract (vs. deeply lobed testes that abut the cyclocoel region of the digestive tract only or that do not abut the ceca), a pre-oral genital pore (vs. post-oral genital pore), an ovary that is anterior to and abuts or nearly abuts the sinistral testis (vs. an ovary that is separated from the sinistral testis by some distance or having an ovary that is median and immediately pre-testicular), non-embryonated eggs (vs. embryonated eggs), typically having none or sparse vitelline follicles between the testes and ceca (vs. having a wholly inter-cecal vitellarium comprising a pair of highly compacted clusters of vitelline follicles anterolateral to the testes or having numerous vitelline follicles between the testes and ceca), an oblong, median, and primarily inter-testicular vitelline reservoir (vs. an extensively elongate, pre-testicular vitelline reservoir that arches anteriorly around the sinistral testis), and a subterminal excretory pore opening on the dorsal body surface between the level of the cyclocoel and posterior body end (vs. a terminal excretory pore). We describe the redia and cercaria of Dulcitransversotrema cf. patialense from the red-rimmed melania snail, Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) (Cerithioidea: Thiaridae), and their corresponding adult from beneath the scales of the zebrafish, Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822) (Cypriniformes: Danionidae). All hosts were sampled from a spring-fed earthen pond at a private aquaculture facility near Ruskin, Florida. No transversotrematid life cycle was known from North America previously. The large subunit ribosomal DNA and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 sequences of D. cf. patialense from Florida were most similar to those from D. patialense infecting red-rimmed melania from Mayagüez, Puerto Rico and differed by 134 and 69 nucleotides, respectively. Both phylogenetic analyses recovered Dulcitransversotrema as monophyletic and sister to a clade comprising Transversotrema spp. plus Crusziella formosa Cribb, Bray, and Barker, 1992.

"Something old, something new, something borrowed, and the oioxeny is true": description of Plectanocotyle jeanloujustinei n. sp. (Polyopisthocotylea, Plectanocotylidae) from the MNHN Helminthology collection with novel molecular and morphological data for P. gurnardi (Van Beneden & Hesse, 1863) (sensu stricto) from Sweden

Natural history museums worldwide house billions of apposite specimens, offering the potential for cost-free parasitological datasets. Herein, we provide novel morphological and molecular data (28S and cox1) for the polyopisthocotylean Plectanocotyle gurnardi sensu stricto from the type-host Eutrigla gurnardus from Sweden based on newly collected specimens from the Northeast Atlantic, and specimen from T. Odhner's collections at the Swedish Museum of Natural History (Stockholm, Sweden). The newly generated 28S sequences of P. gurnardi from E. gurnardus from the Northeast Atlantic were identical to those from the Western Mediterranean, and nested in a single clade, suggesting the presence of a single species. A 28S sequences of P. gurnardi sensu stricto from Sweden and those from the U.K. (type locality for P. caudata) were identical; we confirm that P. caudata and P. gurnardi are conspecific and formally synonymize them. A single 28S sequence of Plectanocotyle sp. from Chelidonichthys lastoviza off France differed from P. gurnardi from the Northeast Atlantic by 3-4 % and from P. gurnardi from France by 3%. Plectanocotyle sp. ex C. lastoviza off France is clearly not P. gurnardi, suggesting an oioxenic specificity of P. gurnardi to E gurnardus. Careful re-examination of Plectanocotyle cf. gurnardi from C. lastoviza from the Western Mediterranean from the Helminthology collection of Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (Paris, France) revealed that it differs from all congeners by morphometry (size of clamps, of terminal lappet and its hamuli and uncinuli, and size of atrial spines). The cox1 divergences between P. cf. gurnardi and P. major, P. lastovizae, and P. gurnardi sensu stricto were 10-11 %, 10-11 % and 8 % respectively, falling within the interspecific variations range. Plectanocotyle from the Mediterranean is described as a new species, P. jeanloujustinei n. sp. We apprise nomenclature problems in Plectanocotyle and consider P. elliptica a species inquirenda.

Laser-induced graphene trending in biosensors: understanding electrode shelf-life of this highly porous material

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has received much attention in recent years as a possible transducer material for electroanalytical sensors. Its simplicity of fabrication and good electrochemical performance are typically highlighted. However, we found that unmodified and untreated LIG electrodes had a limited shelf-life for certain electroanalytical applications, likely due to the adsorption of adventitious hydrocarbons from the storage environment. Electrode responses did not change immediately after exposure to ambient conditions but over longer periods of time, probably due to the immense specific surface area of the LIG material. LIG shelf-life is seldomly discussed prominently in the literature, yet overall trends for solutions to this challenge can be identified. Such findings from the literature regarding the long-term storage stability of LIG electrodes, pure and modified, are discussed here along with explanations for likely protective mechanisms. Specifically, applying a protective coating on LIG electrodes after manufacture is possibly the easiest method to preserve electrode functionality and should be identified as a trend for well-performing LIG electrodes in the future. Furthermore, suggested influences of the accompanying LIG microstructure/morphology on electrode characteristics are evaluated.

Turbidity drives plasticity in the eyes and brains of an African cichlid

Natural variation in environmental turbidity correlates with variation in the visual sensory system of many fishes, suggesting that turbidity may act as a strong selective agent on visual systems. Since many aquatic systems experience increased turbidity due to anthropogenic perturbations, it is important to understand the degree to which fish can respond to rapid shifts in their visual environment, and whether such responses can occur within the lifetime of an individual. We examined whether developmental exposure to turbidity (clear, <5 NTU; turbid, ∼9 NTU) influenced the size of morphological structures associated with vision in the African blue-lip cichlid Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor. Parental fish were collected from two sites (clear swamp, turbid river) in western Uganda. F1 broods from each population were split and reared under clear and turbid rearing treatments until maturity. We measured morphological traits associated with the visual sensory system (eye diameter, pupil diameter, axial length, brain mass, optic tectum volume) over the course of development. Age was significant in explaining variation in visual traits even when standardized for body size, suggesting an ontogenetic shift in the relative size of eyes and brains. When age groups were analyzed separately, young fish reared in turbid water grew larger eyes than fish reared in clear conditions. Population was important in the older age category, with swamp-origin fish having relatively larger eyes and optic lobes relative to river-origin fish. Plastic responses during development may be important for coping with a more variable visual environment associated with anthropogenically induced turbidity.

In situ assessment of the initial phase of wastewater biofilm formation: Effect of the presence of algae in an aerobic bacterial biofilm system

The initial start-up attachment stage that dominates biofilm formation is an unstable process and is time-consuming. In the present study, Chlorella sp. was introduced into a general aerobic biofilm system to explore whether the addition of algae improved the initial attachment phase of biofilm. Compared with those of the bacterial biofilms, the initial algal-bacterial biofilms were more stable and had a thicker, denser, and rougher surface. Further investigation suggested that the concentration of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in the algal-bacterial biofilm was 31.33 % greater than that in the bacterial biofilm. Additionally, the algal-bacterial flocs had greater free energies of absolute cohesion (ΔGcoh) and adhesion energy (∆Gadh) than did the bacterial flocs. These phenomena contribute to the speediness and stabilization of initial algal-bacterial start-up biofilms. Specifically, algae inoculation increased microbial community diversity and promoted the growth of bacterial members related to biofilm development. In conclusion, both physicochemical interactions and biological processes strongly influence microbial attachment during the initial biofilm formation process and further promote strengthening.

Lighting lantern above Psalteriomonadidae: Unveiling novel diversity within the genus Psalteriomonas (Discoba: Heterolobosea)

Psalteriomonadidae are a small family of anaerobic free-living protists belonging to Heterolobosea, Discoba. We cultured 74 new strains of mostly amoeboid Psalteriomonadidae obtained from mainly freshwater habitats and sequenced their 18S rRNA gene. Based on the phylogenetic analysis and genetic distances, we report multiple novel species, four of which we formally describe based on the light-microscopic morphology (Psalteriomonas minuta, P. australis, P. fimbriata, and P. parva). We also examined the ultrastructure of two Psalteriomonas species using transmission electron microscopy. We transfer Sawyeria marylandensis into the genus Psalteriomonas and synonymize Sawyeria with Psalteriomonas. In addition, we studied the flagellate stage of P. marylandensis comb. nov. for the first time, using light and scanning electron microscopy.

Single-cell tracking as a tool for studying EMT-phenotypes

This article demonstrates that label-free single-cell video tracking is a useful approach for in vitro studies of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). EMT is a highly heterogeneous process, involved in wound healing, embryogenesis and cancer. The process promotes metastasis, and increased understanding can aid development of novel therapeutic strategies. The role of EMT-associated biomarkers depends on biological context, making it challenging to compare and interpret data from different studies. We demonstrate single-cell video tracking for comprehensive phenotype analysis. In this study we performed single-cell video tracking on 72-h long recordings. We quantified several behaviours at a single-cell level during induced EMT in MDA-MB-468 cells. This revealed notable variations in migration speed, with different dose-response patterns and varying distributions of speed. By registering cell morphologies during the recording, we determined preferred paths of morphological transitions. We also found a clear association between migration speed and cell morphology. We found elevated rates of cell death, diminished proliferation, and an increase in mitotic failures followed by re-fusion of sister-cells. The method allows tracking of phenotypes in cell lineages, which can be particularly useful in epigenetic studies. Sister-cells were found to have significant similarities in their speeds and morphologies, illustrating the heritability of these traits.

NEW RECORDS OF HELMINTHS OF THE JAGUAR IN MEXICO, WITH AN UPDATED LIST OF SPECIES IN THE AMERICAS

An inventory of parasites infecting the jaguar (Panthera onca) across its distribution range is relevant for the conservation of this threatened big cat. In this study, we report the occurrence of helminths in a jaguar from Mexico using morphological techniques (cleared and stained mounts and scanning electron microscopy) and partial sequences of the 28S ribosomal RNA (28S rRNA) gene and the cytochrome c oxidase 1 mitochondrial (COI) gene. We also provide an updated list of helminth species reported in jaguars in the Americas. Three helminth taxa are identified in the jaguar examined from Mexico: Toxocara cati, Physaloptera sp., and Taenia sp. The new 28S rRNA sequences of To. cati, Physaloptera sp., and Taenia sp. and the COI sequence of Taenia sp. corroborate the identity of the helminths isolated from this host. One hundred and twenty-nine records of helminths parasitizing jaguars from 49 studies up to May 2023 were identified in the Americas. In most of these studies (73.6%), helminths were identified using coproparasitological techniques. Sixteen helminths (7 nematodes, 5 cestodes, 3 acanthocephalans, and 1 trematode) were identified at the species level in free-ranging and captive jaguars. The study demonstrates the value of an integrative taxonomy approach to increase the accuracy of parasite identification in wildlife, especially when helminth specimens are scarce or poorly fixed.

Morpho-molecular and environmental evidence of the ocurrence of Karenia longicanalis (Dinophyceae: Kareniaceae) as a bloom former in the Eastern Pacific Ocean

Karenia longicanalis, an athecate dinoflagellate, was first described during a bloom in Victoria Harbour (Hong Kong, China). This study confirms the presence of K. longicanalis as a bloom former in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Specimens were collected in March 2019 at three sampling stations in Acapulco Bay, Mexico. Water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and pH were measured in situ at the time of sample collection. Cell morphology was examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy. A molecular analysis based on the amplification of the large subunit (LSU) rDNA region revealed that the LSU sequences formed a monophyletic group with other GenBank sequences belonging to K. longicanalis. The resulting phylogeny demonstrates that Karenia is closely related to Asterodinium, Gertia, and Shimiella. The morphology of the specimens was consistent with previous descriptions.

Removal of sulfonylurea herbicides with g-C3N4-based photocatalysts: A review

The accumulation of agricultural chemicals in the environment has become a global concern, of which sulfonylurea herbicides (SUHs) constitute a significant category. Solar-driven photocatalysis is favored for removing organic pollutants due to its high efficiency and environmental friendliness. Graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based materials with superior catalytic activities and physicochemical stabilities are promising photocatalysts. This review describes the g-C3N4-based materials and their uses in the photocatalytic degradation of SUHs or other organic pollutants with similar structures. First, the fundamentals of g-C3N4-based materials and photocatalytic SUHs degradation are discussed to provide an in-depth understanding of the mechanism for the photocatalytic activity. The ability of different g-C3N4-based materials to photocatalytically degrade SUH-like structures is then discussed and summarized based on different modification strategies (morphology modulation, elemental doping, defect engineering, and heterojunction formations). Meanwhile, the effects of different environmental factors on the photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4-based materials are described. Finally, the major challenges and opportunities of g-C3N4-based materials for the photocatalytic degradation of SUHs are proposed. It is hoped that this review will show the feasibility of photocatalytic degradation of SUHs with g-C3N4-based materials.

Surface activation of Hastalex by vacuum argon plasma for cytocompatibility enhancement

Here, we present surface analysis and biocompatibility evaluation of novel composite material based on graphene oxide traded as Hastalex. First, the surface morphology and elemental analysis of the pristine material were examined by atomic force and scanning electron microscopies, and by energy-dispersive and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, respectively. The Hastalex surface was then modified by plasma (3 and 8 W with exposure times up to 240 s), the impact of which on the material surface wettability and morphology was further evaluated. In addition, the material aging was studied at room and elevated temperatures. Significant changes in surface roughness, morphology, and area were detected at the nanometer scale after plasma exposure. An increase in oxygen content due to the plasma exposure was observed both for 3 and 8 W. The plasma treatment had an outstanding effect on the cytocompatibility of Hastalex foil treated at both input powers of 3 and 8 W. The cell number of human MRC-5 fibroblasts on Hastalex foils exposed to plasma increased significantly compared to pristine Hastalex and even to tissue culture polystyrene. The plasma exposure also affected the fibroblasts' cell growth and shape.

Fabrication and characterisation of collagen/pullulan ultra-thin fibers by electrospinning

Collagen electrospun fibers are promising materials for food packaging and tissue engineering. The conventional electrospinning of collagen, however, is usually carried out by dissolving it in organic reagents, which are toxic. In this study, collagen/pullulan (COL/PUL) ultra-thin fibers were prepared by electrospinning using acetic acid as a solvent. Compared to the conventional preparation method, the proposed method is safe and does not produce toxic solvent residues. The introduction of PUL increased the degree of molecular entanglement in the solution, so the viscosity of the COL/PUL electrospun solution increased from 0.50 ± 0.01 Pa∙s to 4.40 ± 0.08 Pa∙s, and the electrical conductivity decreased from 1954.00 ± 1.00 mS/cm to 1372.33 ± 0.58 mS/cm. Scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed that PUL improved the spinnability of COL, and smooth, defect-free COL/PUL ultra-thin fibers with diameters of 215.32 ± 40.56 nm and 240.97 ± 53.93 nm were successfully prepared at a viscosity of greater than 1.18 Pa∙s. As the proportion of PUL increased, intramolecular hydrogen bonds became the dominant interaction between COL and PUL. The intermolecular hydrogen bonding content decreased from 52.05 % to 36.45 %, and the intramolecular hydrogen bonding content increased from 46.11 % to 62.95 %. The COL was gradually unfolded, the content of α-helices decreased from 33.57 % to 25.91 % and the random coils increased from 34.22 % to 40.09 %. More than 36 % of the triple helix fraction of COL was retained by the COL/PUL ultra-thin fibers, whereas only 16 % of the triple helix fraction of COL was retained by the COL nanofibers prepared with 2.2.2-trifluoroethanol. These results could serve as a reference for the development of green food COL-based fibers.

Pacific marine gregarines (Apicomplexa) shed light on biogeographic speciation patterns and novel diversity among early apicomplexans

Gregarines are the most biodiverse group of apicomplexan parasites. This group specializes on invertebrate hosts (e.g., ascidians, crustaceans, and polychaetes). Marine gregarines are of particular interest because they are considered to be the earliest evolving apicomplexan lineage, having subsequently speciated (and radiated) through virtually all existing animal groups. Still, mechanisms governing the broad (global) distribution and speciation patterns of apicomplexans are not well understood. The present study examines Pacific lecudinids, one of the most species-rich and diverse groups of marine gregarines. Here, marine polychaetes were collected from intertidal zones. Single trophozoite cells were isolated for light and electron microscopy, as well as molecular phylogenetic analyses using the partial 18S rRNA gene. The cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene was used to confirm morphology-based host identification. This study introduces Undularius glycerae n. gen., n. sp. and Lecudina kitase n. sp. (Hokkaido, Japan), as well as Difficilina fasoliformis n. sp. (California, USA). Occurrences of Lecudina cf. longissima and Lecudina cf. tuzetae (California, USA) are also reported. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between L. pellucida, L. tuzetae, and L. kitase n. sp. Additionally, clustering among North Atlantic and Pacific L. tuzetae formed a species complex, likely influenced by biogeography.

Physicochemical changes and in vitro digestibility of three banana starches at different maturity stages

This study aimed to compare the changes in physicochemical properties of the starch isolated from three banana cultivars (Musa AAA group, Cavendish subgroup; Musa ABB group, Pisang Awak subgroup; Musa AA group, Huangdijiao subgroup) at five different maturity stages. The results revealed both similarities and significant differences in micromorphology and physicochemical characteristics of the three banana varieties during different growth stages. Apparent amylose content and particle size of the three starches increased with the ripeness of banana. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed that starch particles of the three starches had different microscopic characteristics, and that banana starch morphology was basically unchanged at various growth stages. Moreover, the pasting and thermal properties of the banana starches were significantly different at various growth stages. The resistant starch content of the three banana cultivars was about 80% at all growth stages. Musa AAA group, Cavendish subgroup had the highest resistant starch content at stage Ⅴ. This study provides insights into the starch changes of three banana cultivars during ripening.

Uncovering the mechanism of Tenofovir amibufenamide fumarate punch sticking by combining direct compression experiment and computational simulation

Punch sticking during tablet manufacturing is a prevalent issue for many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) encountered by the pharmaceutical industry. Tenofovir amibufenamide fumarate (TMF), a heavyweight drug for the treatment of hepatitis B, was selected as a model drug due to its tendency to punch sticking during tablet compression. In this study, the cause of sticking was explored by investigating crystal habits, excipients and structure characteristics. The difference in sticking of three crystal habits can be visually represented through direct compression experiments on powdered samples and analysis of crystal surfaces. The excipients play a direct role in decreasing the probability of sticking, and the extent of sticking can be assessed by measuring the tensile strength of the tablet. Additionally, the plasticity index was utilized to theoretically analyze the potential enhancements of four excipients. These experimental results indicate that the block-shaped crystals have superior ability of anti-sticking and that suitable excipients can significantly improve the sticking situation of TMF. Ultimately, the phenomenon of punch sticking was additionally examined through computational calculations, focusing on the mechanical characteristics of TMF molecules and intermolecular interactions. The strategy of combining experiments and simulation calculations has broader significance for the study of drug production.

Melanin granules morphology and distribution in human black hair investigated by focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy: Differences between Asian and Caucasian hair

Melanin granules (melanosomes) in Asian and Caucasian black hairs were investigated by focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). This technique facilitates a direct evaluation of the three-dimensional distribution and morphology of melanin granules without requiring their isolation from hair. Three-dimensional reconstructed images of melanin granule distribution in hair samples were obtained using serial SEM images observed by FIB-SEM. Melanin granules in black hair tended to be three-dimensionally dense in the outer periphery of the cortex. The morphometric parameters of melanin granules were calculated using the reconstructed three-dimensional images. The results confirmed that melanin granules in Caucasian black hair were much smaller those in Asian black hair. Moreover, it was indicated that the relative frequency distribution of the volume of melanin granules was significantly different between Asians and Caucasians.

Recent genetic, phenetic and ecological divergence across the Mesoamerican highlands: a study case with Diglossa baritula (Aves: Thraupidae)

The topographical, geological, climatic and biodiversity complexity of Mesoamerica has made it a primary research focus. The Mesoamerican highlands is a region with particularly high species richness and within-species variation. The Cinnamon-bellied Flowerpiercer, Diglossa baritula (Wagler, 1832), is a species endemic to the Mesoamerican highlands, with three allopatric subspecies currently recognized. To characterize divergence within this species, we integrated genomics, morphology, coloration and ecological niche modeling approaches, obtained from sampling individuals across the entire geographic distribution of the species. Our results revealed a clear genomic divergence between the populations to the east versus the west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. In contrast to the genomic results, morphology and coloration analyses showed intermediate levels of differentiation, indicating that population groups within D. baritula have probably been under similar selective pressures. Our morphology results indicated that the only sexually dimorphic morphological variable is the wing chord, with males having a longer wing chord than females. Finally, ecological data indicated that there are differences in ecological niche within D. baritula. Our data suggest that D. baritula could contain two or more incipient species at the intermediate phase of the speciation continuum. These results highlight the importance of the geographical barrier of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and Pleistocene climatic events in driving isolation and population divergence in D. baritula. The present investigation illustrates the speciation potential of the D. baritula complex and the capacity of Mesoamerican highlands to create cryptic biodiversity and endemism.

Singleton-based species names and fungal rarity: Does the number really matter?

Fungi are among the least known organisms on earth, with an estimated number of species between 1.5 and 10 million. This number is expected to be refined, especially with increasing knowledge about microfungi in undersampled habitats and increasing amounts of data derived from environmental DNA sequencing. A significant proportion of newly generated sequences fail to match with already named species, and thus represent what has been referred to as fungal "dark taxa". Due to the challenges associated with observing, identifying, and preserving sporophores, many macro- and microfungal species are only known from a single collection, specimen, isolate, and/or sequence-a singleton. Mycologists are consequently used to working with "rare" sequences and specimens. However, rarity and singleton phenomena lack consideration and valorization in fungal studies. In particular, the practice of publishing new fungal species names based on a single specimen remains a cause of debate. Here, we provide some elements of reflection on this issue in the light of the specificities of the fungal kingdom and global change context. If multiple independent sources of data support the existence of a new taxon, we encourage mycologists to proceed with formal description, irrespective of the number of specimens at hand. Although the description of singleton-based species may not be considered best practice, it does represent responsible science in the light of closing the Linnean biodiversity shortfall.

Sperm characteristics of cryopreserved Prochilodus lineatus semen after adding cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin

The experiment evaluated the effect of adding cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) to Prochilodus lineatus fish (Curimata) semen on post-thaw sperm quality. Twelve adult fish were used for sperm collection after induced spermiation with carp pituitary gland. The semen was diluted and treated with CLC in concentrations of 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mg for 120 × 106 spermatozoa/ml, loaded in 0.5 ml straws, packaged and placed in dry vapor vessel cylinders for 24 h before being submerged in liquid nitrogen for storage. The samples were thawed in a water bath at 60 °C for 8 s, and the sperm parameters evaluated were motility, activation duration, longevity, plasma membrane integrity, and morphology. Data were tested for normal distribution and ANOVA, followed by Friedman test (P < 0.05). Spermatozoa treated with CLC displayed higher motility than the control (P < 0.05). The duration of sperm activation was longer in sperm treated with 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg of CLC than in control (P < 0.05). The membrane integrity was higher in sperm treated with 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg of CLC than in control and four mg-treated samples (P < 0.05). The sperm longevity and morphology alterations did not differ between treatments (P > 0.05). Adding 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg of CLC in Prochilodus lineatus semen before cryopreservation improves sperm motility and membrane integrity.

Quantitative evaluation of morphological and functional changes in meibomian glands and lipid layer thickness in patients with and without keratoconus

PURPOSE

To quantitatively evaluate the morphological parameters of meibomian glands (MGs) and lipid layer thickness (LLT) in patients with keratoconus (KC).

METHODS

In this prospective, cross-sectional study, 164 eyes of 164 keratoconus patients and 64 eyes of 64 age-matched control subjects were included. An advanced automatic MG analyzer was used to quantitatively measure the morphological and functional parameters of MGs. Morphological and functional parameters of MGs, LLT, and other ocular surface parameters were compared between the control and KC groups.

RESULTS

The mean meibomian gland diameter, length, square, and gland area ratio (GA) were all significantly decreased in the KC group (all P < 0.05), while no significant difference was observed in the gland tortuosity index (TI) and gland signal index (SI) between the KC and control groups (all P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the number of total and incomplete blinking among patients with different stages of keratoconus (all P > 0.05). The gland diameter, square, and TI were all negatively associated with KC severity (all P < 0.05), while no significant difference was observed among all stages of KC in gland length, GA, and SI (all P > 0.05). Moreover, the LLTs were positively correlated with the gland diameter, square, GA, and TI and negatively correlated with anterior corneal curvature or KC severity (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Atrophic morphological changes in the meibomian glands were closely correlated with the severity of keratoconus. Gland diameter may be a sensitive functional morphology metric of meibomian glands in patients with keratoconus.

ACL anatomy: Is there still something to learn?

BACKGROUND

The different bony and soft tissue reference points and the micro and macroscopic structures of the knee continue to be the object of focused study and analysis. Upon reviewing the most recent literature, we saw the wide spectrum of studies that seek to define the different anatomical aspects of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL).

PURPOSE

The purpose of this paper is to review the most recent publications on the ACL and its morphology in which its microscopic composition and macroscopic anatomy are addressed.

RESULTS

The ACL consists of typeI (90%) and typeIII (10%) collagen matrix. Its length ranges from 27 to 38mm and its width from 10 to 12mm. The ACL cross-section area measures an average of 44mm2, and its shape resembles that of an hourglass or a bow tie. ACL bundles have been defined as anteromedial, intermediate, and posterolateral. Femoral and tibial footprints were seen to present a high degree of variability in shape and size. Furthermore, the blood supply is given by the medial genicular artery and innervation by the tibial nerve branches. Additionally, the ACL functionally prevents anterior translation of the tibia and stabilizes against the internal rotation of the tibia and valgus angulation of the knee.

CONCLUSIONS

There is great variability in the anatomy of the ACL as well as its attachment sites. At the same time, the shape and size of its footprint has become a factor in determining individualized ACL reconstruction. The persistence of morphological variability in the aging of the ACL and important aspects of surgical planning and decision making with respect to anatomical risk factors suggest that further studies are called for.

A radio-anatomical study of median arcuate ligament syndrome: unveiling the morphology and morphometry of median arcuate ligament, celiac trunk, and superior mesenteric artery

PURPOSE

In the context of medical literature, a significant lacuna exists in understanding median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS). While clinical aspects are well documented, literature lacks a robust exploration of the anatomical relationship between the celiac trunk and the median arcuate ligament (MAL).

METHODS

Morphometric parameters, including the vertebral level of MAL origin, MAL thickness, celiac trunk (CeT) origin level, diameter, and distances between CeT/Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) and the MAL center were observed on 250 CT angiograms. Cadavers (n = 11) were dissected to examine the same parameters and histo-morphological examination of MAL tissue was done.

RESULTS

Radiological findings established average MAL thickness of 7.79 ± 2.58 mm. The celiac trunk typically originated at T12. The average distance between the celiac trunk and the MAL center was 1.32 ± 2.04 mm. The angle of the celiac trunk to the abdominal aorta was primarily obtuse. The average celiac trunk diameter was 5.53 ± 1.33 mm. Histological examinations revealed a diverse MAL composition, indicating variable mechanical properties.

CONCLUSION

This study provides comprehensive morphometric data on the anatomical relationship between the MAL and the celiac trunk. In contrast to available literature which says the average MAL thickness of > 4 mm is an indicator of increased thickness, we observed much higher average thickness in the studied population. The findings contribute to a better understanding of normal anatomical variations which can serve as reference values for accurate radiological diagnosis of MALS. The histological examination revealed the heterogeneous nature of the MAL tissue composition, suggesting variable mechanical properties and functions in different regions.

Assessment of the root and canal morphology in the permanent dentition of Saudi Arabian population using cone beam computed and micro-computed tomography - a systematic review

INTRODUCTION

Root canal treatment procedures require a thorough understanding of root and canal anatomy. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the morphological differences of teeth root and their canals assessed using cone-beam computed and micro-computed tomography in Saudi Arabian population.

METHODOLOGY

An electronic search was conducted in PubMed / Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases until January 2023 to retrieve related studies. "Root canal morphology," "Saudi Arabia," "Micro-CT," and "cone-beam computed tomography" were used as keywords. A modified version of previously published risk of bias assessment tool was used to determine the quality assessment of included studies.

RESULTS

The literature search revealed 47 studies that matched the criteria for inclusion, out of which 44 studies used cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and three were micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) studies. According to the modified version of risk of bias assessment tool, the studies were categorized as low, moderate, and high risk of bias. A total of 47,612 samples were included which comprised of either maxillary teeth (5,412), or mandibular teeth (20,572), and mixed teeth (21,327). 265 samples were used in micro-CT studies while 47,347 teeth samples were used in CBCT studies. Among the CBCT studies, except for three, all the studies were retrospective studies. Frequently used imaging machine and software were 3D Accuitomo 170 and Morita's i-Dixel 3D imaging software respectively. Minimum and maximum voxel sizes were 75 and 300 μm, Vertucci's classification was mostly used to classify the root canal morphology of the teeth. The included micro-CT studies were in-vitro studies where SkyScan 1172 X-ray scanner was the imaging machine with pixel size ranging between 13.4 and 27.4 μm. Vertucci, Ahmed et al. and Pomeranz et al. classifications were applied to classify the root canal morphology.

CONCLUSION

This systematic review revealed wide variations in root and canal morphology of Saudi population using high resolution imaging techniques. Clinicians should be aware of the common and unusual root and canal anatomy before commencing root canal treatment. Future micro-CT studies are needed to provide additional qualitative and quantitative data presentations.

Characterization of primary human leptomeningeal cells in 2D culture

Maintaining the integrity of brain barriers is critical for a healthy central nervous system. While extensive research has focused on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) of the brain vasculature and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) of the choroid plexus, the barriers formed by the meninges have not received as much attention. These membranes create a barrier between the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as between CSF and blood. Recent studies have revealed that this barrier has been implicated in the development of neurological and immunological disorders. In order to gain a deeper comprehension of the functioning and significance of the meningeal barriers, sophisticated models of these barriers, need to be created. The aim of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of commercially available primary leptomeningeal cells (LMCs) that form the meningeal barriers, in a cultured environment, including their morphology, proteomics, and barrier properties, and to determine whether passaging of these cells affects their behaviour in comparison to their in vivo state. The results indicate that higher passage numbers significantly alter the morphology and protein localisation and expression of the LMCs. Furthermore, the primary cell culture co-stained for S100A6 and E-cadherin suggesting it is a co-culture of both pial and arachnoid cells. Additionally, cultured LMCs showed an increase in vimentin and cytokeratin expression and a lack of junctional proteins localisation on the cell membrane, which could suggest loss of epithelial properties due to culture, preventing barrier formation. This study shows that the LMCs may be a co-culture of pial and arachnoid cells, that the optimal LMC passage range is between passages two and five for experimentation and that the primary human LMCs form a weak barrier when in culture.

M-Ni-Co MOF (M=Zn, Fe, Mn) for high-performance supercapacitors by adjusting its morphology

Metal-organic frameworks (MOF) have been wildly synthesised and studied as electrode materials for supercapacitors, and bimetallic MOF of Ni and Co has been broadly studied to enhance both specific capacitance and stability of supercapacitors. Herein, a best performance (about 320 F/g) of Ni-Co bimetallic MOF was found in a uniform preparation condition by adjusting the ratio of Ni to Co. Then tiny third metal ion was introduced, and we found that the morphology of material has a significant change on the original basis. Furthermore, certain ions (Zn, Fe, Mn) introduced make a huge improvement in capacitance based on Ni-Co MOF of 320 F/g. The result shows that Zn-Ni-Co MOF, Fe-Ni-Co MOF and Mn-Ni-Co MOF perform specific capacitance of 1135 F/g, 870 F/g and 760F/g at 1 A/g, respectively. Meanwhile, the asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) was constructed by Zn-Ni-Co MOF as positive electrode and active carbon (AC) as negative electrode. The Zn-Ni-Co MOF//AC ASC possesses a energy density of 58 Wh/kg at a power density of 775 W/kg. This research provides a new methods to regulate the morphology of MOF and a novel viewpoint for assembling high-performance, low-price, and eco-friendly green energy storage devices.