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Gonkowski S. Jan Jarkowski (1880-1929). J Neurol 2024; 271:2917-2918. [PMID: 38443512 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12259-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland.
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Zeidman LA. Alfred A. Strauss (1897-1957). J Neurol 2024; 271:2922-2924. [PMID: 38532141 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A Zeidman
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 W. Grand Blvd., K-11, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
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3
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Demircubuk I, Candar E, Sengul G. Louis Jacobsohn-Lask (1863-1940). J Neurol 2024; 271:2919-2921. [PMID: 38446144 PMCID: PMC11055714 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Demircubuk
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Health Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Esra Candar
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gulgun Sengul
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
- School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
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Rheinländer A, Weih M. [Henry Head (1861-1940) and his importance for neurology]. Nervenarzt 2024; 95:162-168. [PMID: 37823921 PMCID: PMC10850193 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-023-01556-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, Henry Head is best known for his Head zones. The concept was understood very differently by Head in comparison to what current medical books falsely describe them to be. In reality, there is no direct relationship between one particular skin zone and one single organ. It is certain that the drawings considered depictions of the Head zones in today's medical textbooks were actually not created by Head. From a neurological point of view, Head is important for two reasons: his self-experiment in 1909 to damage one of his own peripheral nerves followed by regeneration was heroic. It has helped generations of neurologists to have a better understanding of the pathophysiology of peripheral nerve damage and thus make a better assessment of the prognosis of such injuries. Head's second contribution pertains to the radicular organization at the level of the spinal cord. The pathophysiology of herpes zoster radiculitis enabled him to develop the concept of the dermatomes on the basis of preliminary work around 1900. Henry Head's contribution was the systematic compilation of the existing publications of the time and amendment of his own cases. As he was the most important neurologist at that time, at least in the English speaking world, and was well connected with people in the German neurology community, it was probably easy for him to make his dermatome maps well known. In retrospect, Head was less successful in neuropsychology with holistic concepts for higher cognitive functions which were in vogue during his lifetime. His late work on aphasia is now considered refuted. Head's criticism of the strict localization was well in syncronization with the zeitgeist of the early twentieth century. Establishing the fact that Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia are not easily diagnostically distinguishable from each other was more an achievement of subsequent generations of neurologists and neuropsychologists as well as technical advances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Weih
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Deutschland.
- MVZ Medic Center Nürnberg, Schweinauer Hauptstraße 43, 90441, Nürnberg, Deutschland.
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Eling P. Neuroanniversary 2024. J Hist Neurosci 2024; 33:89-94. [PMID: 36971781 DOI: 10.1080/0964704x.2023.2184993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Eling
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Walusinski O. Hippolyte Bourdon (1814-1892), one of neurology's forgotten forerunners. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2023; 179:1061-1067. [PMID: 37718213 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O Walusinski
- Private practice, Lauréat de l'Académie de Médecine, 20, rue de Chartres, 28160 Brou, France.
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Kuo YT, Hung KL, Lee WT. A quarter-century of the Taiwan Child Neurology Society: What can we do in the future? Epilepsy Behav 2023; 147:109417. [PMID: 37717458 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Ting Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Long Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital and Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Tso Lee
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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Walusinski O. André-Thomas (1867-1963), Initiator of Neonatal Neurology. Eur Neurol 2023; 86:350-362. [PMID: 37660693 DOI: 10.1159/000531863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
After a brilliant career as a clinician and anatomopathologist, André-Thomas (1868-1963) spent the last 30 years of his life validating the components of neurological examinations of newborns and infants. This novel approach was developed through long examinations of several hundreds of normal and sick children, notably those with anencephaly. By combining his vast knowledge of physiology with the results of his experimental work, André-Thomas built the foundations of a speciality that did not exist before his time: neuropaediatrics. His Études neurologiques (neurological studies), medical in nature but also very literary, echoing his illustrious predecessors of the 19th century, made him a transmitter of knowledge, a man of transition, from the anatomoclinical method of the 19th century to the standardised investigation techniques of the 20th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Walusinski
- Lauréat de l'Académie de Médecine, Private Practice (non-institution), Brou, France
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Parasuram NR, Crawford AL, Mazurek MH, Chavva IR, Beekman R, Gilmore EJ, Petersen NH, Payabvash S, Sze G, Eugenio Iglesias J, Omay SB, Matouk C, Longbrake EE, de Havenon A, Schiff SJ, Rosen MS, Kimberly WT, Sheth KN. Future of Neurology & Technology: Neuroimaging Made Accessible Using Low-Field, Portable MRI. Neurology 2023; 100:1067-1071. [PMID: 36720639 PMCID: PMC10259275 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the 20th century, the advent of neuroimaging dramatically altered the field of neurologic care. However, despite iterative advances since the invention of CT and MRI, little progress has been made to bring MR neuroimaging to the point of care. Recently, the emergence of a low-field (<1 T) portable MRI (pMRI) is setting the stage to revolutionize the landscape of accessible neuroimaging. Users can transport the pMRI into a variety of locations, using a standard 110-220 V wall outlet. In this article, we discuss current applications for pMRI, including in the acute and critical care settings, the barriers to broad implementation, and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nethra R Parasuram
- From the Department of Neurology (N.R.P., A.L.C., M.H.M., I.R.C., R.B., E.J.G., N.H.P., E.E.L., A.d.H., K.N.S.), and Department of Radiology (S.P., G.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) (J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.E.I., M.S.R.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Department of Neurosurgery (S.B.O., C.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurosurgery (S.J.S.), Engineering Science and Mechanics, and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; and Division of Neurocritical Care (W.T.K.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Anna L Crawford
- From the Department of Neurology (N.R.P., A.L.C., M.H.M., I.R.C., R.B., E.J.G., N.H.P., E.E.L., A.d.H., K.N.S.), and Department of Radiology (S.P., G.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) (J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.E.I., M.S.R.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Department of Neurosurgery (S.B.O., C.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurosurgery (S.J.S.), Engineering Science and Mechanics, and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; and Division of Neurocritical Care (W.T.K.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Mercy H Mazurek
- From the Department of Neurology (N.R.P., A.L.C., M.H.M., I.R.C., R.B., E.J.G., N.H.P., E.E.L., A.d.H., K.N.S.), and Department of Radiology (S.P., G.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) (J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.E.I., M.S.R.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Department of Neurosurgery (S.B.O., C.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurosurgery (S.J.S.), Engineering Science and Mechanics, and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; and Division of Neurocritical Care (W.T.K.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Isha R Chavva
- From the Department of Neurology (N.R.P., A.L.C., M.H.M., I.R.C., R.B., E.J.G., N.H.P., E.E.L., A.d.H., K.N.S.), and Department of Radiology (S.P., G.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) (J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.E.I., M.S.R.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Department of Neurosurgery (S.B.O., C.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurosurgery (S.J.S.), Engineering Science and Mechanics, and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; and Division of Neurocritical Care (W.T.K.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Rachel Beekman
- From the Department of Neurology (N.R.P., A.L.C., M.H.M., I.R.C., R.B., E.J.G., N.H.P., E.E.L., A.d.H., K.N.S.), and Department of Radiology (S.P., G.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) (J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.E.I., M.S.R.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Department of Neurosurgery (S.B.O., C.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurosurgery (S.J.S.), Engineering Science and Mechanics, and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; and Division of Neurocritical Care (W.T.K.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Emily J Gilmore
- From the Department of Neurology (N.R.P., A.L.C., M.H.M., I.R.C., R.B., E.J.G., N.H.P., E.E.L., A.d.H., K.N.S.), and Department of Radiology (S.P., G.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) (J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.E.I., M.S.R.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Department of Neurosurgery (S.B.O., C.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurosurgery (S.J.S.), Engineering Science and Mechanics, and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; and Division of Neurocritical Care (W.T.K.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Nils H Petersen
- From the Department of Neurology (N.R.P., A.L.C., M.H.M., I.R.C., R.B., E.J.G., N.H.P., E.E.L., A.d.H., K.N.S.), and Department of Radiology (S.P., G.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) (J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.E.I., M.S.R.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Department of Neurosurgery (S.B.O., C.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurosurgery (S.J.S.), Engineering Science and Mechanics, and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; and Division of Neurocritical Care (W.T.K.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Seyedmehdi Payabvash
- From the Department of Neurology (N.R.P., A.L.C., M.H.M., I.R.C., R.B., E.J.G., N.H.P., E.E.L., A.d.H., K.N.S.), and Department of Radiology (S.P., G.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) (J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.E.I., M.S.R.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Department of Neurosurgery (S.B.O., C.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurosurgery (S.J.S.), Engineering Science and Mechanics, and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; and Division of Neurocritical Care (W.T.K.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Gordon Sze
- From the Department of Neurology (N.R.P., A.L.C., M.H.M., I.R.C., R.B., E.J.G., N.H.P., E.E.L., A.d.H., K.N.S.), and Department of Radiology (S.P., G.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) (J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.E.I., M.S.R.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Department of Neurosurgery (S.B.O., C.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurosurgery (S.J.S.), Engineering Science and Mechanics, and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; and Division of Neurocritical Care (W.T.K.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Juan Eugenio Iglesias
- From the Department of Neurology (N.R.P., A.L.C., M.H.M., I.R.C., R.B., E.J.G., N.H.P., E.E.L., A.d.H., K.N.S.), and Department of Radiology (S.P., G.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) (J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.E.I., M.S.R.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Department of Neurosurgery (S.B.O., C.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurosurgery (S.J.S.), Engineering Science and Mechanics, and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; and Division of Neurocritical Care (W.T.K.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Sacit B Omay
- From the Department of Neurology (N.R.P., A.L.C., M.H.M., I.R.C., R.B., E.J.G., N.H.P., E.E.L., A.d.H., K.N.S.), and Department of Radiology (S.P., G.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) (J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.E.I., M.S.R.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Department of Neurosurgery (S.B.O., C.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurosurgery (S.J.S.), Engineering Science and Mechanics, and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; and Division of Neurocritical Care (W.T.K.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Charles Matouk
- From the Department of Neurology (N.R.P., A.L.C., M.H.M., I.R.C., R.B., E.J.G., N.H.P., E.E.L., A.d.H., K.N.S.), and Department of Radiology (S.P., G.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) (J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.E.I., M.S.R.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Department of Neurosurgery (S.B.O., C.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurosurgery (S.J.S.), Engineering Science and Mechanics, and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; and Division of Neurocritical Care (W.T.K.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Erin E Longbrake
- From the Department of Neurology (N.R.P., A.L.C., M.H.M., I.R.C., R.B., E.J.G., N.H.P., E.E.L., A.d.H., K.N.S.), and Department of Radiology (S.P., G.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) (J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.E.I., M.S.R.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Department of Neurosurgery (S.B.O., C.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurosurgery (S.J.S.), Engineering Science and Mechanics, and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; and Division of Neurocritical Care (W.T.K.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Adam de Havenon
- From the Department of Neurology (N.R.P., A.L.C., M.H.M., I.R.C., R.B., E.J.G., N.H.P., E.E.L., A.d.H., K.N.S.), and Department of Radiology (S.P., G.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) (J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.E.I., M.S.R.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Department of Neurosurgery (S.B.O., C.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurosurgery (S.J.S.), Engineering Science and Mechanics, and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; and Division of Neurocritical Care (W.T.K.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Steven J Schiff
- From the Department of Neurology (N.R.P., A.L.C., M.H.M., I.R.C., R.B., E.J.G., N.H.P., E.E.L., A.d.H., K.N.S.), and Department of Radiology (S.P., G.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) (J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.E.I., M.S.R.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Department of Neurosurgery (S.B.O., C.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurosurgery (S.J.S.), Engineering Science and Mechanics, and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; and Division of Neurocritical Care (W.T.K.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Matthew S Rosen
- From the Department of Neurology (N.R.P., A.L.C., M.H.M., I.R.C., R.B., E.J.G., N.H.P., E.E.L., A.d.H., K.N.S.), and Department of Radiology (S.P., G.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) (J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.E.I., M.S.R.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Department of Neurosurgery (S.B.O., C.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurosurgery (S.J.S.), Engineering Science and Mechanics, and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; and Division of Neurocritical Care (W.T.K.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - W Taylor Kimberly
- From the Department of Neurology (N.R.P., A.L.C., M.H.M., I.R.C., R.B., E.J.G., N.H.P., E.E.L., A.d.H., K.N.S.), and Department of Radiology (S.P., G.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) (J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.E.I., M.S.R.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Department of Neurosurgery (S.B.O., C.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurosurgery (S.J.S.), Engineering Science and Mechanics, and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; and Division of Neurocritical Care (W.T.K.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Kevin N Sheth
- From the Department of Neurology (N.R.P., A.L.C., M.H.M., I.R.C., R.B., E.J.G., N.H.P., E.E.L., A.d.H., K.N.S.), and Department of Radiology (S.P., G.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) (J.E.I.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (J.E.I., M.S.R.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; Department of Neurosurgery (S.B.O., C.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurosurgery (S.J.S.), Engineering Science and Mechanics, and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park; and Division of Neurocritical Care (W.T.K.), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
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Eling P. Neuroanniversary 2023. J Hist Neurosci 2023; 32:39-43. [PMID: 35916650 DOI: 10.1080/0964704x.2022.2104062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Eling
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Tietze FA, Orzechowski M, Wigand ME, Steger F. Historical forerunners of neuropsychiatry: The psychiatric works of Albert W. Adamkiewicz (1850-1921). J Hist Neurosci 2022; 31:592-600. [PMID: 35867519 DOI: 10.1080/0964704x.2022.2097012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Albert Wojciech Adamkiewicz (1850-1821) was a Polish neurologist and researcher who is best known for his description of the so-called Adamkiewicz-artery. In contrast to his achievements in neurology, his research in psychiatry from his time in Vienna (1891-1921) is commonly overlooked. We examined all titles of his publications from 1891 to 1921 and provided a close reading of those works that were related to his research on the neural basis of mental phenomena and disorders. We demonstrate that, in later stages of his scientific career, Adamkiewicz critically engaged with contemporary positions in psychiatry and the psychogenic explanation of mental disorders. He developed a theory based on his neurological research, correlating central theorems of late-nineteenth-century psychiatry to neural networks in the human cortex. These achievements make him a historical forerunner of neuropsychiatric concepts of mental phenomena and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcin Orzechowski
- Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Moritz E Wigand
- Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy II, Ulm University, Günzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Steger
- Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Natale G, Cucchiara F, Bocci G. Historical Overview of the "Firing" Liaison between Brain Tumors and Epilepsy. Neuroscientist 2022; 28:411-419. [PMID: 33567981 DOI: 10.1177/1073858421992316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses, in a critical historical perspective, the link between seizures and endocranic neoplasms. Folkloric descriptions of epilepsy can be found in writings from ancient cultures. Hippocrates first provided a medical interpretation. In 1770, Tissot published Traité de l'épilepsie, a milestone in epileptology, whereas the 19th century is considered the golden era of epileptic studies. In 1882, the father of modern epileptology, Jackson, in his article Localized Convulsions from Tumour of the Brain, reported a case of a patient affected by typical Jacksonian seizures in the presence of a brain tumor. However, he did not establish a direct correlation between brain tumors and epilepsy, and an explanation for his clinical case was lacking. Before Jackson's article, other authors reported similar cases, but only Gairdner in 1834 published a report suggesting the concept of a direct relationship between epilepsy and a brain tumor. From the beginning until the mid of the 20th century several authors reported seizures attributed to intracranial tumors, and in recent years studies have focused on the pathogenesis of tumor-related seizures. Biochemical and molecular changes in brain tumors and their environment opened unprecedented working hypotheses on epileptogenesis and on treatment of epilepsy associated with brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Natale
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Museo di Anatomia Umana "Filippo Civinini", Università di Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Cucchiara
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Bocci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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13
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Lazar JW. The early history of the knee-jerk reflex in neurology. J Hist Neurosci 2022; 31:409-424. [PMID: 34995173 DOI: 10.1080/0964704x.2021.1980965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Medical interest in the knee-jerk reflex began in about 1875 with simultaneous and independent publications by Wilhelm Heinrich Erb (1840-1921) and Carl Friedrich Otto Westphal (1833-1890) contending that the knee jerk was absent (and the ankle clonus was present) in all clear cases of locomotor ataxia (tabes dorsalis). Physicians in the medical communities of Europe, Great Britain, and North America responded with case and large group studies that tested this contention. These studies revealed the usefulness of the knee jerk and other myotatic reflexes, but also unexpected characteristics. The knee jerk, apparently so simple, proved to be a complex phenomenon depending the strength of the strike on the patella, induced muscle tension, and inhibition from the brain. Was it a reflex with afferent and efferent nerves and an intervening process in the spinal cord, or was it a local phenomenon confined to the muscle itself? Experimental studies directed at the reflex issue investigated latencies from patella strike to leg extension or muscle contraction and compared them with latencies from direct muscle strikes and theoretical calculations based on reflex components. Such studies were unable to resolve the reflex issue during the nineteenth century. The physicians were shown to be limited, like all scientific explorers of the unknown, by their knowledge, methodology, and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wayne Lazar
- International Society for the History of the Neurosciences, Garden City South, New York, USA
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14
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Goetz CG, Drouin E. Two faces of the teacher: Comparing editions of Charcot's Leçons du mardi. J Hist Neurosci 2022; 31:512-523. [PMID: 35316148 DOI: 10.1080/0964704x.2022.2036579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Jean-Martin Charcot, renowned teacher and clinical neurologist of the nineteenth century, held a unique set of impromptu "show and tell" case presentations that were transcribed as professor-patient dialogues. These lessons, known as the Leçons du mardi, were hand transcribed by his students and published as a limited-edition lithograph in 1887-1888, but reprinted for wider circulation with modifications in 1892, one year before Charcot died. This study highlights several important differences between the two versions of the work, with interpretative commentary on the importance of studying them side by side to more completely understand Charcot, his career, and the development of early clinical neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Goetz
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Emmanuel Drouin
- Service de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier de l'Institut Catholique de Lille, Lomme Cedex, France
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Abstract
Thomas Willis was born four hundred years ago on 27 January 1621 in Wiltshire. He has been dubbed 'the father of neurology' and is remembered for the Circle of Willis at the base of the brain. Young Thomas was educated at Oxford as a schoolboy and undergraduate. From 1646 he practised medicine and studied chemistry; he joined the Oxford Experimental Philosophical Club, and was Sedleian Professor of Natural Philosophy from 1660. He established a prosperous medical practice at The Angel on Oxford High Street, and achieved international acclaim for Cerebri anatome (1664). Lured to London in 1667, Willis lived in style but attended the sick poor on Sundays and worshipped twice daily at St Martin-in-the-Fields.
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Vyshka G, Mana T. Professor Bajram Preza (1923-2007), a leading academic figure in the Albanian medicine. Sci Prog 2022; 105:368504221128775. [PMID: 36154521 PMCID: PMC10450480 DOI: 10.1177/00368504221128775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Professor Bajram Preza was a career neurologist with a strong background in research both in neurology and psychiatry. After a period of study in Sarajevo in the immediate post-WWII period, he completed his studies in medicine and a fellowship in neuropsychiatry in Nizhny Novgorod (formerly Gorky). A highly prolific author, he holds the laurels of the first medical dissertation sustained in the University of Tirana (1958) as well as for publishing the first student's textbook on medicine (Semiotics of nervous diseases, 1964) in Albania. He led the Clinic of Neurology in Tirana for more than three decades, while relentlessly lecturing, publishing and editing a diversity of medical papers, translations and original works that have shaped the professional education of entire generations of future Albanian physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gentian Vyshka
- Biomedical and Experimental Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine in Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Tedi Mana
- Service of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
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17
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Teive HAG, Coutinho L, Camargo CHF, Munhoz RP, Walusinski O. Thomas Willis' legacy on the 400th anniversary of his birth. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2022; 80:759-762. [PMID: 36254448 PMCID: PMC9685818 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1755278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
To celebrate the 400th anniversary of the birth of Thomas Willis, his main contributions to the development of neurosciences, in particular neurology, are presented. Willis coined the term neurology and contributed significantly to the field of neuroanatomy, with the description of the arterial circle-located at the base of the brain-, which bears his name. He also described the striatum and cranial nerves. Furthermore, as a clinical neurologist, Willis participated in the description of various diseases, including myasthenia gravis and restless legs syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio Afonso Ghizoni Teive
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Hospital de Clínicas, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Serviço de Neurologia, Curitiba PR, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Hospital de Clínicas, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Grupo de Doenças Neurodegenerativas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Interna, Curitiba, Curitiba PR, Brazil
| | - Léo Coutinho
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Hospital de Clínicas, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Serviço de Neurologia, Curitiba PR, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Ferreira Camargo
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Hospital de Clínicas, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Grupo de Doenças Neurodegenerativas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Interna, Curitiba, Curitiba PR, Brazil
| | - Renato Puppi Munhoz
- University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurology, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Palmen L, Eisenberg U, Karenberg A, Fangerau H, Hansson N. [A researcher and physician who gained international fame: Otfrid Foerster (1873-1941) as Nobel Prize candidate]. Nervenarzt 2022; 93:3-8. [PMID: 34524517 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-022-01310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses the 17 Nobel Prize nominations for the neurologist and neurosurgeon Otfrid Foerster (1873-1941). Drawing on files from the Stockholm Nobel Prize Archive, primary and secondary literature, it addresses the following questions: what were the reasons given by nominators for Foerster's nominations? What was the relationship between him and his nominators? Why was he ultimately not awarded the Nobel Prize? Most nominators of Foerster's highlighted as the main motive his Handbuch der Neurologie, which he had edited with Oswald Bumke. According to the nominators, this book together with Foerster's neurosurgical work had an enormous impact on contemporary neurology. Furthermore, his "honorable character" was underlined in the nomination letters; however, these reasons were not sufficient for the Nobel Committee: the members classified the handbook as not being original research. Despite this, Foerster's fame is reflected in the present, for example in the Otfrid Foerster Medal, which has been awarded to researchers by the German Society of Neurosurgery since 1953.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Palmen
- Institut für Geschichte Theorie und Ethik der Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | | | - Axel Karenberg
- Institut für Geschichte und Ethik der Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Köln, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Deutschland
| | - Heiner Fangerau
- Institut für Geschichte Theorie und Ethik der Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | - Nils Hansson
- Institut für Geschichte Theorie und Ethik der Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland.
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19
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Nitrini R. Training of neurologists for the 21st century: cultural and professional skills. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2022; 80:1-6. [PMID: 35976294 PMCID: PMC9491433 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x-anp-2022-s104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Training of neurologists for the near future is a challenge due to the likely advances in neuroscientific methods, which will change much of our knowledge on diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases. OBJECTIVE to comment on what may be more likely to be a constant in the very near future and to recommend how to prepare the neurologist for the 21st century. METHODS through a critical review of recent articles on the teaching of Neurology, to present a personal view on the subject. RESULTS Diagnostic methods and therapeutic resources in Neurology will be greatly improved, but the central core of teaching young neurologists will continue to be the clinical/anatomical correlation. The neurologist must be prepared to be the primary physician in the care of patients with neurological disorders, although the roles of consultant and clinical neuroscientist must also be considered. In addition to technical knowledge, the neurologist must be prepared to discuss not only distressing issues related to the specialty, such as the risks of genetic diseases for family members of their patients, the inexorable progression of some diseases and the need for palliative care, but also problems not directly related to Neurology that cause anxiety and depression in the patient or that are the main reason for the initial consultation. CONCLUSION neurology will be an even more important area of medicine and the neurologist must be well prepared to be the primary doctor to diagnose, treat and follow the patient with neurological disorders. In addition to technical knowledge, training in doctor-patient relations should be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Nitrini
- Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
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20
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Walusinski O. Louis Duménil (1823-1890), surgeon and pioneer in neurology. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2022; 178:298-305. [PMID: 34565621 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Louis-Stanislas Duménil (1823-1890) was a surgeon from Normandy who was a contemporary of Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893). Throughout his career, Duménil published annotated observations of neurological pathologies. One year before Guillaume Duchenne de Boulogne (1806-1875), he reported a case of "progressive muscular paralysis of the tongue, soft palate, and lips". He added five other cases of progressive muscular atrophy in 1867, together with histological examinations which showed atrophy in the anterior horns of the spinal cord. Charcot, who described amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, did not fail to pay homage to Duménil for his contribution. In 1862, Duménil added clinical observations of progressive locomotor ataxia, one of the first to do so. This included anatomopathological examinations, thus significantly completing the clinical picture presented by Duchenne in 1858. He confirmed the damage to the roots and posterior tracts of the spinal cord. Finally, by providing multiple observations of the syndrome described by Octave Landry (1826-1865) in 1859, he contributed to the clinical picture of "acute ascending paralysis" which has come down to us as Guillain-Barré syndrome, with no mention of the perspicacious physicians of the previous century who had already perfectly recognised this disease. Finally, Augusta Dejerine-Klumpke (1859-1927) paid a warm tribute to Duménil in her 1889 thesis, calling him one of the pioneers in understanding "the individuality and autonomy of the peripheral nervous system." He was indeed a pioneer, although he has been often overlooked.
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21
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Eling P. Neuroanniversary 2022. J Hist Neurosci 2022; 31:91-97. [PMID: 33756092 DOI: 10.1080/0964704x.2021.1871811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Eling
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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22
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Werner JS, Gorczynska I, Spillmann L. Heinrich Müller (1820-1864) and the entoptic discovery of the site in the retina where vision is initiated. J Hist Neurosci 2022; 31:64-90. [PMID: 34720038 DOI: 10.1080/0964704x.2021.1959165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heinrich Müller was a nineteenth-century German retinal anatomist who, during his short career, was one of the discoverers of the rod photopigment rhodopsin and neuroglia in the retina, now known as Müller cells. He also described the ocular muscles and double foveae of some birds. An important, but largely neglected, insight by Müller was to combine careful psychophysical measurements and geometrical optics to find the location of the photosensitive layer of the retina in the living eye. Here, we provide translated passages from Müller's (1855) publication and compare his entoptic observations with retinal imaging using optical coherence tomography. Müller correctly deduced from his careful experiments that vision is initiated in the photoreceptors located in the back of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Werner
- UC Davis Eye Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Iwona Gorczynska
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicholaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Lothar Spillmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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23
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24
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Centonze D, Stampanoni Bassi M. Time for a new deal between neurology and psychoanalysis. Brain 2021; 144:2228-2230. [PMID: 34282442 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurology, and medicine in general, is torn by opposing tensions: universality, which is the goal of guidelines and protocols derived from clinical trials, and singularity, which personalized medicine seeks to understand. Efforts to demonstrate biological bases of diseases and embrace evidence-based medicine have unwittingly contributed to the rejection of what is difficult to generalize: the complexity of individuals, an area where psychoanalysis has the potential to make a major contribution.
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25
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Vicencio D. [Between exiled and native doctors: Spanish and Mexican knowledge integrating into the development of neurology in México, 1935-1950]. Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 2021; 28:709-725. [PMID: 34495113 DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702021000300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Between 1935 and 1950 the neurology was presented and developed in Mexico. It happened by two ways: the arrival of Spanish neuroscience researchers in Mexico exiled due the Civil War; and the presence of Mexican doctors that had specialized in neurosurgery in the United States. The article discusses historiographic points of view that stress the importance of the Spanish exiled doctors, but neglect the important role of native doctors in the emergence of Mexican neurology. It states that there was an integration process by both parts, where Mexicans tried to satisfy care needs while the Spanish had to find or create working spaces to belong to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vicencio
- Profesor, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.Ciudad de México - México
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26
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Valentino RJ, Dingledine RJ. Presynaptic Inhibitory Effects of Acetylcholine in the Hippocampus: A 40-Year Evolution of a Serendipitous Finding. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4550-4555. [PMID: 33926994 PMCID: PMC8260238 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3229-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic regulation of hippocampal circuit activity has been an active area of neurophysiological research for decades. The prominent cholinergic innervation of intrinsic hippocampal circuitry, potent effects of cholinomimetic drugs, and behavioral responses to cholinergic modulation of hippocampal circuitry have driven investigators to discover diverse cellular actions of acetylcholine in distinct sites within hippocampal circuitry. Further research has illuminated how these actions organize circuit activity to optimize encoding of new information, promote consolidation, and coordinate this with recall of prior memories. The development of the hippocampal slice preparation was a major advance that accelerated knowledge of how hippocampal circuits functioned and how acetylcholine modulated these circuits. Using this preparation in the early 1980s, we made a serendipitous finding of a novel presynaptic inhibitory effect of acetylcholine on Schaffer collaterals, the projections from CA3 pyramidal neurons to dendrites of CA1 pyramidal cells. We characterized this effect at cellular and pharmacological levels, published the findings in the first volume of the Journal of Neuroscience, and proceeded to pursue other scientific directions. We were surprised and thrilled to see that, nearly 40 years later, the paper is still being cited and downloaded because the data became an integral piece of the foundation of the science of cholinergic regulation of hippocampal function in learning and memory. This Progressions article is a story of how single laboratory findings evolve through time to be confirmed, challenged, and reinterpreted by other laboratories to eventually become part of the basis of fundamental concepts related to important brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raymond J Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Mandonnet
- Frontlab, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM U1127, Paris, France
- Lariboisière Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Hugues Duffau
- Gui de Chauliac Hospital, 34295 Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
- INSERM U1191, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 34094 Montpellier, France
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28
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29
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Van Den Tooren H, Ellul MA, Davies NW, Easton A, Vincent A, Solomon T, Michael BD. Standing on the shoulders of giants: 100 years of neurology and epidemic infections. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020; 91:1129-1131. [PMID: 32958721 PMCID: PMC7569382 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-324366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harriett Van Den Tooren
- Neurology, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- Medicine, Hull University Teaching Hospital, Hull, UK
| | - Mark A Ellul
- Neurology, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- NIHR HPRU for Emerging and Zoonotic Infection, Liverpool, UK
- Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Ava Easton
- Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Liverpool, UK
- Encephalitis Society, Malton, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Angela Vincent
- Neurosciences Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tom Solomon
- Neurology, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- NIHR HPRU for Emerging and Zoonotic Infection, Liverpool, UK
- Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Liverpool, UK
| | - Benedict Daniel Michael
- Neurology, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- NIHR HPRU for Emerging and Zoonotic Infection, Liverpool, UK
- Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Liverpool, UK
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Abstract
William Rutherford Sanders (1828-1881) was an Edinburgh physician who occupied the Chair of Pathology at the University of Edinburgh from 1869 to 1881. All of his published output between 1865 and 1868 was concerned with neurology. In arguing that a patient did not have paralysis agitans, Sanders (1865) employed the term "Parkinson's disease" for the first time in the English-language literature to distinguish between the disorder that Parkinson (1817) termed "paralysis agitans" and other types of shaking palsies. He contributed a major chapter on the same topic to Russell Reynolds's A System of Medicine (1868). Sanders also investigated the innervation of the palate and facial muscles (1865), and in 1866 recorded the autopsy findings in two cases of aphasia. Here, for the first time in the English-language literature, he described findings that supported Broca's location of the representation of speech to a particular area of the left cerebral hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervyn Eadie
- School of Health Sciences, University of Queensland, and Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital , Brisbane, Australia
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31
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Abstract
Many of the foundational theoretical ideas in the field of learning and memory are traced to Donald Hebb. Examination of these ideas and their evolution suggest that Karl Lashley might have significantly influenced their development. Here, we discuss the relationship between Hebb and Lashley, and the parallels between them. Many now investigating the neurobiological basis of memory may be unaware both of Hebb's original descriptions, and the likely substantial contributions of Lashley. Many of their concerns remain with us today, and by clarifying the history we hope to strengthen the foundations of our field.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nadel
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - A P Maurer
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Civil and Coastal Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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32
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Pearce JMS. Pourfour du Petit (1664-1741). Rev Neurol (Paris) 2020; 177:7-10. [PMID: 32654778 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2020.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
François Pourfour du Petit was a Parisian experimental neuro-anatomist, and ophthalmologist, who investigated his extensive wartime experiences of brain and spinal injuries and verified his conclusions by animal experiments. His results showed with great originality that brain injuries caused weakness or paralysis of the opposite limbs. He also clarified the anatomy of the spinal cord and decussation of the pyramidal tracts, and demonstrated the anatomy and clinical significance of the cervical sympathetic chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M S Pearce
- Department of Neurology, Hull Royal Infirmary, 304, Beverley Road Anlaby, HU10 7BG East Yorks, United Kingdom.
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33
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Abstract
Transcripts of the Tuesday Lessons at La Salpêtrière Hospital show that Jean-Martin Charcot often asked his patients about their family history. The information gathered on patients' heredity played also a significant role in the diagnostic reasoning he instructed his students in. Again and again, he included in his teachings the concept of degeneration to suggest an etiology for observed pathologies. This article analyzes the origin of Charcot's knowledge, imparted in the Tuesday Lessons, by examining the theories of heredity and degeneration successively developed by Prosper Lucas (1808-1885) in 1847, Bénédict-Auguste Morel (1809-1873) in 1857, and Jacques-Joseph Moreau de Tours (1804-1884) in 1859. I will review examples taken from the Tuesday Lessons to illustrate how Charcot assimilated the ideas of these alienists. Two of his students, Charles Féré (1852-1907) and Georges Gilles de la Tourette (1857-1904), known for championing their master's work, went on to publish their own books that developed theories of heredity and degeneration. I will conclude my review, which aims to examine a little known facet of Charcot's work, with a few examples from these authors' writings.
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Weiner MF, Silver JR. George Riddoch and Ludwig Guttmann: Wartime correspondence 1940-1947. J Med Biogr 2020; 28:101-107. [PMID: 29405870 DOI: 10.1177/0967772017753729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently discovered primary sources in the form of letters, memoranda and private communications between George Riddoch and Ludwig Guttmann provide much information on the setting up of spinal units in the United Kingdom during the Second World War. The two men developed a close relationship and in Guttmann, Riddoch found a man who had the knowledge, the ability and the energy to implement this shared vision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Russell Silver
- John Russell Silver, National Spinal Injuries Centre, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, UK
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Huberman AD. Dedication of Retinal Special Issue to: Harvey J. Karten, M.D. J Comp Neurol 2020; 527:9-10. [PMID: 30597552 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Eadie M. Robert Graves, Marshall Hall, and reflex action in 1837. J Hist Neurosci 2020; 29:221-233. [PMID: 31652078 DOI: 10.1080/0964704x.2019.1675120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In several issues of the London Medical Gazette during June-July of 1837 there was an interchange of letters between Robert Graves, Regius Professor of the Institutes of Medicine at Trinity College, Dublin, and the London physician and experimental physiologist Marshall Hall, often considered the discoverer of the phenomenon of reflex activity. Graves asserted that he, rather than Hall, was the originator of the idea of reflex action as a disease mechanism. Hall rejected that assertion and, after exchange of some verbal "pleasantries," began a tirade about a somewhat different, although not unrelated issue into which the journal editor interjected some not exactly dispassionate comments. Graves soon let the matter of priority lapse, and Hall continued his war with the Council of the Royal Society, but examination of the contemporary and earlier literature suggests that Graves probably was correct, by a narrow time margin, in relation of his claim for priority in using the concept of reflex action in explaining neurological disease mechanisms (not a claim for discovering reflex action), that Hall had used the phrase "reflex action" earlier than Graves, and that others before Hall had gone a long way in studying reflex mechanisms, although Hall's writings had familiarized the medical profession with the concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervyn Eadie
- School of Health Sciences, University of Queensland and Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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37
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Abstract
The origin of secondary brainstem hemorrhages following an acute expansive hemispheric lesion has been attributed to Henri Duret, who proposed that hemorrhaging was caused by a shock wave through the cerebral spinal fluid. However, other experiments have shown important findings correlating brainstem hemorrhages to arterial hemorrhages. Animal studies found that the rapidity of expansion of a lesion would be crucial in producing these lesions, but there was no consistent correlation with paratentorial grooving so commonly seen with increased intracranial pressure. This historical perspective studies the different experimentalists who paved the way for the discovery of these secondary brainstem hemorrhages-often named after Duret-and now known not to be invariably associated with poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelco F M Wijdicks
- Division of Neurocritical Care and Hospital Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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38
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Kuzuhara S. [Lessons from the 116 years (1902-2018) of history of the Japanese Society of Neurology in establishing its identity]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2020; 60:1-19. [PMID: 31852875 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Japanese Society of Neurology and Psychiatry was founded in 1902 as a joint society of Neurology and Psychiatry, but was renamed the Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology in 1935 because of the stagnation of activities of Neurology and the rise of those of Psychiatry. After World War II, activities of Neurology were restored and the Japanese Society of Neurology (JSN) independent from the Societies of Internal Medicine and Psychiatry was established in 1960 after overcoming many difficulties. In 1975, neurology was approved by law as one of the specialized fields of medicine. After that, neurology and JSN developed dramatically, both in research and medical practices. As of 2018, JSN had 9,000 members and more than 5,500 board-certified neurology specialists. JSN successfully hosted the World Congress of Neurology twice in 1981 and 2017. In 2002, JSN accepted the offer to join the Japanese Board of Medical Specialties as one of the subspecialties of Internal Medicine. In 2018 JSN enacted a new policy to upgrade the neurology specialist from a subspecialty of Internal Medicine to an independent major medical field. Lessons of the 116 years of history of the Society would teach us a sensible way to achieve the goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Kuzuhara
- Graduate School of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science
- School of Nursing, Suzuka University of Medical Science
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39
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Rodrigues RND. Francis Rohmer: from the neurological ward to Dachau and back. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2020; 78:53-55. [PMID: 32074183 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20190116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The author presents a brief synopsis of the life and works of Professor Francis Rohmer, a French neurologist whose great relevance to the development of the French Neurological Society is only outshined by his humanistic role, in spite of harsh conditions, when a prisoner at the Dachau Concentration Camp in Germany, during World War II.
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40
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Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) was long considered a clinical variant of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the discovery of a novel and pathogenic anti-astrocytic serum autoantibody targeting aquaporin-4 (termed NMO-IgG or AQP4-Ab), the most abundant water channel protein in the central nervous system, led to the recognition of NMO as a distinct disease entity in its own right and generated strong and persisting interest in the condition. NMO is now studied as a prototypic autoimmune disorder, which differs from MS in terms of immunopathogenesis, clinicoradiological presentation, optimum treatment, and prognosis. While the history of classic MS has been extensively studied, relatively little is known about the history of NMO. In Part 1 of this series we focused on the late 19th century, when the term 'neuromyelitis optica' was first coined, traced the term's origins and followed its meandering evolution throughout the 20th and into the 21st century. Here, in Part 2, we demonstrate that the peculiar concurrence of acute optic nerve and spinal cord affliction characteristic for NMO caught the attention of physicians much earlier than previously thought by re-presenting a number of very early cases of possible NMO that date back to the late 18th and early 19th century. In addition, we comprehensively discuss the pioneering concept of 'spinal amaurosis', which was introduced into the medical literature by ophthalmologists in the first half of the 19th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Jarius
- Department of Neurology, Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, University of Heidelberg, Otto Meyerhof Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B. Wildemann
- Department of Neurology, Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, University of Heidelberg, Otto Meyerhof Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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41
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Strata P, Pareti G. A new season for experimental neuroembryology: The mysterious history of Marian Lydia Shorey. Endeavour 2019; 43:100707. [PMID: 31883701 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2019.100707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the landscape of emerging experimental embryology in the United States was dominated by the Canadian Frank Rattray Lillie, who combined his qualities as scientist and director with those of teacher at the University of Chicago. In the context of his research on chick development, he encouraged the young Marian Lydia Shorey to investigate the interactions between the central nervous system and the peripheral structures. The results were published in two papers which marked the beginning of a new branch of embryology, namely neuroembryology. These papers inspired ground-breaking enquiry by Viktor Hamburger which opened a new area of the research by Rita Levi-Montalcini, in turn leading to the discovery of the nerve growth factor, NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piergiorgio Strata
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, corso Raffaello 30 - 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Germana Pareti
- Department of Philosophy and Educational Sciences, University of Turin, via S. Ottavio 20 - 10124 Turin, Italy.
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Silver JR, Weiner MF. Urtication (flogging with stinging nettles) and flagellation (beating with rods) in the treatment of paralysis. Spinal Cord Ser Cases 2019; 5:79. [PMID: 31632737 PMCID: PMC6786426 DOI: 10.1038/s41394-019-0222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Urtication and flagellation were used as a last resort in the treatment of paralysis when all other means were exhausted, and very few cases are reported in the literature. Two cases were identified and reviewed, one of urtication (flogging with nettles) and one of flagellation (beating with rods). In both cases the symptoms were alleviated, but there was insufficient detail to evaluate the therapeutic value of each treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Silver
- National Spinal Injuries Centre, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Aylesbury, UK
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Abstract
We offer here an observation written in 1866 by Jean-Martin Charcot, accompanied by drawings made during the autopsy of a patient who died of "cerebral softening." Focusing mainly on French medical progress at the time, our survey of the state of knowledge of cerebrovascular pathology indicates that Charcot completely explained the pathophysiology of cerebral infarction, describing the ulceration of an atheromatous plaque at the intima of an artery, on which a clot aggregates, blocks the vessel, or releases embolus downstream, causing cerebral ischemia and parenchymal lesions. Using the term "cholestérine" (cholesterin), the name of cholesterol at the time, he identified the biological nature of atheromatous plaques, and made detailed drawings. This observation, included in the famous thesis of Ivan Poumeau, indicates that Charcot did not neglect cerebrovascular pathology, ischemic in this case, but also pathology caused by hemorrhaging, as in the thesis of Charles Bouchard. This interest, which we see clearly during his first decade at Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, gradually turned toward other neurological pathologies that ensured his fame as a founder of neurology more enduringly and overshadowed the conceptual advances he made in the vascular domain.
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44
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Alvarado CS. Jules Bernard Luys on magnetic pathology. Hist Psychiatry 2019; 30:359-374. [PMID: 30791755 DOI: 10.1177/0957154x19830955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the mesmeric movement, one of the phenomena cited to defend the existence of magnetic and nervous forces was the visual perception of them in the form of luminous emanations from people, or effluvia. This Classic Text is an 1892 article by French neurologist, Jules Bernard Luys (1828-97), about the observation of such effluvia by hypnotized individuals. Interestingly, the luminous phenomena perceived from mentally diseased individuals and from healthy ones had particular properties. Luys's interest in this and other unorthodox phenomena were consistent with ideas of animal magnetism in the late neo-mesmeric movement, as well as with some physicalistic conceptions of hypnosis and the nervous system held at the time.
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Abstract
Neuroimmunology as a separate discipline has its roots in the fields of neurology, neuroscience and immunology. Early studies of the brain by Golgi and Cajal, the detailed clinical and neuropathology studies of Charcot and Thompson's seminal paper on graft acceptance in the central nervous system, kindled a now rapidly expanding research area, with the aim of understanding pathological mechanisms of inflammatory components of neurological disorders. While neuroimmunologists originally focused on classical neuroinflammatory disorders, such as multiple sclerosis and infections, there is strong evidence to suggest that the immune response contributes to genetic white matter disorders, epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, neuropsychiatric disorders, peripheral nervous system and neuro-oncological conditions, as well as ageing. Technological advances have greatly aided our knowledge of how the immune system influences the nervous system during development and ageing, and how such responses contribute to disease as well as regeneration and repair. Here, we highlight historical aspects and milestones in the field of neuroimmunology and discuss the paradigm shifts that have helped provide novel insights into disease mechanisms. We propose future perspectives including molecular biological studies and experimental models that may have the potential to push many areas of neuroimmunology. Such an understanding of neuroimmunology will open up new avenues for therapeutic approaches to manipulate neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Nutma
- Department of PathologyAmsterdam UMC, VUmc siteAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - H. Willison
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesGlasgowUK
| | - G. Martino
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of NeuroscienceInstitute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
| | - S. Amor
- Department of PathologyAmsterdam UMC, VUmc siteAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Centre for Neuroscience and TraumaThe Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryLondonUK
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46
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Mullen LJ. 'The few cubic centimetres inside your skull': a neurological reading of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. Med Humanit 2019; 45:258-266. [PMID: 29941664 DOI: 10.1136/medhum-2017-011404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), George Orwell's political satire on state surveillance and mind control, was written between 1946 and 1948, at a time when new thinking in forensic psychiatry coincided with scientific breakthroughs in neurology to bring questions of criminality, psychotherapy and mental health to the forefront of the popular imagination. This paper examines how Nineteen Eighty-Four inverts psychiatric paradigms in order to diagnose what Orwell sees as the madness of totalitarian regimes. It then goes on to place the novel's dystopian vision of total surveillance and mind control in the context of the neurological research and brain scanning techniques of the mid-20th century. Not only does this context provide new insight into the enduring power of Orwell's novel, it also locates it within a historical moment when technological interventions into the brain seemed to offer a paradigm of mental health and illness as a simple, knowable binary. Nineteen Eighty-Four complicates this binary, and deserves to be acknowledged as an early example of what might be called 'electric shock' literature, within a mid-20th century canon that includes Harold Pinter's The Caretaker (1960), Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1962), and Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar (1963).
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Abstract
A quarter of a millennium ago, Samuel Tissot (1728-1797), a Swiss physician who had achieved a substantial European reputation, authored a monograph entitled Traité de l'épilepsie. The book was translated into several European languages and appeared in various editions over the following 70 years, although an English-language version was never published. In his Traité, Tissot provided a thorough account and critical analysis of the previous relevant literature concerning epilepsy, added data from his own experience in practice, and raised issues, some of which remain important today. The appearance of the book was propitious, occurring during the period of the European Enlightenment, when medicine was increasingly divesting itself of ancient modes of thinking and veneration for the opinions of great names from the remote past. At least in Western Europe, the Traité de l'épilepsie became an intellectual launching pad for the considerable expansion in knowledge of epilepsy that occurred over the century or longer that followed its publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervyn Eadie
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital , Herston, Brisbane , Australia
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48
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Abstract
Peduncular hallucinosis (PH) is a rare clinical syndrome with dream-like visual hallucinations intruding normal consciousness. It was initially reported in a 72-year-old woman by Jean Lhermitte in 1992. We uncovered the medical file of this patient with handwritten notes by Lhermitte and commented on it in the light of neurological knowledge that was common at that time. All along his career, Lhermitte has always been fascinated by consciousness disturbances, dreams and hallucinations. He had here the brilliant intuition of linking PH to awareness mechanisms located in the mesencephalic area. This PH case represented a good opportunity to him to emphasize the close relationships between neurology and psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Drouin
- Centre d'études de la renaissance, 59, rue Néricault-Destouches, 37013 Tours, France.
| | - Y Péréon
- FILNEMUS, laboratoire d'explorations fonctionnelles, centre de référence maladies neuromusculaires rares Atlantique-Occitanie-Caraïbes, European Reference Network Neuromuscular Diseases EURO-NMD, Hôtel-Dieu, 1, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44000 Nantes, France
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Kovács T. [In memoriam Mátyás Papp (1927-2019)]. Ideggyogy Sz 2019; 72:150-152. [PMID: 31241257 DOI: 10.18071/isz.72.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mátyás Papp died on 4th of April, 2019, at the age of 92, following a long disease. He was working for nearly 60 years in the Department of Neurology, Semmelweis University. He was known about his works on the inclusion bodies in multiple system atrophy (Papp-Lantos bodies). He was a honorary member of the International Society of Neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Kovács
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Neurológiai Klinika, Budapest
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50
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Abstract
Even if Babinski (1914) is usually considered as the discoverer of anosognosia, other authors before him contributed to the development of this construct. Von Monakow (1885) and Dejerine and Vialet (1893) gave the first descriptions of patients with cortical blindness who were unaware of their disability, but did not distinguish this unawareness from the rest of the clinical description. Anton (1999) described patients with cortical deafness and cortical blindness, considering these defects of awareness as a symptom independent from the neurological dysfunction. He conceptualized them as a phenomenon in its own right and tried to link this unawareness of a disability with specific neuro-anatomical changes. Finally, Babinski (1914) coined the term "anosognosia" to designate the clinical entity conceptualized by Anton (1899) and extended this concept from the unawareness of cortical deafness and blindness to the unawareness of hemiplegia. The choice of the term "anosognosia" to denote the observed phenomenon was important, because referring to "lack of knowledge of the disease" (anosognosia), he not only emphasized the separation between "lack of knowledge" and "disease, " but also suggested a general use of this term, because disease can refer to many other disabilities besides hemiplegia. Further investigations have shown that: (a) brain-damaged patients may be unaware of different kinds of disabilities; (b) anosognosia can be selective, in that an affected person with multiple impairments may be unaware of only one handicap, while appearing fully aware of any others; and (c) lack of acknowledgment of a disease may not necessarily be due to a defective awareness, but must sometimes be considered as an extreme but understable pattern of adaptation to stress. For this condition, the term "Denial of Illness" seems preferable to that of anosognosia. Anosognosia must perhaps be viewed as a multifaceted phenomenon, resulting from both cognitive and motivational factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gainotti
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy,
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy,
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