Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Response to Treatment of Persistent Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia in Breast Cancer Survivors

S100A8 induces cyclophosphamide-induced alopecia via NCF2/NOX2-mediated ferroptosis

Chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA), commonly associated with agents such as cyclophosphamide (CYP), is a prevalent and distressing side effect of numerous chemotherapeutic treatments, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. S100A8, a calcium-binding protein involved in inflammatory responses and oxidative stress regulation, plays a pivotal role in cellular homeostasis. In this study, we investigated the involvement of S100A8 in ferroptosis within a CYP-induced CIA mouse model. We found that CYP treatment upregulated S100A8, NCF2, and NOX2 while reducing GPX4 levels in hair follicles, indicating elevated oxidative stress and ferroptosis. Administration of the S100A8 inhibitor paquinimod (PAQ) alleviated alopecia and decreased markers of oxidative stress and ferroptosis. In vitro experiments using human outer root sheath keratinocytes (ORSKs) confirmed that S100A8 promotes ferroptosis via the NCF2/NOX2 pathway, as inhibition of NCF2 or NOX2 reversed these effects. These findings suggest that targeting the S100A8-NCF2/NOX2 axis may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for mitigating CIA induced by various chemotherapeutic agents.

Bacterial carrier-mediated drug delivery systems: a promising strategy in cancer therapy

Cancer is a major killer threatening modern human health and a leading cause of death worldwide. Due to the heterogeneity and complexity of cancer, traditional treatments have limited effectiveness. To address this problem, an increasing number of researchers and medical professionals are working to develop new ways to treat cancer. Bacteria have chemotaxis that can target and colonize tumor tissue, as well as activate anti-tumor immune responses, which makes them ideal for biomedical applications. With the rapid development of nanomedicine and synthetic biology technologies, bacteria are extensively used as carriers for drug delivery to treat tumors, which holds the promise of overcoming the limitations of conventional cancer treatment regimens. This paper summarizes examples of anti-cancer drugs delivered by bacterial carriers, and their strengths and weaknesses. Further, we emphasize the promise of bacterial carrier delivery systems in clinical translation.

Cedrol in ginger (Zingiber officinale) as a promising hair growth drug: The effects of oral and external administration on hair regeneration and its mechanism

Ginger is an important cooking spice and herb worldwide, and scientific research has gradually confirmed the effect of ginger on preventing hair loss. Cedrol (CE) is a small sesquiterpene molecule in ginger and its external administration (EA) has shown hope in promoting hair growth, and alternative administration mode has become a potential treatment scheme to improve the efficacy of CE. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of oral administration (OA) and EA of CE on hair regeneration of C57BL/6 alopecia areata (AA) mice induced by cyclophosphamide (CP) and to clarify the potential hair growth mechanism of CE in AA model in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that CE-OA has a shorter hair-turning black time and faster hair growth rate, and can lessen hair follicle damage induced by CP and promote hair follicle cell proliferation. Its effect is superior to CE-EA. At the same time, CE can increase the cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-7 in the serum of mice, and decrease the expression of adhesion factors ICAM-1 and ELAM-1, thus alleviating the immunosuppression induced by CP. Mechanism research shows that CE regulates the JAK3/STAT3 signaling pathway, activates the Wnt3α/β-catenin germinal center, and ameliorates oxidative stress induced by CP, thus promoting the proliferation of hair follicle cells and reversing AA. These results provide a theoretical basis for understanding the anti-AA mechanism of CE-OA, indicating that CE can be used as raw material for developing oral hair growth drugs.

Safety of Antiandrogens for the Treatment of Female Androgenetic Alopecia with Respect to Gynecologic Malignancies

The most common type of alopecia in women is female androgenetic alopecia (FAGA), characterized by progressive hair loss in a patterned distribution. Many oral therapies, including spironolactone (an aldosterone antagonist), androgen receptor blockers (e.g., flutamide/bicalutamide), 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (e.g., finasteride/dutasteride), and oral contraceptives, target the mechanism of androgen conversion and binding to its respective receptor and therefore could be administered for the treatment of FAGA. Despite significant advances in the oral treatment of FAGA, its management in patients with a history of gynecological malignancies, the most common cancers in women worldwide, may still be a concern. In this review, we focus on the safety of antiandrogens for the treatment of FAGA patients. For this purpose, a targeted literature review was conducted on PubMed, utilizing the relevant search terms. To sum up, spironolactone seems to be safe for the systemic treatment of FAGA, even in high-risk populations. However, a general uncertainty remains regarding the safety of other medications in patients with a history of gynecologic malignancies, and further studies are needed to evaluate their long-term safety in patients with FAGA and risk factors to establish an optimal risk assessment and treatment selection protocol.

Synergistic Brilliance: Engineered Bacteria and Nanomedicine Unite in Cancer Therapy

Engineered bacteria are widely used in cancer treatment because live facultative/obligate anaerobes can selectively proliferate at tumor sites and reach hypoxic regions, thereby causing nutritional competition, enhancing immune responses, and producing anticancer microbial agents in situ to suppress tumor growth. Despite the unique advantages of bacteria-based cancer biotherapy, the insufficient treatment efficiency limits its application in the complete ablation of malignant tumors. The combination of nanomedicine and engineered bacteria has attracted increasing attention owing to their striking synergistic effects in cancer treatment. Engineered bacteria that function as natural vehicles can effectively deliver nanomedicines to tumor sites. Moreover, bacteria provide an opportunity to enhance nanomedicines by modulating the TME and producing substrates to support nanomedicine-mediated anticancer reactions. Nanomedicine exhibits excellent optical, magnetic, acoustic, and catalytic properties, and plays an important role in promoting bacteria-mediated biotherapies. The synergistic anticancer effects of engineered bacteria and nanomedicines in cancer therapy are comprehensively summarized in this review. Attention is paid not only to the fabrication of nanobiohybrid composites, but also to the interpromotion mechanism between engineered bacteria and nanomedicine in cancer therapy. Additionally, recent advances in engineered bacteria-synergized multimodal cancer therapies are highlighted.

Topical minoxidil and dietary supplement for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced alopecia in childhood: a retrospective cohort study

Chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA) is a common and debilitating condition in children, with limited research on its characteristics and treatment. Therefore, this study aims to describe the characteristics of pediatric patients with CIA and the treatment outcomes of topical minoxidil and L-cystine, medicinal yeast, and pantothenic acid complex-based dietary supplements (CYP). This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from patients who underwent high-dose conditioning chemotherapy followed by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and were treated with either topical minoxidil or CYP for CIA between January 2011 and January 2022. Among the 70 patients evaluated, 61 (87.1%) experienced clinical improvement. Patients in the groups with superior treatment outcomes received a greater cumulative amount of minoxidil and underwent treatment for a more extended duration (P < 0.05) than those in the other groups. All 70 (100%) patients received topical minoxidil, and 42 (60%) were administered CYP. Hair thickness was significantly higher in the combination therapy group than in the minoxidil monotherapy group (21.4% vs. 9.3%, P = 0.02). However, only 3 (4.3%) patients reported mild and self-limiting adverse events. In conclusion, our study shows that minoxidil and CYP administration represent viable treatment options for pediatric CIA.

Clinical Pathobiology of Radiotherapy-Induced Alopecia: A Guide toward More Effective Prevention and Hair Follicle Repair

Because hair follicles (HFs) are highly sensitive to ionizing radiation, radiotherapy-induced alopecia (RIA) is a core adverse effect of oncological radiotherapy. Yet, effective RIA-preventive therapy is unavailable because the underlying pathobiology remains underinvestigated. Aiming to revitalize interest in pathomechanism-tailored RIA management, we describe the clinical RIA spectrum (transient, persistent, progressive alopecia) and our current understanding of RIA pathobiology as an excellent model for studying principles of human organ and stem cell repair, regeneration, and loss. We explain that HFs respond to radiotherapy through two distinct pathways (dystrophic anagen or catagen) and why this makes RIA management so challenging. We discuss the responses of different HF cell populations and extrafollicular cells to radiation, their roles in HF repair and regeneration, and how they might contribute to HF miniaturization or even loss in persistent RIA. Finally, we highlight the potential of targeting p53-, Wnt-, mTOR-, prostaglandin E2-, FGF7-, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ-, and melatonin-associated pathways in future RIA management.

Drug-induced oxidative stress in cancer treatments: Angel or devil?

Oxidative stress (OS), defined as redox imbalance in favor of oxidant burden, is one of the most significant biological events in cancer progression. Cancer cells generally represent a higher oxidant level, which suggests a dual therapeutic strategy by regulating redox status (i.e., pro-oxidant therapy and/or antioxidant therapy). Indeed, pro-oxidant therapy exhibits a great anti-cancer capability, attributing to a higher oxidant accumulation within cancer cells, whereas antioxidant therapy to restore redox homeostasis has been claimed to fail in several clinical practices. Targeting the redox vulnerability of cancer cells by pro-oxidants capable of generating excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) has surfaced as an important anti-cancer strategy. However, multiple adverse effects caused by the indiscriminate attacks of uncontrolled drug-induced OS on normal tissues and the drug-tolerant capacity of some certain cancer cells greatly limit their further applications. Herein, we review several representative oxidative anti-cancer drugs and summarize their side effects on normal tissues and organs, emphasizing that seeking a balance between pro-oxidant therapy and oxidative damage is of great value in exploiting next-generation OS-based anti-cancer chemotherapeutics.

Selective Delivery of Tofacitinib Citrate to Hair Follicles Using Lipid-Coated Calcium Carbonate Nanocarrier Controls Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia Areata

Chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA) is one of the common side effects in cancer treatment. The psychological distress caused by hair loss may cause patients to discontinue chemotherapy, affecting the efficacy of the treatment. The JAK inhibitor, Tofacitinib citrate (TFC), showed huge potential in therapeutic applications for treating baldness, but the systemic adverse effects of oral administration and low absorption rate at the target site limited its widespread application in alopecia. To overcome these problems, we designed phospholipid-calcium carbonate hybrid nanoparticles (PL/ACC NPs) for a topical application to target deliver TFC. The results proved that PL/ACC-TFC NPs showed excellent pH sensitivity and transdermal penetration in vitro. PL/ACC NPs offered an efficient follicular targeting approach to deliver TFC in a Cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced alopecia areata mouse model. Compared to the topical application of TFC solution, PL/ACC-TFC NPs significantly inhibited apoptosis of mouse hair follicles and accelerated hair growth. These findings support that PL/ACC-TFC NPs has the potential for topical application in preventing and mitigating CYP-induced Alopecia areata.

Prevention and Treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia: What Is Available and What Is Coming?

Millions of new cancer patients receive chemotherapy each year. In addition to killing cancer cells, chemotherapy is likely to damage rapidly proliferating healthy cells, including the hair follicle keratinocytes. Chemotherapy causes substantial thinning or loss of hair, termed chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA), in approximately 65% of patients. CIA is often ranked as one of the most distressing adverse effects of chemotherapy, but interventional options have been limited. To date, only scalp cooling has been cleared by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to prevent CIA. However, several factors, including the high costs not always covered by insurance, preclude its broader use. Here we review the current options for CIA prevention and treatment and discuss new approaches being tested. CIA interventions include scalp cooling systems (both non-portable and portable) and topical agents to prevent hair loss, versus topical and oral minoxidil, photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections, among others, to stimulate hair regrowth after hair loss. Evidence-based studies are needed to develop and validate methods to prevent hair loss and/or accelerate hair regrowth in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, which could significantly improve cancer patients’ quality of life and may help improve compliance and consequently the outcome of cancer treatment.