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Biggs AT, Littlejohn LF. Describing mRNA Vaccine Technology for a Military Audience. Mil Med 2023; 188:547-554. [PMID: 35584186 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usac129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccine technology has improved substantially since the first smallpox vaccine, developed more than 200 years ago. As technology improves, vaccines can be produced more safely and reliably for many different pathogens. A recent breakthrough saw the first full deployment of mRNA vaccines to fight a pandemic. Despite the technological and logistical feat of developing a viable vaccine in an abbreviated time frame, there have been many questions about this new approach to vaccine development. The current review will provide descriptions about different types of vaccines as well as answers to some common questions about mRNA vaccines. The purpose is to provide military medical professionals with the information needed to better convey the importance and function of these new vaccines to service members. MATERIALS AND METHODS There were no explicit inclusion or exclusion criteria for articles describing mRNA vaccine technology. References included here were intended to illustrate important principles or empirical evidence in demonstrating the safety, efficacy, and function of mRNA vaccines. DISCUSSION The review describes three different types of vaccines: whole-pathogen, subunit, and nucleic acid. Each vaccine type has different implications for the development and production of a vaccine line. For example, whole-pathogen and subunit vaccines often require growing significant amounts of the vaccine sample in laboratory before the material can be incorporated into the vaccine. Nucleic acid vaccines instead provide cells the opportunity to produce key proteins without needing to reproduce the virus and attenuate it in a laboratory setting. This approach has a notable advantage of speed in moving from genome sequencing to vaccine production, but it also creates some potential confusion. The discussion covers three questions with regard to this confusion. First, was the vaccine developed too quickly? Speed here is a byproduct of the new technology and unprecedented government interdepartmental cooperation. No steps were skipped in development or production. Second, does the vaccine modify DNA? No, the mRNA vaccines never enter the cell nucleus and therefore cannot modify DNA. The discussion clarifies how mRNA enters cells and produces the key proteins required to stimulate an immune system response. Third, how long will immunity last? Because mRNA vaccines are new, long-term immunity cannot be projected without significant further study. Still, the discussion does cover issues in determining vaccine efficacy in clinical laboratory trials versus field effectiveness in the real world. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE USES These mRNA vaccines are the newest and most sophisticated defensive tool military medicine has against emerging biological threats. Evolving dangers, such as synthetic biology and engineered pathogens, further enhance the importance of having defensive countermeasures that can be rapidly deployed in response. Current evidence suggests high safety and effectiveness for a biological countermeasure, decades in the making, and military medical personnel should feel confident using and recommending this technology to ensure force health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Biggs
- Medical Department, Naval Special Warfare Command, Coronado, CA 92155, USA
| | - Lanny F Littlejohn
- Medical Department, Naval Special Warfare Command, Coronado, CA 92155, USA
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Boufidou F, Hatziantoniou S, Theodoridou K, Maltezou HC, Vasileiou K, Anastassopoulou C, Medić S, Tsakris A. Anaphylactic Reactions to COVID-19 Vaccines: An Updated Assessment Based on Pharmacovigilance Data. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030613. [PMID: 36992197 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at producing an updated assessment of the incidence of anaphylaxis associated with COVID-19 vaccines based on pharmacovigilance data. Anaphylactic reaction and anaphylactic shock data post-COVID-19-vaccination reported from week 52, 2020 to week 1 or week 2, 2023 were collected from the VAERS and EudraVigilance databases, respectively, and analyzed comparatively. Incidence rates were calculated using the corresponding administered vaccine doses as denominators for all licensed vaccines and both platform types (mRNA or vectored). The latest data from the present analysis showed lower anaphylaxis incidence associated with COVID-19 vaccination compared to previous estimates from week 52, 2020 to week 39, 2021 (anaphylactic reaction: 8.96 (95% CI 8.80-9.11)/million doses overall (EEA: 14.19 (95% CI 13.92-14.47)/million/US: 3.17 (95% CI 3.03-3.31)/million); anaphylactic shock: 1.46 (95% CI 1.39-1.52)/million doses overall (EEA: 2.47 (95% CI 2.36-2.58)/million/US: 0.33 (95% CI 0.29-0.38)/million)). Incidence rates varied by vaccine and were higher as captured in EudraVigilance compared to the VAERS and for vectored compared to mRNA vaccines. Most reported cases had a favorable outcome. The extremely rare fatalities (overall rates across continents 0.04 (95% CI 0.03-0.06)/million doses for anaphylactic reaction and 0.02 (95% CI 0.01-0.03)/million vaccine doses for anaphylactic shock) were also associated with vector-rather than mRNA-based vaccines. The diminished incidence of anaphylaxis post-vaccination with COVID-19 vaccines offers assurance about their safety, as does the continuous potential adverse events monitoring through specialized pharmacovigilance databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotini Boufidou
- Neurochemistry and Biological Markers Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Hatziantoniou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Theodoridou
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Department of Microbiology, Andreas Syggros Hospital for Skin and Venereal Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Helena C Maltezou
- Directorate of Research, Studies and Documentation, National Public Health Organization, 15123 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Vasileiou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Cleo Anastassopoulou
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Snežana Medić
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Athanasios Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Maltezou HC, Hatziantoniou S, Theodoridou K, Vasileiou K, Anastassopoulou C, Tsakris A. Anaphylaxis rates following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in children and adolescents: Analysis of data reported to EudraVigilance. Vaccine 2023; 41:2382-2386. [PMID: 36872145 PMCID: PMC9968615 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM The present study aimed to estimate the anaphylaxis rates following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in children and adolescents in Europe. METHODS We retrieved data on 371 anaphylaxis cases following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in children ≤ 17 years old notified to EudraVigilance as of October 8, 2022. Overall, 27,120,512 doses of BNT162b2 vaccine and 1,400,300 doses of mRNA-1273 vaccine have been delivered to children during the study period. RESULTS The overall mean anaphylaxis rate was 12.81 [95% confidence interval (CI): 11.49-14.12] per 106 mRNA vaccine doses [12.14 (95% CI: 6.37-17.91) per 106 doses for mRNA-1273 and 12.84 (95% CI: 11.49-14.19) per 106 doses for BNT162b2]. Children 12-17 years old accounted for 317 anaphylaxis cases, followed by 48 cases in children 3-11 years old, and 6 cases in children 0-2 years old. Children 10-17 years old had a mean anaphylaxis rate of 13.52 (95% CI: 12.03-15.00) cases per 106 mRNA vaccine doses and children 5-9 years old had a mean anaphylaxis rate of 9.51 (95% CI: 6.82-12.20) cases per 106 mRNA vaccine doses. There were two fatalities, both in the 12-17 years age group. The fatal anaphylaxis rate was 0.07 cases per 106 mRNA vaccine doses. CONCLUSIONS Anaphylaxis is a rare adverse event after receiving an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in children. Continuous surveillance of serious adverse events is needed to guide vaccination policies as we move towards SARS-CoV-2 endemicity. Larger real-world studies on COVID-19 vaccination in children, using clinical case confirmation, are imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena C Maltezou
- Directorate of Research, Studies and Documentation, National Public Health Organization, Athens, Greece.
| | - Sophia Hatziantoniou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Theodoridou
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Microbiology, Andreas Syggros Hospital for Skin and Venereal Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 161 21 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Cleo Anastassopoulou
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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4
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Psaridi L, Maltezou HC, Simonidou S, Lialliou I, Athanasopoulou D, Haila Z, Kyrimi A, Giannopoulou I, Giannousa S, Pseimada M, Christofilea O, Dounias G, Lanitis S, Kremasmenou E. Neutralizing antibody responses in healthcare personnel after three doses of mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine and association with baseline characteristics and past SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vaccine 2022; 40:5752-5756. [PMID: 36008235 PMCID: PMC9388445 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aim To estimate neutralizing antibody (NAb) immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in 739 healthcare personnel (HCP) vaccinated with three doses of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Methods Serum samples were collected at 3, 6, and 9 months after the second vaccine dose and at 7–55 days after the third dose. Samples were tested for NAbs against SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain. Results The mean inhibition rates at 3, 6, and 9 months after the second dose were 86.33%, 73.38%, and 61.18%, and increased to 95.57% after the booster dose. Younger HCP and HCP with past SARS-CoV-2 infection had higher inhibition rates while there was an inverse correlation between NAb levels and comorbidities or tobacco use (p-values < 0.001). Increased NAb titers were also noticed in women (p-value = 0.033), especially at the end of the 9-month study period. Conclusion NAb levels increased considerably after a booster mRNA vaccine dose. Host factors and past SARS-CoV-2 infection influence NAb titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loukia Psaridi
- Department of Immunology, Red Cross General Hospital of Athens, Greece
| | - Helena C Maltezou
- Directorate of Research, Studies, and Documentation, National Public Health Organization, Athens, Greece.
| | - Sofia Simonidou
- Department of Immunology, Red Cross General Hospital of Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Lialliou
- Department of Immunology, Red Cross General Hospital of Athens, Greece
| | | | - Zoi Haila
- Department of Immunology, Red Cross General Hospital of Athens, Greece
| | - Areti Kyrimi
- Department of Immunology, Red Cross General Hospital of Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Maria Pseimada
- Department of Immunology, Red Cross General Hospital of Athens, Greece
| | | | - George Dounias
- Department of Public Health Policies, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Sophocles Lanitis
- 2(nd) Surgical Department and Unit of Surgical Oncology, Red Cross General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Zhang AD, Puthumana J, Egilman AC, Schwartz JL, Ross JS. Demographic Characteristics of Participants in Trials Essential to US Food and Drug Administration Vaccine Approvals, 2010-2020. J Gen Intern Med 2022; 37:700-702. [PMID: 33660209 PMCID: PMC7928194 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-021-06670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey D Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jeremy Puthumana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alexander C Egilman
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Health System, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jason L Schwartz
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joseph S Ross
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Health System, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Picazo JJ. [Vaccine against COVID-19]. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA 2021; 34:559-598. [PMID: 34180617 PMCID: PMC8638770 DOI: 10.37201/req/085.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has produced a huge health, economic and psychological collapse in our society. Health workers have had to face one of the greatest challenges in history, trying to show the population how to deal with this disease. We have learned that vaccines are the great instrument for the fight against infectious diseases and a large number of them began to appear, not as a product of chance but as a product of the enormous progress experienced in recent years with vaccines against new infectious diseases, against other diseases such as Alzheimer's and especially against cancer. All this knowledge has been applied to this disease. Practitioners lamented the little information available to them when asked questions from patients. This document wanted to be a response to these concerns, with a scientific desire, with evidence that put aside unverified data and hoaxes. Faced with an avalanche of information, most of it without the appropriate "peer review" as indicated in the introduction, any publication becomes obsolete at the time of publication, and we opted for an "online" publication, with the incorporation of versions. This online publication has been published in the documents of Spanish Society of Chemotherapy, at https://seq.es/vacunacion-covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Picazo
- Juan J. Picazo, Catedrático Emérito de Microbiología Médica. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
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Maltezou HC, Anastassopoulou C, Hatziantoniou S, Poland GA, Tsakris A. Anaphylaxis rates associated with COVID-19 vaccines are comparable to those of other vaccines. Vaccine 2021; 40:183-186. [PMID: 34863620 PMCID: PMC8626274 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We retrieved data on 8940 anaphylaxis cases post-COVID-19 vaccination from the US Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System and the European EudraVigilance from week 52/2020 through week 31/2021 and compared them with those of other vaccines. Overall, 837,830,000 COVID-19 vaccine doses were delivered in the US and Europe during the study period, for which the vaccine name was known. The mean anaphylaxis rate was estimated at 10.67 cases per 106 doses of COVID-19 vaccines (range: 7.99-19.39 cases per 106 doses depending on the vaccine). COVID-19 vaccines ranked fifth in reported anaphylaxis rates, behind rabies, tick-borne encephalitis, measles-mumps-rubella-varicella, and human papillomavirus vaccines (70.77, 20, 19.8, and 13.65 cases per 106 vaccine doses, respectively). COVID-19 vaccines are within the range of anaphylaxis rates reported across several common vaccines in these two passive reporting systems. These data should be communicated to reassure the general population about the safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena C Maltezou
- Directorate of Research, Studies and Documentation, National Public Health Organization, Athens, Greece.
| | - Cleo Anastassopoulou
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Hatziantoniou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Athanasios Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Maltezou HC, Krumbholz B, Mavrouli M, Tseroni M, Gamaletsou MN, Botsa E, Anastassopoulou C, Gikas A, Fournarakou E, Kavieri M, Koureli A, Mandilara D, Marinopoulou A, Theodorikakou A, Tsiahris P, Zarzali A, Pournaras S, Lourida A, Elefsiniotis I, Vrioni G, Sipsas NV, Tsakris A. A study of the evolution of the third COVID-19 pandemic wave in the Athens metropolitan area, Greece, through two cross-sectional seroepidemiological surveys: March, June 2021. J Med Virol 2021; 94:1465-1472. [PMID: 34812522 PMCID: PMC9011894 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We studied the third coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic wave in Athens metropolitan area (3 738 901 inhabitants) through two seroepidemiological surveys. Persons presenting in 12 healthcare facilities across Athens in March and June 2021 were studied (764 and 901, respectively). Immunoglobulin G antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) spike protein were measured by a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. In March the seroprevalence rate was 11.6%, meaning that 435 208 residents of Athens had evidence of immunity. The respective values in June were 55.7% and 2 082 568 residents. The highest seroprevalence rates attributed to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection were recorded in persons <18 years (16.3% in March and 31.6% in June), while immunity was mainly vaccine‐induced in persons 18–64 years and >65 years. Infection‐attributed immunity also increased in older‐age groups. Wide ranges in seroprevalence rates were noted across areas in March and June. The highest seroprevalence rates were recorded in Piraeus (47.2%) and West Attica (37.5%). However, the highest increase (>5 times) occurred in Piraeus and the South Section of Athens, which are among the most densely populated areas in Athens. In both study periods, history of COVID‐19 or febrile episode, and having a cohabitant with COVID‐19 were associated with increased risk for seropositivity among unvaccinated persons (p values <0.001 for all). Residing in Piraeus, the South Section or West Attica was associated with increased risk for seropositivity in June (p values <0.001). Wide heterogeneity in seroprevalence rates was found across areas in Athens, which is mainly attributed to population density. The impact of population mobility and socioeconomic status should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena C Maltezou
- Directorate of Research, Studies, and Documentation, National Public Health Organization, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Maria Mavrouli
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Tseroni
- Directorate of Epidemiological Surveillance of Infectious Diseases, National Public Health Organization, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria N Gamaletsou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and General Hospital of Athens Laiko, Athens, Greece
| | - Evanthia Botsa
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Cleo Anastassopoulou
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | - Dionysia Mandilara
- Academic Department of Internal Medicine, General Oncology Hospital of Kifisia "Agioi Anargyroi", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | - Spyridon Pournaras
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasia Lourida
- Infection Control Committee, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Elefsiniotis
- Academic Department of Internal Medicine, General Oncology Hospital of Kifisia "Agioi Anargyroi", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Vrioni
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos V Sipsas
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and General Hospital of Athens Laiko, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Egilman A, Wallach JD, Puthumana J, Zhang AD, Schwartz JL, Ross JS. Characteristics of Preapproval and Postapproval Studies of Vaccines Granted Accelerated Approval by the US Food and Drug Administration. J Gen Intern Med 2021; 36:3281-3284. [PMID: 34131876 PMCID: PMC8205312 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-021-06943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Egilman
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joshua D Wallach
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeremy Puthumana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Audrey D Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jason L Schwartz
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joseph S Ross
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Muraille E. Promoting health in a globalized world requires adopting a One Health perspective. Glob Health Promot 2021; 28:3-5. [PMID: 34510936 DOI: 10.1177/17579759211035070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Muraille
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Laboratoire de Parasitologie, and ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Gosselies, Belgium
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11
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Muraille E. La promotion de la santé dans un monde globalisé nécessite l’adoption d’une perspective One health. Glob Health Promot 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/17579759211035072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Muraille
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratoire de Parasitologie, et ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Gosselies, Belgique
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12
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Muraille E. La promoción de la salud en un mundo globalizado necesita adoptar la perspectiva ‘Una Salud’. Glob Health Promot 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/17579759211035071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Muraille
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratorio de Parasitología y ULB Centro para la Investigación en Inmunología (U-CRI), Gosselies, Bélgica
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13
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Lythgoe MP, Middleton P. Comparison of COVID-19 Vaccine Approvals at the US Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, and Health Canada. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2114531. [PMID: 34170306 PMCID: PMC8233699 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.14531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This qualitative improvement study investigates COVID-19 vaccine approvals at 3 medicine regulatory agencies in the US, EU, and Canada, characterizing and contrasting regulatory review times, and analyzing the clinical evidence supporting authorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Lythgoe
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Middleton
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Hospital, United Kingdom
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14
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Blumental S, Debré P. Challenges and Issues of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:664179. [PMID: 34055838 PMCID: PMC8163222 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.664179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
At the beginning of 2021, anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaigns had been launched in almost 60 countries with more than 500 million doses having been distributed. In addition to the few vaccines already in use, many other candidates are in preclinical phases or experimental stages in humans. Despite the fact that the availability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine constitutes a major advance and appear to be the only way to control the pandemic, some investigation remains to be carried out, and this is notably concerning the impact on transmissibility, the duration of the conferred protection in the mid- and long term, the effectiveness against present and future viral mutants, or the ideal schedule that should be applied. In this paper, we review the circumstances that facilitated such a rapid development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and summarize the different vaccine platforms under investigation as well as their present results and perspectives in different settings. We also discuss the indications of vaccination under special conditions, such as a history of previous COVID-19 infection or belonging to extreme age categories like children and elderly. Overall, this review highlights the multiple challenges to face if aiming to find a global solution to the pandemic through high vaccination coverage all over the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Blumental
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Patrice Debré
- Immunology Department, APHP, Sorbonne Université CIMI (Inserm U1135), Hôpital Pitie Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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