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Sisera L, Hanson JVM, Füglistaler J, Jeltsch BM, Patzelt S, Wehrle FM, Hagmann CF, Fauchère JC, Heyard R, Gerth-Kahlert C. The Effect of High-Dose Erythropoietin Perinatally on Retinal Function in School-Aged Children Born Extremely or Very Preterm. Am J Ophthalmol 2024; 266:300-312. [PMID: 38996833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2024.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the long-term effects of high-dose recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) administered during the perinatal period on retinal and visual function in children born extremely or very preterm. DESIGN Randomized, double-blind clinical trial follow-up plus cohort study. METHODS Setting: Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. STUDY POPULATION Extremely or very preterm-born children aged 7 to 15 years, previously randomized to receive either high-dose rhEPO or placebo in the perinatal period. INCLUSION CRITERIA participation in an ongoing neuropediatric study (EpoKids), written informed consent. EXCLUSION CRITERIA previous ocular trauma or surgery; retinal or developmental disease unrelated to prematurity. Healthy control (HC) children of comparable age were recruited. INCLUSION CRITERIA term birth, informed consent. EXCLUSION CRITERIA any ocular/visual abnormality, high refractive error. Intervention status (rhEPO/placebo) was unknown to examiners and subjects at examination, with examiners unblinded only after completion of all analyses. OBSERVATION PROCEDURES The electroretinogram (ERG) was performed with the RETeval device (LKC Technologies, Inc). Ophthalmological and orthoptic examinations excluded comorbidity in the prematurely born cohort and ocular diseases in the HC group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Scotopic and photopic ERG response amplitudes and peak times (6 amplitudes; 6 peak times). Secondary outcomes were habitual visual acuity and color discrimination performance (for descriptive summary only). RESULTS No differences in ERG parameters between EPO (n = 52; 104 eyes) and placebo (n = 35; 70 eyes) subgroups were observed (all corrected P > .05). Two cone system-mediated peak times were slightly slower in the placebo than HC (n = 52; 104 eyes) subgroup (coefficient/95% confidence interval = 0.53/0.21-0.85 and 0.36/0.13-0.60; P = .012 and .022); a predominantly rod system-mediated peak time was slightly faster in the EPO than the HC subgroup (coefficient/95% confidence interval = -4.33/-6.88 to -1.78; P = .011). Secondary outcomes were comparable across subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Administration of high-dose rhEPO to infants born extremely or very preterm during the perinatal period has no measurable effects on retinal function in childhood compared to placebo. Premature birth may cause small, likely clinically insignificant effects on retinal function in childhood, which may be partially mitigated by administration of rhEPO during the perinatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Sisera
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (L.S., J.V.M.H., B.M.J., S.P., C.G.K.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - James V M Hanson
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (L.S., J.V.M.H., B.M.J., S.P., C.G.K.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Füglistaler
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology (J.F., R.H.), Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Brida M Jeltsch
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (L.S., J.V.M.H., B.M.J., S.P., C.G.K.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Patzelt
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (L.S., J.V.M.H., B.M.J., S.P., C.G.K.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flavia M Wehrle
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care (F.M.W., C.F.H.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia F Hagmann
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care (F.M.W., C.F.H.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Claude Fauchère
- Department of Neonatology (J.C.F.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Heyard
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology (J.F., R.H.), Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christina Gerth-Kahlert
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (L.S., J.V.M.H., B.M.J., S.P., C.G.K.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Downes RA, Rachitskaya AV. Ophthalmic sequelae of prematurity in late childhood and adulthood: A review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024; 52:355-364. [PMID: 38334000 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Advances in the care of premature infants have resulted in unprecedented rates of survival of these infants into adulthood, including those born at very low gestational ages. Ophthalmologists have historically followed premature infants to assess for the presence of and potential need for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity. However, a growing body of literature suggests that the ophthalmic consequences of prematurity extended beyond retinopathy of prematurity and that ophthalmic sequelae of prematurity can endure through adulthood even among formerly preterm adults who were never diagnosed with retinopathy of prematurity. These abnormalities can include a range of both anterior segment and posterior segment sequelae, including higher rates of corneal aberrations, ocular hypertension, strabismus, foveal anomalies, and retinal tears and detachments. This review aims to summarise this literature, underscoring the importance of lifelong examinations and regular monitoring for these complications among adults who were born prematurely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Downes
- Vitreoretinal Service, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Fieß A, Dautzenberg K, Gißler S, Mildenberger E, Urschitz MS, Elflein HM, Laspas P, Stoffelns BM, Pfeiffer N, Schuster AK. Prevalence of strabismus and risk factors in adults born preterm with and without retinopathy of prematurity: results from the Gutenberg Prematurity Eye study. Br J Ophthalmol 2024:bjo-2023-324698. [PMID: 38503479 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2023-324698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of strabismus and nystagmus and to analyse associated factors in preterm and full-term infants in adulthood. METHODS The Gutenberg Prematurity Eye Study is a retrospective cohort study with a prospective ophthalmological examination of participants born preterm and full-term (aged 18-52 years). Perinatal data were carefully assessed for risk factors and comprehensive ophthalmological examinations were conducted. The association between strabismus and nystagmus was assessed by analysing 16 different perinatal and actual risk factors in multivariable analysis. Participants were grouped into full-term controls (gestational age (GA) at birth ≥37 weeks), preterm participants without retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and GA 33-36 weeks (group 2), GA 29-32 weeks (group 3), GA ≤28 weeks (group 4), non-treated ROP (group 5) and treated ROP (group 6). RESULTS In total, 892 eyes of 450 preterm and full-term individuals (mean age: 28.6 years, SD: ± 8.6 years, 251 females) were included. Strabismus was observed in 2.1% (3/140), 6.6% (9/137), 17.4% (16/92), 11.1% (2/18), 27.1% (13/48) and 60% (9/15) of participants and nystagmus in 0.7% (1/140), 1.5% (2/137), 4.3% (4/92), 5.6% (1/18), 10.4% (5/48) and 26.7% (4/15) of participants in the respective groups. In the multivariable regression model, strabismus was associated with GA (OR=0.90; p=0.046), anisometropia ≥1.5 diopter (OR=3.87; p=0.003), hypermetropia ≥2 diopter (OR=9.89; p<0.001) and astigmatism ≥1.5 diopter (OR=2.73; p=0.017). Esotropia was more frequent than exotropia and hypermetropia/hypometropia. Most strabismus cases occurred within the first 10 years of life. The strongest predictor associated with nystagmus was perinatal adverse events (OR=15.8; p=0.002). CONCLUSION Low GA and refraction of the eye are independent risk factors for strabismus, which typically occurs in the first 10 years of life. Perinatal adverse events are the most important factors for the presence of nystagmus in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Fieß
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kim Dautzenberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sandra Gißler
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva Mildenberger
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael S Urschitz
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology, Division of Pediatric Epidemiology, Institute for Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heike M Elflein
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Panagiotis Laspas
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernhard M Stoffelns
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander K Schuster
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Kulmala M, Jørgensen APM, Aakvik KAD, Jussinniemi L, Benum SD, Ingvaldsen SH, Austeng D, Kajantie E, Evensen KAI, Majander A, Morken TS. Visual function in adults born preterm with very low birth weight-A two-country birth cohort study. Acta Ophthalmol 2024; 102:49-57. [PMID: 37172142 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to investigate visual function and vision-related general health in adults that were born preterm with very low birth weight (VLBW: birth weight < 1500 g) in their 30s-40s. METHODS We recruited 137 adults born preterm with VLBW and 158 term-born controls aged 31-43 years from two birth cohorts: the Helsinki Study of Very Low Birth Weight Adults (Finland) and the NTNU Low Birth Weight in a Lifetime Perspective study (Norway). We used neonatal data and measured refraction, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart, contrast sensitivity, visual fields, intraocular pressure (IOP), self-reported vision-targeted health status with the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25. RESULTS VLBW adults had a lower BCVA ETDRS score than controls: mean (SD) better eye 86.7 (13.4) versus 90.2 (4.4), p = 0.02; mean (SD) worse eye 82.3 (14.9) versus 87.6 (4.6), p = 0.003. VLBW adults also had lower contrast sensitivity thresholds in several spatial frequencies and scored lower than controls in eight out of the 12 subscales of self-reported vision-targeted health status. Refraction, visual fields and IOP were similar between groups. Two VLBW participants were blind. None had been treated for retinopathy of prematurity. CONCLUSION We suggest that lower visual function and vision-related health represent life-long consequences of prematurity and VLBW in the studied 31- to 43-year-old cohort. The underlying mechanisms remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Kulmala
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Laura Jussinniemi
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - Silje Dahl Benum
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sigrid Hegna Ingvaldsen
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dordi Austeng
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Anne I Evensen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- Children's Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anna Majander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tora Sund Morken
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Kwon J, Bolbocean C, Onyimadu O, Roberts N, Petrou S. Psychometric Performance of Generic Childhood Multi-Attribute Utility Instruments in Preterm and Low Birthweight Populations: A Systematic Review. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1798. [PMID: 38002889 PMCID: PMC10670192 DOI: 10.3390/children10111798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals born preterm (gestational age < 37 weeks) and/or at low birthweight (<2500 g) are at increased risk of health impairments from birth to adulthood. This review aimed to evaluate the psychometric performance of generic childhood-specific or childhood-compatible multi-attribute utility instruments (MAUIs) in preterm and/or low birthweight (PLB) populations. METHODS Searches covered seven databases, including studies that targeted childhood (aged < 18 years) and/or adult (≥18 years) PLB populations; provided psychometric evidence for generic childhood-specific or compatible MAUI(s) (any language version); and published in English. Eighteen psychometric properties were evaluated using a four-part criteria rating system. Data syntheses identified psychometric evidence gaps and summarised the psychometric assessment methods/results. RESULTS A total of 42 studies were included, generating 178 criteria rating outputs across four MAUIs: 17D, CHSCS-PS, HUI2, and HUI3. Moreover, 64.0% of outputs concerned the HUI3 MAUI, and 38.2% related to known-group validity. There was no evidence for five psychometric properties. Only 6.7% of outputs concerned reliability and proxy-child agreement. No MAUI outperformed others across all properties. The frequently applied HUI2 and HUI3 lacked content validity evidence. CONCLUSIONS This psychometric evidence catalogue should inform the selection of MAUI(s) suited to the specific aims of applications targeting PLB populations. Further psychometric research is warranted to address the gaps in psychometric evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kwon
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK; (J.K.); (C.B.); (O.O.)
| | - Corneliu Bolbocean
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK; (J.K.); (C.B.); (O.O.)
| | - Olu Onyimadu
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK; (J.K.); (C.B.); (O.O.)
| | - Nia Roberts
- Bodleian Health Care Libraries, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
| | - Stavros Petrou
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK; (J.K.); (C.B.); (O.O.)
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Ingvaldsen SH, Hansen TI, Håberg AK, Moholdt V, Evensen KAI, Dammann O, Austeng D, Morken TS. Visual function correlates with neurodevelopment in a population cohort of school-aged children born extremely preterm. Acta Paediatr 2023; 112:753-761. [PMID: 36627478 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate visual function and neurodevelopment in a geographically defined population cohort of school-aged children born extremely preterm. METHODS All children born extremely preterm in Central Norway between 2006 and 2011 (n=65) were identified, and 36 (median age, min/max: 13, 10/16) were included. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contrast sensitivity (four spatial frequencies), parent-reported challenges and neuropsychological testing in learning, executive functions, motor skills, perception, reaction time, working and visual memory, processing speed, and pattern separation were measured. Brain MRI (3T) was acquired and read by a neuroradiologist. RESULTS Median (min/max) BCVA letter score was 85 (35/91) in the better and 82 (13/89) in the worse eye. ROP participants (n=7) had lower contrast sensitivity in the two highest spatial frequencies (p = 0.024 and p = 0.004). Parent-reported challenges correlated negatively with BCVA (learning: p = 0.014; executive functions: p = 0.002; motor skills: p = 0.000; and perception: p = 0.001), while motor skills correlated negatively with one (p = 0.010) and perception with two (p = 0.003 and p = 0.009) of four spatial frequencies. Neuropsychological tests were reduced relative to norms. None had MRI-verified preterm brain injury. CONCLUSION Visual function was subnormal and correlated with parent-reported challenges in a small cohort of extremely preterm school-aged children, indicating that visual function may be a marker of neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Hegna Ingvaldsen
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Ophthalmology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tor Ivar Hansen
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Asta K Håberg
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St Olav hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Viggo Moholdt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St Olav hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kari Anne I Evensen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Physiotherapy, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.,Children's Clinic, St. Olav Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Olaf Dammann
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dordi Austeng
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Ophthalmology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tora Sund Morken
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Ophthalmology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Pérez Roche MT, Yam JC, Liu H, Gutierrez D, Pham C, Balasanyan V, García G, Cedillo Ley M, de Fernando S, Ortín M, Pueyo V. Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity in Preterm and Full-Term Children Using a Novel Digital Test. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:children10010087. [PMID: 36670638 PMCID: PMC9856886 DOI: 10.3390/children10010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Visual assessment in preverbal children mostly relies on the preferential looking paradigm. It requires an experienced observer to interpret the child's responses to a stimulus. DIVE (Device for an Integral Visual Examination) is a digital tool with an integrated eye tracker (ET) that lifts this requirement and automatizes this process. The aim of our study was to assess the development of two visual functions, visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity (CS), with DIVE, in a large sample of children from 6 months to 14 years (y) of age, and to compare the results of preterm and full-term children. Participants were recruited in clinical settings from five countries. There were 2208 children tested, 609 of them were born preterm. Both VA and CS improved throughout childhood, with the maximum increase during the first 5 years of age. Gestational age, refractive error and age had an impact on VA results, while CS values were only influenced by age. With this study we report normative reference outcomes for VA and CS throughout childhood and validate the DIVE tests as a useful tool to measure basic visual functions in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Pérez Roche
- Ofthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Institute of Heatlh Research (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Hu Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Diego Gutierrez
- I3A Institute for Research in Engineering, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Chau Pham
- National Institute of Ophthalmology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | | | - Gerardo García
- Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology Department, Hospital de la Ceguera, APEC, Ciudad de Mexico 04030, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Cedillo Ley
- Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology Department, Hospital de la Ceguera, APEC, Ciudad de Mexico 04030, Mexico
| | - Sandra de Fernando
- Ophthalmology Department, Cruces University Hospital, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | | | - Victoria Pueyo
- Ofthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Institute of Heatlh Research (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Error in Byline. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2211768. [PMID: 35446402 PMCID: PMC9024389 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.11768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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