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Epstein SE, Longbrake EE. Shifting our attention earlier in the multiple sclerosis disease course. Curr Opin Neurol 2024; 37:212-219. [PMID: 38546031 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Revisions of multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnostic criteria enable clinicians to diagnose patients earlier in the biologic disease course. Prompt initiation of therapy correlates with improved clinical outcomes. This has led to increased attention on the earliest stages of MS, including the MS prodrome and radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS). Here, we review current understanding and approach to patients with preclinical MS. RECENT FINDINGS MS disease biology often begins well before the onset of typical MS symptoms, and we are increasingly able to recognize preclinical and prodromal stages of MS. RIS represents the best characterized aspect of preclinical MS, and its diagnostic criteria were recently revised to better capture patients at highest risk of conversion to clinical MS. The first two randomized control trials evaluating disease modifying therapy use in RIS also found that treatment could delay or prevent onset of clinical disease. SUMMARY Despite progress in our understanding of the earliest stages of the MS disease course, additional research is needed to systematically identify patients with preclinical MS as well as capture those at risk for developing clinical disease. Recent data suggests that preventive immunomodulatory therapies may be beneficial for high-risk patients with RIS; though management remains controversial.
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2
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Toosy AT, Barkhof F. Multiple sclerosis can be diagnosed solely with dissemination in space: Yes. Mult Scler 2024; 30:637-639. [PMID: 38616522 PMCID: PMC11071589 DOI: 10.1177/13524585241245313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed T Toosy
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Medical Imaging Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Okuda DT, Lebrun-Frénay C. Radiologically isolated syndrome in the spectrum of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2024; 30:630-636. [PMID: 38619142 PMCID: PMC11071642 DOI: 10.1177/13524585241245306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) currently represents the earliest detectable preclinical phase of multiple sclerosis (MS). Remarkable advancements have been recently made, including the identification of risk factors for disease evolution, revisions to the existing 2009 RIS criteria, and our understanding of the impact of early disease-modifying therapy use in the prevention/delay of symptomatic MS from two randomized clinical trials. Here, we discuss RIS in the context of the spectrum of MS, implications in the clinical management of individuals, and provide insights into future opportunities and challenges given the anticipated inclusion of asymptomatic MS in the formal definition of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin T Okuda
- Neuroinnovation Program, Multiple Sclerosis & Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
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4
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Preziosa P, Rocca MA, Filippi M. Radiologically isolated syndromes: to treat or not to treat? J Neurol 2024; 271:2370-2378. [PMID: 38502339 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The widespread use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has led to increased detection of individuals exhibiting asymptomatic brain and spinal cord lesions suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS), defined as "radiologically isolated syndrome" (RIS). Specific criteria have been proposed and updated over time to identify individuals with RIS. Moreover, a younger age, the presence of infratentorial, spinal cord or gadolinium-enhancing lesions, as well as of cerebrospinal fluid-specific oligoclonal bands have been recognized as relevant risk factors for the occurrence of a first clinical event. Recent randomized controlled trials conducted in individuals with RIS have shown that dimethyl fumarate and teriflunomide significantly reduce the occurrence of clinical events in this population. These findings support the notion that early treatment initiation may positively influence the prognosis of these patients. However, several aspects should be taken into account before treating individuals with RIS in the real-world clinical setting, including an accurate identification of individuals with RIS to avoid misdiagnosis, a precise stratification of their risk of experiencing a first clinical event and further data supporting favorable balance between benefits and risks, even in the long term. This commentary provides an overview of the latest updates in RIS diagnosis, prognosis, and emerging treatment evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Preziosa
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
- Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
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5
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Yamout B, Al-Jumah M, Sahraian MA, Almalik Y, Khaburi JA, Shalaby N, Aljarallah S, Bohlega S, Dahdaleh M, Almahdawi A, Khoury SJ, Koussa S, Slassi E, Daoudi S, Aref H, Mrabet S, Zeineddine M, Zakaria M, Inshasi J, Gouider R, Alroughani R. Consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: 2023 revision of the MENACTRIMS guidelines. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2024; 83:105435. [PMID: 38245998 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2024.105435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
With evolving diagnostic criteria and the advent of new oral and parenteral therapies for Multiple Sclerosis (MS), most current diagnostic and treatment algorithms need revision and updating. The diagnosis of MS relies on incorporating clinical and paraclinical findings to prove dissemination in space and time and exclude alternative diseases that can explain the findings at hand. The differential diagnostic workup should be guided by clinical and laboratory red flags to avoid unnecessary tests. Appropriate selection of MS therapies is critical to maximize patient benefit. The current guidelines review the current diagnostic criteria for MS and the scientific evidence supporting treatment of acute relapses, radiologically isolated syndrome, clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing remitting MS, progressive MS, pediatric cases and pregnant women. The purpose of these guidelines is to provide practical recommendations and algorithms for the diagnosis and treatment of MS based on current scientific evidence and clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Yamout
- Neurology Institute and Multiple Sclerosis Center, Harley Street Medical Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - M Al-Jumah
- InterHealth hospital, Multiple Sclerosis Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Sahraian
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Y Almalik
- Division of Neurology, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - J Al Khaburi
- Department of Neurology, The Royal Hospital, Sultanate of Oman
| | - N Shalaby
- Neurology Department, Kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - S Bohlega
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - A Almahdawi
- Consultant Neurologist, Neurology Unit, Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Medical City Complex, Iraq
| | - S J Khoury
- Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - S Koussa
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Geitaoui Lebanese University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - E Slassi
- Hôpital Cheikh Khalifa Ibn Zaid, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - S Daoudi
- Hospital Center Nedir Mohamed, Faculty of Medicine, University Mouloud Mammeri Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria
| | - H Aref
- Neurology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S Mrabet
- Department of Neurology, CIC, Razi Universitary Hospital, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - M Zeineddine
- Middle East and North Africa Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (MENACTRIMS), Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - J Inshasi
- Department of Neurology, Rashid Hospital and Dubai Medical College, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - R Gouider
- Department of Neurology, CIC, Razi Universitary Hospital, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - R Alroughani
- Amiri Hospital, Arabian Gulf Street, Sharq, Kuwait
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6
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Landes-Chateau C, Levraut M, Okuda DT, Themelin A, Cohen M, Kantarci OH, Siva A, Pelletier D, Mondot L, Lebrun-Frenay C. The diagnostic value of the central vein sign in radiologically isolated syndrome. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2024; 11:662-672. [PMID: 38186317 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) represents the earliest detectable preclinical phase of multiple sclerosis (MS). Increasing evidence suggests that the central vein sign (CVS) enhances lesion specificity, allowing for greater MS diagnostic accuracy. This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of the CVS in RIS. METHODS Patients were prospectively recruited in a single tertiary center for MS care. Participants with RIS were included and compared to a control group of sex and age-matched subjects. All participants underwent 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging, including postcontrast susceptibility-based sequences, and the presence of CVS was analyzed. Sensitivity and specificity were assessed for different CVS lesion criteria, defined by proportions of lesions positive for CVS (CVS+) or by the absolute number of CVS+ lesions. RESULTS 180 participants (45 RIS, 45 MS, 90 non-MS) were included, representing 5285 white matter lesions. Among them, 4608 were eligible for the CVS assessment (970 in RIS, 1378 in MS, and 2260 in non-MS). According to independent ROC comparisons, the proportion of CVS+ lesions performed similarly in diagnosing RIS from non-MS than MS from non-MS (p = 0.837). When a 6-lesion CVS+ threshold was applied, RIS lesions could be diagnosed with an accuracy of 87%. MS could be diagnosed with a sensitivity of 98% and a specificity of 83%. Adding OCBs or Kappa index to CVS biomarker increased the specificity to 100% for RIS diagnosis. INTERPRETATION This study shows evidence that CVS is an effective imaging biomarker in differentiating RIS from non-MS, with similar performances to those in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Levraut
- Université Cote d'Azur, UMR2CA (URRIS), Nice, France
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Hôpital l'Archet 1, Nice, France
| | - Darin T Okuda
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Albert Themelin
- Service de Radiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Hôpital Pasteur 2, Nice, France
| | - Mikael Cohen
- Université Cote d'Azur, UMR2CA (URRIS), Nice, France
- Service de Neurologie, Centre de Ressource et de Compétence Sclérose en Plaques (CRC-SEP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Hôpital Pasteur 2, Nice, France
| | | | - Aksel Siva
- Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Lydiane Mondot
- Université Cote d'Azur, UMR2CA (URRIS), Nice, France
- Service de Radiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Hôpital Pasteur 2, Nice, France
| | - Christine Lebrun-Frenay
- Université Cote d'Azur, UMR2CA (URRIS), Nice, France
- Service de Neurologie, Centre de Ressource et de Compétence Sclérose en Plaques (CRC-SEP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Hôpital Pasteur 2, Nice, France
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Loginovic P, Wang F, Li J, Ferrat L, Mirshahi UL, Rao HS, Petzold A, Tyrrell J, Green HD, Weedon MN, Ganna A, Tuomi T, Carey DJ, Oram RA, Braithwaite T. Applying a genetic risk score model to enhance prediction of future multiple sclerosis diagnosis at first presentation with optic neuritis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1415. [PMID: 38418465 PMCID: PMC10902342 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44917-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Optic neuritis (ON) is associated with numerous immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, but 50% patients are ultimately diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). Differentiating MS-ON from non-MS-ON acutely is challenging but important; non-MS ON often requires urgent immunosuppression to preserve vision. Using data from the United Kingdom Biobank we showed that combining an MS-genetic risk score (GRS) with demographic risk factors (age, sex) significantly improved MS prediction in undifferentiated ON; one standard deviation of MS-GRS increased the Hazard of MS 1.3-fold (95% confidence interval 1.07-1.55, P < 0.01). Participants stratified into quartiles of predicted risk developed incident MS at rates varying from 4% (95%CI 0.5-7%, lowest risk quartile) to 41% (95%CI 33-49%, highest risk quartile). The model replicated across two cohorts (Geisinger, USA, and FinnGen, Finland). This study indicates that a combined model might enhance individual MS risk stratification, paving the way for precision-based ON treatment and earlier MS disease-modifying therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Loginovic
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2HZ, UK
| | - Feiyi Wang
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jiang Li
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Lauric Ferrat
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK
| | | | - H Shanker Rao
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Axel Petzold
- Neuro-ophthalmology Expert Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuro-ophthalmology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Neuro-ophthalmology service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Harry D Green
- Exeter Centre of Excellence for Diabetes Research (EXCEED), University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - David J Carey
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Richard A Oram
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK.
- Academic Kidney Unit, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK.
| | - Tasanee Braithwaite
- King's College London, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences and School of Life Course and Population Sciences, London, UK
- Medical Eye Unit, St Thomas' Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, UK
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8
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Hoffmann O, Gold R, Meuth SG, Linker RA, Skripuletz T, Wiendl H, Wattjes MP. Prognostic relevance of MRI in early relapsing multiple sclerosis: ready to guide treatment decision making? Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2024; 17:17562864241229325. [PMID: 38332854 PMCID: PMC10851744 DOI: 10.1177/17562864241229325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spinal cord plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple sclerosis (MS). There is conclusive evidence that brain and spinal cord MRI findings in early disease stages also provide relevant insight into individual prognosis. This includes prediction of disease activity and disease progression, the accumulation of long-term disability and the conversion to secondary progressive MS. The extent to which these MRI findings should influence treatment decisions remains a subject of ongoing discussion. The aim of this review is to present and discuss the current knowledge and scientific evidence regarding the utility of MRI at early MS disease stages for prognostic classification of individual patients. In addition, we discuss the current evidence regarding the use of MRI in order to predict treatment response. Finally, we propose a potential approach as to how MRI data may be categorized and integrated into early clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Hoffmann
- Department of Neurology, Alexianer St. Josefs-Krankenhaus Potsdam, Allee nach Sanssouci 7, 14471 Potsdam, Germany; Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sven G. Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralf A. Linker
- Department of Neurology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mike P. Wattjes
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Schneider R, Brand-Arzamendi K, Reynold Lim T, Lee LE, Guenette M, Suthiphosuwan S, Bharatha A, Oh J. Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein levels correlate with paramagnetic rim lesions in people with radiologically isolated syndrome. Mult Scler 2024; 30:156-165. [PMID: 38145319 DOI: 10.1177/13524585231219131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no specific, evidence-based recommendations for the management of individuals with radiologically isolated syndrome. Imaging and blood biomarkers may have prognostic utility. OBJECTIVE To determine whether plasma neurofilament light protein (NfL) or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels in people with radiologically isolated syndrome correlate with imaging measures that have been shown to be associated with negative clinical outcomes in people with multiple sclerosis. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of people with radiologically isolated syndrome. Participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and cervical spinal cord, and plasma was collected. Plasma NfL and GFAP levels were measured with a single-molecule array, and correlations with MRI measures were assessed, including the number of: T1-black holes, white-matter lesions demonstrating the central vein sign, paramagnetic rim lesions, cervical spinal cord lesions and infratentorial lesions. RESULTS Plasma GFAP levels, but not NfL levels, showed correlations with the number of T1-black holes, white matter lesions demonstrating the central vein sign and paramagnetic rim lesions (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION We found correlations between plasma GFAP levels and imaging measures associated with poor clinical outcomes and chronic inflammation in individuals with radiologically isolated syndrome. Plasma GFAP may have prognostic utility in clinical trials and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Schneider
- Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- BARLO MS Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Koroboshka Brand-Arzamendi
- Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Timothy Reynold Lim
- Department of Radiology, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa Eunyoung Lee
- Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Melanie Guenette
- Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Suradech Suthiphosuwan
- Department of Radiology, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aditya Bharatha
- Department of Radiology, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jiwon Oh
- Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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10
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Tur C, Tintoré M. Multiple sclerosis in 2023: beyond the boundaries. Lancet Neurol 2024; 23:22-24. [PMID: 38101890 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00459-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Tur
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Tintoré
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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Stavropoulou De Lorenzo S, Bakirtzis C, Konstantinidou N, Kesidou E, Parissis D, Evangelopoulos ME, Elsayed D, Hamdy E, Said S, Grigoriadis N. How Early Is Early Multiple Sclerosis? J Clin Med 2023; 13:214. [PMID: 38202221 PMCID: PMC10780129 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The development and further optimization of the diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis (MS) emphasize the establishment of an early and accurate diagnosis. So far, numerous studies have revealed the significance of early treatment administration for MS and its association with slower disease progression and better late outcomes of the disease with regards to disability accumulation. However, according to current research results, both neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes may exist prior to symptom initiation. Despite the fact that a significant proportion of individuals with radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) progress to MS, currently, there is no available treatment approved for RIS. Therefore, our idea of "early treatment administration" might be already late in some cases. In order to detect the individuals who will progress to MS, we need accurate biomarkers. In this review, we present notable research results regarding the underlying pathology of MS, as well as several potentially useful laboratory and neuroimaging biomarkers for the identification of high-risk individuals with RIS for developing MS. This review aims to raise clinicians' awareness regarding "subclinical" MS, enrich their understanding of MS pathology, and familiarize them with several potential biomarkers that are currently under investigation and might be used in clinical practice in the future for the identification of individuals with RIS at high risk for conversion to definite MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiria Stavropoulou De Lorenzo
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.S.D.L.); (N.K.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (N.G.)
| | - Christos Bakirtzis
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.S.D.L.); (N.K.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (N.G.)
| | - Natalia Konstantinidou
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.S.D.L.); (N.K.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (N.G.)
| | - Evangelia Kesidou
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.S.D.L.); (N.K.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (N.G.)
| | - Dimitrios Parissis
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.S.D.L.); (N.K.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (N.G.)
| | | | - Dina Elsayed
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21311, Egypt; (D.E.); (E.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Eman Hamdy
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21311, Egypt; (D.E.); (E.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Sameh Said
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21311, Egypt; (D.E.); (E.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.S.D.L.); (N.K.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (N.G.)
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Filippi M, Rocca MA. Radiologically isolated syndrome: knowns and unknowns. Lancet Neurol 2023; 22:978-979. [PMID: 37839431 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Lebrun-Frenay C, Kantarci O, Siva A, Azevedo CJ, Makhani N, Pelletier D, Okuda DT. Radiologically isolated syndrome. Lancet Neurol 2023; 22:1075-1086. [PMID: 37839432 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Individuals can be deemed to have radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) if they have incidental demyelinating-appearing lesions in their brain or spinal cord that are highly suggestive of multiple sclerosis but their clinical history does not include symptoms consistent with multiple sclerosis. Data from international longitudinal cohorts indicate that around half of people with RIS will develop relapsing or progressive symptoms of multiple sclerosis within 10 years, suggesting that in some individuals, RIS is a presymptomatic stage of multiple sclerosis. Risk factors for progression from RIS to clinical multiple sclerosis include younger age (ie, <35 years), male sex, CSF-restricted oligoclonal bands, spinal cord or infratentorial lesions, and gadolinium-enhancing lesions. Other imaging, biological, genetic, and digital biomarkers that might be of value in identifying individuals who are at the highest risk of developing multiple sclerosis need further investigation. Two 2-year randomised clinical trials showed the efficacy of approved multiple sclerosis immunomodulatory medications in preventing the clinical conversion to multiple sclerosis in some individuals with RIS. If substantiated in longer-term studies, these data have the potential to transform our approach to care for the people with RIS who are at the greatest risk of diagnosis with multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lebrun-Frenay
- CRC-SEP Nice, Neurologie CHU Nice, Hôpital Pasteur 2, UMR2CA-URRIS, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.
| | | | - Aksel Siva
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkiye
| | - Christina J Azevedo
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Naila Makhani
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel Pelletier
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Darin T Okuda
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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