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Loginovic P, Wang F, Li J, Ferrat L, Mirshahi UL, Rao HS, Petzold A, Tyrrell J, Green HD, Weedon MN, Ganna A, Tuomi T, Carey DJ, Oram RA, Braithwaite T. Applying a genetic risk score model to enhance prediction of future multiple sclerosis diagnosis at first presentation with optic neuritis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1415. [PMID: 38418465 PMCID: PMC10902342 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44917-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Optic neuritis (ON) is associated with numerous immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, but 50% patients are ultimately diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). Differentiating MS-ON from non-MS-ON acutely is challenging but important; non-MS ON often requires urgent immunosuppression to preserve vision. Using data from the United Kingdom Biobank we showed that combining an MS-genetic risk score (GRS) with demographic risk factors (age, sex) significantly improved MS prediction in undifferentiated ON; one standard deviation of MS-GRS increased the Hazard of MS 1.3-fold (95% confidence interval 1.07-1.55, P < 0.01). Participants stratified into quartiles of predicted risk developed incident MS at rates varying from 4% (95%CI 0.5-7%, lowest risk quartile) to 41% (95%CI 33-49%, highest risk quartile). The model replicated across two cohorts (Geisinger, USA, and FinnGen, Finland). This study indicates that a combined model might enhance individual MS risk stratification, paving the way for precision-based ON treatment and earlier MS disease-modifying therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Loginovic
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2HZ, UK
| | - Feiyi Wang
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jiang Li
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Lauric Ferrat
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK
| | | | - H Shanker Rao
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Axel Petzold
- Neuro-ophthalmology Expert Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuro-ophthalmology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Neuro-ophthalmology service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Harry D Green
- Exeter Centre of Excellence for Diabetes Research (EXCEED), University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - David J Carey
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Richard A Oram
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK.
- Academic Kidney Unit, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK.
| | - Tasanee Braithwaite
- King's College London, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences and School of Life Course and Population Sciences, London, UK
- Medical Eye Unit, St Thomas' Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, UK
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Green HD, Burden E, Chen J, Evans J, Patel K, Wood AR, Beaumont RN, Tyrrell J, Frayling TM, Hattersley AT, Oram RA, Bowden J, Barroso I, Smith C, Weedon MN. Hyperglycaemia is a causal risk factor for upper limb pathologies. Int J Epidemiol 2024; 53:dyad187. [PMID: 38205890 PMCID: PMC10859137 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyad187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes (regardless of type) and obesity are associated with a range of musculoskeletal disorders. The causal mechanisms driving these associations are unknown for many upper limb pathologies. We used genetic techniques to test the causal link between glycemia, obesity and musculoskeletal conditions. METHODS In the UK Biobank's unrelated European cohort (N = 379 708) we performed mendelian randomisation (MR) analyses to test for a causal effect of long-term high glycaemia and adiposity on four musculoskeletal pathologies: frozen shoulder, Dupuytren's disease, carpal tunnel syndrome and trigger finger. We also performed single-gene MR using rare variants in the GCK gene. RESULTS Using MR, we found evidence that long-term high glycaemia has a causal role in the aetiology of upper limb conditions. A 10-mmol/mol increase in genetically predicted haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) was associated with frozen shoulder: odds ratio (OR) = 1.50 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.20-1.88], Dupuytren's disease: OR = 1.17 (95% CI, 1.01-1.35), trigger finger: OR = 1.30 (95% CI, 1.09-1.55) and carpal tunnel syndrome: OR = 1.20 (95% CI, 1.09-1.33). Carriers of GCK mutations have increased odds of frozen shoulder: OR = 7.16 (95% CI, 2.93-17.51) and carpal tunnel syndrome: OR = 2.86 (95% CI, 1.50-5.44) but not Dupuytren's disease or trigger finger. We found evidence that an increase in genetically predicted body mass index (BMI) of 5 kg/m2 was associated with carpal tunnel syndrome: OR = 1.13 (95% CI, 1.10-1.16) and associated negatively with Dupuytren's disease: OR = 0.94 (95% CI, 0.90-0.98), but no evidence of association with frozen shoulder or trigger finger. Trigger finger (OR 1.96 (95% CI, 1.42-2.69) P = 3.6e-05) and carpal tunnel syndrome [OR 1.63 (95% CI, 1.36-1.95) P = 8.5e-08] are associated with genetically predicted unfavourable adiposity increase of one standard deviation of body fat. CONCLUSIONS Our study consistently demonstrates a causal role of long-term high glycaemia in the aetiology of upper limb musculoskeletal conditions. Clinicians treating diabetes patients should be aware of these complications in clinic, specifically those managing the care of GCK mutation carriers. Upper limb musculoskeletal conditions should be considered diabetes complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Green
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Ella Burden
- Shoulder Unit, Princess Elizabeth Orthopaedic Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Ji Chen
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jonathan Evans
- Shoulder Unit, Princess Elizabeth Orthopaedic Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Kashyap Patel
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Robin N Beaumont
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Richard A Oram
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jack Bowden
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Inês Barroso
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Christopher Smith
- Shoulder Unit, Princess Elizabeth Orthopaedic Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Jackson L, Weedon MN, Green HD, Mallabar-Rimmer B, Harrison JW, Wood AR, Ruth KS, Tyrrell J, Wright CF. Influence of family history on penetrance of hereditary cancers in a population setting. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 64:102159. [PMID: 37936660 PMCID: PMC10626157 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We sought to investigate how penetrance of familial cancer syndromes varies with family history using a population-based cohort. Methods We analysed 454,712 UK Biobank participants with exome sequence and clinical data (data collected between March 2006 and June 2021). We identified participants with a self-reported family history of breast or colorectal cancer and a pathogenic/likely pathogenic variant in the major genes responsible for hereditary breast cancer or Lynch syndrome. We calculated survival to cancer diagnosis (controlled for sex, death, recruitment centre, screening and prophylactic surgery). Findings Women with a pathogenic BRCA1 or BRCA2 variant had an increased risk of breast cancer that was higher in those with a first-degree family history (relative hazard 10.3 and 7.8, respectively) than those without (7.2 and 4.7). Penetrance to age 60 was also higher in those with a family history (44.7%, CI 32.2-59.3 and 24.1%, CI 17.5-32.6) versus those without (22.8%, CI 15.9-32.0 and 17.9%, CI 13.8-23.0). A similar pattern was seen in Lynch syndrome: individuals with a pathogenic MLH1, MSH2 or MSH6 variant had an increased risk of colorectal cancer that was significantly higher in those with a family history (relative hazard 35.6, 48.0 and 9.9) than those without (13.0, 15.4 and 7.2). Penetrance to age 60 was also higher for carriers of a pathogenic MLH1 or MSH2 variant in those with a family history (30.9%, CI 18.1-49.3 and 38.3%, CI 21.5-61.8) versus those without (20.5% CI 9.6-40.5 and 8.3% CI 2.1-30.4), but not for MSH6 (6.5% CI 2.7-15.1 with family history versus 8.3%, CI 5.1-13.2). Relative risk increases were also observed both within and across conditions. Interpretation Individuals with pathogenic cancer syndrome variants may be at a less elevated risk of cancer in the absence of a first-degree family history, so in the context of results return, family history should be considered when counselling patients on the risks and benefits of potential follow-up care. Funding The current work is supported by the MRC (grant no MR/T00200X/1). The MRC had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Jackson
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, RILD Building, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Michael N. Weedon
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, RILD Building, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Harry D. Green
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, RILD Building, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Bethan Mallabar-Rimmer
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, RILD Building, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Jamie W. Harrison
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, RILD Building, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Andy R. Wood
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, RILD Building, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Kate S. Ruth
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, RILD Building, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Jess Tyrrell
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, RILD Building, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Caroline F. Wright
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, RILD Building, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
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Moon RJ, Green HD, D'Angelo S, Godfrey KM, Davies JH, Curtis EM, Cooper C, Harvey NC. The effect of pregnancy vitamin D supplementation on offspring bone mineral density in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 2023; 34:1269-1279. [PMID: 37103591 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-023-06751-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of moderate- to high-dose vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy on offspring bone mineralisation found a positive effect of vitamin D supplementation on offspring bone mineral density (BMD) at age 4-6 years, with a smaller effect on bone mineral content. PURPOSE A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to assess the effect of pregnancy vitamin D supplementation on offspring bone mineral density (BMD) in childhood. METHODS A literature search was conducted for published RCTs of antenatal vitamin D supplementation with assessment of offspring BMD or bone mineral content (BMC) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) using MEDLINE and EMBASE up to 13th July 2022. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool. Study findings were grouped in two age groups of offspring assessment: neonatal period and early childhood (3-6 years). Random-effects meta-analysis of the effect on BMC/BMD at 3-6 years was performed using RevMan 5.4.1, yielding standardised mean difference (SMD) (95% CI). RESULTS Five RCTs were identified with offspring assessment of BMD or BMC; 3250 women were randomised within these studies. Risk of bias was low in 2 studies and "of concern" in 3. Supplementation regimes and the control used (3 studies used placebo and 2 used 400 IU/day cholecalciferol) varied, but in all studies the intervention increased maternal 25-hydroxvitamin D status compared to the control group. Two trials assessing BMD in the neonatal period (total n = 690) found no difference between groups, but meta-analysis was not performed as one trial represented 96.4% of those studied at this age. Three trials assessed offspring whole-body-less-head BMD at age 4-6 years. BMD was higher in children born to mothers supplemented with vitamin D [0.16 SD (95% confidence interval 0.05, 0.27), n = 1358] with a smaller effect on BMC [0.07 SD (95% CI - 0.04, 0.19), n = 1351]. CONCLUSIONS There are few RCTs published to address this question, and these are inconsistent in methodology and findings. However, meta-analysis of three trials suggests moderate- to high-dose vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy might increase offspring BMD in early childhood, but further trials are required to confirm this finding. (Prospero CRD42021288682; no funding received).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Moon
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
- Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
| | - Harry D Green
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Stefania D'Angelo
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Justin H Davies
- Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Elizabeth M Curtis
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas C Harvey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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Green HD, Merriel SWD, Oram RA, Ruth KS, Tyrrell J, Jones SE, Thirlwell C, Weedon MN, Bailey SER. Response to: Genetic risk scores may compound rather than solve the issue of prostate cancer overdiagnosis (BJC-LT3342090). Br J Cancer 2023; 128:487-488. [PMID: 36536048 PMCID: PMC9938192 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-02081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Green
- Exeter Centre of Excellence for Diabetes Research (EXCEED), University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Devon, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Samuel W D Merriel
- DISCOVERY Group, University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Devon, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Richard A Oram
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Devon, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Katherine S Ruth
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Samuel E Jones
- Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chrissie Thirlwell
- University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Devon, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, Huntley St, EX1 2LU, London, UK
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Devon, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Sarah E R Bailey
- DISCOVERY Group, University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Devon, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
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Heald AH, Martin S, Fachim H, Green HD, Young KG, Malipatil N, Siddals K, Cortes G, Tyrrell J, Wood AR, Beaumont RN, Frayling TM, Donn R, Narayanan RP, Ollier W, Gibson M, Yaghootkar H. Genetically defined favourable adiposity is not associated with a clinically meaningful difference in clinical course in people with type 2 diabetes but does associate with a favourable metabolic profile. Diabet Med 2021; 38:e14531. [PMID: 33501652 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Change in weight, HbA1c , lipids, blood pressure and cardiometabolic events over time is variable in individuals with type 2 diabetes. We hypothesised that people with a genetic predisposition to a more favourable adiposity distribution could have a less severe clinical course/progression. METHODS We involved people with type 2 diabetes from two UK-based cohorts: 11,914 individuals with GP follow-up data from the UK Biobank and 723 from Salford. We generated a 'favourable adiposity' genetic score and conducted cross-sectional and longitudinal studies to test its association with weight, BMI, lipids, blood pressure, medication use and risk of myocardial infarction and stroke using 15 follow-up time points with 1-year intervals. RESULTS The 'favourable adiposity' genetic score was cross-sectionally associated with higher weight (effect size per 1 standard deviation higher genetic score: 0.91 kg [0.59,1.23]) and BMI (0.30 kg/m2 [0.19,0.40]), but higher high-density lipoprotein (0.02 mmol/L [0.01,0.02]) and lower triglycerides (-0.04 mmol/L [-0.07, -0.02]) in the UK Biobank at baseline, and this pattern of association was consistent across follow-up. There was a trend for participants with higher 'favourable adiposity' genetic score to have lower risk of myocardial infarction and/or stroke (odds ratio 0.79 [0.62, 1.00]) compared to those with lower score. A one standard deviation higher score was associated with lower odds of using lipid-lowering (0.91 [0.86, 0.97]) and anti-hypertensive medication (0.95 [0.91, 0.99]). CONCLUSIONS In individuals with type 2 diabetes, having more 'favourable adiposity' alleles is associated with a marginally better lipid profile long-term and having lower odds of requiring lipid-lowering or anti-hypertensive medication in spite of relatively higher adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian H Heald
- The Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - Susan Martin
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Helene Fachim
- The Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - Harry D Green
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Katherine G Young
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Nagaraj Malipatil
- The Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - Kirk Siddals
- The Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - Gabriela Cortes
- General Directorate for Quality and Health Education, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Robin N Beaumont
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Rachelle Donn
- The Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - William Ollier
- The Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Martin Gibson
- The Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, RILD Level 3, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
- Division of Medical Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
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7
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Green HD, Jones A, Evans JP, Wood AR, Beaumont RN, Tyrrell J, Frayling TM, Smith C, Weedon MN. A genome-wide association study identifies 5 loci associated with frozen shoulder and implicates diabetes as a causal risk factor. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009577. [PMID: 34111113 PMCID: PMC8191964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Frozen shoulder is a painful condition that often requires surgery and affects up to 5% of individuals aged 40-60 years. Little is known about the causes of the condition, but diabetes is a strong risk factor. To begin to understand the biological mechanisms involved, we aimed to identify genetic variants associated with frozen shoulder and to use Mendelian randomization to test the causal role of diabetes. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of frozen shoulder in the UK Biobank using data from 10,104 cases identified from inpatient, surgical and primary care codes. We used data from FinnGen for replication and meta-analysis. We used one-sample and two-sample Mendelian randomization approaches to test for a causal association of diabetes with frozen shoulder. We identified five genome-wide significant loci. The most significant locus (lead SNP rs28971325; OR = 1.20, [95% CI: 1.16-1.24], p = 5x10-29) contained WNT7B. This variant was also associated with Dupuytren's disease (OR = 2.31 [2.24, 2.39], p<1x10-300) as were a further two of the frozen shoulder associated variants. The Mendelian randomization results provided evidence that type 1 diabetes is a causal risk factor for frozen shoulder (OR = 1.03 [1.02-1.05], p = 3x10-6). There was no evidence that obesity was causally associated with frozen shoulder, suggesting that diabetes influences risk of the condition through glycemic rather than mechanical effects. We have identified genetic loci associated with frozen shoulder. There is a large overlap with Dupuytren's disease associated loci. Diabetes is a likely causal risk factor. Our results provide evidence of biological mechanisms involved in this common painful condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry D. Green
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Jones
- Shoulder Unit, Princess Elizabeth Orthopaedic Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Evans
- Shoulder Unit, Princess Elizabeth Orthopaedic Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R. Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Robin N. Beaumont
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Smith
- Shoulder Unit, Princess Elizabeth Orthopaedic Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Michael N. Weedon
- Shoulder Unit, Princess Elizabeth Orthopaedic Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
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8
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Green HD, Beaumont RN, Wood AR, Hamilton B, Jones SE, Goodhand JR, Kennedy NA, Ahmad T, Yaghootkar H, Weedon MN, Frayling TM, Tyrrell J. Genetic evidence that higher central adiposity causes gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a Mendelian randomization study. Int J Epidemiol 2021; 49:1270-1281. [PMID: 32588049 PMCID: PMC7750946 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyaa082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is associated with multiple risk factors but determining causality is difficult. We used a genetic approach [Mendelian randomization (MR)] to identify potential causal modifiable risk factors for GORD. Methods We used data from 451 097 European participants in the UK Biobank and defined GORD using hospital-defined ICD10 and OPCS4 codes and self-report data (N = 41 024 GORD cases). We tested observational and MR-based associations between GORD and four adiposity measures [body mass index (BMI), waist–hip ratio (WHR), a metabolically favourable higher body-fat percentage and waist circumference], smoking status, smoking frequency and caffeine consumption. Results Observationally, all adiposity measures were associated with higher odds of GORD. Ever and current smoking were associated with higher odds of GORD. Coffee consumption was associated with lower odds of GORD but, among coffee drinkers, more caffeinated-coffee consumption was associated with higher odds of GORD. Using MR, we provide strong evidence that higher WHR and higher WHR adjusted for BMI lead to GORD. There was weak evidence that higher BMI, body-fat percentage, coffee drinking or smoking caused GORD, but only the observational effects for BMI and body-fat percentage could be excluded. This MR estimated effect for WHR equates to a 1.23-fold higher odds of GORD per 5-cm increase in waist circumference. Conclusions These results provide strong evidence that a higher waist–hip ratio leads to GORD. Our study suggests that central fat distribution is crucial in causing GORD rather than overall weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Green
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.,IBD Pharmacogenetics, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Robin N Beaumont
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Benjamin Hamilton
- IBD Pharmacogenetics, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Samuel E Jones
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - James R Goodhand
- IBD Pharmacogenetics, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Nicholas A Kennedy
- IBD Pharmacogenetics, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Tariq Ahmad
- IBD Pharmacogenetics, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
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9
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Lin S, Green HD, Hendy P, Heerasing NM, Chanchlani N, Hamilton B, Walker GJ, Heap GA, Hobart J, Martin RJ, Coles AJ, Silverberg MS, Irving PM, Chung-Faye G, Silber E, Cummings JRF, Lytvyak E, Andersen V, Wood AR, Tyrrell J, Beaumont RN, Weedon MN, Kennedy NA, Spiers A, Harrower T, Goodhand JR, Ahmad T. Clinical Features and Genetic Risk of Demyelination Following Anti-TNF Treatment. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 14:1653-1661. [PMID: 32497177 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-TNF exposure has been linked to demyelination events. We sought to describe the clinical features of demyelination events following anti-TNF treatment and to test whether affected patients were genetically predisposed to multiple sclerosis [MS]. METHODS We conducted a case-control study to describe the clinical features of demyelination events following anti-TNF exposure. We compared genetic risk scores [GRS], calculated using carriage of 43 susceptibility loci for MS, in 48 cases with 1219 patients exposed to anti-TNF who did not develop demyelination. RESULTS Overall, 39 [74%] cases were female. The median age [range] of patients at time of demyelination was 41.5 years [20.7-63.2]. The median duration of anti-TNF treatment was 21.3 months [0.5-99.4] and 19 [36%] patients were receiving concomitant immunomodulators. Most patients had central demyelination affecting the brain, spinal cord, or both. Complete recovery was reported in 12 [23%] patients after a median time of 6.8 months [0.1-28.7]. After 33.0 months of follow-up, partial recovery was observed in 29 [55%] patients, relapsing and remitting episodes in nine [17%], progressive symptoms in three [6%]: two [4%] patients were diagnosed with MS. There was no significant difference between MS GRS scores in cases (mean -3.5 × 10-4, standard deviation [SD] 0.0039) and controls [mean -1.1 × 10-3, SD 0.0042] [p = 0.23]. CONCLUSIONS Patients who experienced demyelination events following anti-TNF exposure were more likely female, less frequently treated with an immunomodulator, and had a similar genetic risk to anti-TNF exposed controls who did not experience demyelination events. Large prospective studies with pre-treatment neuroimaging are required to identify genetic susceptibility loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Lin
- IBD Pharmacogenetics Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Harry D Green
- IBD Pharmacogenetics Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Peter Hendy
- IBD Pharmacogenetics Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Neel M Heerasing
- IBD Pharmacogenetics Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Neil Chanchlani
- IBD Pharmacogenetics Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Gareth J Walker
- IBD Pharmacogenetics Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Graham A Heap
- IBD Pharmacogenetics Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Jeremy Hobart
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Roswell J Martin
- Department of Neurology, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK
| | - Alasdair J Coles
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark S Silverberg
- Mount Sinai Hospital Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter M Irving
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Guy Chung-Faye
- Department of Gastroenterology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Eli Silber
- Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - J R Fraser Cummings
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Ellina Lytvyak
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Vibeke Andersen
- Focussed Research Unit for Molecular Diagnostic and Clinical Research, IRS-Center Soenderjylland, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas A Kennedy
- IBD Pharmacogenetics Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Alexander Spiers
- Department of Radiology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Timothy Harrower
- Department of Neurology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - James R Goodhand
- IBD Pharmacogenetics Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Tariq Ahmad
- IBD Pharmacogenetics Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
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10
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Walker GJ, Lin S, Chanchlani N, Thomas A, Hendy P, Heerasing N, Moore L, Green HD, Chee D, Bewshea C, Mays J, Kennedy NA, Ahmad T, Goodhand JR. Quality improvement project identifies factors associated with delay in IBD diagnosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020; 52:471-480. [PMID: 32573819 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delay in the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is common and contemporary UK studies are lacking. AIM To determine factors associated with, and the consequences of, a prolonged time to diagnosis in IBD. METHODS This quality improvement study included 304 adults with a new IBD diagnosis made between January 2014 and December 2017 across 49 general practices (GP) and gastroenterology secondary care services. Outcome measures were demographic, clinical and laboratory factors associated with a delayed time, defined as greater than upper quartile, to: (a) patient presentation (b) GP referral (c) secondary care diagnosis, and factors associated with a complicated disease course (hospitalisation and/or surgery and/or biologic treatment) in the year after diagnosis. RESULTS The median [IQR] diagnosis sub-intervals were: (a) patient = 2.1 months [0.9-5.1]; (b) GP = 0.3 months [0.0-0.9]; (c) secondary care = 1.1 months [0.5-2.1]. 50% of patients were diagnosed within 4 months and 92% were diagnosed within 2 years of symptom onset. Diagnostic delay was more common in Crohn's disease (7.6 months [3.1-15.0]) than ulcerative colitis (3.3 months [1.9-7.3]) (P < 0.001). Patients who presented as an emergency (P < 0.001) but not those with a delayed overall time to diagnosis (P = 0.35) were more likely to have a complicated disease course. CONCLUSION Time to patient presentation is the largest component of time to IBD diagnosis. Emergency presentation is common and, unlike a delayed time to diagnosis, is associated with a complicated disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Walker
- Exeter IBD and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Exeter, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Simeng Lin
- Exeter IBD and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Exeter, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Amanda Thomas
- Exeter IBD and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Exeter, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Peter Hendy
- Exeter IBD and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Exeter, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Neel Heerasing
- Exeter IBD and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Exeter, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Lucy Moore
- Exeter IBD and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Exeter, UK
| | - Harry D Green
- Exeter IBD and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Exeter, UK
| | - Desmond Chee
- Exeter IBD and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Exeter, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Claire Bewshea
- Exeter IBD and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Exeter, UK
| | - Joseph Mays
- NHS Devon Clinical Commissioning Group, Exeter, UK
| | - Nicholas A Kennedy
- Exeter IBD and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Exeter, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Tariq Ahmad
- Exeter IBD and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Exeter, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - James R Goodhand
- Exeter IBD and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Exeter, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
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11
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Green HD, Beaumont RN, Thomas A, Hamilton B, Wood AR, Sharp S, Jones SE, Tyrrell J, Walker G, Goodhand J, Kennedy NA, Ahmad T, Weedon MN. Genome-Wide Association Study of Microscopic Colitis in the UK Biobank Confirms Immune-Related Pathogenesis. J Crohns Colitis 2019; 13:1578-1582. [PMID: 31125052 PMCID: PMC6903793 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The causes of microscopic colitis are currently poorly understood. Previous reports have found clinical associations with coeliac disease and genetic associations at the human leukocyte antigen [HLA] locus on the ancestral 8.1 haplotype. We investigated pharmacological and genetic factors associated with microscopic colitis in the UK Biobank. METHODS In total, 483 European UK Biobank participants were identified by ICD10 coding, and a genome-wide association study was performed using BOLT-LMM, with a sensitivity analysis performed excluding potential confounders. The HLA*IMP:02 algorithm was used to estimate allele frequency at 11 classical HLA genes, and downstream analysis was performed using FUMA. Genetic overlap with inflammatory bowel disease [Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis] was investigated using genetic risk scores. RESULTS We found significant phenotypic associations with smoking status, coeliac disease and the use of proton-pump inhibitors but not with other commonly reported pharmacological risk factors. Using the largest sample size to date, we confirmed a recently reported association with the MHC Ancestral 8.1 Haplotype. Downstream analysis suggests association with digestive tract morphogenesis. By calculating genetic risk scores, we also report suggestive evidence of shared genetic risk with Crohn's disease, but not with ulcerative colitis. CONCLUSIONS This report confirms the role of genetic determinants in the HLA in the pathogenesis of microscopic colitis. The genetic overlap with Crohn's disease suggests a common underlying mechanism of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Green
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK,IBD Pharmacogenetics, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Robin N Beaumont
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Amanda Thomas
- IBD Pharmacogenetics, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Benjamin Hamilton
- IBD Pharmacogenetics, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Seth Sharp
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Samuel E Jones
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Gareth Walker
- IBD Pharmacogenetics, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - James Goodhand
- IBD Pharmacogenetics, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Nicholas A Kennedy
- IBD Pharmacogenetics, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Tariq Ahmad
- IBD Pharmacogenetics, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK,Corresponding author: Michael N. Weedon, University of Exeter Medical School, Medical Research - Level 3, RILD Building, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust (Wonford), Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK.
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12
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Kennedy NA, Heap GA, Green HD, Hamilton B, Bewshea C, Walker GJ, Thomas A, Nice R, Perry MH, Bouri S, Chanchlani N, Heerasing NM, Hendy P, Lin S, Gaya DR, Cummings JRF, Selinger CP, Lees CW, Hart AL, Parkes M, Sebastian S, Mansfield JC, Irving PM, Lindsay J, Russell RK, McDonald TJ, McGovern D, Goodhand JR, Ahmad T. Predictors of anti-TNF treatment failure in anti-TNF-naive patients with active luminal Crohn's disease: a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 4:341-353. [PMID: 30824404 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(19)30012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-TNF drugs are effective treatments for the management of Crohn's disease but treatment failure is common. We aimed to identify clinical and pharmacokinetic factors that predict primary non-response at week 14 after starting treatment, non-remission at week 54, and adverse events leading to drug withdrawal. METHODS The personalised anti-TNF therapy in Crohn's disease study (PANTS) is a prospective observational UK-wide study. We enrolled anti-TNF-naive patients (aged ≥6 years) with active luminal Crohn's disease at the time of first exposure to infliximab or adalimumab between March 7, 2013, and July 15, 2016. Patients were evaluated for 12 months or until drug withdrawal. Demographic data, smoking status, age at diagnosis, disease duration, location, and behaviour, previous medical and drug history, and previous Crohn's disease-related surgeries were recorded at baseline. At every visit, disease activity score, weight, therapy, and adverse events were recorded; drug and total anti-drug antibody concentrations were also measured. Treatment failure endpoints were primary non-response at week 14, non-remission at week 54, and adverse events leading to drug withdrawal. We used regression analyses to identify which factors were associated with treatment failure. FINDINGS We enrolled 955 patients treated with infliximab (753 with originator; 202 with biosimilar) and 655 treated with adalimumab. Primary non-response occurred in 295 (23·8%, 95% CI 21·4-26·2) of 1241 patients who were assessable at week 14. Non-remission at week 54 occurred in 764 (63·1%, 60·3-65·8) of 1211 patients who were assessable, and adverse events curtailed treatment in 126 (7·8%, 6·6-9·2) of 1610 patients. In multivariable analysis, the only factor independently associated with primary non-response was low drug concentration at week 14 (infliximab: odds ratio 0·35 [95% CI 0·20-0·62], p=0·00038; adalimumab: 0·13 [0·06-0·28], p<0·0001); the optimal week 14 drug concentrations associated with remission at both week 14 and week 54 were 7 mg/L for infliximab and 12 mg/L for adalimumab. Continuing standard dosing regimens after primary non-response was rarely helpful; only 14 (12·4% [95% CI 6·9-19·9]) of 113 patients entered remission by week 54. Similarly, week 14 drug concentration was also independently associated with non-remission at week 54 (0·29 [0·16-0·52] for infliximab; 0·03 [0·01-0·12] for adalimumab; p<0·0001 for both). The proportion of patients who developed anti-drug antibodies (immunogenicity) was 62·8% (95% CI 59·0-66·3) for infliximab and 28·5% (24·0-32·7) for adalimumab. For both drugs, suboptimal week 14 drug concentrations predicted immunogenicity, and the development of anti-drug antibodies predicted subsequent low drug concentrations. Combination immunomodulator (thiopurine or methotrexate) therapy mitigated the risk of developing anti-drug antibodies (hazard ratio 0·39 [95% CI 0·32-0·46] for infliximab; 0·44 [0·31-0·64] for adalimumab; p<0·0001 for both). For infliximab, multivariable analysis of immunododulator use, and week 14 drug and anti-drug antibody concentrations showed an independent effect of immunomodulator use on week 54 non-remission (odds ratio 0·56 [95% CI 0·38-0·83], p=0·004). INTERPRETATION Anti-TNF treatment failure is common and is predicted by low drug concentrations, mediated in part by immunogenicity. Clinical trials are required to investigate whether personalised induction regimens and treatment-to-target dose intensification improve outcomes. FUNDING Guts UK, Crohn's and Colitis UK, Cure Crohn's Colitis, AbbVie, Merck Sharp and Dohme, Napp Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, and Celltrion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Kennedy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK; Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Graham A Heap
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Harry D Green
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Benjamin Hamilton
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Claire Bewshea
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Gareth J Walker
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Amanda Thomas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Rachel Nice
- Department of Blood Science, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Mandy H Perry
- Department of Blood Science, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Sonia Bouri
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Mark's Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Neil Chanchlani
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Neel M Heerasing
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Peter Hendy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Simeng Lin
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Daniel R Gaya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - J R Fraser Cummings
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK; Faculty of Experimental Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Christian P Selinger
- Leeds Gastroenterology Institute, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St James University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Charlie W Lees
- Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ailsa L Hart
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Mark's Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Harrow, UK
| | - Miles Parkes
- Department of Gastroenterology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shaji Sebastian
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK
| | - John C Mansfield
- Department of Gastroenterology, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Peter M Irving
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - James Lindsay
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Richard K Russell
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Hospital for Children UK, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Timothy J McDonald
- Department of Blood Science, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Dermot McGovern
- F Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James R Goodhand
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK; Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Tariq Ahmad
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK; Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
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13
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Green HD, Thomas G, Terry JR. Signal Reconstruction of Pulmonary Vein Recordings Using a Phenomenological Mathematical Model: Application to Pulmonary Vein Isolation Therapy. Front Physiol 2017; 8:496. [PMID: 28769816 PMCID: PMC5511835 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia, is commonly initiated by ectopic beats originating from a small myocardial sleeve extending over the pulmonary veins. Pulmonary vein isolation therapy attempts to isolate the pulmonary veins from the left atrium by ablating tissue, commonly by using radiofrequency ablation. During this procedure, the cardiologist records electrical activity using a lasso catheter, and the activation pattern recorded is used as a guide toward which regions to ablate. However, poor contact between electrode and tissue can lead to important regions of electrical activity not being recorded in clinic. We reproduce these signals through the use of a phenomenological model of the cardiac action potential on a cylinder, which we fit to post-AF atrial cells, and model the bipolar electrodes of the lasso catheter by an approximation of the surface potential. The resulting activation pattern is validated by direct comparison with those of clinical recordings. A potential application of the model is to reconstruct the missing electrical activity, minimizing the impact of the information loss on the clinical procedure, and we present results to demonstrate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Green
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of ExeterExeter, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of ExeterExeter, United Kingdom.,Living Systems Institute, University of ExeterExeter, United Kingdom
| | - Glyn Thomas
- Bristol Heart InstituteBristol, United Kingdom
| | - John R Terry
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of ExeterExeter, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of ExeterExeter, United Kingdom.,Living Systems Institute, University of ExeterExeter, United Kingdom.,EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of ExeterExeter, United Kingdom
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14
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Green HD, Bright-Thomas R, Kenna D, Jones AM. P275 Prevalence and Strain Typing Results Of Gram-negative Emerging Bacterial Pathogens in Patients Attending a Large UK Adult CF Centre. Thorax 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207770.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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16
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Abstract
From August 1992 to January 1995, 24 patients with 26 supracondylar femoral fractures were treated with a retrograde intramedullary nail. There were 22 patients with 24 nails available for review. Eight fractures were open and 13 were intraarticular fractures. There were a significant number of associated injuries. The average followup interval was 18 months (range, 4-36 months). All fractures healed by 4 months, (average, 3 months). Only 1 patient required bone grafting. There were no implant failures or superficial or deep infections. One malunion occurred. Average knee range of motion was 104 degrees. A previously described rating scale was used to evaluate function. There were 4 excellent, 16 good, 2 fair, and 2 poor results. The supracondylar nail provides rigid internal fixation for rapid healing and comparable functional outcomes to lateral fixation devices with significantly less soft tissue dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Gellman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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17
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Abstract
The use of different types of antithrombotic prophylactics in various clinical settings was examined. A standardized questionnaire was mailed to 5000 randomly selected practicing orthopaedic surgeons that detailed practice profile, surgical case type and frequency, method of thromboembolism prophylaxis used, incidence of morbidity, and type of screening used. Twenty-one percent (n = 1046) of surgeons surveyed returned the questionnaire. Four of 5 surgeons performing elective hip arthroplasty used some form of thromboembolic prophylaxis for all of their patients, 13% used prophylaxis only for patients considered to be at high risk, and 3% of respondents never used prophylaxis. The rates of prophylactic use for patients undergoing elective knee arthroplasty were similar. A considerably lower rate of routine prophylactic use was seen among surgeons performing surgery for pelvic and lower extremity trauma. Except for cases involving neurologic compromise, most patients undergoing either elective or traumatic spinal surgery were not given prophylaxis. Low dose warfarin alone was the most commonly used prophylaxis modality. A comparison of the results of the current survey with those of past surveys showed that the use of aspirin has fallen. The use of routine pharmacologic prophylaxis against thromboembolism in hip and knee arthroplasty has become the standard of care in the United States. Among patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture and other lower extremity trauma, however, prophylaxis remains underused.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Janku
- University of California at San Francisco, CA, USA
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18
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Abstract
Gorham's disease (disappearing bone disease, massive osteolysis, idiopathic osteolysis, essential osteolysis, progressive atrophy of bone, spontaneous absorption of bone, phantom bone, hemangiomatosis/lymphangiomatosis of bone, progressive osteolysis) is an extremely rare occurrence. There are fewer than 150 reported cases in the literature. This disorder can be characterized by spontaneous or posttraumatic progressive resorption of bone. The etiology is still very speculative, the prognosis unpredictable, and any effective therapy still unknown. This paper presents a review of the literature and two case reports of suspected Gorham's disease of the bones of the foot.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Green
- British Columbia, Canada, Vancouver Hospital
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19
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Paiement GD, Hymes RA, LaDouceur MS, Gosselin RA, Green HD. Postoperative infections in asymptomatic HIV-seropositive orthopedic trauma patients. J Trauma 1994; 37:545-50; discussion 550-1. [PMID: 7932883 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-199410000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In a retrospective study of 476 surgical orthopedic trauma patients, we compared postoperative infection rates between individuals seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and with no associated clinical symptoms with HIV-seronegative patients. Overall, the surgical postoperative infection rate was 16.7% in seropositive patients and 5.4% in the seronegative group (Chi-square, p = 0.035). When open fractures were considered separately, the seropositive group had a 55.6% infection rate compared with 11.3% in the seronegative group (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.004). Similarly, seropositive patients also had significantly increased rates of postoperative non-wound infections and complications (Chi-square p < 0.001). Asymptomatic HIV-seropositive orthopedic trauma patients are at significantly higher risk for postoperative infections than their seronegative counterparts. For HIV-seropositive patients with open fractures, this risk is especially pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Paiement
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery University of California, San Francisco General Hospital 94110
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20
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Green SA, Green HD. The influence of radiographic projection on the appearance of deformities. Orthop Clin North Am 1994; 25:467-75. [PMID: 8028887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In a series of 100 malunions and nonunions, the authors found, on average, that the worst deformity visualized radiographically underestimated the true deformity by 14% (range of 0% to 41.4%). By recomputing the analysis as though four views (anteroposterior, lateral, both 45% obliques) had been obtained, the visualization error was reduced from 14% to 2.5%. The authors recommended either obtaining the aforementioned four views when planning a complex deformity correction, or, better yet, obtain the radiographic projection that shows each deformity in profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Green
- Problem Fracture Service, Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center, Downey, California
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21
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Green HD. Maintaining an effective and efficient dental practice: a formula for success S = A17 + C5. J Wis Dent Assoc 1985; 61:654-5, 657, 659. [PMID: 3863967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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22
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Farrar DJ, Bond MG, Sawyer JK, Green HD. Pulse wave velocity and morphological changes associated with early atherosclerosis progression in the aortas of cynomolgus monkeys. Cardiovasc Res 1984; 18:107-18. [PMID: 6697337 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/18.2.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the time course of changes in arterial stiffness and corresponding morphology during atherosclerosis progression, we determined pulse wave velocity (PWV) in cynomolgus monkeys fed atherogenic (test) and control diets over an 18-month period. At 6-month intervals, thoracic and abdominal aortic PWVs were determined with a pressure transducer retracted down the aorta in 5 cm increments. Iliac artery PWV was determined from the abdominal aortic pressure to a noninvasive femoral pulse. Groups of individual cardiac cycles, triggered by the ECGs, were sampled on a computer and the velocities (PWV) of the pulse wave fronts were calculated. There was no significant difference between groups until 18 months when test animal PWVs in the thoracic (7.44 +/- 0.83 m X s-1) and abdominal (8.52 +/- 0.67 m X s-1) aorta were significantly greater than those of controls (5.02 +/- 0.51 and 6.24 +/- 0.53 m X s-1, respectively), indicating increased arterial stiffness. There was no change in iliac PWV, 10.96 +/- 0.74 m X s-1 for 18-month test compared with 9.44 +/- 0.89 m X s-1 for controls. Constant infusion of nitroprusside and noradrenaline lowered and raised blood pressure and PWV in all groups, and PWV changes due to drug-induced pressure changes were greater in atherosclerotic than in control arteries. Systolic pressure of 18-month test and pulse pressure of 12- and 18-month test groups were significantly greater than controls under all drug conditions, also indicating increased vessel stiffness. Morphometric evaluation of histological aortic cross sections revealed early, noncomplicated atherosclerosis showing gradual increases in the ratio of intimal to medial cross-sectional area in the thoracic (1.24 +/- 0.30 after 18 months) and abdominal (1.70 +/- 0.42 after 18 months) aortas, compared with control ratios of essentially zero. The fraction of the internal elastic lamina covered with atherosclerotic lesions, and maximal intimal thickness also showed significant increases during the test diet period. These data show that early atherosclerosis resulted in aortic but not iliac stiffening which was detected by increased PWV before development of significant stenotic lesions.
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Farrar DJ, Green HD, Wagner WD, Bond MG. Reduction in pulse wave velocity and improvement of aortic distensibility accompanying regression of atherosclerosis in the rhesus monkey. Circ Res 1980; 47:425-32. [PMID: 7408125 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.47.3.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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24
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Abstract
Pulsatile haemodynamics associated with graded degrees of experimentally produced stenosis were studied in the canine femoral artery. Invasively determined pulsatile blood flow and noninvasively determined blood velocity with Doppler ultrasound were measured an average of 1.3 and 2.3 cm proximal to the stenosis, respectively. Pulsatile blood pressure was measured 0.6 cm proximal and 3.7 cm distal to the stenosis. With increasing severity of stenosis there were progressive increases in the femoral artery hydraulic input impedance moduli and in the ratio of the impedance moduli to the zero harmonic impedance (or total resistance). This resulted in: a) a progressive reduction in the Fourier harmonic moduli and pulsewave amplitudes of flow, velocity, and distal pressure; b) a progressive increase in the fifth-seventh proximal pressure harmonic moduli; but c) little change in mean proximal pressure or its first 4 harmonic moduli. The data confirm the well known phenomena of a 'critical stenosis' in that there is little decrease in resting mean blood flow until there is a 70 to 80 stenosis (area reduction). Also the oscillatory portions of the femoral artery data were more sensitive to the changes in stenosis than were the nonoscillatory parameters, which confirms previously reported findings from the thoracic aorta. However, the femoral artery haemodynamics exhibited a greater amount of frequency dependent behaviour than the thoracic aorta which is probably the result of a more complex interaction of reflections from the stenosis and from the periphery in the femoral artery than in the thoracic aorta. The sensitive changes in oscillatory haemodynamics may provide a useful basis for noninvasive and invasive physiological assessment of human peripheral atherosclerotic stenosis and of experimental stenosis in animals.
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Malindzak GS, Kosinski EJ, Green HD, Yarborough GW. The role of coronary adrenergic receptors in the response to nitroglycerine and the regulation of large and small vessel resistance. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1978; 235:299-316. [PMID: 104677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The role of coronary adrenergic receptors in response to nitroglycerine and in the regulation of large and small coronary vascular resistance was evaluated in two separate studies involving fifteen anesthetized mongrel dog preparations, before and after alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade, respectively. Coronary blood flow (CBF) was measured through the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery by a non-cannulating electromagnetic flow probe. Pressure catheters were inserted into the arch of the aorta and into a distal apical branch of the LAD coronary artery to measure, respectively, aortic pressure (coronary perfusion pressure (PA), peripheral coronary pressure )PC), and coronary artery pressure gradient (PG = PA -PC). End-diastolic resistances to flow were computed as: (a) large coronary end-diastolic resistance (RL = PG/CBF), and (B) small coronary end-diastolic resistance (RS = PC/CBF). Nitroglycerine (NG) alone increased RL to approximately 180--220% of control and reduced RS to about 60% of control, respectively. Following pharmacologic blockade with propranolol (PRO), NG increased RL to about 180% of control and reduced RS to about 60% of control. Following alpha blockade with phenoxybenzamine (PBZ), NG decreased RL to about 78% of control and decreased RS to about 56% of control. It is concluded that while the overall effect of NG on the coronary vascular resistance is one of vasodilation, RL appears to be increased transiently and RS transiently decreased. Alpha adrenergic blockade appears to abolish this response. The increase in RL in response to NG appears to be associated with the systemic hypotensive effect in response to NG. It is proposed that the observed increase in RL is produced by the increase in cardiac sympathetic nerve activity which is initiated by the systemic hypotensive effect of NG.
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26
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Malindzak GS, Kosinski EJ, Green HD, Yarborough GW. The effects of adrenergic stimulation on conductive and resistive segments of the coronary vascular bed. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1978; 206:248-58. [PMID: 682109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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27
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Farrar DJ, Green HD, Bond MG, Wagner WD, Gobbeé RA. Aortic pulse wave velocity, elasticity, and composition in a nonhuman primate model of atherosclerosis. Circ Res 1978; 43:52-62. [PMID: 95906 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.43.1.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aortic pulse wave velocity was determined in Macaca fascicularis monkeys fed either atherogenic or control diets for 36 months. The foot-to-foot velocity and apparent phase velocities of the second through seventh Fourier harmonics at a given diastolic pressure in the atherosclerotic monkeys were 1.5 to 2.0 times the values for the control animals. More than 80% of the aortic intimal surface of the atherosclerotic monkeys was covered with fibrous or fatty plaque, which approximately doubled wall thickness and wall thickness to radius ratio. Angiochemical evaluations showed no difference in collagen or elastin concentration (as a fraction of lipid and mineral-free dried aorta), but the atherosclerotic aortas were 1.5 to 2.0 times that of control in collagen and elastin content (defined as the absolute quantity beneath a square centimeter of intimal surface). Total cholesterol and calcium concentrations in the atherosclerotic aortas were more than 10 times the values for the control aortas. The static circumferential distensibility of the excised atherosclerotic aortas was significantly less than control, but there was no difference in incremental (Young's) modulus of elasticity. The in vitro pressure-strain elastic modulus of the atherosclerotic aortas was more than twice that of control, which was predicted from the enhanced wave velocity. The significantly increased stiffness of the atherosclerotic arteries appeared to be due mainly to the increased wall thickness caused by the atherosclerotic plaques rather than to material changes described by Young's modulus. Extensive medial damage, however, also was present and could have had a major influence on stiffness. Atherosclerosis therefore can result in increased aortic stiffening, detectable by pulse wave velocity, even if there is no change in the overall Young's modulus of elasticity.
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Hutchins PM, Thurstone FL, Green HD, Schmid HE. A mathematical model of transient adjustments during renal autoregulation. Med Res Eng 1977; 12:12-5. [PMID: 886925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
The mucosal microcirculation in innervated and denervated small intestine was studied using anesthetized rats. Denervation did not cause significant (P greater than 0.05) diameter changes in the precapillary vasculature; however, venules did constrict significantly. These results indicate minimum neural control in the precapillary vasculature during the resting state. The innervated precapillary vasculature constricted during both the carotid occlusion reflex and hemorrhagic hypotension. The diameter of the denervated precapillary vasculature was unchanged during the carotid occlusion reflex and dilated during hemorrhage. The responses of innervated and denervated precapillary vasculatures were attributed to increased neural activity and autoregulatory mechanisms, respectively. Neither innervated nor denervated venules responded during the carotid occlusion reflex. During hemorrhage, however, innervated venules constricted and denervated vessels dilated. The vasoconstriction of the innervated vasculature during hemorrhage contributed to a stoppage of blood and epithelial detachment; these responses did not occur in the dilated, denervated vasculature. Therefore, neural vasoconstriction, qualitatively similar to that in normal animals during the baroreceptor reflex, is a contributing cause to the vascular and tissue impairment in the intestinal mucosa during hemorrhage.
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Abstract
Livedo reticularis and peripheral edema often have been observed in patients receiving amantadine hydrochloride, suggesting alterations in the responsiveness of peripheral vessels. To investigate this possibility, five patients with Parkinson's disease who had either livedo reticularis or peripheral edema while being treated with amantadine (100 mg twice daily) were evaluated before and after the drug was discontinued. Finger and toe temperatures were significantly lower when patients received the drug than when it was discontinued, and plethysmographic studies showed increased flow in the lower limbs in three patients when the drug was stopped. It is concluded that amantadine therapy may be associated with peripheral vasoconstriction in some patients.
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Malindzak GS, Green HD, Rapela CE, Gobbeé RA. Computer simulation of equations for indicator-concentration curves in parabolic flow model. Ann Biomed Eng 1972; 1:44-55. [PMID: 4588439 DOI: 10.1007/bf02363417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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34
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Malindzak GS, Van Dyke AH, Green HD, Meredith JH. Alpha and beta adrenergic receptors in the coronary vascular bed. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1972; 197:112-22. [PMID: 4402326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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35
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Malindzak GS, Miller RD, Green HD. Coronary vasodilation and adrenergic receptors. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1972; 195:87-98. [PMID: 4622069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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36
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37
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Malindzak GS, Green HD. Numerical analysis of indicator concentration curves. Med Res Eng 1971; 10:14-6. [PMID: 4931091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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38
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39
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40
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Conrad MC, Green HD, Yopp JD. Quantitative evaluation of vascular status of patients with peripheral vascular disease. Methods for storage and retrieval of clinical and laboratory data. Comput Biomed Res 1968; 1:301-14. [PMID: 5696974 DOI: 10.1016/0010-4809(68)90062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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42
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Rapela CE, Green HD. Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow during hypercarbia and during hyprcarbia and controlled (H+). Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 1968; 102:V:C. [PMID: 5707558 DOI: 10.3109/00365516809168984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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43
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Allen GD, Ward RJ, Green HD, Perrin EB. Reversal of apnea following artificial ventilation under anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1967; 46:690-7. [PMID: 6070160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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44
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Abstract
Cerebral venous outflow was measured in anesthetized dogs at the confluence of the sagittal and straight sinuses, with the lateral sinuses occluded. Denervation of the carotid bifurcation increased systemic arterial pressure (+25.8;
SE
±7.7 mm Hg) and decreased cerebral vascular conductance (-0.018;
SE
±0.005 ml/min · mm Hg); stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve decreased systemic arterial pressure and increased cerebral vascular conductance. Graded constrictions of the common carotid arteries induced transient responses of the cerebral blood flow that were characteristic of an autoregulatory process. Plots of the steady-state pressures and flows during the decreases of perfusion pressure were concave toward the pressure axis, were similar before and after denervation of the carotid bifurcation, and were indicative of autoregulation.
We conclude that pressoreceptors in the carotid bifurcation or other pressoreceptors in systemic vessels upstream from the carotid bifurcation are not necessary for the control of the "tone" of the cerebral vasculature or in the mechanism of the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow.
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45
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Green HD. Discussion of "Intestinal vascular responses to naturally occurring vasoactive substances". Gastroenterology 1967; 52:451-3. [PMID: 6020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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46
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47
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Green HD. The peripheral circulation during shock. Calif Med 1965; 103:318. [PMID: 5834282 PMCID: PMC1516080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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48
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