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Kaur M, Mehta D, Noon SE, Deardorff MA, Zhang Z, Krantz ID. NIPBL expression levels in CdLS probands as a predictor of mutation type and phenotypic severity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2016; 172:163-70. [PMID: 27125329 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare, genetically heterogeneous multisystem developmental disorder with a high degree of variability in its clinical presentation. Approximately 65% of probands harbor mutations in genes that encode core components (SMC1A, SMC3, and RAD21) or regulators (NIPBL, HDAC8) of the cohesin complex, of which mutations in NIPBL are the most common. Cohesin plays a canonical role in sister chromatid cohesion during cell division and non-canonical roles in DNA repair, stem cell maintenance and differentiation, and regulation of gene expression. Disruption of the latter role seems to be the major contributor to the underlying molecular pathogenesis of CdLS. NIPBL is required for loading and unloading the cohesin complex onto chromosomes. The expression levels of NIPBL itself appear to be tightly regulated and highly evolutionarily conserved. Droplet digital PCR was used to quantify NIPBL mRNA expression levels with high precision from a cohort of 37 samples (NIPBL, SMC1A, SMC3, and HDAC8 mutation positive probands and negative control). Probands with severe forms of CdLS or severe mutation types were found to have lower levels of NIPBL in comparison to phenotypically milder patients and controls. Levels of NIPBL also correlated with the presence of mutations in different CdLS-causing genes. The data suggests that NIPBL levels are closely correlated with the severity of CdLS and with specific causative genes and types of mutations. ddPCR may provide a tool to assist in diagnostic approaches to CdLS, for genetic counseling and prognosis, and for monitoring potential therapeutic modalities in the future. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Ghazle H, Chopra P, Bhatt S. Prenatal Diagnosis of Cornelia de Lange Syndrome by 2D and 3D Sonography. JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL SONOGRAPHY 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/8756479311407200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome, also known as Brachmann–de Lange syndrome, is a congenital condition characterized by pre- and postnatal growth deficiency, limb deformities, typical face features, hirsutism, behavioral problems, cognitive delay, and failure to thrive after birth. This developmental genetic disorder ranges from mild to fatal with unknown etiology. The sonographic prenatal findings in a case of Cornelia de Lange syndrome at 22 weeks’ gestation, which demonstrated facial dysmorphism, upper and lower limb abnormalities, growth retardation, and cardiac abnormality and confirmed at 32 weeks and 2 days of gestation and at autopsy, are discussed. Fetal karyotyping was normal. Because 2D sonography is the primary imaging modality for evaluating the growing fetus, it is possible to use 3D sonography to precisely evaluate the facial dysmorphism and limb defects and make a specific diagnosis of this entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad Ghazle
- Diagnostic Medical Sonography Program, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Shweta Bhatt
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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Zhang B, Chang J, Fu M, Huang J, Kashyap R, Salavaggione E, Jain S, Shashikant K, Deardorff MA, Uzielli MLG, Dorsett D, Beebe DC, Jay PY, Heuckeroth RO, Krantz I, Milbrandt J. Dosage effects of cohesin regulatory factor PDS5 on mammalian development: implications for cohesinopathies. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5232. [PMID: 19412548 PMCID: PMC2672303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS), a disorder caused by mutations in cohesion proteins, is characterized by multisystem developmental abnormalities. PDS5, a cohesion protein, is important for proper chromosome segregation in lower organisms and has two homologues in vertebrates (PDS5A and PDS5B). Pds5B mutant mice have developmental abnormalities resembling CdLS; however the role of Pds5A in mammals and the association of PDS5 proteins with CdLS are unknown. To delineate genetic interactions between Pds5A and Pds5B and explore mechanisms underlying phenotypic variability, we generated Pds5A-deficient mice. Curiously, these mice exhibit multiple abnormalities that were previously observed in Pds5B-deficient mice, including cleft palate, skeletal patterning defects, growth retardation, congenital heart defects and delayed migration of enteric neuron precursors. They also frequently display renal agenesis, an abnormality not observed in Pds5B(-/-) mice. While Pds5A(-/-) and Pds5B(-/-) mice die at birth, embryos harboring 3 mutant Pds5 alleles die between E11.5 and E12.5 most likely of heart failure, indicating that total Pds5 gene dosage is critical for normal development. In addition, characterization of these compound homozygous-heterozygous mice revealed a severe abnormality in lens formation that does not occur in either Pds5A(-/-) or Pds5B(-/-) mice. We further identified a functional missense mutation (R1292Q) in the PDS5B DNA-binding domain in a familial case of CdLS, in which affected individuals also develop megacolon. This study shows that PDS5A and PDS5B functions other than those involving chromosomal dynamics are important for normal development, highlights the sensitivity of key developmental processes on PDS5 signaling, and provides mechanistic insights into how PDS5 mutations may lead to CdLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jufang Chang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ming Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rakesh Kashyap
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ezequiel Salavaggione
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Medicine (Renal Division), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- HOPE Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kulkarni Shashikant
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Deardorff
- Division of Human and Molecular Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Dale Dorsett
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David C. Beebe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Patrick Y. Jay
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Robert O. Heuckeroth
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- HOPE Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ian Krantz
- Division of Human and Molecular Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- HOPE Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Gillis LA, McCallum J, Kaur M, DeScipio C, Yaeger D, Mariani A, Kline AD, Li HH, Devoto M, Jackson LG, Krantz ID. NIPBL mutational analysis in 120 individuals with Cornelia de Lange syndrome and evaluation of genotype-phenotype correlations. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 75:610-23. [PMID: 15318302 PMCID: PMC1182048 DOI: 10.1086/424698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Accepted: 07/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a multisystem developmental disorder characterized by facial dysmorphia, upper-extremity malformations, hirsutism, cardiac defects, growth and cognitive retardation, and gastrointestinal abnormalities. Both missense and protein-truncating mutations in NIPBL, the human homolog of the Drosophila melanogaster Nipped-B gene, have recently been reported to cause CdLS. The function of NIPBL in mammals is unknown. The Drosophila Nipped-B protein facilitates long-range enhancer-promoter interactions and plays a role in Notch signaling and other developmental pathways, as well as being involved in mitotic sister-chromatid cohesion. We report the spectrum and distribution of NIPBL mutations in a large well-characterized cohort of individuals with CdLS. Mutations were found in 56 (47%) of 120 unrelated individuals with sporadic or familial CdLS. Statistically significant phenotypic differences between mutation-positive and mutation-negative individuals were identified. Analysis also suggested a trend toward a milder phenotype in individuals with missense mutations than in those with other types of mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette A. Gillis
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Divisions of Gastroenterology and Genetics, The Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; The Harvey Institute of Human Genetics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore; Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; and Department of Biology, Oncology, and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa
| | - Jennifer McCallum
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Divisions of Gastroenterology and Genetics, The Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; The Harvey Institute of Human Genetics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore; Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; and Department of Biology, Oncology, and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa
| | - Maninder Kaur
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Divisions of Gastroenterology and Genetics, The Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; The Harvey Institute of Human Genetics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore; Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; and Department of Biology, Oncology, and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa
| | - Cheryl DeScipio
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Divisions of Gastroenterology and Genetics, The Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; The Harvey Institute of Human Genetics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore; Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; and Department of Biology, Oncology, and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa
| | - Dinah Yaeger
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Divisions of Gastroenterology and Genetics, The Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; The Harvey Institute of Human Genetics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore; Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; and Department of Biology, Oncology, and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa
| | - Allison Mariani
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Divisions of Gastroenterology and Genetics, The Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; The Harvey Institute of Human Genetics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore; Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; and Department of Biology, Oncology, and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa
| | - Antonie D. Kline
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Divisions of Gastroenterology and Genetics, The Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; The Harvey Institute of Human Genetics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore; Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; and Department of Biology, Oncology, and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa
| | - Hui-hua Li
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Divisions of Gastroenterology and Genetics, The Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; The Harvey Institute of Human Genetics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore; Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; and Department of Biology, Oncology, and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa
| | - Marcella Devoto
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Divisions of Gastroenterology and Genetics, The Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; The Harvey Institute of Human Genetics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore; Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; and Department of Biology, Oncology, and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa
| | - Laird G. Jackson
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Divisions of Gastroenterology and Genetics, The Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; The Harvey Institute of Human Genetics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore; Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; and Department of Biology, Oncology, and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa
| | - Ian D. Krantz
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Divisions of Gastroenterology and Genetics, The Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; The Harvey Institute of Human Genetics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore; Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; and Department of Biology, Oncology, and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa
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Tonkin ET, Smith M, Eichhorn P, Jones S, Imamwerdi B, Lindsay S, Jackson M, Wang TJ, Ireland M, Burn J, Krantz ID, Carr P, Strachan T. A giant novel gene undergoing extensive alternative splicing is severed by a Cornelia de Lange-associated translocation breakpoint at 3q26.3. Hum Genet 2004; 115:139-48. [PMID: 15168106 PMCID: PMC4894837 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-004-1134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2004] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare developmental malformation syndrome characterised by mental handicap, growth retardation, distinctive facial features and limb reduction defects. The vast majority of CdLS cases are sporadic. We carried out a high density bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) microarray comparative genome hybridisation screen but no evidence was found for a consistent pattern of microdeletion/microduplication. As an alternative, we focused on identifying chromosomal regions spanning associated translocation breakpoints. We prioritised the distal 3q region because of the occurrence, in a classical CdLS patient, of a de novo balanced translocation with a breakpoint at 3q26.3 and of reports of phenotypic overlap between cases of mild CdLS and individuals trisomic for the 3q26-q27 region. We show that the 3q26.3 breakpoint severs a previously uncharacterised giant gene, NAALADL2, containing at least 32 exons spanning 1.37 Mb. Northern blot analysis identified up to six different transcripts in the 1-10 kb range with strongest expression in kidney and placenta; embryonic expression was largely confined to duodenal and stomach endoderm, mesonephros, metanephros and pancreas. Transcript analysis identified extensive alternative splicing leading to multiple 5' and 3' untranslated regions and variable coding sequences. Multiple protein isoforms were defined by different N-terminal regions (with at least four alternative initiating methionine codons), and by differential protein truncation/use of alternative C-terminal sequences attributable to alternative splicing/polyadenylation. Outside the N-terminal regions, the predicted proteins showed significant homology to N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase and transferrin receptors. Mutation screening of NAALADL2 in a panel of CdLS patient DNA samples failed to identify patient-specific mutations. We discuss the possibility that the 3q26.3 translocation could nevertheless contribute to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T. Tonkin
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, University of Newcastle, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Melanie Smith
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, University of Newcastle, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Piet Eichhorn
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, University of Newcastle, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Sandie Jones
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, University of Newcastle, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Burhan Imamwerdi
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, University of Newcastle, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Susan Lindsay
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, University of Newcastle, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Mike Jackson
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, University of Newcastle, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Tzu-Jou Wang
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, University of Newcastle, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Maggie Ireland
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, University of Newcastle, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - John Burn
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, University of Newcastle, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Ian D. Krantz
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Philippa Carr
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Tom Strachan
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, University of Newcastle, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK, Tel.: +44-191-2418616 Fax: +44-191-2418666
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Abstract
Hypertrichosis is hair growth that is abnormal for the age, sex, or race of an individual, or for a particular area of the body. Recognized forms of hypertrichosis are reviewed. Hirsutism, which is male-pattern hair growth in a female or child, is not included in this review. Hypertrichosis is categorized as congenital or acquired, and regional or generalized. Methods of managing hypertrichosis are also briefly reviewed
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Wendelin
- St Louis Children's Hospital, I Chiuldren's Place-3N48, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Marino T, Wheeler PG, Simpson LL, Craigo SD, Bianchi DW. Fetal diaphragmatic hernia and upper limb anomalies suggest Brachmann-de Lange syndrome. Prenat Diagn 2002; 22:144-7. [PMID: 11857622 DOI: 10.1002/pd.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We describe two independent cases of Brachmann-de Lange syndrome (BDLS) in which second trimester fetal sonographic studies showed the presence of a diaphragmatic hernia and upper limb anomalies. In both cases the karyotypes were normal. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) developed in the third trimester. Postnatal and postmortem physical examinations demonstrated typical physical findings associated with BDLS. The prenatal diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia with associated anomalies should prompt consideration of an underlying genetic etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Marino
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New England Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Russell KL, Ming JE, Patel K, Jukofsky L, Magnusson M, Krantz ID. Dominant paternal transmission of Cornelia de Lange syndrome: a new case and review of 25 previously reported familial recurrences. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2001; 104:267-76. [PMID: 11754058 PMCID: PMC4894663 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is an autosomal dominant multisystem disorder characterized by somatic and cognitive retardation, characteristic facial features, limb abnormalities, hearing loss, and other organ system involvement. The vast majority of cases (99%) are sporadic, with rare familial occurrences having been reported. Most individuals with CdLS do not reproduce as a result of the severity of the disorder. Maternal transmission has been well documented, as have several cases of multiple-affected children being born to apparently unaffected parents. Paternal transmission has rarely been reported. A case is reported here of a father with classic features of CdLS with a similarly affected daughter. A review of the reported familial cases of CdLS is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Russell
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey E. Ming
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ketan Patel
- Holly City Pediatrics, Millville, New Jersey
| | - Lori Jukofsky
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark Magnusson
- Division of Diagnostics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ian D. Krantz
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Correspondence to: Dr. Ian D. Krantz, 1002 ARC, Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
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Krantz ID, Tonkin E, Smith M, Devoto M, Bottani A, Simpson C, Hofreiter M, Abraham V, Jukofsky L, Conti BP, Strachan T, Jackson L. Exclusion of linkage to theCDL1 gene region on chromosome 3q26.3 in some familial cases of Cornelia de Lange syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20010615)101:2<120::aid-ajmg1319>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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