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Popescu R, Grămescu M, Caba L, Pânzaru MC, Butnariu L, Braha E, Popa S, Rusu C, Cardos G, Zeleniuc M, Martiniuc V, Gug C, Păduraru L, Stamatin M, Diaconu CC, Gorduza EV. A Case of Inherited t(4;10)(q26;q26.2) Chromosomal Translocation Elucidated by Multiple Chromosomal and Molecular Analyses. Case Report and Review of the Literature. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121957. [PMID: 34946906 PMCID: PMC8701147 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a complex chromosomal anomaly identified using cytogenetic and molecular methods. The child was diagnosed during the neonatal period with a multiple congenital anomalies syndrome characterized by: flattened occipital region; slight turricephaly; tall and broad forehead; hypertelorism; deep-set eyes; down slanting and short palpebral fissures; epicanthic folds; prominent nose with wide root and bulbous tip; microstomia; micro-retrognathia, large, short philtrum with prominent reliefs; low set, prominent ears; and congenital heart disease. The GTG banding karyotype showed a 46,XY,der(10)(10pter→10q26.2::4q26→4qter) chromosomal formula and his mother presented an apparently balanced reciprocal translocation: 46,XX,t(4;10)(q26;q26.2). The chromosomal anomalies of the child were confirmed by MLPA, and supplementary investigation discovered a quadruplication of the 4q35.2 region. The mother has a triplication of the same chromosomal fragment (4q35.2). Using array-CGH, we described the anomalies completely. Thus, the boy has a 71,057 kb triplication of the 4q26-q35.2 region, a 562 kb microdeletion in the 10q26.3 region, and a 795 kb quadruplication of the 4q35.2 region, while the mother presents a 795 kb triplication of the 4q35.2 region. Analyzing these data, we consider that the boy's phenotype is influenced only by the 4q partial trisomy. We compare our case with similar cases, and we review the literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Popescu
- Medical Genetics Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.P.); (M.G.); (M.-C.P.); (L.B.); (S.P.); (C.R.); (E.V.G.)
| | - Mihaela Grămescu
- Medical Genetics Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.P.); (M.G.); (M.-C.P.); (L.B.); (S.P.); (C.R.); (E.V.G.)
| | - Lavinia Caba
- Medical Genetics Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.P.); (M.G.); (M.-C.P.); (L.B.); (S.P.); (C.R.); (E.V.G.)
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Monica-Cristina Pânzaru
- Medical Genetics Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.P.); (M.G.); (M.-C.P.); (L.B.); (S.P.); (C.R.); (E.V.G.)
| | - Lăcrămioara Butnariu
- Medical Genetics Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.P.); (M.G.); (M.-C.P.); (L.B.); (S.P.); (C.R.); (E.V.G.)
| | - Elena Braha
- “C. I. Parhon” National Institute of Endocrinology, 34-35 Aviatorilor Avenue, 011853 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Setalia Popa
- Medical Genetics Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.P.); (M.G.); (M.-C.P.); (L.B.); (S.P.); (C.R.); (E.V.G.)
| | - Cristina Rusu
- Medical Genetics Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.P.); (M.G.); (M.-C.P.); (L.B.); (S.P.); (C.R.); (E.V.G.)
| | - Georgeta Cardos
- Personal Genetics Laboratory Bucharest, 4 Strada Frumoasa Street, 010987 Bucharest, Romania; (G.C.); (M.Z.)
| | - Monica Zeleniuc
- Personal Genetics Laboratory Bucharest, 4 Strada Frumoasa Street, 010987 Bucharest, Romania; (G.C.); (M.Z.)
- Medical Genetics Department, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Avenue, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Violeta Martiniuc
- Medical Genetics Department, “Cuza-Vodă” Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, 34 Cuza Voda Street, 700038 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Cristina Gug
- Microscopic Morphology Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Piata Eftimie Murgu, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Luminiţa Păduraru
- Neonatology Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (L.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Stamatin
- Neonatology Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (L.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Carmen C. Diaconu
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, 285 Mihai Bravu, 030304 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Eusebiu Vlad Gorduza
- Medical Genetics Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (R.P.); (M.G.); (M.-C.P.); (L.B.); (S.P.); (C.R.); (E.V.G.)
- Medical Genetics Department, “Cuza-Vodă” Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, 34 Cuza Voda Street, 700038 Iasi, Romania;
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2
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Chakraborty A, Panda SK, Mohakud NK, Roy D, Padhi S, Koh SW, Hande MP, Banerjee B. A Child with Partial Trisomy 4 (q26 - qterminal) Resulting from Paternally Inherited Translocation (4:18) Associated with Multiple Congenital Anomalies and Death. Genome Integr 2019; 10:1. [PMID: 31160964 PMCID: PMC6540766 DOI: 10.4103/genint.genint_4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parental balanced reciprocal translocations can result in partial aneuploidy in the offspring due to unbalanced meiotic segregation during gametogenesis. Herein, we report the phenotypic and cytogenetic characterization in a 9-day-old male child with partial trisomy of chromosome 4. Karyotyping of the proband and parents was performed along with multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (mFISH) of paternal chromosomes. Conventional cytogenetic analysis by karyotyping showed 47,XY,der(18),t(4;18)(q26;q22),+4 in proband, and the paternal karyotype was found as 47,XY,der(18),t(4;18)(q26;q22). mFISH analysis on paternal chromosomal preparations confirmed both region and origin of the balanced translocation. In this study, karyotyping helped us to identify both numerical and structural anomalies in the proband, and mFISH helped us to confirm our cytogenetic findings. Therefore, cytogenetic screening of both partners is recommended before pregnancy to rule out or confirm the presence of any numerical or structural anomaly in one, both, or none of the partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhik Chakraborty
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Panda
- Department of Paediatrics, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Nirmal Kumar Mohakud
- Department of Paediatrics, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Debarshi Roy
- Division of Cytogenetics, inDNA Life Sciences Private Limited, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Swatishree Padhi
- Division of Cytogenetics, inDNA Life Sciences Private Limited, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Shu Wen Koh
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Manoor Prakash Hande
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Birendranath Banerjee
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.,Division of Cytogenetics, inDNA Life Sciences Private Limited, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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3
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Chen LS, Xue D, Xi ZM, Liu DN, Zou PS, Ma M, Xia Y, Chen XH, Qiu GB, Cao DH. A very rare case of trisomy 4q32.3-4q35.2 and trisomy 21q11.2-21q22.11 in a patient with recombinant chromosomes 4 and 21. Gene 2015; 563:72-5. [PMID: 25752286 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a patient with a clinical phenotype consistent with Down Syndrome (DS) who has a novel karyotypic abnormality. Karyotypic analyses were performed to investigate the cause of two spontaneous abortions. A balanced translocation between chromosomes 4 and 21 was identified, along with an additional abnormal chromosome 21. We performed high-resolution banding, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and FISH studies in both the patient and her mother to define the abnormality and determine its origin. CGH revealed a gain in copy number on the long arm of chromosome 4, spanning at least 24.4 Mb, and a gain in copy number on the long arm of chromosome 21, spanning at least 16.2 Mb. FISH analysis using a chromosome 21 centromere probe and chromosome 4 long arm telomere (4pter) probe confirmed the origin of the marker chromosome. It has been confirmed by the State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of China that this is the first reported instance of the karyotype 47,XX,t(4;21)(q31.3;q11.2),+der(21)t(4;21)mat reported in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Sha Chen
- Aristogenesis Center, No. 202 Hospital of PLA, Shenyang 110003, PR China
| | - Dan Xue
- Aristogenesis Center, No. 202 Hospital of PLA, Shenyang 110003, PR China
| | - Zuo-Ming Xi
- Genetic disease laboratory, DongChang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, LiaoCheng 252000, PR China
| | - Dan-Na Liu
- Aristogenesis Center, No. 202 Hospital of PLA, Shenyang 110003, PR China
| | - Peng-Shu Zou
- Aristogenesis Center, No. 202 Hospital of PLA, Shenyang 110003, PR China
| | - Ming Ma
- Aristogenesis Center, No. 202 Hospital of PLA, Shenyang 110003, PR China
| | - Ying Xia
- Aristogenesis Center, No. 202 Hospital of PLA, Shenyang 110003, PR China
| | - Xia-Hui Chen
- Aristogenesis Center, No. 202 Hospital of PLA, Shenyang 110003, PR China
| | - Guang-Bin Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 202 Hospital of PLA, Shenyang 110003, PR China
| | - Dong-Hua Cao
- Aristogenesis Center, No. 202 Hospital of PLA, Shenyang 110003, PR China.
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4
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Martin J, Saleki R, Christensen T, Liu W, Schappert J, Zou YS. Familial 25.3 Mb inverted duplication of bands q32.1 to q35.1 on chromosome 4 with psychomotor impairments. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:2624-8. [PMID: 22965862 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Martin
- Providence Genetics Clinic, Spokane, Washington, USA
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5
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Petriczko E, Biczysko-Mokosa A, Bogdanowicz J, Constantinou M, Zdziennicka E, Horodnicka-Jozwa A, Barg E, Gawlik-Zawislak S, Sulek-Piatkowska A, Dawid G, Walczak M, Pesz K, Kedzia A, Zajaczek S. Familial distal monosomy 3p26.3-pter with trisomy 4q32.2-qter, presenting with progressive ataxia, intellectual disability, and dysmorphic features. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:1442-6. [PMID: 22581569 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We present a boy diagnosed with partial 3p monosomy and partial 4q trisomy. The patient was 9 years of age with intellectual disability, dysmorphic features, and ataxia. A family history and medical evaluation showed that the father manifested similar facial dysmorphic features, intellectual disability, quadriparesis, and progressive cerebrospinal ataxia. The chromosomal aberration found in the proband was inherited from his father who was found to have a balanced reciprocal translocation of chromosomes 3p and 4q, which was in turn inherited from the paternal grandfather. The final cytogenetic diagnosis according to microarray was 46,XY,der(3)t(3;4)(p26.1;q32.2)arr 3p26.1(39,066-5,363,502)x1,4q32.2q35.2(162,555,236-191,173,881)x3. We describe the cytogenetic investigations that led to the identification of the breakpoints. In addition, we present an overview of the clinical features found in patients with partial 3p monosomies and partial 4q trisomies as reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Petriczko
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolic Diseases and Cardiology of the Developmental Age, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
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6
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Assawamakin A, Wattanasirichaigoon D, Tocharoentanaphol C, Waeteekul S, Tansatit M, Thongnoppakhun W, Limwongse C. A novel maternally-derived insertional translocation resulting in partial trisomy 4q13.2-q22.1 with complex translocation t(8;20) in a family with intellectual disability. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:901-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Kim JW, Park JY, Oh AR, Choi EY, Ryu HM, Kang IS, Koong MK, Park SY. Duplication of intrachromosomal insertion segments 4q32→q35 confirmed by comparative genomic hybridization and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2011; 38:238-41. [PMID: 22384449 PMCID: PMC3283076 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2011.38.4.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 35-year-old man with infertility was referred for chromosomal analysis. In routine cytogenetic analysis, the patient was seen to have additional material of unknown origin on the terminal region of the short arm of chromosome 4. To determine the origin of the unknown material, we carried out high-resolution banding, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and FISH. CGH showed a gain of signal on the region of 4q32→q35. FISH using whole chromosome painting and subtelomeric region probes for chromosome 4 confirmed the aberrant chromosome as an intrachromosomal insertion duplication of 4q32→q35. Duplication often leads to some phenotypic abnormalities; however, our patient showed an almost normal phenotype except for congenital dysfunction in spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Kim
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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8
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Duplication 4q associated with chronic cholestatic changes in liver biopsy. Eur J Med Genet 2010; 53:411-4. [PMID: 20826235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a 15-day-old girl with partial trisomy 4q syndrome who presented with neonatal cholestasis. She had dysmorphic facial features and preaxial polysyndactyly of the right hand. The other findings were generalized hypertrichosis, pes equinovarus, oedema on feet and mild hepatomegaly. No specific reason for the cholestasis with elevated liver enzymes and direct bilirubinemia were characterized. Cytogenetic analyses revealed a karyotype 46,XX,der(13)t(4;13)(q25;p13). This is the first patient with partial trisomy 4q syndrome presented with neonatal cholestasis.
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9
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Recurrent 70.8 Mb 4q22.2q32.3 duplication due to ovarian germinal mosaicism. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18:882-8. [PMID: 20424646 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A mosaicism is defined by the presence of two or more populations of cells with different genotypes in one individual. Chromosomal germinal mosaicism occurs in germ cells before the onset of meiosis. Previously, few studies have described germinal mosaicism. In this study, we report on two siblings who carried identical pure and direct interstitial 4q22.2q32.3 duplication. Procedure investigations included complete clinical description, conventional cytogenetic analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) array experiments and microsatellite study searching for parental origin of the duplication. Microarray CGH and further FISH experiments with BAC clones showed the same 70.8 Mb direct duplication, dup(4)(q22.2q32.3). Molecular studies of the 4q duplication were consistent with maternal origin associated with mitotic or meiotic rearrangements. This structural chromosomal aberration was associated in both cases with increased nuchal translucency, growth retardation and dysmorphy. Cardiopathy and lung malformations were only evident in the first case. These clinical manifestations are similar to those previously reported in previous studies involving pure 4q trisomy of the same region, except for thumb and renal abnormalities that were not obvious in the presented cases. The amplified region included genes involved in neurological development (NEUROG2, MAB21L2, PCDH10/18 and GRIA2). The recurrent 4q duplication in these siblings is consistent with a maternal ovarian germinal mosaicism. This is the first description of germinal mosaicism for a large chromosomal duplication and highlights that genetic counselling for apparently de novo chromosome aberration should be undertaken with care.
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10
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Wang JC, Fisker T, Dang L, Teshima I, Nowaczyk MJM. 4.3-Mb triplication of 4q32.1-q32.2: report of a family through two generations. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:2274-9. [PMID: 19764020 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Duplications of 4q31-qter have been rarely documented; moreover, triplications at this chromosomal region have never been described. Here we report a family through two generations (mother and three sons) with triplication of 4q32.1-q32.2. Their characteristic features include: macrocephaly, a long midface, hypoplastic zygoma, wide nasal bridge, short nose, downslanting and small palpebral fissures, and small, low-set and squared-off ears. Among the three sons, two had Hirschsprung disease, and one had constipation at birth. The phenotype of triplication of 4q32.1-q32.2 appeared to be distinct from duplications of 4q31-qter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Chi Wang
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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11
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Kowalczyk M, Srebniak M, Tomaszewska A. Chromosome abnormalities without phenotypic consequences. J Appl Genet 2007; 48:157-66. [PMID: 17495350 DOI: 10.1007/bf03194674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Some changes in chromosome morphology, detected during cytogenetic analysis, are not associated with clinical defects. Therefore a proper discrimination of harmless variants from true abnormalities, especially during prenatal diagnosis, is crucial to allow precise counseling. In this review we described chromosome variants and examples of chromosome anomalies that are considered to be unrelated to phenotypic consequences. The correlation between the presence of marker chromosomes and a risk of clinical signs is also discussed. Structural rearrangements of heterochromatic material, satellite polymorphism, or fragile sites, are well-known examples of common chromosome variation. However, the absence of clinical effects has also been reported in some cases of chromosome abnormalities concerning euchromatin. Such euchromatic anomalies were divided into 2 categories: unbalanced chromosome abnormalities (UBCAs), such as deletions or duplications, and euchromatic variants (EVs). Recently so-called molecular karyotyping, especially whole-genome screening by the use of high-resolution array-CGH technique, contributed to revealing a high number of previously unknown small genomic variations, which seem to be asymptomatic, as they are present in phenotypically normal individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kowalczyk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
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12
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13
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Abstract
In total, 200 families were reviewed with directly transmitted, cytogenetically visible unbalanced chromosome abnormalities (UBCAs) or euchromatic variants (EVs). Both the 130 UBCA and 70 EV families were divided into three groups depending on the presence or absence of an abnormal phenotype in parents and offspring. No detectable phenotypic effect was evident in 23/130 (18%) UBCA families ascertained mostly through prenatal diagnosis (group 1). In 30/130 (23%) families, the affected proband had the same UBCA as other phenotypically normal family members (group 2). In the remaining 77/130 (59%) families, UBCAs had consistently mild consequences (group 3). In the 70 families with established EVs of 8p23.1, 9p12, 9q12, 15q11.2, and 16p11.2, no phenotypic effect was apparent in 38/70 (54%). The same EV was found in affected probands and phenotypically normal family members in 30/70 families (43%) (group 2), and an EV co-segregated with mild phenotypic anomalies in only 2/70 (3%) families (group 3). Recent evidence indicates that EVs involve copy number variation of common paralogous gene and pseudogene sequences that are polymorphic in the normal population and only become visible at the cytogenetic level when copy number is high. The average size of the deletions and duplications in all three groups of UBCAs was close to 10 Mb, and these UBCAs and EVs form the "Chromosome Anomaly Collection" at http://www.ngrl.org.uk/Wessex/collection. The continuum of severity associated with UBCAs and the variability of the genome at the sub-cytogenetic level make further close collaboration between medical and laboratory staff essential to distinguish clinically silent variation from pathogenic rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C K Barber
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP2 8BJ, UK.
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14
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Barber JCK, Thomas NS, Collinson MN, Dennis NR, Liehr T, Weise A, Belitz B, Pfeiffer L, Kirchhoff M, Krag-Olsen B, Lundsteen C. Segmental haplosufficiency: transmitted deletions of 2p12 include a pancreatic regeneration gene cluster and have no apparent phenotypic consequences. Eur J Hum Genet 2005; 13:283-91. [PMID: 15657610 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Segmental aneuploidy usually has phenotypic consequences but unbalanced rearrangements without phenotypic consequences have also been reported. In particular, harmless deletions of G-dark bands 5p14 and 16q21 have each been found in more than one independent family. Here, we report two families that were ascertained at prenatal diagnosis and had similar overlapping deletions that removed most of the gene poor G-dark band 2p12. PCR mapping showed that the deletions had a minimum size of 6.1 and 6.9 Mb with at least 13 hemizygous loci including a cluster of six pancreatic islet-regenerating genes. These deletions had no apparent phenotypic consequences in eight family members. In contrast, a third family was ascertained through a child with Wilm's tumour; both the child and his mother had more proximal deletions, developmental delay and some dysmorphic features. The deletion had a minimum size of 5.7 Mb and extended into the gene-rich area of 2p11.2. These results are consistent with the idea that there may be segments of the genome that are consistently haplosufficient. The introduction of higher resolution methods of dosage analysis into diagnostic laboratories is already revealing more transmitted abnormalities of uncertain significance. As a result, published cases of transmitted imbalances have been collected as a guide to the possible significance of such findings in the future (see the 'Chromosome Anomaly Collection' at www.som.soton.ac.uk/research/geneticsdiv).
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Affiliation(s)
- John C K Barber
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP2 8BJ, UK.
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15
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Large duplication 4q25-q34 with mild clinical effect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 47:419-22. [PMID: 15581841 DOI: 10.1016/j.anngen.2004.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report on a 5-year-old Tunisian boy with particular dysmorphic features and mild mental retardation limited in delayed and poor language acquisition. Cytogenetic analysis using RHG banding and FISH using whole chromosome four painting probe showed a partial duplication in the long arm of chromosome four. Locus specific probes and CGH confirmed the presence of a ''pure'' partial trisomy 4q due to de novo direct tandem dup(4)(q25q34). Comparative analysis of our case with those published previously, suggests that region 4q31-q33 may be involved in the development of the 4q characteristic dysmorphic features and the distal band 4q35 may be involved in the development of microcephaly and severe mental and growth retardation.
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16
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Otsuka T, Fujinaka H, Imamura M, Tanaka Y, Hayakawa H, Tomizawa S. Duplication of chromosome 4q: renal pathology of two siblings. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 134:330-3. [PMID: 15732061 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We report on two sibs with partial 4q trisomy: dup (4)(q35.2-q31.22) and their renal biopsy findings. Both of them show renal hypoplasia, although their chromosomal aberration lacks the minimal duplicated region 4q22-q23 and/or 4q25-q31.3, which had been shown to be associated with urogenital abnormalities and thumb malformations in previous reports. From the renal biopsy findings, the two sibs were diagnosed as oligonephronia. We summarize the 13 having published cases of duplication of chromosome 4q, and examine which segments have a close relationship to renal hypoplasia. We suggest that renal hypoplasia may be female-prone, and may have a close relationship with duplication of 4q33-q34.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketo Otsuka
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata National Hospital, Niigata, Japan.
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Rinaldi R, De Bernardo C, Assumma M, Grammatico B, Buffone E, Poscente M, Grammatico P. Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of a de novo 4q24qter duplication and correlation to the associated phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2003; 118A:122-6. [PMID: 12655492 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.10093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report on a newborn with severe psychomotor retardation, minor anomalies, congenital heart defects, thumb and urogenital abnormalities. Cytogenetic analysis showed a 4q24qter duplication, never described before, as the result of a de novo t(4;14). The extension of the duplicated 4q region was defined by FISH using YAC probes. The breakpoint was localized between 106.3cM (YAC 800f2, D4S1572) and 111 cM (YAC 744e4, D4S1564). Comparing our patient with those previously reported in literature, we observed some features mature frequently reported in these patients: psychomotor retardation, retromicrognathia, low set and/or malformed ears and some more specific traits: congenital cardiac defects, hypoplastic thumb and urogenital abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rinaldi
- Medical Genetic Service, S. Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
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18
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Lundin C, Zech L, Sjörs K, Wadelius C, Annerén G. Trisomy 4q syndrome: presentation of a new case and review of the literature. ANNALES DE GENETIQUE 2002; 45:53-7. [PMID: 12119211 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3995(02)01117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe the 11th case of a de novo partial trisomy of the long arm of chromosome 4, with the extra segment spanning from 4q27 to 4q35. The aberration resulted from an unbalanced translocation of material from 4q to the short arm of chromosome 7, as evident from fluorescent in situ hybridization. Microsatellite analysis revealed the extra material to originate from the father. The karyotype was interpreted as 46,XX,der(7)t(4;7)(q27;p22). The patient is a 13-year-old girl with severe mental retardation, growth retardation, hearing impairment as well as minor foot, thumb and facial anomalies. Although the extent of the aberration varies between the reported patients, there are nevertheless features in common, suggestive of a trisomy 4q syndrome. The clinical findings most frequently reported are: mental retardation, seizures, microcephaly, hearing impairment and growth retardation, as well as epicanthic folds, high/broad/depressed nasal bridge, malformed ears, tooth and thumb anomalies. Almost the entire long arm of chromosome 4, except band q11, has been involved in trisomies/duplications, but 4q27 and 4q31 seem to be preferentially engaged in the trisomy 4q syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Lundin
- Unit of Clinical Genetics, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Sweden
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