1
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Ludwig-Begall LF, Heyne B. aPDI meets PPE: photochemical decontamination in healthcare using methylene blue-where are we now, where will we go? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:215-223. [PMID: 38165604 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Personal protective equipment (PPE) reuse, first recommended in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, can mitigate shortages in crisis situations and can greatly reduce the environmental impact of typically single-use PPE. Prior to safe reuse, PPE must be sanitized and contaminating pathogens-in current circumstances viruses in particular-must be inactivated. However, many established decontamination procedures are not equitable and remain unavailable in low-resource settings. In mid-2020, an interdisciplinary consortium of researchers first studied the potential of implementing cheap and easy-to-use antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) using methylene blue as photosensitizer to decontaminate face masks and filtering facepiece respirators. In this perspective piece, we describe the development of this novel method, discuss recent advances, and offer insights into how equitable PPE decontamination via methylene blue-based aPDI may be integrated into circular economy policies in the healthcare sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa F Ludwig-Begall
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Belinda Heyne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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2
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Arastoo M, Mazanetz MP, Miller S, Shiells H, Hull C, Robinson K, Storey JMD, Harrington CR, Wischik CM. Exploring the Anti-Hypoxaemia Effect of Hydromethylthionine: A Prospective Study of Phase 3 Clinical Trial Participants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13747. [PMID: 37762050 PMCID: PMC10531415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylthioninium chloride (MTC) is a standard treatment for methaemoglobinaemia. A preparation of reduced MTC has been reported to increase blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) and lower respiratory rates in patients with severe COVID-19. We have developed a stable form of reduced methylthionine (hydromethylthionine-mesylate, HMTM) having a benign safety profile in two Phase 3 trials in Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this prospective study was to determine the effects of oral HMTM on SpO2 and methaemoglobin (metHb) levels in a cohort of patients with mild hypoxaemia not due to COVID-19. Eighteen participants randomised to a single dose of 4, 75, 100 or 125 mg doses of HMTM had SpO2 levels below 94% at baseline. Patients were routinely monitored by pulse oximetry after 4 h, and after 2 and 6 weeks of twice daily dosing. Significant ~3% increases in SpO2 occurred within 4 h and were sustained over 2 and 6 weeks with no dose differences. There were small dose-dependent increases (0.060-0.162%) in metHb levels over 2 to 6 weeks. Minimum-energy computational chemistry revealed that HMT can bind within 2.10 Å of heme iron by donating a pair of electrons from the central nitrogen of HMT to d orbitals of heme iron, but with lower affinity than oxygen. In conclusion, HMTM can increase SpO2 without reducing metHb by acting as a strong displaceable field ligand for heme iron. We hypothesise that this facilitates a transition from the low oxygen affinity T-state of heme to the higher affinity R-state. HMTM has potential as an adjunctive treatment for hypoxaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Arastoo
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZP, UK; (M.A.); (C.R.H.)
- Scottish Biologics Facility, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZP, UK
| | - Michael P. Mazanetz
- NovaData Solutions Ltd., 15 Monreith Rd, Newlands, Glasgow G43 2NX, UK;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK;
| | - Sonya Miller
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., 395 King Street, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK; (S.M.); (H.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Helen Shiells
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., 395 King Street, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK; (S.M.); (H.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Claire Hull
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., 395 King Street, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK; (S.M.); (H.S.); (C.H.)
| | | | - John M. D. Storey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK;
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., 395 King Street, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK; (S.M.); (H.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Charles R. Harrington
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZP, UK; (M.A.); (C.R.H.)
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., 395 King Street, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK; (S.M.); (H.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Claude M. Wischik
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZP, UK; (M.A.); (C.R.H.)
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., 395 King Street, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK; (S.M.); (H.S.); (C.H.)
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3
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Enwemeka CS, Bumah VV, Castel JC, Suess SL. Pulsed blue light, saliva and curcumin significantly inactivate human coronavirus. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 227:112378. [PMID: 35085988 PMCID: PMC8713422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In a recent study, we showed that pulsed blue light (PBL) inactivates as much as 52.3% of human beta coronavirus HCoV-OC43, a surrogate of SARS-CoV-2, and one of the major strains of viruses responsible for the annual epidemic of the common cold. Since curcumin and saliva are similarly antiviral and curcumin acts as blue light photosensitizer, we used Qubit fluorometry and WarmStart RT-LAMP assays to study the effect of combining 405 nm, 410 nm, 425 nm or 450 nm wavelengths of PBL with curcumin, saliva or a combination of curcumin and saliva against human beta coronavirus HCoV-OC43. The results showed that PBL, curcumin and saliva independently and collectively inactivate HCoV-OC43. Without saliva or curcumin supplementation 21.6 J/cm2 PBL reduced HCoV-OC43 RNA concentration a maximum of 32.8% (log10 = 2.13). Saliva supplementation alone inactivated the virus, reducing its RNA concentration by 61% (log10 = 2.23); with irradiation the reduction was as much as 79.1%. Curcumin supplementation alone decreased viral RNA 71.1%, and a maximum of 87.8% with irradiation. The combination of saliva and curcumin reduced viral RNA to 83.1% and decreased the RNA up to 90.2% with irradiation. The reduced levels could not be detected with qPCR. These findings show that PBL in the range of 405 nm to 450 nm wavelength is antiviral against human coronavirus HCoV-OC43, a surrogate of the COVID-19 virus. Further, it shows that with curcumin as a photosensitizer, it is possible to photodynamically inactivate the virus beyond qPCR detectable level using PBL. Since HCoV-OC43 is of the same beta coronavirus family as SARS-CoV-2, has the same genomic size, and is often used as its surrogate, these findings heighten the prospect of similarly inactivating novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukuka S Enwemeka
- College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; James Hope University, Lagos, Nigeria; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Violet V Bumah
- College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Samantha L Suess
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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4
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The role of UV and blue light in photo-eradication of microorganisms. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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5
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Arentz J, von der Heide HJ. "Evaluation of methylene blue based photodynamic inactivation (PDI) against intracellular B-CoV and SARS-CoV2 viruses under different light sources in vitro as a basis for new local treatment strategies in the early phase of a Covid19 infection". Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 37:102642. [PMID: 34863949 PMCID: PMC8635689 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The local antiviral photodynamic inactivation (PDI) may prove to be a helpful tool reducing the viral load in the nose and throat area in the early phase of a Covid19 infection. Both the infectivity and the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the early phase can depend on the viral load in this area. The aim of our study was to find a simplified PDI therapy option against corona viruses in this region with low dose methylene blue (MB) as photosensitizer and use of LED light instead of laser. As a substitute for SARS-CoV2 viruses we started with BCoV infected U373 cells first. We used an 810nm diode laser with 300mW/cm2 and 100J/cm2 light dose as well as a 590 nm LED and a broadband LED with irradiation intensity of 10,000 lx each (irradiation time 2.5 and 10 min) and concentrations of the sensitizer of 0.001% and 0.0001%. The 0.001% MB sensitizer experiments showed similar results with all exposures. The logarithmic reduction factor varied between ≥ 5.29 and ≥ 5.31, (0.001% MB sensitizer) and ≥ 4.6 and ≥ 5.31 (0.0001% MB) respectively. Extending the LED irradiation time from 2 to 5 and 10 minutes did not change these results. In contrast approaches of BCoV-infected cells in the dark, treated with 0.001% and 0.0001% MB sensitizer alone, a lot of residual viruses could be detected after 10 minutes of incubation (RF 0.9 and RF 1.23 for 0.001% MB and 0.0001% MB respectively) In our SARS-CoV-2 experiments with VERO E6 infected cells the irradiation time was reduced to 1, 2 and 3 minutes for both concentrations with increasing broadband LED radiation intensity from 20 to 50 and 100.000 lx. (RF 4.67 for 0.001% and 0.0001% respectively). This showed a minimum concentration of 0.0001%MB and a minimum radiation intensity of 20,000 lx leads to a 99.99% reduction of intracellular and extracellular viruses after one minute exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Arentz
- initiator and coordinator of the study, Hamburg Germany, author to whom correspondence should be
| | - H-J von der Heide
- initiator and coordinator of the study, Hamburg Germany, author to whom correspondence should be
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6
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Dabholkar N, Gorantla S, Dubey SK, Alexander A, Taliyan R, Singhvi G. Repurposing methylene blue in the management of COVID-19: Mechanistic aspects and clinical investigations. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112023. [PMID: 34399199 PMCID: PMC8352658 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the most recent coronaviruses, which has infected humans, and caused the disease COVID-19. The World Health Organization has declared COVID-19 as a pandemic in March 2020. The SARS-CoV-2 enters human hosts majorly via the respiratory tract, affecting the lungs first. In few critical cases, the infection progresses to failure of the respiratory system known as acute respiratory distress syndrome acute respiratory distress syndrome may be further associated with multi-organ failure and vasoplegic shock. Currently, the treatment of COVID-19 involves use of antiviral and anti-cytokine drugs. However, both the drugs have low efficacy because they cannot inhibit the production of free radicals and cytokines at the same time. Recently, some researchers have reported the use of methylene blue (MB) in COVID-19 management. MB has been used since a long time as a therapeutic agent, and has been approved by the US FDA for the treatment of other diseases. The additional advantage of MB is its low cost. MB is a safe drug when used in the dose of < 2 mg/kg. In this review, the applicability of MB in COVID-19 and its mechanistic aspects have been explored and compiled. The clinical studies have been explained in great detail. Thus, the potential of MB in the management of COVID-19 has been examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Dabholkar
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Srividya Gorantla
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Medical Research, R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, Kolkata, India
| | - Amit Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Rajeev Taliyan
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India.
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Bartolomeu M, Oliveira C, Pereira C, Neves MGPMS, Faustino MAF, Almeida A. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Approach in the Inactivation of Viruses in Wastewater: Influence of Alternative Adjuvants. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:767. [PMID: 34202496 PMCID: PMC8300698 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic viruses are frequently present in marine and estuarine waters, due to poor wastewater (WW) treatments, which consequently affect water quality and human health. Chlorination, one of the most common methods used to ensure microbiological safety in tertiarily treated effluents, may lead to the formation of toxic chemical disinfection by-products on reaction with organic matter present in the effluents. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) can be a promising disinfecting approach for the inactivation of pathogens, without the formation of known toxic by-products. Additionally, some studies have reported the potentiator effect on aPDT of some compounds, such as potassium iodide (KI) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In the present study, the aPDT efficiency of a PS formulation constituted of five cationic porphyrins (Form) in the inactivation of E. coli T4-like bacteriophage, a model of mammalian viruses, in different aqueous matrices with different organic matter content, was evaluated. Photoinactivation studies were performed at different concentrations of Form and in the presence of the adjuvants KI and H2O2. The results showed that the efficiency of bacteriophage photoinactivation is correlated with the Form concentration, the amount of the organic matter in WW, and the adjuvant type. Form can be an effective alternative to controlling viruses in WW, particularly if combined with H2O2, allowing to significantly reduce PS concentration and treatment time. When combined with KI, the Form is less effective in inactivating T4-like bacteriophage in WW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bartolomeu
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.B.); (C.O.); (C.P.)
| | - Cristiana Oliveira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.B.); (C.O.); (C.P.)
| | - Carla Pereira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.B.); (C.O.); (C.P.)
| | | | - M. Amparo F. Faustino
- Department of Chemistry and LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.B.); (C.O.); (C.P.)
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8
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McCullough J. Pathogen Reduced Blood Products. Transfus Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119599586.ch14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Ramalho KM, Cunha SR, Gonçalves F, Escudeiro GS, Steiner-Oliveira C, Horliana ACRT, Eduardo CDP. Photodynamic therapy and Acyclovir in the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis: A controlled randomized clinical trial. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 33:102093. [PMID: 33212267 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) is one of the most widespread infections that can effect the orofacial region. Recurrent infection is considered a life-long oral health problem, leading to pain, discomfort, and social restriction due to esthetic features when active. Effective therapies are needed. This study aimed to compare photodynamic therapy (PDT), Topical Acyclovir (AC), and the association of both in the healing process and self-reported symptomologies of HSV-1 recurrences. METHODS Patients were randomly assigned into 3 groups (n = 25): PDT (low-power laser, 660 nm, 40 mW, 120 J/cm2, 4.8 J, 120 s per point) and methylene blue (0.005 %) as photosensitizer; AC (5%); PDT + AC.Data concerning lesion size, healing time, and self-reported healing parameters, such as pain, tingling, and edema were taken every day up to complete healing for all studied groups. RESULTS There was no significant difference in healing time and pain between groups. AC group showed a significant minor reduction of the lesion compared to the AC-PDT group on day 1. Regarding edema and tingling, the comparison of treatments showed a statistical difference only on day 1, where PDT showed better results. CONCLUSION With all the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that only on day 1 PDT showed positive effects in the treatment of herpes lesions in comparison to AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Müller Ramalho
- Universidade Ibirapuera, Av. Interlagos, 1329, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 2227, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sandra Ribeiro Cunha
- University of Iowa, College of Dentistry, 801 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Flavia Gonçalves
- Universidade Ibirapuera, Av. Interlagos, 1329, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Steiner-Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos de Paula Eduardo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 2227, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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10
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Ribeiro RVP, Ali A, Cypel M. Ex vivo perfusion in lung transplantation and removal of HCV: the next level. Transpl Int 2020; 33:1589-1596. [PMID: 32888320 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The large gap between high demand and low availability of lungs is still a limiting factor for lung transplantation which leads to important mortality rates on the waiting list. In the last years, with the advent of potent direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), donors carrying active hepatitis C (HCV) infection became an important source in expanding the donor pool. Recent clinical trials exploring different treatment regimens post-transplantation when using HCV-positive abdominal and thoracic organs into HCV-negative recipients have shown encouraging results. Although early data shows no toxicity and similar survival rates when compared to non-HCV organ transplantation, long-term outcomes evaluating the effect of either the transmission of HCV into the recipients or the deliberate use of DAAs to treat the virus remains absent. An important and innovative strategy to overcome this limitation is the possibility of mitigating viral transmission with the use of ex vivo donor organ treatment prior to transplantation. Recent pre-clinical and clinical studies explore the use of ex vivo perfusion and the removal of HCV prior to transplantation with the addition of other innovative therapies, which will be reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aadil Ali
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marcelo Cypel
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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11
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“Efficacy of photodynamic therapy on the treatment of herpes labialis: A systematic review”. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 29:101536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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12
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Galasso M, Feld JJ, Watanabe Y, Pipkin M, Summers C, Ali A, Qaqish R, Chen M, Ribeiro RVP, Ramadan K, Pires L, Bagnato VS, Kurachi C, Cherepanov V, Moonen G, Gazzalle A, Waddell TK, Liu M, Keshavjee S, Wilson BC, Humar A, Cypel M. Inactivating hepatitis C virus in donor lungs using light therapies during normothermic ex vivo lung perfusion. Nat Commun 2019; 10:481. [PMID: 30696822 PMCID: PMC6351537 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08261-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Availability of organs is a limiting factor for lung transplantation, leading to substantial mortality rates on the wait list. Use of organs from donors with transmissible viral infections, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), would increase organ donation, but these organs are generally not offered for transplantation due to a high risk of transmission. Here, we develop a method for treatment of HCV-infected human donor lungs that prevents HCV transmission. Physical viral clearance in combination with germicidal light-based therapies during normothermic ex-vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP), a method for assessment and treatment of injured donor lungs, inactivates HCV virus in a short period of time. Such treatment is shown to be safe using a large animal EVLP-to-lung transplantation model. This strategy of treating viral infection in a donor organ during preservation could significantly increase the availability of organs for transplantation and encourages further clinical development. Organs from donors with transmissible viral infections, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), are not offered for transplantation due to a high risk of transmission. Here, Galasso et al. develop a method for treatment of HCV-infected human donor lungs that is safe and prevents HCV transmission in the pig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Galasso
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada.
| | - Yui Watanabe
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Mauricio Pipkin
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Cara Summers
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Aadil Ali
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Qaqish
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Manyin Chen
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Rafaela V P Ribeiro
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Khaled Ramadan
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Layla Pires
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Vanderlei S Bagnato
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo Brazil, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Cristina Kurachi
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo Brazil, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Vera Cherepanov
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Gray Moonen
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Anajara Gazzalle
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas K Waddell
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Shaf Keshavjee
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Brian C Wilson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Atul Humar
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada
| | - Marcelo Cypel
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada. .,Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 2C4, ON, Canada.
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13
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de Souza RM, Siani P, Schmidt TF, Itri R, Dias LG. Methylene Blue Location in (Hydroperoxized) Cardiolipin Monolayer: Implication in Membrane Photodegradation. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:8512-8522. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b04824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. M. de Souza
- Departamento
de Química, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - P. Siani
- Departamento
de Química, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - T. F. Schmidt
- Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Avenida dos Estados 5001, 09210-580, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - R. Itri
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 187, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - L. G. Dias
- Departamento
de Química, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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14
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Zhang RR, Schroeder AB, Grudzinski JJ, Rosenthal EL, Warram JM, Pinchuk AN, Eliceiri KW, Kuo JS, Weichert JP. Beyond the margins: real-time detection of cancer using targeted fluorophores. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2017; 14:347-364. [PMID: 28094261 PMCID: PMC5683405 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, synergistic innovations in imaging technology have resulted in a revolution in which a range of biomedical applications are now benefiting from fluorescence imaging. Specifically, advances in fluorophore chemistry and imaging hardware, and the identification of targetable biomarkers have now positioned intraoperative fluorescence as a highly specific real-time detection modality for surgeons in oncology. In particular, the deeper tissue penetration and limited autofluorescence of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging improves the translational potential of this modality over visible-light fluorescence imaging. Rapid developments in fluorophores with improved characteristics, detection instrumentation, and targeting strategies led to the clinical testing in the early 2010s of the first targeted NIR fluorophores for intraoperative cancer detection. The foundations for the advances that underline this technology continue to be nurtured by the multidisciplinary collaboration of chemists, biologists, engineers, and clinicians. In this Review, we highlight the latest developments in NIR fluorophores, cancer-targeting strategies, and detection instrumentation for intraoperative cancer detection, and consider the unique challenges associated with their effective application in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray R Zhang
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW-Madison), 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UW-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
| | - Alexandra B Schroeder
- Medical Engineering, Morgridge Institute for Research, 330 North Orchard Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, UW-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Joseph J Grudzinski
- Department of Medical Physics, UW-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Eben L Rosenthal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford Cancer Center, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jason M Warram
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Anatoly N Pinchuk
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW-Madison), 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Medical Engineering, Morgridge Institute for Research, 330 North Orchard Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, UW-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, UW-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
| | - John S Kuo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UW-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, UW-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
| | - Jamey P Weichert
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW-Madison), 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, UW-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, UW-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
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15
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Mundt JM, Rouse L, Van den Bossche J, Goodrich RP. Chemical and biological mechanisms of pathogen reduction technologies. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:957-64. [PMID: 25041351 PMCID: PMC4277684 DOI: 10.1111/php.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Within the last decade new technologies have been developed and implemented which employ light, often in the presence of a photosensitizer, to inactivate pathogens that reside in human blood products for the purpose of transfusion. These pathogen reduction technologies attempt to find the proper balance between pathogen kill and cell quality. Each system utilizes various chemistries that not only impact which pathogens they can inactivate and how, but also how the treatments affect the plasma and cellular proteins and to what degree. This paper aims to present the various chemical mechanisms for pathogen reduction in transfusion medicine that are currently practiced or in development.
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16
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Kovacic P, Somanathan R. Toxicity of imine-iminium dyes and pigments: electron transfer, radicals, oxidative stress and other physiological effects. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 34:825-34. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovacic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; San Diego State University; San Diego CA USA
| | - Ratnasamy Somanathan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; San Diego State University; San Diego CA USA
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación del Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Apdo; postal 1166 Tijuana B.C., Mexico
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Squillace DM, Zhao Z, Call GM, Gao J, Yao JQ. Viral Inactivation of Human Osteochondral Grafts with Methylene Blue and Light. Cartilage 2014; 5:28-36. [PMID: 26069682 PMCID: PMC4297095 DOI: 10.1177/1947603513509650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cartilage injury is one of the most common disorders of synovial joints. Fresh osteochondral allografts are becoming a standard treatment; however, they are supply constrained with a potential risk of disease transmission. There are no known virucidal processes available for osteochondral allografts and most methods presently available are detrimental to cartilage. Methylene blue light treatment has been shown to be successful in the literature for viral inactivation of fresh frozen plasma. The purpose of this study was to determine the capacity of methylene blue light treatment to inactivate a panel of clinically relevant viruses inoculated onto osteochondral allografts. DESIGN Osteochondral grafts recovered from human cadaveric knees were inoculated with one of the following viruses: bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), porcine parvovirus (PPV), and pseudorabies virus (PrV). The samples were processed through a methylene blue light treatment, which consisted of an initial soak in nonilluminated circulating methylene blue at ambient temperature, followed by light exposure with circulating methylene blue at cool temperatures. The final titer was compared with the recovery control for the viral log reduction. RESULTS HIV-1, BVDV, and PrV were reduced to nondetectable levels while HAV and PPV were reduced by 3.1 and 5.6 logs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The methylene blue light treatment was effective in reducing (a) enveloped DNA and RNA viruses to nondetectable levels and (b) nonenveloped DNA and RNA viruses of inoculated human osteochondral grafts by 3.1 to 5.6 logs. This study demonstrates the first practical method for significantly reducing viral load in osteochondral implants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhixing Zhao
- Research, Zimmer Orthobiologics, Inc., Austin, TX, USA
| | - Gazell M Call
- Research, Zimmer Orthobiologics, Inc., Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jizong Gao
- Research, Zimmer Orthobiologics, Inc., Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jian Q Yao
- Research and Development, Asia Pacific Region, Zimmer, Inc., Shanghai, China
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18
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Laser treatment of recurrent herpes labialis: a literature review. Lasers Med Sci 2013; 29:1517-29. [PMID: 23584730 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-013-1311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent herpes labialis is a worldwide life-long oral health problem that remains unsolved. It affects approximately one third of the world population and causes frequent pain and discomfort episodes, as well as social restriction due to its compromise of esthetic features. In addition, the available antiviral drugs have not been successful in completely eliminating the virus and its recurrence. Currently, different kinds of laser treatment and different protocols have been proposed for the management of recurrent herpes labialis. Therefore, the aim of the present article was to review the literature regarding the effects of laser irradiation on recurrent herpes labialis and to identify the indications and most successful clinical protocols. The literature was searched with the aim of identifying the effects on healing time, pain relief, duration of viral shedding, viral inactivation, and interval of recurrence. According to the literature, none of the laser treatment modalities is able to completely eliminate the virus and its recurrence. However, laser phototherapy appears to strongly decrease pain and the interval of recurrences without causing any side effects. Photodynamic therapy can be helpful in reducing viral titer in the vesicle phase, and high-power lasers may be useful to drain vesicles. The main advantages of the laser treatment appear to be the absence of side effects and drug interactions, which are especially helpful for older and immunocompromised patients. Although these results indicate a potential beneficial use for lasers in the management of recurrent herpes labialis, they are based on limited published clinical trials and case reports. The literature still lacks double-blind controlled clinical trials verifying these effects and such trials should be the focus of future research.
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Costa L, Faustino MAF, Neves MGPMS, Cunha Â, Almeida A. Photodynamic inactivation of mammalian viruses and bacteriophages. Viruses 2012; 4:1034-74. [PMID: 22852040 PMCID: PMC3407894 DOI: 10.3390/v4071034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) has been used to inactivate microorganisms through the use of photosensitizers. The inactivation of mammalian viruses and bacteriophages by photosensitization has been applied with success since the first decades of the last century. Due to the fact that mammalian viruses are known to pose a threat to public health and that bacteriophages are frequently used as models of mammalian viruses, it is important to know and understand the mechanisms and photodynamic procedures involved in their photoinactivation. The aim of this review is to (i) summarize the main approaches developed until now for the photodynamic inactivation of bacteriophages and mammalian viruses and, (ii) discuss and compare the present state of the art of mammalian viruses PDI with phage photoinactivation, with special focus on the most relevant mechanisms, molecular targets and factors affecting the viral inactivation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Costa
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (L.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Maria Amparo F. Faustino
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.A.F.F.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.)
| | - Maria Graça P. M. S. Neves
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.A.F.F.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.)
| | - Ângela Cunha
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (L.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (L.C.); (A.C.)
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20
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Song D, Lindoso JAL, Oyafuso LK, Kanashiro EHY, Cardoso JL, Uchoa AF, Tardivo JP, Baptista MS. Photodynamic Therapy Using Methylene Blue to Treat Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Photomed Laser Surg 2011; 29:711-5. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2010.2915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Song
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - José Angelo Lauletta Lindoso
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo-Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas-SES-SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia (LIM 38-HC-FMUSP), Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Adjaci F. Uchoa
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Tardivo
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Mauricio S. Baptista
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
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21
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Hossain M, Suresh Kumar G. DNA intercalation of methylene blue and quinacrine: new insights into base and sequence specificity from structural and thermodynamic studies with polynucleotides. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 5:1311-22. [PMID: 19823747 DOI: 10.1039/b909563b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The binding of the known DNA intercalators methylene blue and quinacrine with four sequence specific polynucleotides, viz. poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC), poly(dG).poly(dC), poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) and poly(dA).poly(dT), have been compared using absorbance, fluorescence, competition dialysis and thermal melting and the thermodynamic aspects of the interaction studied. In all the cases, non-cooperative binding phenomena obeying neighbor exclusion principle was observed though the affinity was remarkably higher for quinacrine and the nature of the binding was characterized to be true intercalation. The data on the salt dependence of binding derived from the plot of log Kvs. log[Na(+)] revealed a slope of around 1.0, consistent with the values predicted by the theories for the binding of monovalent cations, and contained contributions from polyelectrolytic and non-polyelectrolytic forces. The bindings were characterized by strong stabilization of the polynucleotides against thermal strand separation in both optical melting as well as differential scanning calorimetry studies. The data analyzed from the thermal melting and isothermal titration calorimetry studies were in close proximity to those obtained from absorption spectral titration data. Isothermal titration calorimetry results revealed the bindings to poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC), poly(dG).poly(dC) and poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) to be exothermic and favoured by both negative enthalpy and large favourable positive entropy changes, while that to poly(dA).poly(dT) was endothermic and entropy driven. The heat capacity changes obtained from temperature dependence of enthalpy gave negative values to all polynucleotides. New insights on the molecular aspects of interaction of these molecules to DNA have emerged from these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maidul Hossain
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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22
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Zhiburt EB. Inactivation of virus in a single unit of plasma for transfusion. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10527-008-9035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Abstract
RNA damage has been recently reported to increase under oxidative stress and in patients with many degenerative diseases, which has drawn attention to the consequences of RNA oxidation at the molecular and cellular levels. Under similar conditions the levels of oxidative damage in RNA are usually higher than those in DNA, which may impair protein synthesis or other RNA function. Therefore, accumulation of RNA damage must be prevented and cells have developed specific mechanisms to remove oxidatively-damaged RNA and to block incorporation of oxidized nucleotides during RNA synthesis. Removal of oxidized RNA may be mediated by specific proteins that recognize oxidative lesions and direct the RNA degradation machinery to eliminate the damaged RNAs. During RNA synthesis, oxidized ribonucleotides are hydrolyzed or discriminated from normal ribonucleotides during transcription, preventing their incorporation into RNA. Collective evidence suggests that RNA oxidative damage is a challenging and persistent problem normally controlled through RNA surveillance mechanisms, making them critical to maintaining cellular health and preventing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, USA.
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24
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Marty AM. Anatomic laboratory and forensic aspects of biological threat agents. Clin Lab Med 2006; 26:515-40, x-xi. [PMID: 16815464 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Anatomic pathology of surgical and cytologic samples and forensic autopsies is a critical component of our defense against biological terrorism. In many instances, rapid, valuable diagnosis may be obtained by the proper immediate use of the anatomic pathology laboratory. Included in this field is the work of medical examiners and coroners, who are essential public health partners for terrorism preparedness and response. The investigation of sudden, suspicious, violent, unattended, and unexplained deaths may provide the first clue to a deliberate biological attack. Medicolegal autopsies are essential to making organism-specific diagnoses in deaths caused by biological terrorism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen M Marty
- Special Assignment, BOHS, BCO, Suite 601, 1550 Crystal Drive, Arlington, VA 22202-4172, USA.
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25
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The potential for photodynamic therapy in the treatment of localized infections. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2005; 2:247-62. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-1000(05)00099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Williamson LM, Cardigan R, Prowse CV. Methylene blue-treated fresh-frozen plasma: what is its contribution to blood safety? Transfusion 2003; 43:1322-9. [PMID: 12919437 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2003.00483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorna M Williamson
- University of Cambridge and National Blood Service, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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27
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McCullough J. Progress toward a pathogen-free blood supply. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:88-95. [PMID: 12830413 DOI: 10.1086/375232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2002] [Accepted: 03/03/2003] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the nation's blood supply is safer than ever, a small risk of transfusion-transmitted infection remains. Present strategies to further reduce the risk, such as the donor medical evaluation or laboratory testing, will not likely eliminate this risk. A different approach involves treating donated blood to eliminate its infectivity. A pathogen-inactivated plasma product was available for several years but was recently withdrawn. Several other methods are under development, but all of these prevent nucleic acids from replicating, thus inactivating any contaminating viruses or bacteria. Toxicity, mutagenicity, and safety margins seem to be adequate, and damage to blood proteins or cellular elements is minimal. Clinical trials of pathogen-inactivated platelets have been completed in Europe and in the United States, and phase III clinical trials of pathogen-inactivated red blood cells are underway in the United States. If these encouraging results are sustained, the risk of transfusion-transmitted disease may be nearly eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey McCullough
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Biomedical Engineering Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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28
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Capella MAM, Capella LS. A light in multidrug resistance: photodynamic treatment of multidrug-resistant tumors. J Biomed Sci 2003; 10:361-6. [PMID: 12824695 DOI: 10.1007/bf02256427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2003] [Accepted: 03/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The major drawback of cancer chemotherapy is the development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tumor cells, which are cross-resistant to a broad range of structurally and functionally unrelated agents, making it difficult to treat these tumors. In the last decade, a number of authors have studied the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT), a combination of visible light with photosensitizing agents, on MDR cells. The results, although still inconclusive, have raised the possibility of treating MDR tumors by PDT. This review examines the growing literature concerning the responses of MDR cells to PDT, while stressing the need for the development of new photosensitizers that possess the necessary characteristics for the photodynamic treatment of this class of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Alves Marques Capella
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Departmento de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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29
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Heemskerk B, Veltrop-Duits LA, van Vreeswijk T, ten Dam MM, Heidt S, Toes REM, van Tol MJD, Schilham MW. Extensive cross-reactivity of CD4+ adenovirus-specific T cells: implications for immunotherapy and gene therapy. J Virol 2003; 77:6562-6. [PMID: 12743315 PMCID: PMC155022 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.11.6562-6566.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad)-specific T-cell responses in healthy adult donors were investigated. Ad5, inactivated by methylene blue plus visible light, induced proliferation and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the majority of donors. Responding T cells were CD4(+) and produced IFN-gamma upon restimulation with infectious Ad5 and Ads of different subgroups. T-cell clones showed distinct cross-reactivity patterns recognizing Ad serotypes from either one subgroup (C), two subgroups (B and C), or three subgroups (A, B, and C). This cross-reactivity of Ad-specific T cells has relevance both for Ad-based gene therapy protocols, as well as for the feasibility of T-cell-mediated adoptive immunotherapy in recipients of an allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Heemskerk
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Y Dodd
- American Red Cross, Holland Laboratory, Rockville, MD, USA.
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31
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Wainwright M. Methylene blue derivatives--suitable photoantimicrobials for blood product disinfection? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000; 16:381-94. [PMID: 11118846 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(00)00207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic antimicrobial agents based on the well-established phenothiazinium biological stain methylene blue offer a simple method for the inactivation or destruction of pathogens contained in donated blood and blood products. The technique is currently concentrated on viruses and the disinfective procedure can be carried out in blood bags using basic low-power light sources. Pathogens of the bacterial, yeast and protozoal classes are also susceptible to phenothiaziniums. The photoantimicrobial mode of action is usually via oxidative damage to cellular components, either due to redox reactions between the agent and a biomolecular target or by the action of reactive oxygen species generated in situ by photodynamic action. The targeting of various microbial species is discussed in relation to the physicochemical make-up of the photosensitizers, and future directions are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wainwright
- Photochemotherapy Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mohr
- Blood Center of the German Red Cross, Institute Springe, Germany
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33
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Abe H, Yamada-Ohnishi Y, Hirayama J, Owada T, Ikeda H, Ikebuchi K. Elimination of both cell-free and cell-associated HIV infectivity in plasma by a filtration/methylene blue photoinactivation system. Transfusion 2000; 40:1081-7. [PMID: 10988311 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2000.40091081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylene blue phototreatment effectively inactivates cell-free viruses in plasma while maintaining coagulation activities. However, this treatment is considered to be less effective for cell-associated virus inactivation. This report describes a new virus elimination system designed to eliminate cell-associated viruses with a cell-removal filter followed by methylene blue photoinactivation of cell-free viruses in plasma. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Fresh plasma was inoculated with HIV or HIV-infected Molt4 cells (Molt4(IIIB)). The plasma was transferred to a bag containing methylene blue by passing it through a cell-removal filter and was irradiated with white fluorescent light. HIV infectivity was detected by indirect fluorescence assay. In parallel studies, coagulation activities in identically treated plasma were measured during 1 year of storage at -80 degrees C. RESULTS Initial cell-free HIV titer of 10(6.2) TCID(50) per 0.1 mL dropped to 10(-0. 3) and <10(-0.5) TCID(50) per 0.1 mL after 10 or 20 J per cm(2) radiation, respectively. Cellular components were not detectable in plasma after filtration. The cell-free state of the plasma was ascertained from the observation that the DNase-resistant beta-globin gene, as a marker of intact WBCs, was not detected in the filtrates by PCR. The infectivity of Molt4(IIIB) was reduced to below the detection limit after filtration and radiation, and proviral HIV DNA was not detected in the filtrates by PCR. Coagulation activities including factor VIII in the treated plasma were maintained at more than 76 percent compared with the percentage in untreated plasma after 1 year of storage. CONCLUSION The filtration/methylene blue photoinactivation system eliminated both cell-free and cell-associated HIV infectivities from plasma while maintaining coagulation activities for 1 year at -80 degrees C storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Abe
- Hokkaido Red Cross Blood Center, Sapporo, Japan.
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pamphilon
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, Southmead Road, Bristol BS10 5ND, UK.
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35
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Trindade GS, Farias SL, Rumjanek VM, Capella MA. Methylene blue reverts multidrug resistance: sensitivity of multidrug resistant cells to this dye and its photodynamic action. Cancer Lett 2000; 151:161-7. [PMID: 10738110 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(99)00408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic action has been advocated as an alternative treatment of tumors but the most common used dyes, hematoporphyrin derivatives, are substrate for P-glycoprotein. This study investigated the MDR-reverting properties of methylene blue (MB) and compared the sensitivity to its photodynamic action (PDA) in five cell lines that either express or do not express the MDR phenotype. MB was able to revert the MDR phenotype and there was no difference in sensitivity to MB-PDA between MDR and non-MDR cells, suggesting that MB has the advantage of being used simultaneously as a MDR reverser and a photodynamic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Trindade
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
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Owada T, Yamada Y, Abe H, Hirayama J, Ikeda H, Sekiguchi S, Ikebuchi K. Elucidation of the HIV-1 virucidal mechanism of methylene blue photosensitization and the effect on primary isolates. J Med Virol 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1096-9071(200012)62:4<421::aid-jmv5>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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