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Chen G, Xie RG, Gao YJ, Xu ZZ, Zhao LX, Bang S, Berta T, Park CK, Lay M, Chen W, Ji RR. β-arrestin-2 regulates NMDA receptor function in spinal lamina II neurons and duration of persistent pain. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12531. [PMID: 27538456 PMCID: PMC5477285 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of acute pain transition to chronic pain are not fully understood. Here we demonstrate an active role of β-arrestin 2 (Arrb2) in regulating spinal cord NMDA receptor (NMDAR) function and the duration of pain. Intrathecal injection of the mu-opioid receptor agonist [D-Ala2, NMe-Phe4, Gly-ol5]-enkephalin produces paradoxical behavioural responses: early-phase analgesia and late-phase mechanical allodynia which requires NMDAR; both phases are prolonged in Arrb2 knockout (KO) mice. Spinal administration of NMDA induces GluN2B-dependent mechanical allodynia, which is prolonged in Arrb2-KO mice and conditional KO mice lacking Arrb2 in presynaptic terminals expressing Nav1.8. Loss of Arrb2 also results in prolongation of inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain and enhancement of GluN2B-mediated NMDA currents in spinal lamina IIo not lamina I neurons. Finally, spinal over-expression of Arrb2 reverses chronic neuropathic pain after nerve injury. Thus, spinal Arrb2 may serve as an intracellular gate for acute to chronic pain transition via desensitization of NMDAR. The cellular mechanisms underlying acute pain transitions to chronic pain are poorly understood. Here the authors show that the scaffolding protein β-arrestin 2 contributes to these processes via desensitization of NMDA receptors in spinal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Rou-Gang Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Xijing Hospital, Department of Neuroscience, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shanxi 710032, China
| | - Yong-Jing Gao
- Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Zhen-Zhong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 3100058, China
| | - Lin-Xia Zhao
- Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Sangsu Bang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Temugin Berta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.,Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
| | - Chul-Kyu Park
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, South Korea
| | - Mark Lay
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Ru-Rong Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Abstract
Heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are found on the surface of all cells of multicellular organisms and are major mediators of intercellular communication. More than 800 distinct GPCRs are present in the human genome, and individual receptor subtypes respond to hormones, neurotransmitters, chemokines, odorants, or tastants. GPCRs represent the most widely targeted pharmacological protein class. Because drugs that target GPCRs often engage receptor regulatory mechanisms that limit drug effectiveness, particularly in chronic treatment, there is great interest in understanding how GPCRs are regulated, as a basis for designing therapeutic drugs that evade this regulation. The major GPCR regulatory pathway involves phosphorylation of activated receptors by G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), followed by binding of arrestin proteins, which prevent receptors from activating downstream heterotrimeric G protein pathways while allowing activation of arrestin-dependent signaling pathways. Although the general mechanisms of GRK-arrestin regulation have been well explored in model cell systems and with purified proteins, much less is known about the role of GRK-arrestin regulation of receptors in physiological and pathophysiological settings. This review focuses on the physiological functions and potential pathophysiological roles of GRKs and arrestins in human disorders as well as on recent studies using knockout and transgenic mice to explore the role of GRK-arrestin regulation of GPCRs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Premont
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Lakadamyali M, Rust MJ, Zhuang X. Ligands for clathrin-mediated endocytosis are differentially sorted into distinct populations of early endosomes. Cell 2006; 124:997-1009. [PMID: 16530046 PMCID: PMC2660893 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2005] [Revised: 10/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cells rely on the correct sorting of endocytic ligands and receptors for proper function. Early endosomes have been considered as the initial sorting station where cargos for degradation separate from those for recycling. Using live-cell imaging to monitor individual endosomes and ligand particles in real time, we have discovered a sorting mechanism that takes place prior to early endosome entry. We show that early endosomes are in fact comprised of two distinct populations: a dynamic population that is highly mobile on microtubules and matures rapidly toward late endosomes and a static population that matures much more slowly. Several cargos destined for degradation are preferentially targeted to the dynamic endosomes, whereas the recycling ligand transferrin is nonselectively delivered to all early endosomes and effectively enriched in the larger, static population. This pre-early endosome sorting process begins at clathrin-coated vesicles, depends on microtubule-dependent motility, and appears to involve endocytic adaptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaowei Zhuang
- To whom correspondence should be addressed, E-mail: . Tel: (617)-496-9558
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Gainetdinov RR, Premont RT, Bohn LM, Lefkowitz RJ, Caron MG. Desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors and neuronal functions. Annu Rev Neurosci 2004; 27:107-44. [PMID: 15217328 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 629] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have proven to be the most highly favorable class of drug targets in modern pharmacology. Over 90% of nonsensory GPCRs are expressed in the brain, where they play important roles in numerous neuronal functions. GPCRs can be desensitized following activation by agonists by becoming phosphorylated by members of the family of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). Phosphorylated receptors are then bound by arrestins, which prevent further stimulation of G proteins and downstream signaling pathways. Discussed in this review are recent progress in understanding basics of GPCR desensitization, novel functional roles, patterns of brain expression, and receptor specificity of GRKs and beta arrestins in major brain functions. In particular, screening of genetically modified mice lacking individual GRKs or beta arrestins for alterations in behavioral and biochemical responses to cocaine and morphine has revealed a functional specificity in dopamine and mu-opioid receptor regulation of locomotion and analgesia. An important and specific role of GRKs and beta arrestins in regulating physiological responsiveness to psychostimulants and morphine suggests potential involvement of these molecules in certain brain disorders, such as addiction, Parkinson's disease, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. Furthermore, the utility of a pharmacological strategy aimed at targeting this GPCR desensitization machinery to regulate brain functions can be envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul R Gainetdinov
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Laboratories, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Komori N, Neal J, Cain SD, Logan J, Wirsig C, Miller KE. Presence of β-arrestin-1 immunoreactivity in the cutaneous nerve fibers of rat glabrous skin. Brain Res 2003; 988:121-9. [PMID: 14519533 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)03356-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
beta-Arrestin-1 (betaArr1) plays a major role in the desensitization and internalization of G protein-coupled receptors. We previously localized betaArr1 in the sensory neurons of rat lumbar 4 and 5 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and reported the predominant presence of betaArr1 in the small-diameter DRG neurons that are often implicated with nociception. Because of betaArr1's crucial role in regulating the initiation of cellular signaling, in the current study we evaluated the distribution of betaArr1 in the peripheral sensory terminals where various receptors are present. Western blotting confirmed the presence of betaArr1 immunoreactivity in the rat skin. Sciatic nerve ligation demonstrated that betaArr1 is transported peripherally from the DRG, and immunohistochemistry showed betaArr1 immunoreactivity in the glabrous skin of the rat hindpaw. In the glabrous skin, strong betaArr1 immunoreactivity was detected in nerve fibers in the dermal nerve plexus and dermal papillae. Fine varicose immunoreactive fibers were found in the epidermis. In addition, betaArr1 was observed in specialized sensory receptors such as Meissner corpuscles. Our observations thus indicate that betaArr1 may be involved in modulation of specific tactile stimulation from the skin in addition to nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoka Komori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, P.O. Box 26901, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA.
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Ohsawa M, Mizoguchi H, Narita M, Nagase H, Dun NJ, Tseng LF. Involvement of beta-arrestin-2 in modulation of the spinal antinociception induced by mu-opioid receptor agonists in the mouse. Neurosci Lett 2003; 346:13-6. [PMID: 12850536 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00591-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Beta-arrestins have been suggested to regulate mu-, delta-, and kappa-opioid receptor-mediated responses. In the present study, we examined the effects of pretreatment with beta-arrestin-2 antibody on tail-flick inhibition induced by opioid receptor agonists in the mouse spinal cord. Intrathecal (i.t.) pretreatment with beta-arrestin-2 antibody potentiated the antinociception induced by i.t.-administered mu-opioid receptor agonists [D-Ala(2),NMePhe(4),Gly-ol(5)]enkephalin (DAMGO) and endomorphin-1, but not endomorphin-2, the delta-opioid receptor agonist [D-Ala(2)]deltorphin II or the kappa-opioid receptor agonist U50,488H. The present result suggests that beta-arrestin-2 may tonically down-regulate a selected population of mu-opioid receptors activated by endomorphin-1 or DAMGO in the mouse spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ohsawa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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