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Milosevic B, Stojanovic B, Cvetkovic A, Jovanovic I, Spasic M, Stojanovic MD, Stankovic V, Sekulic M, Stojanovic BS, Zdravkovic N, Mitrovic M, Stojanovic J, Laketic D, Vulovic M, Cvetkovic D. The Enigma of Mammaglobin: Redefining the Biomarker Paradigm in Breast Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13407. [PMID: 37686210 PMCID: PMC10487666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous evolution of cancer biology has led to the discovery of mammaglobin, a potential novel biomarker for breast carcinoma. This review aims to unravel the enigmatic aspects of mammaglobin and elucidate its potential role in redefining the paradigm of breast carcinoma biomarkers. We will thoroughly examine its expression in tumoral and peritumoral tissues and its circulating levels in the blood, thereby providing insights into its possible function in cancer progression and metastasis. Furthermore, the potential application of mammaglobin as a non-invasive diagnostic tool and a target for personalized treatment strategies will be discussed. Given the increasing incidence of breast carcinoma worldwide, the exploration of novel biomarkers such as mammaglobin is crucial in advancing our diagnostic capabilities and treatment modalities, ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Milosevic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (B.M.); (B.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Bojan Stojanovic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (B.M.); (B.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Aleksandar Cvetkovic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (B.M.); (B.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Ivan Jovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Marko Spasic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (B.M.); (B.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Milica Dimitrijevic Stojanovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.D.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Vesna Stankovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.D.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Marija Sekulic
- Department of Hygiene and Ecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Bojana S. Stojanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Natasa Zdravkovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Minja Mitrovic
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Jasmina Stojanovic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Darko Laketic
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade,11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Maja Vulovic
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Danijela Cvetkovic
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
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Wu Y, Chen X, Hou C, Lu P, Peng L, Li J, Yang M, Huo D. Preparation of bimetal–polydopamine organic frameworks with core–shell structure and their application in HER2 detection. Analyst 2022; 147:862-869. [DOI: 10.1039/d1an01759d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is one of the specific markers of breast cancer, which is of great significance to the early diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
| | - Changjun Hou
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
| | - Peng Lu
- Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, 404000, P.R. China
| | - Lan Peng
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College Basic Department, Chongqing, 401331, P.R. China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
- Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, 404000, P.R. China
| | - Mei Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
| | - Danqun Huo
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Bio-perception & Intelligent Information Processing, School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P.R. China
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Shimada K, Shimizu M, Ohtani Y, Roy RR, Murakami S, Ochiai T, Hasegawa H. Mammaglobin protein localization and gene expression in the salivary glands. J Oral Sci 2021; 63:310-314. [PMID: 34408112 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.21-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to delve deeper into the hypothesis that normal salivary gland tissue expresses both protein and mRNA of mammaglobin (MGB). METHODS Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of submandibular (10), parotid (5), palatal (5) and labial glands (30) salivary glands were immunohistochemically investigated. The labial samples were used to examine the MGB positive ratio (MGB-PR), and localize MGB by double immunofluorescence staining and quantitative mRNA gene expression. Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis rank-sum test for group comparison, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient for correlation analysis were used. RESULTS The distribution of MGB-positive cells was variable throughout samples with significantly higher MGB-PR of acini than ducts (P = 0.00376), and there was no difference when compared based on age (P = 0.0646) and gender (P = 0.245). Besides acinar cells, a number of myoepithelial cells and ductal cells also demonstrated strong MGB reactivity with varying MGB mRNA expression levels in 6 of the 7 samples (with MGB-PR > 20%) tested. CONCLUSION This novel study shows that unlike aberrant protein expression in some carcinomas, MGB expression in salivary gland neoplasms represents the nature of original cells, giving a better insight into the neoplasms expressing MGB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maya Shimizu
- Faculty of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University
| | - Yuki Ohtani
- Faculty of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University
| | - Rita R Roy
- Hard Tissue Pathology Unit, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University
| | | | - Takanaga Ochiai
- Department of Oral Pathology, Matsumoto Dental University.,Department of Oral Pathology, Division of Oral Pathogenesis & Disease Control, Asahi University School of Dentistry
| | - Hiromasa Hasegawa
- Hard Tissue Pathology Unit, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University
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Novel promising serum biomarkers for canine mammary tumors. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s43538-021-00035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bone marrow mammaglobin-1 (SCGB2A2) immunohistochemistry expression as a breast cancer specific marker for early detection of bone marrow micrometastases. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13061. [PMID: 32747636 PMCID: PMC7400628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite all the advances in the management of breast cancer (BC), patients with distance metastasis are still considered incurable with poor prognosis. For that reason, early detection of the metastatic lesions is crucial to improve patients’ life span as well as quality of life. Many markers were proposed to be used as biomarkers for metastatic BC lesions, however many of them lack organ specificity. This highlights the need for novel markers that are more specific in detecting disseminated BC lesions. Here, we investigated mammaglobin-1 expression as a potential and specific marker for metastatic BC lesions using our patient cohort consisting of 30 newly diagnosed BC patients. For all patients, bone marrow (BM) aspiration, BM biopsy stained by H&E and BM immunohistochemically stained for mammaglobin-1 were performed. In addition, the CA15-3 in both serum and bone marrow plasma was also evaluated for each patient. Indeed, mammaglobin-1 immuno-staining was able to detect BM micrometastases in 16/30 patients (53.3%) compared to only 5/30 patients (16.7%) in BM biopsy stained by H&E and no cases detected by BM aspirate (0%). In addition, our results showed a trend of association between mammaglobin-1 immunoreactivity and the serum and BM plasma CA15-3. Further validation was done using large publicly available databases. Our results showed that mammaglobin-1 gene expression to be specifically upregulated in BC patients’ samples compared to normal tissue as well as samples from other cancers. Moreover, our findings also showed mammaglobin-1 expression to be a marker of tumour progression presented as lymph nodes involvement and distant metastasis. These results provide an initial evidence for the use of mammaglobin-1 (SCGB2A2) immunostaining in bone marrow as a tool to investigate early BM micrometastases in breast cancer.
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Pandey M, Kumar BS, Verma R. Mammaglobin as a diagnostic serum marker of complex canine mammary carcinomas. Res Vet Sci 2015; 103:187-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Picot N, Guerrette R, Beauregard AP, Jean S, Michaud P, Harquail J, Benzina S, Robichaud GA. Mammaglobin 1 promotes breast cancer malignancy and confers sensitivity to anticancer drugs. Mol Carcinog 2015. [PMID: 26207726 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mammaglobin 1 (MGB1), a member of the secretoglobin family, is expressed in mammary epithelial tissues and is overexpressed in most mammary carcinomas. Despite the extensive research correlating MGB1 expression profiles to breast cancer pathogenesis and disease outcome, the biological significance of MGB1 in cancer processes is still unclear. We have thus set out to conduct a functional evaluation of the molecular and cellular roles of MGB1 in breast cancer processes leading to disease progression. Using a series of breast cancer cell models with conditional MGB1 expression, we demonstrate that MGB1 promotes cancer cell malignant features. More specifically, loss of MGB1 expression resulted in a decrease of cell proliferation, soft agar spheroid formation, migration, and invasion capacities of breast cancer cells. Concomitantly, we also observed that MGB1 expression activates signaling pathways mediated by MAPK members (p38, JNK, and ERK), the focal adhesion kinase (FAK), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and NFκB. Moreover, MGB1 regulates epithelial to mesenchymal (EMT) features and modulates Snail, Twist and ZEB1 expression levels. Interestingly, we also observed that expression of MGB1 confers breast cancer cell sensitivity to anticancer drug-induced apoptosis. Together, our results support a role for MGB1 in tumor malignancy in exchange for chemosensitivity. These findings provide one of the first descriptive overview of the molecular and cellular roles of MGB1 in breast cancer processes and may offer new insight to the development of therapeutic and prognostic strategies in breast cancer patients. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Picot
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada.,Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Roxann Guerrette
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada.,Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Annie-Pier Beauregard
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada.,Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Jean
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada.,Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Pascale Michaud
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada.,Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Jason Harquail
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada.,Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Sami Benzina
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada.,Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Gilles A Robichaud
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada.,Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
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Ni YB, Tsang JYS, Chan SK, Tse GM. GATA-binding protein 3, gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 and mammaglobin have distinct prognostic implications in different invasive breast carcinoma subgroups. Histopathology 2015; 67:96-105. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bi Ni
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology; Prince of Wales Hospital; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Julia Y S Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology; Prince of Wales Hospital; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Siu Ki Chan
- Department of Pathology; Kwong Wah Hospital; Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Gary M Tse
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology; Prince of Wales Hospital; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Hong Kong
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Markiewicz A, Książkiewicz M, Wełnicka-Jaśkiewicz M, Seroczyńska B, Skokowski J, Szade J, Żaczek AJ. Mesenchymal phenotype of CTC-enriched blood fraction and lymph node metastasis formation potential. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93901. [PMID: 24709997 PMCID: PMC3977989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) that present mesenchymal phenotypes can escape standard methods of isolation, thus limiting possibilities for their characterization. Whereas mesenchymal CTCs are considered to be more malignant than epithelial CTCs, factors responsible for this aggressiveness have not been thoroughly defined. This study analyzed the molecular profile related to metastasis formation potential of CTC-enriched blood fractions obtained by marker unbiased isolation from breast cancer patients without (N−) and with lymph nodes metastases (N+). Materials and Methods Blood samples drawn from 117 patients with early-stage breast cancer were enriched for CTCs using density gradient centrifugation and negative selection with anti-CD45 covered magnetic particles. In the resulting CTC-enriched blood fractions, expression of CK19, MGB1, VIM, TWIST1, SNAIL, SLUG, HER2, CXCR4 and uPAR was analyzed with qPCR. Results were correlated with patients' clinicopathological data. Results CTCs (defined as expression of either CK19, MGB1 or HER2) were detected in 41% (20/49) of N− and 69% (34/49) of N+ patients (P = 0.004). CTC-enriched blood fractions of N+ patients were more frequently VIM (P = 0.02), SNAIL (P = 0.059) and uPAR-positive (P = 0.03). Positive VIM, CXCR4 and uPAR status correlated with >3 lymph nodes involved (P = 0.003, P = 0.01 and P = 0.045, respectively). In the multivariate logistic regression MGB1 and VIM-positivity were independently related to lymph node involvement with corresponding overall risk of 3.2 and 4.2. Moreover, mesenchymal CTC-enriched blood fractions (CK19−/VIM+ and MGB1+ or HER2+) had 4.88 and 7.85-times elevated expression of CXCR4 and uPAR, respectively, compared with epithelial CTC-enriched blood fractions (CK19+/VIM− and MGB1+ or HER2+). Conclusions Tumors of N+ patients have superior CTC-seeding and metastatic potential compared with N- patients. These differences can be attributed to VIM, uPAR and CXCR4 expression, which endow tumor cells with particularly malignant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Markiewicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Książkiewicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Barbara Seroczyńska
- Bank of Frozen Tissues and Genetic Specimens, Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jarosław Skokowski
- Bank of Frozen Tissues and Genetic Specimens, Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jolanta Szade
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna J. Żaczek
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Zehentner BK, Secrist H, Hayes DC, Zhang X, Ostenson RC, Loop S, Goodman G, Houghton RL, Persing DH. Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells in Peripheral Blood of Breast Cancer Patients During or After Therapy Using a Multigene Real-Time RT-PCR Assay. Mol Diagn Ther 2012; 10:41-7. [PMID: 16646576 DOI: 10.1007/bf03256441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the utility of a multigene real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay to detect circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood specimens of breast cancer patients during or after treatment. METHOD Using this assay, peripheral blood samples were analyzed for expression levels of mammaglobin and three complementary transcribed breast cancer-specific genes: B305D, gamma-aminobutyrate type A receptor pi subunit (GABA pi; GABRP), and B726P. We examined 172 blood specimens from 82 breast cancer patients during or after therapy for the presence of circulating tumor cells using the multigene real-time RT-PCR assay. RESULTS In 63.4% of the blood samples, a positive signal for mammaglobin and/or three breast cancer-associated gene transcripts was detected. Of breast cancer patients, 75.6% had at least one positive blood sample. Blood specimens from 51 of 53 healthy female volunteers tested negative in the assay whereas two samples had a low expression signal. In addition, three patients were monitored for more than a year during their adjuvant therapy treatment. CONCLUSION This assay could be a valuable tool for monitoring breast cancer patients during and after therapy.
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Bernet Vegué L, Cano Muñoz R, Piñero Madrona A. Breast cancer sentinel lymph node and axillary lymphadenectomy: new tools for new challenges. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2012; 12:147-58. [PMID: 22369375 DOI: 10.1586/erm.11.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Axillary lymph node status at the time of diagnosis is the most important prognostic indicator for women with breast cancer, and may influence management decisions. However, at present its role is controversial, as some groups recommend avoiding axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in cases with metastasis of any size in the sentinel lymph nodes. Molecular analysis allows full examination of the sentinel lymph nodes in a short time period, discriminatation between macrometastasis, micrometastasis and isolated tumor cells, and helps to predict the performance of ALND. ALND may be the treatment of choice in some patients, even in cases of low-volume metastasis, as chemotherapy does not control regional disease well. In addition, the collection of metastatic cells, as well as the local immune surveillance, is susceptible to further molecular studies that will offer prognostic and predictive information, which may have an impact on therapeutic decisions, so that individualized treatments can be adequately designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Bernet Vegué
- Surgical Pathology Department, Hospital Lluís Alcanyís, Xàtiva, Valencia, Spain.
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Reyes C, Gomez-Fernández C, Nadji M. Metaplastic and medullary mammary carcinomas do not express mammaglobin. Am J Clin Pathol 2012; 137:747-52. [PMID: 22523213 DOI: 10.1309/ajcp5w5sezsehuhe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammaglobin A (MG-A) is purportedly useful for detecting metastatic carcinomas suspected to be of breast origin and has been advocated as a useful marker of micrometastasis in sentinel lymph nodes and minimal residual tumor in bone marrow. Little is known about its expression frequency in histologic subtypes of breast cancer. Excisional biopsy specimens from 1,079 untreated invasive mammary carcinomas were evaluated for immunohistochemical expression of MG-A. In addition to estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) and HER2, staining for p63 and HLA-DR was used to further characterize histologic subtypes. Of the carcinomas, 36 were classified as metaplastic (based on morphologic features, ER-/PR-/HER2-, p63+), 38 as medullary (ER-/PR-/HER2-, HLA-DR+), and 1,005 as ductal, no special type (NST). All metaplastic and medullary carcinomas were negative for MG-A. Of 1,005 ductal carcinomas, NST, 492 (49.0%) were MG-A+, 62.0% with a reaction in fewer than 25% of the cells. MG-A immunohistochemical studies failed to detect all medullary and metaplastic cancers and more than 50% of ductal carcinomas, NST. In two thirds of MG-A+ ductal carcinomas, the reaction was only focal and usually in a minority of cells. These findings suggest that MG-A has limited value in identifying the mammary origin of carcinomas, particularly in small biopsy specimens used to detect metastasis or minimal residual disease.
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Li G, Zhang J, Jin K, He K, Wang H, Lu H, Teng L. Human mammaglobin: a superior marker for reverse-transcriptase PCR in detecting circulating tumor cells in breast cancer patients. Biomark Med 2011; 5:249-60. [PMID: 21473729 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.11.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women in the USA and the second most common cause of death in females who develop cancer. Recently, the detection of circulating tumor cells has emerged as a promising tool for monitoring the progression of clinically occult micrometastases in breast cancer patients. Sensitive molecular techniques, primarily based upon the reverse-transcriptase PCR, using various molecules as markers, have been developed to detect circulating tumor cells. Among those molecules, human mammaglobin mRNA has been found to be the most specific marker for the hematogenous spread of breast cancer cells. In this article, we review the current knowledge regarding the use of reverse-transcriptase PCR for detecting human mammaglobin mRNA as a biomarker for circulating tumor cells in breast cancer patients, and evaluate the clinical implications of human mammaglobin since it was first isolated in 1996.
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Affiliation(s)
- GuangLiang Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
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Fisher CS, Cole DJ, Mitas M, Garrett-Meyer E, Metcalf JS, Gillanders WE, Mikhitarian K, Urist MM, Mann GB, Doherty G, Herrmann VM, Hill AD, Eremin O, El-Sheemy M, Orr RK, Valle AA, Henderson MA, Dewitty RL, Sugg SL, Frykberg E, Yeh K, Bell RM, Baker MK. Molecular Detection of Micrometastatic Breast Cancer in Histopathology—Negative Axillary Lymph Nodes Fails to Predict Breast Cancer Recurrence: A Final Analysis of a Prospective Multi-Institutional Cohort Study. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 17 Suppl 3:312-20. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-010-1258-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bitisik O, Saip P, Saglam S, Derin D, Dalay N. Mammaglobin and maspin transcripts in blood may reflect disease progression and the effect of therapy in breast cancer. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2010; 9:97-106. [PMID: 20092039 DOI: 10.4238/vol9-1gmr649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Detection of residual tumor cells in the circulation can provide prognostic as well as therapeutic information and help in identifying patients at high risk for developing metastases. Maspin and mammaglobin are two molecules that are specifically associated with breast cancer. We looked for mammaglobin and maspin transcripts in the peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer and evaluated their utility as a marker of the response to therapy. Maspin and mammaglobin transcripts were analyzed in 85 breast-cancer patients by nested RT-PCR, prior to and after treatment. Before therapy, 10 patients were found positive for mammaglobin and 20 patients were positive for maspin. In four patients, both transcripts were detected. Immediately following treatment, only one patient was still positive for mammaglobin while maspin transcripts persisted in three patients. Disease progression was observed mainly in patients in whom maspin transcripts were not detectable. Molecular detection of circulating tumor cells during therapy based on analysis for mammaglobin and maspin transcripts is an easy and practical method that can be applied to follow-up patients. We suggest that detection of mammaglobin mRNA is useful to determine the effect of therapy while maspin transcripts may indicate more aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Bitisik
- Department of Basic Oncology, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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A validation study of a new molecular diagnostic assay: The Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center experience with the GeneSearch™ BLN assay in breast sentinel lymph nodes. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 88:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Circulating tumour cell detection: a direct comparison between the CellSearch System, the AdnaTest and CK-19/mammaglobin RT-PCR in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2009; 102:276-84. [PMID: 19953098 PMCID: PMC2816650 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The detection, enumeration and isolation of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) have considerable potential to influence the clinical management of patients with breast cancer. There is, however, substantial variability in the rates of positive samples using existing detection techniques. The lack of standardisation of technology hampers the implementation of CTC measurement in clinical routine practice. METHODS This study was designed to directly compare three techniques for detecting CTCs in blood samples taken from 76 patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and from 20 healthy controls: the CellSearch CTC System, the AdnaTest Breast Cancer Select/Detect and a previously developed real-time qRT-PCR assay for the detection of CK-19 and mammaglobin transcripts. RESULTS As a result, 36% of patients with MBC were positive by the CellSearch System, 22% by the AdnaTest, 26% using RT-PCR for CK-19 and 54% using RT-PCR for mammaglobin. Samples were significantly more likely to be positive for at least one mRNA marker using RT-PCR than using the CellSearch System (P=0.001) or the AdnaTest (P<0.001). CONCLUSION We observed a substantial variation in the detection rates of CTCs in blood from breast cancer patients using three different techniques. A higher rate of positive samples was observed using a combined qRT-PCR approach for CK-19 and mammaglobin, which suggests that this is currently the most sensitive technique for detecting CTCs.
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18
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Zuo L, Li L, Wang Q, Fleming TP, You S. Mammaglobin as a potential molecular target for breast cancer drug delivery. Cancer Cell Int 2009; 9:8. [PMID: 19309500 PMCID: PMC2662795 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-9-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammaglobin (MAM) has been used as a specific molecular marker for breast cancer diagnosis. Recently, several groups of researchers proposed a number of therapeutic strategies targeting this molecule. Some of the strategies are based upon an essential but not demonstrated hypothesis - mammaglobin is associated with the surface of breast cancer cells, which strongly disputes the therapeutic strategies. RESULTS We conducted a computer-based predictive analysis and identified a small fragment at the N-end of MAM as a potential transmembrane domain. We provided several evidences to demonstrate the presence of the membrane-associated MAM. We isolated the membrane protein components from known MAM positive breast cancer cells (MDA-MB361 and MDA-MB415). We showed that about 22-64% of MAM proteins, depending upon the types of the cancer cells, directly attached on the membrane of breast cancer cells, by Western blotting assays. To directly visualize the presence of the membrane-bound MAM protein, we incubated the MAM positive cancer cells with FITC labeled anti-MAM antibody, and observed clear fluorescent signals on the surface of the cells. In studying the MAM protein distribution in human breast cancer tissues, we first identified two immunostain patterns that are associated with the membrane-bound MAM: the membrane stain pattern and luminary surface stain pattern. To test whether the membrane-associated MAM can serve as a molecular target for drug delivery, we conjugated anti-MAM antibody to human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and loaded doxorubicin (Dox) in the core of LDL. Specific binding and cytotoxicity of the MAM targeted and Dox loaded LDL was tested in the MAM positive breast cancer cells in vitro. CONCLUSION We first showed that some of MAM protein directly associated with the surface of breast cancer cells. The membrane-associated MAM protein may be utilized as a useful molecular marker for breast cancer targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Zuo
- Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta VA Medical Center (151), Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Ly Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ningxia School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yingchuan, Ningxia, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina School of Art and Science, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Timothy P Fleming
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shaojin You
- Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta VA Medical Center (151), Decatur, GA 30033, USA
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19
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Mammaglobin Expression in the Female Genital Tract: Immunohistochemical Analysis in Benign and Neoplastic Endocervix and Endometrium. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2008; 27:418-25. [DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0b013e31815d05ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Detection of human mammaglobin mRNA in serial peripheral blood samples from patients with non-metastatic breast cancer is not predictive of disease recurrence. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 114:223-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-0002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Skliris GP, Hubé F, Gheorghiu I, Mutawe MM, Penner C, Watson PH, Murphy LC, Leygue E, Myal Y. Expression of small breast epithelial mucin (SBEM) protein in tissue microarrays (TMAs) of primary invasive breast cancers. Histopathology 2008; 52:355-69. [PMID: 18269587 PMCID: PMC2253716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Small breast epithelial mucin (SBEM) is a recently described gene product that shows promise as a new breast biomarker. The aim was to investigate for the first time SBEM protein expression in a large cohort (n = 300) of invasive breast cancers, its relationship to established clinical variables and its association with clinical outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on tissue microarrays consisting of 149 oestrogen receptor (ER) alpha- and 151 ERalpha+ breast cancers. Overall, 18% of tumours were SBEM+ (n = 53/300). However, SBEM protein was more frequently observed in ER- (22%) than in ER+ cancers (13%; P = 0.049). A significant association with psoriasin/S100A7 expression (P < or = 0.0001) was observed in the entire cohort. SBEM was also positively associated with HER-2 (P = 0.046) in ER- cancers, and increased levels of SBEM were strongly associated with higher tumour grade (P = 0.0015). Furthermore, SBEM expression showed a trend towards an association with reduced overall survival and relapse-free survival in the ER+ cohort (P = 0.063 and P = 0.072, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that SBEM may identify a unique subset of breast cancers with poor prognosis and may have future implications for therapeutic management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Skliris
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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22
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Ntoulia M, Stathopoulou A, Ignatiadis M, Malamos N, Mavroudis D, Georgoulias V, Lianidou ES. Detection of Mammaglobin A-mRNA-positive circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood of patients with operable breast cancer with nested RT-PCR. Clin Biochem 2006; 39:879-87. [PMID: 16925986 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2006.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Revised: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The development and validation of a nested RT-PCR methodology for the detection of Mammaglobin A-mRNA-positive circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood of patients with operable breast cancer and evaluation of its prognostic significance. DESIGN AND METHODS Different combinations of specific primers were in silico designed and selected, so that false positive results due to genomic DNA contamination were avoided. The specificity of the primers used was evaluated in 30 healthy individuals, 20 patients with colorectal cancer and 20 patients with non-small cell lung cancer. The method was applied in 101 patients with operable breast cancer before the administration of adjuvant chemotherapy and 39 patients with metastatic breast cancer. RESULTS Mammaglobin A-mRNA-positive cells were detected in 14/101 (13.9%) of early breast cancer patients but not in the control population studied (0%); 9 of them (64.3%) relapsed during the follow-up period. Mammaglobin A was detected in 7/39 (17.9%) of patients with verified metastasis. Multivariate analysis revealed the detection of Mammaglobin A-mRNA-positive cells, as an independent risk factor for reduced DFI. CONCLUSIONS Mammaglobin A is a highly specific molecular marker for the detection of circulating tumor cells in operable breast cancer, with important prognostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ntoulia
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Greece
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23
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Dell'Orto P, Biasi MO, Del Curto B, Zurrida S, Galimberti V, Viale G. Assessing the status of axillary sentinel lymph nodes of breast carcinoma patients by a real-time quantitative RT-PCR assay for mammaglobin 1 mRNA. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 98:185-90. [PMID: 16538532 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-005-9148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the accuracy of a real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) assay for mammaglobin 1 mRNA in the detection of metastatic breast cancer in axillary sentinel lymph nodes (SLN), comparing the results with those of qualitative RT-PCR assays and of an extensive histopathological examination. A retrospective series of 81 SLN from 72 patients and a validation series of 61 SLN from 61 patients were evaluated. In the retrospective series, the qRT-PCR assay was positive for 23 (28.4%) of the 81 SLN. The overall concordance with histopathology was 93.8%, with a sensitivity of 90.9%, a specificity of 94.9%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 87% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 96.6%. In the same series, qualitative RT-PCR showed an overall concordance with histopathology of 86.4%, a sensitivity of 72.7%, a specificity of 91.5%, a PPV of 76.2% and a NPV of 90%. In the validation series, including 23 patients with pure in situ carcinoma, the real-time qRT-PCR assay showed an overall concordance with the histopathologic findings of 93.4%, with a sensitivity of 75.0%, a specificity of 94.7%, a PPV of 50.0% and a NPV of 98.2%. We conclude that real-time qRT-PCR assays for mammaglobin 1 are more sensitive and specific that qualitative RT-PCR assays for the detection of metastatic breast carcinoma in axillary SLN, but it should not be regarded as a possible substitute for an extensive histopathological scrutiny of the SLN in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Dell'Orto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
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24
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Chen CC, Hou MF, Wang JY, Chang TW, Lai DY, Chen YF, Hung SY, Lin SR. Simultaneous detection of multiple mRNA markers CK19, CEA, c-Met, Her2/neu and hMAM with membrane array, an innovative technique with a great potential for breast cancer diagnosis. Cancer Lett 2005; 240:279-88. [PMID: 16289546 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Revised: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was mainly to develop and evaluate a membrane array-based method simultaneously detecting the expression levels of a multiple mRNA marker panel in the peripheral blood for used in complementary breast cancer diagnosis. The mRNA markers employed included cytokeratin 19 (CK-19), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), c-Met, Her2/neu, and mammaglobin (hMAM). The specimens of peripheral blood were collected from 80 healthy women and 102 female patients with breast cancer. The expression levels of molecular markers were evaluated by real-time Q-PCR and membrane array. Data obtained from real-time Q-PCR and membrane array were subjected to linear regression analysis, revealing that there was a high degree of correlation between the results of these two methods (r=0.979, P<0.0001). The result of membrane array assay with a combined panel of five mRNA markers was demonstrated to achieve sensitivity of 80.6%, and specificity of 83.8% for breast cancer detection, much higher than those of analysis of single marker. In addition, we demonstrated that the membrane array method could detect circulating cancer cells at a density as low as five cancer cells per 1 ml of blood. The analysis of correlation between the outcome of membrane array and clinicopathological characteristics indicated that overexpression of the multiple marker panel was significantly correlated with tumor size (P=0.030) and TNM stage (0.009). In conclusion, the detection of circulating cancer cells by means of membrane array simultaneously monitoring five mRNA markers could significantly enhance the sensitivity and specificity for cancer cell detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Chi Chen
- MedicoGenomic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC
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25
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Bernstein JL, Godbold JH, Raptis G, Watson MA, Levinson B, Aaronson SA, Fleming TP. Identification of mammaglobin as a novel serum marker for breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:6528-35. [PMID: 16166429 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Early detection of breast cancer has implications for the management and treatment of patients with this disease. Currently, there exist no highly sensitive and specific serologic biomarkers for detection of breast cancer. Mammaglobin is predicted to be a secreted protein, and expression of this gene seems to be highly specific in breast cancer. The present studies were undertaken to develop the mammaglobin protein as a serum biomarker for detection of breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We characterized the mammaglobin protein as a secreted, 14- to 21-kDa species, which is likely post-translationally processed based on its predicted 7-kDa size. Immunostaining for mammaglobin was conducted. An ELISA was developed for the detection of the mammaglobin protein in serum, and levels were compared between women with and without breast cancer. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to show sensitivity and specificity for cut points on the continuous mammaglobin scale. RESULTS The protein was detectable by immunostaining in 72% of breast tumors and not in other tumor types. The ELISA was highly sensitive and specific for detection of mammaglobin protein in tissue culture fluids of breast cancer cells and sera of breast cancer patients. The ELISA differentiated healthy women from those with breast cancer with accurate, repeatable results across time and under varying storage conditions. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that mammaglobin, as measured by the ELISA, holds significant promise for breast cancer screening with the realistic potential to impact management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonine L Bernstein
- Departments of Community and Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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26
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Kwon S, Kang SH, Ro J, Jeon CH, Park JW, Lee ES. The melanoma antigen gene as a surveillance marker for the detection of circulating tumor cells in patients with breast carcinoma. Cancer 2005; 104:251-6. [PMID: 15937912 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating occult tumors cells could be used for the surveillance of metastases after primary breast carcinoma therapy, but their detection is limited by the lack of specific molecular markers. Melanoma antigen genes (MAGEs), which are expressed in malignant tissues but not in normal tissues (except for placenta and testis), might provide such a marker. To date, however, the use of MAGEs in the detection of occult tumor cells using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been limited because of the heterogeneity and low expression of individual MAGEs in tumor tissues. METHODS We developed multiple MAGE-recognizing primers (MMRPs) that were capable of binding to the cyclic DNA of 6 MAGE-A gene subtypes (MAGE-A1-MAGE-A6). We assessed the ability of the MMRPs to detect the expression of MAGE-A gene subtypes in peripheral blood obtained from patients with benign or malignant breast disease. RESULTS MAGE-A gene expression was not detected in 32 patients with benign disease but was detected in 1 of 31 patients (3%) patients with negative lymph node breast carcinoma, in 10 of 52 patients (19%) with 1-3 positive lymph nodes, in 11 of 53 patients (21%) with > or = 4 positive lymph nodes, and in 20 of 52 patients (39%) with metastatic disease. The results were statistically significant (P < 0.0001; chi-square test for linear-by-linear association). The results also showed that the detection of MAGE-A gene expression in the blood predicted tumor progression or recurrence. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that MAGE-A gene expression may be used for the surveillance of circulating breast carcinoma cells after primary therapy by RT-nested PCR using MMRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soim Kwon
- Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
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27
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Reinholz MM, Nibbe A, Jonart LM, Kitzmann K, Suman VJ, Ingle JN, Houghton R, Zehentner B, Roche PC, Lingle WL. Evaluation of a Panel of Tumor Markers for Molecular Detection of Circulating Cancer Cells in Women with Suspected Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:3722-32. [PMID: 15897569 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the feasibility of using molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells as a method for early detection of breast cancer. RESEARCH DESIGN Women without a prior history of cancer who had a breast abnormality detected on imaging followed by a breast biopsy were enrolled in this study. Density gradient centrifugation and immunomagnetic capture were used to enrich for epithelial cells from approximately 20 mL of blood. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR was used to quantitate the expression levels of the highly breast-specific genes, mammaglobin, gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor pi subunit (GABA A(pi)), B305D-C, and B726P in the epithelial cell-enriched samples. RESULTS The assay was technically feasible in 154 of 199 accrued patients. From their clinical assessment, 100 patients had benign breast disease, 10 patients had ductal carcinoma in situ, and 44 patients had invasive breast cancer. We constructed a diagnostic test that classified patients with mammaglobin levels of at least 32.2 copies/pg beta-actin (units) in their circulating epithelial cells as positive for invasive breast cancer. This resulted in a sensitivity and specificity of 63.3% and 75.0%, respectively. A diagnostic test that classified patients as positive for invasive breast cancer when either mammaglobin levels were >46.3 units or B305D-C levels were >11.6 units increased the sensitivity and specificity to 70.5% and 81.0%, respectively. In the latter test, 12 of the 14 node-positive breast cancer patients were correctly identified. Including GABA A(pi) and B726P in the test did not increase its diagnostic potential. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that molecular characterization of circulating epithelial cells using mammaglobin and B305D-C offers potential for early detection of invasive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Reinholz
- Divisions of Experimental Pathology and Biostatistics, and Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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28
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Benoy IH, Elst H, Van der Auwera I, Laere SV, Dam PV, Marck EV, Scharpé S, Vermeulen PB, Dirix LY. Real-time RT-PCR correlates with immunocytochemistry for the detection of disseminated epithelial cells in bone marrow aspirates of patients with breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2004; 91:1813-20. [PMID: 15505629 PMCID: PMC2410046 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) is a technique with the potential of improving the quantification of disseminated epithelial cells (DEC) in haematological tissues due to its exquisite sensitivity. This sensitivity may lead to false positivity. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) is regarded as the standard methodology to diagnose DEC. In this study, detection with ICC was compared with quantitative real-time RT–PCR for CK-19 and mammaglobin (hMAM) mRNA in bone marrow (BM) of patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Bone marrow was aspirated from 14 control patients and from 29 patients with MBC. Mononuclear cells (MNC) were isolated. Immunostaining was carried out with the Epimet kit. Quantitative PCR was performed on the ABI Prism 7700. The CK-19 and hMAM mRNA quantities were normalised against β-Actin and calculated relative to a calibrator sample (relative gene expression). All controls were negative by ICC and for hMAM expression measured by RT–PCR, whereas the median RGE value for CK-19 was 0.57. For the MBC patients, the median RGE for hMAM was 0 and 10 out of 25 (40%) tested positive. Median RGE for CK-19 was 2.9 and 20 out of 25 (80%) tested positive. With ICC, the median value was 1 stained cell per sample, and 15 out of 24 (62%) samples were positive. A correlation was observed between CK-19 and hMAM expression (r=0.7; P=0.0003), and between hMAM expression and ICC (r=0.6; P=0.003). CK-19 expression and ICC (r=0.9; P<0.0001) showed the strongest correlation. Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction for CK-19 resulted in a higher number of positive BM samples of patients with MBC than ICC. Since an excellent correlation is observed between ICC and RT–PCR, and RT–PCR is probably more sensitive with the advantage of being less observer dependent and thus also more easy to automate, we consider our quantitative real-time RT–PCR method as validated for the detection of DEC in the bone marrow of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Benoy
- Translational Cancer Research Group Antwerp (Lab Pathology University of Antwerp/University Hospital Antwerp, 2650 Edegem; Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium), Belgium
| | - H Elst
- Translational Cancer Research Group Antwerp (Lab Pathology University of Antwerp/University Hospital Antwerp, 2650 Edegem; Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium), Belgium
| | - I Van der Auwera
- Translational Cancer Research Group Antwerp (Lab Pathology University of Antwerp/University Hospital Antwerp, 2650 Edegem; Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium), Belgium
| | - S Van Laere
- Translational Cancer Research Group Antwerp (Lab Pathology University of Antwerp/University Hospital Antwerp, 2650 Edegem; Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium), Belgium
| | - P van Dam
- Translational Cancer Research Group Antwerp (Lab Pathology University of Antwerp/University Hospital Antwerp, 2650 Edegem; Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium), Belgium
| | - E Van Marck
- Translational Cancer Research Group Antwerp (Lab Pathology University of Antwerp/University Hospital Antwerp, 2650 Edegem; Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium), Belgium
| | - S Scharpé
- Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - P B Vermeulen
- Translational Cancer Research Group Antwerp (Lab Pathology University of Antwerp/University Hospital Antwerp, 2650 Edegem; Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium), Belgium
| | - L Y Dirix
- Translational Cancer Research Group Antwerp (Lab Pathology University of Antwerp/University Hospital Antwerp, 2650 Edegem; Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium), Belgium
- Oncology Centre St-Augustinus, Oosterveldlaan 24, 2610 Antwerp (Wilrijk), Belgium. E-mail:
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Hubé F, Mutawe M, Leygue E, Myal Y. Human Small Breast Epithelial Mucin: The Promise of a New Breast Tumor Biomarker. DNA Cell Biol 2004; 23:842-9. [PMID: 15684711 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2004.23.842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers today. In developed countries, one in eight women is expected to present with breast cancer within her lifetime and an estimated 1,000,000 cases are detected each year worldwide (Canadian Cancer Statistics, http://www.cancer.ca/vgn/images/ portal/cit_86751114/14/33/1959864 11niw_stats2004_en.pdf). For women with recurrent disease, the median time of survival is about 2 years. Despite optimal surgery, adjuvant irradiation, hormonal treatment, and chemotherapy, approximately 30% of patients with localized breast cancer finally develop distant metastases. Early detection, which enables intervention at a localized and potentially curable stage, remains a central goal in breast cancer treatment. Indeed, the 5-year survival rate for women with breast cancer has been shown to increase dramatically when the disease is diagnosed at an early stage: from less than 25% in women with disseminated cancer to about 75% in patients with regional disease and over 95% in women with a localized tumor (Breast Cancer Facts and Figures, 2001-2002, http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/BrCaFF 2001.pdf). Unfortunately, only 60% of all breast cancers are diagnosed at a local stage. Any improvement in early detection through identification of tumor biomarkers would have a significant impact on reducing overall breast cancer mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hubé
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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30
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Ciampa A, Fanger G, Khan A, Rock KL, Xu B. Mammaglobin and CRxA-01 in pleural effusion cytology. Cancer 2004; 102:368-72. [PMID: 15558786 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most common causes of malignant pleural effusions in women are metastatic lung carcinomas and breast carcinomas. It is often very difficult to distinguish between breast carcinomas and other metastatic carcinomas when they share a similar morphology and a similar cytokeratin profile (CK7-positive/CK20-negative [CK7+/CK20-]). To better differentiate between metastatic mammary carcinomas and other metastatic carcinomas in pleural effusion cytology, the authors studied the potential use of a novel antibody, CRxA-01, which was identified by a cDNA subtraction library, together with a well characterized antibody against mammaglobin. METHODS A computer search for patients with malignant pleural effusion specimens between January 1992 and November 2002 generated 228 patients, 71 of whom had cell block material and a known clinical history. Primary malignancies among these patients included 20 breast carcinomas, 32 lung carcinomas, 4 endometrial carcinomas, 9 ovarian carcinomas, 4 gastrointestinal carcinomas, and 2 genitourinary carcinomas. All specimens were immunostained with anti-CK7, CK20, CRxA-01, and mammaglobin antibodies. Only CK7-positive/CK20-negative (CK7+/CK20-) specimens were included in the current study, and only definitive membranous staining for CRxA-01 and cytoplasmic staining for mammaglobin were considered to be positive. RESULTS For patients with metastatic breast carcinomas, mammaglobin was positive in 11 of 20 (55%) tissue specimens and CRxA-01 was positive in 12 of 20 (60%) tissue specimens. When CRxA-01 and mammaglobin were used together, 16 of 20 (80%) tissue specimens were positive for mammaglobin or/and CRxA-01 antibodies. This staining pattern was not seen for tissue specimens from patients with other metastatic carcinomas. Two of 4 (50%) uterine carcinoma specimens and 6 of 9 (67%) ovarian carcinoma specimens were positive for CRxA-01 only. CONCLUSIONS CRxA-01 and mammaglobin were expressed in most metastatic breast carcinoma specimens. Other CK7+/CK20- carcinoma specimens did not express mammaglobin and showed weak or negative staining for CRxA-01. When used together, CRxA-01 and mammaglobin greatly improved the sensitivity and specificity for the detection of metastatic breast carcinoma in pleural effusion specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Ciampa
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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Slade MJ, Singh A, Smith BM, Tripuraneni G, Hall E, Peckitt C, Fox S, Graham H, Lüchtenborg M, Sinnett HD, Cross NCP, Coombes RC. Persistence of bone marrow micrometastases in patients receiving adjuvant therapy for breast cancer: Results at 4 years. Int J Cancer 2004; 114:94-100. [PMID: 15523696 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have previously developed a quantitative PCR (QPCR) technique for the detection of cytokeratin 19 (CK19) transcripts in blood and bone marrow and compared this to immunocytochemistry (ICC). Together, both have shown promise for monitoring therapeutic efficacy in patients with metastatic breast cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility and value of these assays for minimal residual disease (MRD) in monitoring efficacy of adjuvant therapy following surgery for primary breast cancer. Bone marrow aspirates and peripheral blood samples were taken at the time of surgery from patients with primary breast cancer and no evidence of metastases on conventional scans. These were tested for the presence of CK19 mRNA transcripts and cytokeratin positive cells. Follow-up bone marrow aspirates were taken at 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 months. Prior to surgery, 51% of patients displayed evidence of disseminated cancer cells in the bone marrow by either or both QPCR and ICC. Of 91 patients who had repeat samples assayed, 87% and 65% had positive results at some time using QPCR and ICC, respectively. All patients received adjuvant systemic therapy and in 44 cases where there was a positive result in either the pretreatment or 3-month aspirate, 32/44 (73%) showed a fall in CK19:ABL ratio (QPCR) and 15/24 (63%) showed a reduction in the number of cytokeratin-positive cells (ICC) during follow-up. These results indicate that MRD persists despite adjuvant therapy in a majority of patients with primary breast cancer up to 4 years following surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Slade
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
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Gillanders WE, Mikhitarian K, Hebert R, Mauldin PD, Palesch Y, Walters C, Urist MM, Mann GB, Doherty G, Herrmann VM, Hill AD, Eremin O, El-Sheemy M, Orr RK, Valle AA, Henderson MA, Dewitty RL, Sugg SL, Frykberg E, Yeh K, Bell RM, Metcalf JS, Elliott BM, Brothers T, Robison J, Mitas M, Cole DJ. Molecular detection of micrometastatic breast cancer in histopathology-negative axillary lymph nodes correlates with traditional predictors of prognosis: an interim analysis of a prospective multi-institutional cohort study. Ann Surg 2004; 239:828-37; discussion 837-40. [PMID: 15166962 PMCID: PMC1356291 DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000128687.59439.d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to establish the clinical relevance of micrometastatic disease detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in axillary lymph nodes (ALN) of breast cancer patients. BACKGROUND The presence of ALN metastases remains one of the most valuable prognostic indicators in women with breast cancer. However, the clinical relevance of molecular detection of micrometastatic breast cancer in sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) and nonsentinel ALN has not been established. METHODS Four hundred eighty-nine patients with T1-T3 primary breast cancers were analyzed in a prospective, multi-institutional cohort study. ALN were analyzed by standard histopathology (H&E staining) and by multimarker, real-time RT-PCR analysis (mam, mamB, muc1, CEA, PSE, CK19, and PIP) designed to detect breast cancer micrometastases. RESULTS A positive marker signal was observed in 126 (87%) of 145 subjects with pathology-positive ALN, and in 112 (33%) of 344 subjects with pathology-negative ALN. In subjects with pathology-negative ALN, a positive marker signal was significantly associated with traditional indicators of prognosis, such as histologic grade (P = 0.0255) and St. Gallen risk category (P = 0.022). Mammaglobin was the most informative marker in the panel. CONCLUSION This is the first report to show that overexpression of breast cancer-associated genes in breast cancer subjects with pathology-negative ALN correlates with traditional indicators of disease prognosis. These interim results provide strong evidence that molecular markers could serve as valid surrogates for the detection of occult micrometastases in ALN. Correlation of real-time RT-PCR analyses with disease-free survival in this patient cohort will help to define the clinical relevance of micrometastatic disease in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Gillanders
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Zehentner BK, Carter D. Mammaglobin: a candidate diagnostic marker for breast cancer. Clin Biochem 2004; 37:249-57. [PMID: 15003725 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2003.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2003] [Revised: 11/06/2003] [Accepted: 11/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mammaglobin, known for its mammary tissue specificity, has been discussed as a promising diagnostic marker in breast cancer for almost 10 years. In particular, the application of mammaglobin RT-PCR to detect disseminated breast cancer cells has been reported. More than 25 publications evaluate the detection of mammaglobin mRNA in lymph node, blood, and bone marrow specimens of breast cancer patients. Recently, structural details about the mammaglobin complex have been discovered, and these findings can be implemented to optimize detection of the secreted protein. This review summarizes the findings of almost 50 published studies and the current knowledge about the diagnostic utility of mammaglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K Zehentner
- Department of Antigen Discovery, Corixa Corporation, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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Span PN, Waanders E, Manders P, Heuvel JJTM, Foekens JA, Watson MA, Beex LVAM, Sweep FCGJ. Mammaglobin is associated with low-grade, steroid receptor-positive breast tumors from postmenopausal patients, and has independent prognostic value for relapse-free survival time. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:691-8. [PMID: 14966093 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The tumor mRNA expression levels of mammaglobin, a novel breast-specific and breast cancer-associated marker, were correlated with disease outcome in 280 patients with primary breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Mammaglobin expression levels were assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in frozen tumor tissue from breast cancer patients with a median age of 60 years (range, 30 to 88 years) and a median follow-up of 85 months (range, 2 to 169 months). RESULTS High expression levels were associated with low-grade tumors (P =.018), with positive estrogen and progesterone receptor status (P <.001), and postmenopausal status (P =.010). In the analysis of all patients, low tumor mammaglobin expression levels predicted an early relapse both in Cox univariate (hazard ratio [HR], 0.52; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.79; P =.002) and multivariate regression analyses corrected for the traditional prognostic factors (HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.35 to 0.88; P =.012). The association of mammaglobin expression with the rate of relapse was particularly favorable in patients who received adjuvant tamoxifen treatment (HR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.71; P =.004). CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that the assessment of the tumor mRNA expression level of the breast-specific protein mammaglobin could be useful to stratify patients for individual adjuvant treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Span
- Department of Chemical Endocrinology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Han JH, Kang Y, Shin HC, Kim HS, Kang YM, Kim YB, Oh SY. Mammaglobin Expression in Lymph Nodes Is an Important Marker of Metastatic Breast Carcinoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003; 127:1330-4. [PMID: 14521461 DOI: 10.5858/2003-127-1330-meilni] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Context.—Organ specificity is a desirable property of a tumor marker, especially in metastatic adenocarcinomas of unknown primary origin. Mammaglobin, a mammary-specific member of the uteroglobin family, is known to be overexpressed in human breast cancer.
Objective.—We investigated mammaglobin A expression in metastatic carcinomas of lymph nodes from the breast and various other organs and its usefulness in identifying metastatic carcinoma of the breast. For comparative purposes, we also investigated BRST-1 and BRST-2 expression.
Design.—We produced recombinant mammaglobin and polyclonal antimammaglobin antibodies. Mammaglobin expression was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining using a tissue microarray and by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction in 210 carcinomas, including those of the breast (n = 70), lung (n = 30), stomach (n = 30), colorectum (n = 25), hepatobiliary tract (n = 20), urinary tract (n = 10), thyroid gland (n = 10), ovary and endometrium (n = 10), and salivary gland (n = 5).
Results.—Mammaglobin expression was observed in 59 cases (84.3%) of breast cancer and in 21 cases (15.0%) of nonbreast cancer. The BRST-1 and BRST-2 expression rates were 75.7% and 44.3% in breast cancer and 26.4% and 2.1% in nonbreast cancer, respectively. Mammaglobin is superior to BRST-1 for both specificity and sensitivity and is superior to BRST-2 for sensitivity.
Conclusion.—Our data suggest that mammaglobin is one of the first relatively mammary-specific and mammary-sensitive markers. Mammaglobin and BRST-2 appear to represent useful markers for breast cancer and should be used as a component of panels evaluating tumors of unknown primary sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Han
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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Guan XF, Hamedani MK, Adeyinka A, Walker C, Kemp A, Murphy LC, Watson PH, Leygue E. Relationship between mammaglobin expression and estrogen receptor status in breast tumors. Endocrine 2003; 21:245-50. [PMID: 14515009 DOI: 10.1385/endo:21:3:245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2003] [Revised: 05/29/2003] [Accepted: 05/30/2003] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mammaglobin (SCGB2A2) is a breast-specific member of the secretoglobin (SCGB) gene family. SCGB2A2 has previously been found overexpressed in breast tumors but possible associations between its expression and established prognostic tumor characteristics such as the levels of estrogen and progesterone receptors have not yet been investigated. We evaluated SCGB2A2 expression at the mRNA and at the protein level by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry in 52 and 32 breast tumors, respectively. Both SCGB2A2 mRNA and protein expression were significantly higher in estrogen-receptor-positive compared to estrogen-receptor-negative tumors (Mann- Whitney rank sum test, p = 0.04; chi-square test, p = 0.01; respectively). In contrast, SCGB2A2 expression did not correlate with progesterone receptor levels or Nottingham grade. As estrogen and antiestrogen treatment of estrogen-positive breast cancer cell lines does not modify SCGB2A2 expression we suggest that SCGB2A2 may be a new independent breast cancer prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-feng Guan
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Faculty of Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3EOW3
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37
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Lin YC, Wu Chou YH, Liao IC, Cheng AJ. The expression of mammaglobin mRNA in peripheral blood of metastatic breast cancer patients as an adjunct to serum tumor markers. Cancer Lett 2003; 191:93-9. [PMID: 12609714 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00545-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a study to compare the expression of human mammaglobin (hMAM) mRNA in breast cancer patients' peripheral blood with serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA 15.3. A total of 33 metastatic breast cancer patients were enrolled. The blood samples were used to test the expression of hMAM mRNA by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and CEA, CA 15.3 by radioimmunoassay. The serum CEA and CA 15.3 levels were elevated in 17 (51%) and 23 (69%) of the patients, respectively. When combined CEA with CA 15.3, the sensitivity rate raised to 78%. hMAM mRNA was detected in 18 (54%) of the 33 patients. When combined hMAM mRNA with CEA or CA 15.3, the sensitivity rate were 81% and 90%, respectively (P=0.045). In conclusion, the hMAM mRNA RT-PCR can be an adjunct in detecting metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chang Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 199 Tung Hwa North Road, Taipei 105, Taiwan
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38
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Xiong L, Regnier FE. Use of a lectin affinity selector in the search for unusual glycosylation in proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 782:405-18. [PMID: 12458022 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the work described in this paper was to develop a new approach to the identification of glycoprotein with particular types of glycosylation. The paper demonstrates N-glycosylation sites in a glycoproteins can be identified by (1) proteolysis with trypsin, (2) lectin affinity selection, (3) enzymatic deglycosylation with peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) in buffer containing 95% H(2)(18)O, which generates deglycosylated peptide pairs separated by 2 or 4 amu, (4) reversed-phase separation of the peptide mixture and MALDI mass analysis, (5) MS-MS sequencing of the ion pairs, and (6) identification of the parent protein through a database search. This process has been tested on the selection of glycopeptides from lactoferrin and mammaglobin, and the identification of the ion pairs of fetuin glycopeptides. Glycosylation sites were identified through PNGase hydrolysis in H(2)(18)O. During the process of hydrolyzing the conjugate, Asn is converted to an aspartate residue with the incorporation of (18)O. However, PNGase F was observed to incorporate two (18)O into the beta-carboxyl groups of the Asp residue. This suggests that the hydrolysis is at least partially reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 1393 Brown Building, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS This review examines the various methods of detecting occult breast cancer metastasis in the sentinel lymph node (SLN). The prognostic relevance of such micrometastases and isolated tumour cells, and their impact on stage migration and decision making with respect to axillary dissection and adjuvant systemic therapy, are discussed. RESULTS Examination of SLNs by serial section with haematoxylin and eosin and/or immuno histochemical staining significantly increases the detection rate of micrometastases, even in patients with very small (T1) tumours. However, the prognostic relevance of isolated tumour cells and small micrometastases is uncertain. Moreover, deciding which patients might benefit from axillary dissection is complicated by the fact that adjuvant radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy alone may eradicate most micrometastases. CONCLUSION Ongoing randomized trials comparing the results of SLN biopsy alone with those of axillary dissection should answer the question of whether isolated tumour cells and small micrometastases are clinically relevant. This should also indicate which patients with SLN micrometastasis are likely to benefit from axillary dissection. In this sense, SLN biopsy must be considered still to be at an investigative stage; outwith clinical trials complete axillary dissection should be performed on all patients with SLN micrometastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Noguchi
- Surgical Centre, Kanazawa University Hospital, Takara-machi, 13-1, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
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Grünewald K, Haun M, Fiegl M, Urbanek M, Müller-Holzner E, Massoner A, Riha K, Propst A, Marth C, Gastl G. Mammaglobin expression in gynecologic malignancies and malignant effusions detected by nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. J Transl Med 2002; 82:1147-53. [PMID: 12218075 DOI: 10.1097/01.lab.0000027840.16064.8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of micrometastatic disease remains a challenge for the diagnosis and monitoring of malignant disease. RT-PCR for human mammaglobin (hMAM) was recently shown to provide a sensitive method for assessing circulating breast cancer cells in peripheral blood. This study was aimed at investigating hMAM expression in normal and malignant tissue from the female genital tract and the prostate as well as in malignant effusions derived from gynecologic malignancies. hMAM expression was analyzed with nested RT-PCR in 152 samples of normal (n = 73) and malignant epithelial tissues (n = 79) and in 33 specimens of various normal mesenchymal tissue types. We found hMAM expression was not restricted to the normal mammary gland and breast carcinoma but was also detectable in most specimens of benign and malignant epithelial tissue from the ovary (97% versus 95%), uterus (both 100%), and cervix (91% versus 90%). Notably, hMAM expression was also found in benign prostatic hyperplasia (45%) and in prostate cancer (55%). A much lower expression rate was found in various normal and benign mesenchymal tissues (12%). In keeping with our previous data, hMAM expression was absent in all control samples (n = 124) of peripheral blood and bone marrow from healthy volunteers and patients with hematologic malignancies. In pleural or peritoneal effusions (n = 42) from patients with carcinomas of the breast, endometrium, or ovary, hMAM positivity was noticed in the majority of cases (74%), whereas only 52% of the specimens were cytologically positive for tumor cells. In conclusion, hMAM expression assessed by nested RT-PCR is a sensitive molecular marker for detecting micrometastatic tumor spread into pleural effusions and ascites from patients with breast cancer and various other gynecologic neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Grünewald
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Zehentner BK, Dillon DC, Jiang Y, Xu J, Bennington A, Molesh DA, Zhang X, Reed SG, Persing D, Houghton RL. Application of a Multigene Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay for Detection of Mammaglobin and Complementary Transcribed Genes in Breast Cancer Lymph Nodes. Clin Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/48.8.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Mammaglobin mRNA expression is found in 70–80% of primary and metastatic breast tumor biopsies. The potential breast tumor markers B305D, B726P, and γ-aminobutyrate type A receptor π subunit (GABAπ) complement the expression of mammaglobin. Collectively the expression profile of these four genes could be used as a diagnostic and prognostic indicator for breast cancer.
Methods: A multigene reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assay was established to detect the expression of mammaglobin, GABAπ, B305D, and B726P simultaneously. Specific primers and TaqMan® probes were used to analyze combined mRNA expression profiles in primary breast tumors and metastatic lymph node specimens.
Results: The multigene RT-PCR assay detected substantial expression signals in 27 of 27 primary tumor and 50 of 50 metastatic breast lymph node samples. Specificity studies demonstrated no significant expression signal in 27 non-breast cancer lymph nodes, in 22 various healthy tissue samples, or in 14 colon tumor samples.
Conclusion: The novel RT-PCR-based assay described here provides a sensitive detection system for disseminated breast tumor cells in lymph nodes. In addition, this multigene assay could also be used to test peripheral blood and bone marrow samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuqiu Jiang
- Corixa, 1124 Columbia St., Seattle, WA 98104
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Regnier FE, Riggs L, Zhang R, Xiong L, Liu P, Chakraborty A, Seeley E, Sioma C, Thompson RA. Comparative proteomics based on stable isotope labeling and affinity selection. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:133-145. [PMID: 11857757 DOI: 10.1002/jms.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Disease, external stimuli (such as drugs and toxins), and mutations cause changes in the rate of protein synthesis, post-translational modification, inter-compartmental transport, and degradation of proteins in living systems. Recognizing and identifying the small number of proteins involved is complicated by the complexity of biological extracts and the fact that post-translational alterations of proteins can occur at many sites in multiple ways. It is shown here that a variety of new tools and methods based on internal standard technology are now being developed to code globally all peptides in control and experimental samples for quantification. The great advantage of these stable isotope-labeling strategies is that mass spectrometers can rapidly target those proteins that have changed in concentration for further analysis. When coupled to stable isotope quantification, targeting can be further focused through chromatographic selection of peptide classes on the basis of specific structural features. Targeting structural features is particularly useful when they are unique to types of regulation or disease. Differential displays of targeted peptides show that stimulus-specific markers are relatively easy to identify and will probably be diagnostically valuable tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred E Regnier
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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43
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Branagan G, Hughes D, Jeffrey M, Crane-Robinson C, Perry PM. Detection of micrometastases in lymph nodes from patients with breast cancer. Br J Surg 2002; 89:86-9. [PMID: 11851670 DOI: 10.1046/j.0007-1323.2001.01970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sentinel node biopsy affords the opportunity of focused examination of lymph nodes, including the use of the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The mammaglobin gene is expressed by breast cancers but has not been detected in histologically normal lymph nodes. This study compared mammaglobin RT-PCR with routine histology in the sentinel and non-sentinel nodes of patients with breast cancer. METHODS Patients with breast cancer underwent tumour excision, sentinel node biopsy and axillary dissection. All nodes were bisected and half of each node was sent for routine histological examination. The other half underwent RNA extraction and mammaglobin RT-PCR. RESULTS Sentinel node biopsy was successful in 50 (96 per cent) of 52 patients. Mammaglobin expression was detected in nine (8 per cent) of 119 histologically negative sentinel nodes (Clopper-Pearson 95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 4 to 14 per cent) and in 13 (5 per cent) of 247 histologically negative non-sentinel nodes (95 per cent c.i. 3 to 9 per cent). Mammaglobin expression was detected in four (13 per cent) of 31 patients with histologically negative sentinel nodes (95 per cent c.i. 4 to 30 per cent) and in six (14 per cent) of 44 patients with histologically negative non-sentinel nodes (95 per cent c.i. 5 to 27 per cent). The false-negative rate for sentinel node biopsy was zero using histology results and 10 per cent using RT-PCR. CONCLUSION RT-PCR screening of axillary nodes for mammaglobin expression increased the detection of breast cancer metastases compared with routine histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Branagan
- Department of Surgery, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Cosham, Portsmouth, UK
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Manzotti M, Dell'Orto P, Maisonneuve P, Zurrida S, Mazzarol G, Viale G. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for multiple mRNA markers in the detection of breast cancer metastases in sentinel lymph nodes. Int J Cancer 2001; 95:307-12. [PMID: 11494230 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20010920)95:5<307::aid-ijc0153>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The identification of specific tumor mRNA markers by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction might be a valuable diagnostic adjunct for the detection of breast cancer metastases in axillary sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs). In this study we have compared the diagnostic accuracy of an extensive histopathologic examination of 146 SLNs from 123 breast carcinoma patients with that of the evaluation of 5 mRNA markers. When analyzed individually, none of the different markers attained a sensitivity higher than 77.8%, and the general concordance with the histopathologic findings ranged from 78.8 to 83.6%. In a multiple-marker assay, taking into account the expression of at least 1 of the 5 tumor markers, the sensitivity of the test rose to 95.6%, with a specificity of 66.3% and a general concordance with the histopathologic status of 75.3%. Finally, when at least 2 of 3 markers (maspin, cytokeratin 19 and mammaglobin 1) were expressed, the concordance with either SLN or axillary lymph node status was highest (88.4% and 84.6%, respectively). The high prevalence of positive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays in histologically uninvolved SLNs, however, may hamper extensive application of these techniques in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Manzotti
- Department of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripmaonti 435, I-20141 Milan, Italy
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45
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Colpitts TL, Billing-Medel P, Friedman P, Granados EN, Hayden M, Hodges S, Menhart N, Roberts L, Russell J, Stroupe SD. Mammaglobin is found in breast tissue as a complex with BU101. Biochemistry 2001; 40:11048-59. [PMID: 11551201 DOI: 10.1021/bi010284f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mammaglobin gene has been shown to be preferentially expressed in breast tissue. Few genes match its specificity. Mammaglobin has generated much interest, and studies are ongoing to develop diagnostic tests for breast cancer based on the detection of mammaglobin. While searching the Incyte Genomics Lifeseq database for tissue-specific markers, we observed a second secretoglobin, BU101, also known as lipophilin B. We report here that mammaglobin, in breast tissue, is found as a complex with BU101. The complex was isolated from breast cancer tissue and was characterized as the biologically relevant form of mammaglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Colpitts
- Breast Cancer Venture, Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, USA
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46
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Marchetti A, Buttitta F, Bertacca G, Zavaglia K, Bevilacqua G, Angelucci D, Viacava P, Naccarato A, Bonadio A, Barassi F, Felicioni L, Salvatore S, Mucilli F. mRNA markers of breast cancer nodal metastases: comparison between mammaglobin and carcinoembryonic antigen in 248 patients. J Pathol 2001; 195:186-90. [PMID: 11592097 DOI: 10.1002/path.943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Histological detection of axillary lymph node metastases is still the most valuable prognostic parameter for breast cancer, but about 30% of node-negative patients relapse within five years, suggesting that current methods are inadequate for identifying metastatic disease. More sensitive, PCR-based methods for the detection of metastatic cells are now available, enabling the amplification of cancer cell-specific mRNA messages by the RT-PCR assay. An ideal tumour marker, consistently expressed in tumour samples and not at all in normal lymph nodes, remains to be identified. The present study first investigated the expression of seven mRNA markers, CEA, CK19, c-Met, mammaglobin, MUC-1, beta1-->GalNAc-T and p97, selected on the basis of their previously reported specificity for breast cancer cells. Eighteen lymph nodes were examined from patients without tumours. Only mammaglobin mRNA and CEA mRNA were not expressed in normal nodes. All of the other markers showed a band of expression in 17%-55% of cases, indicating that they are not breast cancer-specific. CEA mRNA and mammaglobin mRNA expression could be detected in 15/20 (75%) and 19/20 (95%) primary breast carcinomas, respectively. The expression of mammaglobin mRNA and CEA mRNA was then compared in axillary lymph nodes from 248 consecutive breast cancer patients, 89 with histologically documented lymph node metastasis and 159 without histological evidence of metastatic disease. Ninety-seven per cent of the patients with histologically involved nodes showed expression of mammaglobin mRNA, whereas CEA mRNA was expressed in 79% of these cases. In the group of patients with histologically negative lymph nodes, 46 (29%) and 32 (20%) were found to be positive for mammaglobin and CEA expression, respectively, indicating the presence of metastases not detected by routine histological examination of one lymph node section. These results show that both mammaglobin RT-PCR and CEA RT-PCR are useful tools for the detection of breast cancer metastases in axillary lymph nodes. The detection sensitivity of the mammaglobin RT-PCR is far superior to that of the CEA RT-PCR, allowing the diagnosis of occult metastases in nearly one-third of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marchetti
- Department of Oncology and Neurosciences, University Gabriele D'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
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47
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Hawes D, Neville AM, Cote RJ. Detection of occult metastasis in patients with breast cancer. SEMINARS IN SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2001; 20:312-8. [PMID: 11747273 DOI: 10.1002/ssu.1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The most important factor affecting the outcome of patients with invasive cancer is whether the tumor has spread, either regionally (to regional lymph nodes) or systemically. However, a proportion of patients with no evidence of systemic dissemination will develop recurrent disease after primary "curative" therapy. Clearly, these patients had occult systemic spread of disease that was undetectable by routinely employed methods (careful pathological, clinical, biochemical, and radiological evaluation). In addition, the success of adjuvant therapy is assumed to stem from its ability to eradicate occult metastases before they become clinically evident. Therefore, methods for the detection of occult metastases in patients with the earliest stage of cancer, i.e., prior to detection of metastases by any other clinical or pathological analysis, have received a great deal of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hawes
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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48
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Houghton RL, Dillon DC, Molesh DA, Zehentner BK, Xu J, Jiang J, Schmidt C, Frudakis A, Repasky E, Maltez Filho A, Nolasco M, Badaro R, Zhang X, Roche PC, Persing DH, Reed SG. Transcriptional complementarity in breast cancer: application to detection of circulating tumor cells. MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS : A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN DISEASE THROUGH THE CLINICAL APPLICATION OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 6:79-91. [PMID: 11468693 DOI: 10.1007/bf03262038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We used a combination of genetic subtraction, silicon DNA microarray analysis, and quantitative PCR to identify tissue- and tumor-specific genes as diagnostic targets for breast cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS From a large number of candidate antigens, several specific subsets of genes were identified that showed concordant and complementary expression profiles. Whereas transcriptional profiling of mammaglobin resulted in the detection of 70% of tumors in a panel of 46 primary and metastatic breast cancers, the inclusion of three additional markers resulted in detection of all 46 specimens. Immunomagnetic epithelial cell enrichment of circulating tumor cells from the peripheral blood of patients with metastatic breast cancer, coupled with RT-PCR-based amplification of breast tumor-specific transcripts, resulted in the detection of anchorage-independent tumor cells in the majority of patients with breast cancer with known metastatic disease. CONCLUSION Complementation of mammaglobin with three additional genes in RT-PCR increases the detection of breast cancers in tissue and circulating tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Houghton
- Corixa Corporation, 1124 Columbia St., Ste 200, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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Abstract
Secretory lipophilins are "lipid-loving" proteins that are major constituents of several mammalian secretions, including the prostatic fluid of rats and the tears of humans and rabbits. These proteins form covalent heterodimers that are stabilized by three intramolecular cystine disulfide bonds. The heterodimers, some of which are glycosylated, may undergo additional non-covalent assembly to form tetramers. The peptide components found in secretory lipophilins are from two subfamilies: lipophilins A/B and lipophilin C. The C subfamily members described in this report are three rabbit and one human lipophilin, plus human mammaglobin and the C3 subunit of rat prostatein. Human A/B and C lipophilins are expressed by many tissues and are especially prominent in endocrine-responsive organs. The gene for human lipophilin B resides at chromosome 10q22-23. This region harbors the PTEN/MMAC1 gene and is believed to contain additional tumor suppressor genes. Although the functions of secretory lipophilins are imperfectly understood, their abundance in glandular secretions and in hormone-responsive tissues suggests that they deserve considerably more attention than they have received to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Lehrer
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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50
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Böckmann B, Grill HJ, Giesing M. Molecular characterization of minimal residual cancer cells in patients with solid tumors. BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING 2001; 17:95-111. [PMID: 11222984 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-0344(00)00073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The failure to reduce the mortality of patients with solid tumors is mainly a result of the early dissemination of cancer cells to secondary sites, which is usually missed by conventional diagnostic procedures used for tumor staging. PCR was shown to be superior to conventional techniques in detecting circulating tumor cells and micrometastases allowing the identification of one tumor cell in up to 10(7) normal cells in various sources such as blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, urine or stool. The methods used are based on the detection of either genomic alterations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes or on the mRNA expression of tissue-specific and tumor-associated genes. The additional implementation of techniques for cancer cell purification had a significant impact on analytical sensitivity and specificity of MRCC detection. For patients with e.g. melanoma, breast, colorectal or prostate cancer it was demonstrated that the presence of disseminated cancer cells defines a subgroup of patients with reduced time to recurrence. The possibility to use easily accessible body fluids as a source for MRCC detection enables longitudinal observations of the disease. In this review we discuss the potential of molecular characterization of MRCC as a tool to improve prognostication, therapy selection and drug targeting as well as therapy monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Böckmann
- Institute for Molecular NanoTechnology, Berghäuser Strasse 295, 45659, Recklinghausen, Germany
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