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Ichikawa K, McGrew MJ. Innovations in poultry reproduction using cryopreserved avian germ cells. Reprod Domest Anim 2024; 59:e14591. [PMID: 38798199 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Meat and eggs from chicken are the major source of animal protein for the human population. The cryopreservation of poultry species is needed to guarantee sustainable production. Here, we describe the existing cryopreservation technologies for avian reproductive cells using embryonic germ cells, spermatozoa and ovarian tissues. We outline strategies to reconstitute chicken breeds from their cryopreserved embryonic germ cells using surrogate hosts and discuss the perspectives for genetic conservation and reconstitution of chicken and wild avian species using surrogate host animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennosuke Ichikawa
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Mike J McGrew
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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2
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Nakajima Y, Tagami T, Tajima A. Gonadal Germ Cell Migration and Proliferation after Transfer in Developing Chicken Embryos. J Poult Sci 2023; 60:2023028. [PMID: 38034482 PMCID: PMC10679837 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.2023028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A germline chimera is a useful model for developing and differentiating germ cells in vivo. Gonadal germ cells (GGCs) collected from chicken embryonic gonads may be used to produce germline chimeras as donor cells. However, the migratory and proliferative abilities of GGCs after transfer into recipient embryos are unclear. Here, the migratory and proliferative abilities of GGCs collected from 7-day-old White Leghorn embryos and fluorescently labeled were analyzed following transfer into the dorsal aorta of 2.5-day-old Rhode Island Red (RIR) embryos. Five days after transfer, the numbers of male and female GGCs were significantly higher in the RIR gonads than those in non-gonadal RIR organs when 50 GGCs were transferred per embryo. To analyze the temporal migration of GGCs in intermediate mesoderm, 50 GGCs were again transferred. The numbers of male and female GGCs in RIR gonads increased significantly from days 3 to 6 after transfer. To analyze GGC migration and proliferation in the gonads, a single GGC was transferred into 100 male and 100 female embryos. Five days after transfer, the frequencies of settled and proliferated GGCs were 37% (37/100) and 24% (24/100) in males, and 23% (23/100) and 8% (8/100) in females, respectively. Thus, GGCs are a heterogeneous cell population that may or may not have migratory and proliferative abilities. The heterogeneity of GGCs may be greater in females than that in males. When 50 GGCs were transplanted, almost all those present in embryos had settled and proliferated in the gonads and mesonephros. The migratory and proliferative abilities of GGCs in recipient gonads were considerably diverse in individual GGCs or between donor sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nakajima
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of
Tsukuba, Ten-noh Dai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Division of Meat Animal and Poultry Research, NARO Institute
of Livestock and Grassland Science, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tagami
- Division of Meat Animal and Poultry Research, NARO Institute
of Livestock and Grassland Science, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tajima
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of
Tsukuba, Ten-noh Dai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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3
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Blackburn HD, Azevedo HC, Purdy PH. Incorporation of Biotechnologies into Gene Banking Strategies to Facilitate Rapid Reconstitution of Populations. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3169. [PMID: 37893893 PMCID: PMC10603745 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
National animal gene banks that are responsible for conserving livestock, poultry, and aquatic genetic resources need to be capable of utilizing a broad array of cryotechnologies coupled with assisted reproductive technologies to reconstitute either specific animals or populations/breeds as needed. This capability is predicated upon having sufficient genetic diversity (usually encapsulated by number of animals in the collection), units of germplasm or tissues, and the ability to reconstitute animals. While the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO 2012, 2023) developed a set of guidelines for gene banks on these matters, those guidelines do not consider applications and utilization of newer technologies (e.g., primordial germ cells, cloning from somatic cells, embryo transfer, IVF, sex-sorted semen), which can radically change how gene banks collect, store, and utilize genetic resources. This paper reviews the current status of using newer technologies, explores how gene banks might make such technologies part of their routine operations, and illustrates how combining newer assisted reproductive technologies with older approaches enables populations to be reconstituted more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey D. Blackburn
- USDA ARS National Animal Germplasm Program, 1111 S. Mason St., Fort Collins, CO 80521-4500, USA
| | | | - Phillip H. Purdy
- USDA ARS National Animal Germplasm Program, 1111 S. Mason St., Fort Collins, CO 80521-4500, USA
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Kim YM, Woo SJ, Han JY. Strategies for the Generation of Gene Modified Avian Models: Advancement in Avian Germline Transmission, Genome Editing, and Applications. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040899. [PMID: 37107658 PMCID: PMC10137648 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian models are valuable for studies of development and reproduction and have important implications for food production. Rapid advances in genome-editing technologies have enabled the establishment of avian species as unique agricultural, industrial, disease-resistant, and pharmaceutical models. The direct introduction of genome-editing tools, such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system, into early embryos has been achieved in various animal taxa. However, in birds, the introduction of the CRISPR system into primordial germ cells (PGCs), a germline-competent stem cell, is considered a much more reliable approach for the development of genome-edited models. After genome editing, PGCs are transplanted into the embryo to establish germline chimera, which are crossed to produce genome-edited birds. In addition, various methods, including delivery by liposomal and viral vectors, have been employed for gene editing in vivo. Genome-edited birds have wide applications in bio-pharmaceutical production and as models for disease resistance and biological research. In conclusion, the application of the CRISPR system to avian PGCs is an efficient approach for the production of genome-edited birds and transgenic avian models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seung-Je Woo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Han
- Avinnogen Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Ecker A, Lázár B, Tóth RI, Urbán M, Tokodyné Szabadi N, Salinas Aponte MT, Adnan M, Várkonyi E, Gócza E. The Effects of Freezing Media on the Characteristics of Male and Female Chicken Primordial Germ Cell Lines. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040867. [PMID: 37109396 PMCID: PMC10144471 DOI: 10.3390/life13040867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, in vitro gene preservation has gained ground thanks to its lower cost and higher stability compared to in vivo techniques. One of the methods that can preserve female-specific W chromosome-linked genes is primordial germ cell (PGC) freezing. PGCs can be isolated from Hamburger-Hamilton stage 14-16 embryos via blood sampling. In our experiment, we used two newly established Black Transylvanian naked neck chicken cell lines and four cell lines from our gene bank. We compared two different freezing media (FAM1 and FAM2) in this study. The cell number and viability of the PGCs were measured before freezing (BF) and after thawing on Day 0, Day 1, and Day 7 of cultivation. We analyzed the germ cell-specific chicken vasa homologue (CVH) expression profile in PGCs using RT-qPCR. We found that on Day 0, immediately after thawing, the cell number in cell lines frozen with the FAM2 medium was significantly higher than in the FAM1-treated ones. On Day 1 and Day 7, the cell number and viability were also higher in most cell lines frozen with FAM2, but the difference was insignificant. The freezing also affected the chicken vasa homologue gene expression in male lines treated with both freezing media.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Ecker
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Bence Lázár
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
- National Centre for Biodiversity and Gene Conservation, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Roland Imre Tóth
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Martin Urbán
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Tokodyné Szabadi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Maria Teresa Salinas Aponte
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Eszter Várkonyi
- National Centre for Biodiversity and Gene Conservation, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Elen Gócza
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
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Hall GB, Beeler-Marfisi J, Long JA, Wood BJ, Bedecarrats GY. Cyclosporin A Prevents Ovarian Graft Rejection, and Permits Normal Germ Cell Maturation Within the First 5 Weeks Post-transplantation, in the Domestic Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:855164. [PMID: 35498740 PMCID: PMC9051514 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.855164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biobanked ovaries collected from recently hatched poults can only be revived through transplantation, using a recipient bird. The main hurdle in transplantation is preventing graft rejection, which appears as lymphocytic infiltration upon histologic evaluation of the graft. In this study, the condition of the transplants [immunological compatibility (auto- vs. allotransplants), donor age, time in holding media, and temperature of holding media] and treatment of recipient poults with varying immunosuppressants [mycophenolate mofetil (MFM), cyclophosphamide (CY), and cyclosporin A (CsA)] were studied to determine which factors could reduce lymphocytic infiltration, during the first 35 days post-transplantation. Lymphocytic infiltration was determined via cytoplasmic CD3 (T cell) and nuclear PAX5 (B cell) expression. There was no significant difference in the percent of cytoplasmic CD3 or nuclear PAX5 immunostained area between the unoperated group and the autotransplants, by 6 days post-transplantation. However, the allotransplants had more (P < 0.05) positive cytoplasmic and nuclear immunostained areas compared to autotransplants, irrespective of donor age, time in holding media or temperature of the media. By 14 days post-transplantation, the CsA 25 and 50 mg/kg/day treatment groups had less (P < 0.05) CD3 and PAX5 positive areas in their allotransplants, compared to the unsuppressed group. At 35 days post-transplantation, the CsA 25 mg/kg/day allotransplant group also had less (P < 0.05) CD3 and PAX5 positive areas compared to the unsuppressed group. The CsA 25 mg/kg/day transplants also had a similar ovarian follicular size compared to the unoperated group, although they contained fewer (P < 0.05) follicles based on follicular density. Donor age, duration in holding media, temperature of media, and treatment of recipients with MFM or CY had no effect on reducing lymphocytic infiltration. However, immunological compatibility was associated with decreased lymphocytic infiltration, as autotransplants had little lymphocytic infiltration. Treatment of recipients with CsA at 25 mg/kg/day was also associated with reduced lymphocytic infiltration and allowed transplants to develop normally during the first 35 days post transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George B. Hall
- Department of Animal Bioscience, Ontario Agriculture College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: George B. Hall
| | - Janet Beeler-Marfisi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Julie A. Long
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Wood
- Department of Animal Bioscience, Ontario Agriculture College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Gregoy Y. Bedecarrats
- Department of Animal Bioscience, Ontario Agriculture College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Hu T, Taylor L, Sherman A, Keambou Tiambo C, Kemp SJ, Whitelaw B, Hawken RJ, Djikeng A, McGrew MJ. A low-tech, cost-effective and efficient method for safeguarding genetic diversity by direct cryopreservation of poultry embryonic reproductive cells. eLife 2022; 11:74036. [PMID: 35074046 PMCID: PMC8789256 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chickens are an important resource for smallholder farmers who raise locally adapted, genetically distinct breeds for eggs and meat. The development of efficient reproductive technologies to conserve and regenerate chicken breeds safeguards existing biodiversity and secures poultry genetic resources for climate resilience, biosecurity, and future food production. The majority of the over 1600 breeds of chicken are raised in low and lower to middle income countries under resource-limited, small-scale production systems, which necessitates a low-tech, cost-effective means of conserving diversity is needed. Here, we validate a simple biobanking technique using cryopreserved embryonic chicken gonads. The gonads are quickly isolated, visually sexed, pooled by sex, and cryopreserved. Subsequently, the stored material is thawed and dissociated before injection into sterile host chicken embryos. By using pooled GFP and RFP-labelled donor gonadal cells and Sire Dam Surrogate mating, we demonstrate that chicks deriving entirely from male and female donor germ cells are hatched. This technology will enable ongoing efforts to conserve chicken genetic diversity for both commercial and smallholder farmers, and to preserve existing genetic resources at poultry research facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuanjun Hu
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus
| | - Lorna Taylor
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus
| | - Adrian Sherman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus
| | - Christian Keambou Tiambo
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)
| | - Steven J Kemp
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)
| | - Bruce Whitelaw
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus
| | | | - Appolinaire Djikeng
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus
| | - Michael J McGrew
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus
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Nakajima Y, Asano A, Tajima A. Developmental potential of cryopreserved gonadal germ cells from 7-day-old chick embryos recovered using the PBS(-) method. Br Poult Sci 2021; 63:46-53. [PMID: 34319196 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1960952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
1. A series of experiments were conducted to examine the developmental potential of cryopreserved gonadal germ cells (GGCs) recovered from both males and females on embryo day 7 (7 d-GGCs) using the PBS(-) method. Germline chimeras were produced by transferring 200 frozen/unfrozen 7 d-GGCs recovered from female/male Rhode Island Red (RIR) embryos into the dorsal aorta of 2-day-old female and male white leghorn (WL) embryos.2. Germ-cell recipient embryos were hatched and raised to sexual maturity and progeny testing was conducted by mating with RIR of the opposite sex. Brown-feathered progeny chicks were hatched in all eight possible progeny testing combinations, except for male GGC recipients produced by transferring female GGCs. Furthermore, brown-feathered progeny chicks were hatched when frozen-thawed sperm from male germline chimeras, produced by transferring unfrozen 7d-GGCs, were inseminated in normal female RIR and female WL germline chimeras.3. The results indicated that cryopreserved female/male GGCs from 7-day-old chick embryos, recovered using the PBS(-) method, were fully capable of developing into normal spermatozoa and ova in the gonad of recipient embryos under appropriate GGC donor/recipient combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nakajima
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - A Asano
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - A Tajima
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Park KJ, Jung KM, Kim YM, Lee KH, Han JY. Production of germline chimeric quails by transplantation of cryopreserved testicular cells into developing embryos. Theriogenology 2020; 156:189-195. [PMID: 32755718 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The germplasm is a resource and tool for the conservation of genetic diversity in animals, including birds. Securing germplasm is limited in most bird species due to difficulties in semen collection and germ cell isolation, lack of germ cell-specific markers, and in vitro culture systems. Here, we report the production of germline chimeric quails by transplant of cryopreserved testicular cells (TCs) into the developing embryo. The testicular germ cell properties were maintained after freeze-thaw, with no significant reduction in cell viability irrespective of storage length. Cryopreserved TCs were transferred into Hamburger Hamilton (HH) stage 14-17 quail embryos, and were demonstrated to migrate into the embryonic gonads with similar efficiency to freshly isolated TCs. Twenty of 81 recipient embryos yielded hatchlings from cryopreserved TCs and the germline transmission efficiency was similar to that of freshly isolated cells. In conclusion, cryopreserved adult quail TCs are capable of (de)differentiation into functional gametes in recipient quail gonads and can generate donor TCs-derived progenies. This system is feasible for the isolation of sufficient germplasm resources from various bird species for conservation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Je Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Kyung Min Jung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Young Min Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Kyu Hyuk Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jae Yong Han
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Naito
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan,
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12
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Yu F, Zhu Z, Chen X, Huang J, Jia R, Pan J. Isolation, characterization and germline chimera preparation of primordial germ cells from the Chinese Meiling chicken. Poult Sci 2019; 98:566-572. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Han JY, Park YH. Primordial germ cell-mediated transgenesis and genome editing in birds. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:19. [PMID: 29423217 PMCID: PMC5791193 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenesis and genome editing in birds are based on a unique germline transmission system using primordial germ cells (PGCs), which is quite different from the mammalian transgenic and genome editing system. PGCs are progenitor cells of gametes that can deliver genetic information to the next generation. Since avian PGCs were first discovered in nineteenth century, there have been numerous efforts to reveal their origin, specification, and unique migration pattern, and to improve germline transmission efficiency. Recent advances in the isolation and in vitro culture of avian PGCs with genetic manipulation and genome editing tools enable the development of valuable avian models that were unavailable before. However, many challenges remain in the production of transgenic and genome-edited birds, including the precise control of germline transmission, introduction of exogenous genes, and genome editing in PGCs. Therefore, establishing reliable germline-competent PGCs and applying precise genome editing systems are critical current issues in the production of avian models. Here, we introduce a historical overview of avian PGCs and their application, including improved techniques and methodologies in the production of transgenic and genome-edited birds, and we discuss the future potential applications of transgenic and genome-edited birds to provide opportunities and benefits for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yong Han
- 1Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 South Korea.,2Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, Nagano, 399-4598 Japan
| | - Young Hyun Park
- 1Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
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Tonus C, Connan D, Waroux O, Vandenhove B, Wayet J, Gillet L, Desmecht D, Antoine N, Ectors F, Grobet L. Cryopreservation of chicken primordial germ cells by vitrification and slow freezing: A comparative study. Theriogenology 2017; 88:197-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) generate new individuals through differentiation, maturation and fertilization. This means that the manipulation of PGCs is directly linked to the manipulation of individuals, making PGCs attractive target cells in the animal biotechnology field. A unique biological property of avian PGCs is that they circulate temporarily in the vasculature during early development, and this allows us to access and manipulate avian germ lines. Following the development of a technique for transplantation, PGCs have become central to avian biotechnology, in contrast to the use of embryo manipulation and subsequent transfer to foster mothers, as in mammalian biotechnology. Today, avian PGC transplantation combined with recent advanced manipulation techniques, including cell purification, cryopreservation, depletion, and long-term culture in vitro, have enabled the establishment of genetically modified poultry lines and ex-situ conservation of poultry genetic resources. This chapter introduces the principles, history, and procedures of producing avian germline chimeras by transplantation of PGCs, and the current status of avian germline modification as well as germplasm cryopreservation. Other fundamental avian reproductive technologies are described, including artificial insemination and embryo culture, and perspectives of industrial applications in agriculture and pharmacy are considered, including poultry productivity improvement, egg modification, disease resistance impairment and poultry gene "pharming" as well as gene banking.
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NAKAJIMA Y, FUKUDA H, ONUMA M, MURATA K, UEDA M, SUNAGA E, SHIRAISHI T, TAJIMA A. Migratory ability of gonadal germ cells (GGCs) isolated from Ciconia boyciana and Geronticus eremita embryos into the gonad of developing chicken embryos. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1055-8. [PMID: 26922915 PMCID: PMC4937143 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted experiments to evaluate the ability of gonadal germ cells (GGCs), isolated from the embryonic gonads of Ciconia boyciana or Geronticus eremita, to migrate into the gonads of developing chicken embryos. Fluorescently labeled GGCs, isolated by the PBS (-) method, were transferred into the dorsal aorta of 2-day-old chicken embryos. Five days after transfer, fluorescent GGCs were detected in the gonads of recipient embryos. Our results indicate that GGCs from Ciconia boyciana and Geronticus eremita are capable of migrating into the gonads of developing chicken embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki NAKAJIMA
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ten-noh Dai
1–1–1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8572, Japan
- Fellow of the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan
- Current address: Advanced Biological Information Research Division, INAMORI
Frontier Research Center, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819–0395, Japan
| | - Haruka FUKUDA
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba,
Ten-noh Dai 1–1–1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8572, Japan
| | - Manabu ONUMA
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for
Environmental Studies, 16–2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8506, Japan
| | - Koichi MURATA
- Zoorasia Yokohama Zoological Gardens, Kamishiranecho 1175–1, Yokohama Asahi-ku,
Kanagawa 241–0001, Japan
- Preservation and Research Center/The City of Yokohama, Kawaishukucho 155–1,
Yokohama Asahi-ku, Kanagawa 241–0804, Japan
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa,
Kanagawa, 252–0880, Japan
| | - Miya UEDA
- Zoorasia Yokohama Zoological Gardens, Kamishiranecho 1175–1, Yokohama Asahi-ku,
Kanagawa 241–0001, Japan
| | - Emi SUNAGA
- Preservation and Research Center/The City of Yokohama, Kawaishukucho 155–1,
Yokohama Asahi-ku, Kanagawa 241–0804, Japan
| | - Toshirou SHIRAISHI
- Preservation and Research Center/The City of Yokohama, Kawaishukucho 155–1,
Yokohama Asahi-ku, Kanagawa 241–0804, Japan
| | - Atsushi TAJIMA
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ten-noh Dai
1–1–1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8572, Japan
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17
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Abstract
The majority of poultry genetic resources are maintained in situ in living populations. However, in situ conservation of poultry genetic resources always carries the risk of loss owing to pathogen outbreaks, genetic problems, breeding cessation, or natural disasters. Cryobanking of germplasm in birds has been limited to the use of semen, preventing conservation of the W chromosome and mitochondrial DNA. A further challenge is posed by the structure of avian eggs, which restricts the cryopreservation of ova and fertilized embryos, a technique widely used for mammalian species. By using a unique biological property and accessibility of avian primordial germ cells (PGCs), precursor cells for gametes, which temporally circulate in the vasculature during early development, an avian PGC transplantation technique has been established. To date, several techniques for PGC manipulation including purification, cryopreservation, depletion, and long-term culture have been developed in chickens. PGC transplantation combined with recent advanced PGC manipulation techniques have enabled ex situ conservation of poultry genetic resources in their complete form. Here, the updated technologies for avian PGC manipulation are introduced, and then the concept of a poultry PGC-bank is proposed by considering the biological properties of avian PGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Nakamura
- Division of Germ Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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18
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Haraguchi S, Matsubara Y, Hosoe M. Chick embryos can form teratomas from microinjected mouse embryonic stem cells. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 58:194-204. [PMID: 26691605 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether chick embryos are a suitable experimental model for the evaluation of pluripotency of stem cells. Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) expressing the reporter gene, LacZ or GFP were injected into the subgerminal cavity of blastoderms (freshly oviposited) or the marginal vein of chick embryos (2 days of incubation). Injected mESCs were efficiently incorporated into the body and extra-embryonic tissues of chick embryos and formed small clusters. Increased donor cell numbers injected were positively associated with the efficiency of chimera production, but with lower viability. A single mESC injected into the blastoderm proliferated into 34.7 ± 3.8 cells in 3 days, implying that the chick embryo provides an optimal environment for the growth of xenogenic cells. In the embryo body, mESCs were interspersed as small clustered chimeras in various tissues. Teratomas were observed in the yolk sac and the brain with three germ layers. In the yolk sac, clusters of mESCs gradually increased in volume and exhibited varied morphology such as a water balloon-like or dark-red solid mass. However, mESCs in the brain developed into a large soft tissue mass of whitish color and showed a tendency to differentiate into ectodermal lineage cells, including primitive neural ectodermal and neuronal cells expressing the neurofilament protein. These results indicate that chick embryos are useful for the teratoma formation assays of mESCs and have a broad-range potential as an experimental host model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiki Haraguchi
- Animal Breeding and Reproduction Division, NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0901, Japan
| | - Yuko Matsubara
- Animal Development and Differentiation Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Misa Hosoe
- Animal Development and Differentiation Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
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19
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Long-term culture of chicken primordial germ cells isolated from embryonic blood and production of germline chimaeric chickens. Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 153:50-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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21
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Benesova B, Mucksova J, Kalina J, Trefil P. Restoration of spermatogenesis in infertile male chickens after transplantation of cryopreserved testicular cells. Br Poult Sci 2014; 55:837-45. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.974506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Imus N, Roe M, Charter S, Durrant B, Jensen T. Transfer and detection of freshly isolated or cultured chicken (Gallus gallus) and exotic species' embryonic gonadal germ stem cells in host embryos. Zoolog Sci 2014; 31:360-8. [PMID: 24882096 DOI: 10.2108/zs130210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The management of captive avian breeding programs increasingly utilizes various artificial reproductive technologies, including in ovo sexing of embryos to adjust population sex ratios. Currently, however, no attention has been given to the loss of genetic diversity following sex-selective incubation, even with respect to individuals from critically endangered species. This project evaluated the possibility of using xenotransfer of embryonic gonadal germline stem cells (GGCs) for future reintroduction of their germplasm into the gene pool. We examined and compared the host gonad colonization of freshly isolated and 3 day (3d) cultured donor GGCs from chicken and 13 species of exotic embryos. Following 3d-culture of GGCs, there was a significant increase in the percentage of stem cell marker (SSEA-1, -3, -4) positive cells. However, the percentage of positive host gonads with chicken donor-derived cells decreased from 68% (fresh) to 22% (3d), while the percentage of exotic species donor-cells positive host gonads decreased from 61% (fresh) to 49% (3d-cultured). Donor GGCs from both chicken and exotic species were localized within the caudal endoderm, including the region encompassing the gonadal ridge by 16 hours post-injection. Furthermore, donor-derived cells isolated from stage 36 host embryos were antigenic for anti SSEA-1, VASA/DDX4 and EMA-1 antibodies, presumably indicating maintenance of stem cell identity. This study demonstrates that GGCs from multiple species can migrate to the gonadal region and maintain presumed stemness following xenotransfer into a chicken host embryo, suggesting that germline stem cell migration is highly conserved in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastassja Imus
- 1 San Diego Zoo's Institute for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92027
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23
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Nakajima Y, Hattori T, Asano A, Ishikawa N, Tajima A. Migration and differentiation of gonadal germ cells under cross-sex germline chimeras condition in domestic chickens. J Reprod Dev 2014; 60:406-10. [PMID: 25130686 PMCID: PMC4284313 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2013-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of experiments was conducted to investigate migration, proliferation and differentiation of gonadal germ cells (GGCs) collected from the gonads of 7-day-old chick embryos under cross-sex germline chimera conditions. The migratory and proliferative abilities of exogenous GGCs were examined by transferring 50 fluorescently labeled GGCs collected from White Leghorn (WL) embryos into the blood of 2-day-old Rhode Island Red (RIR) embryos. No significant difference was observed in the number of fluorescently labeled GGCs in the gonads of recipient embryos among any of the four possible donor and recipient sex combinations. Cross-sex germline chimeras were produced to examine the differentiation of GGCs by transferring 100 GGCs from WL embryos into 2-day-old RIR embryos. Exogenous-GGC-derived progeny were obtained from both male and female recipients, except when female GGCs were transferred into male recipients. The migratory ability of GGCs recovered from the 7-day-old embryonic gonad was not influenced by cross-sex germ cell transfer conditions, whereas the differentiation of the GGCs was affected by the sex combinations of GGCs donors and recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nakajima
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Fellow of the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science
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Factors Involved in Spontaneous Discharge of Gonadal Germ Cells from Developing Gonad of 7-day-old Chick Embryos. J Poult Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0130214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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25
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Production of Pure Hinai-dori with Normal Reproductive Capability from Transferred Primordial Germ Cells. J Poult Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0130102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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26
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Kim H, Kim DH, Han JY, Choi SB, Ko YG, Do YJ, Seong HH, Kim SW. The Effect of Modified Cryopreservation Method on Viability of Frozen-thawed Primordial Germ Cell on the Korean Native Chicken (Ogye). JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.5187/jast.2013.55.5.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Nakamura Y, Tasai M, Takeda K, Nirasawa K, Tagami T. Production of functional gametes from cryopreserved primordial germ cells of the Japanese quail. J Reprod Dev 2013; 59:580-7. [PMID: 24077020 PMCID: PMC3934152 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2013-065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) is a valuable bird as both
an experimental animal, for a wide range of scientific disciplines, and an
agricultural animal, for the production of eggs and meat. Cryopreservation of PGCs
would be a feasible strategy for the conservation of both male and female fertility
cells in Japanese quail. However, the effects of freeze-thaw treatment on viability,
migration ability and germline transmission ability of quail PGCs still remain
unclear. In the present study, male and female PGCs were isolated from the blood of
2-day-old embryos, which were cooled by slow freezing and then cryopreserved at –196
C for 77–185 days, respectively. The average recovery rate of PGCs after
freeze-thawing was 47.0%. The viability of PGCs in the frozen group was significantly
lower than that of the control group (P<0.05) (85.5% vs. 95.1%).
Both fresh and Frozen-thawed PGCs that were intravascularly transplanted into
recipient embryos migrated toward and were incorporated into recipient gonads,
although the number of PGCs settled in the gonads was 48.5% lower in the frozen group
than in the unfrozen control group (P<0.05). Genetic cross analysis revealed that
one female and two male recipients produced live progeny derived from the
frozen-thawed PGCs. The frequency of donor-derived offspring was slightly lower than
that of unfrozen controls, but the difference was not significant (4.0
vs. 14.0%). These results revealed that freeze-thaw treatment
causes a decrease in viability, migration ability and germline transmission ability
of PGCs in quail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Nakamura
- Division of Germ Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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28
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Nakamura Y, Kagami H, Tagami T. Development, differentiation and manipulation of chicken germ cells. Dev Growth Differ 2013; 55:20-40. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroshi Kagami
- Faculty of Agriculture; Shinshu University; 8304; Minamiminowa; Nagano; 399-4598; Japan
| | - Takahiro Tagami
- Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research Division; NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science; 2 Ikenodai; Tsukuba; Ibaraki; 305-0901; Japan
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Patakiné Várkonyi E, Horváth G, Sztán N, VÁradi É, Barna J. Vitrification of early avian blastodermal cells with a new type of cryocontainer. Acta Vet Hung 2012; 60:501-9. [PMID: 23160032 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2012.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although cryopreservation of avian semen is only applicable for singlegene traits, cryopreservation of avian blastodermal cells could facilitate preservation of the entire genome of endangered or rare-breed poultry. Slow freezing methods result in acceptable survival rates; however, there are apparently no reports regarding the use of vitrification. The aim of the study was to establish methods for chicken embryonic cell vitrification, including development of a container which supported cryopreservation of large numbers of cells (to increase the probability of chimera production). Based on a preliminary study, vitrification seemed to be practical for avian blastodermal cell preservation. Pieces of mosquito net as carrier increased live cell rates compared to pellet form in media containing two macromolecules. Furthermore, we concluded that fetal calf serum in the vitrification medium could be replaced by polyvinylpyrrolidone, a chemically defined substance free of unwanted growth factors and potential pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Patakiné Várkonyi
- 1 Institute for Small Animal Research and Co-ordination Centre for Gene Conservation Isaszegi út 200 H-2100 Gödöllő Hungary
| | - Gabriella Horváth
- 1 Institute for Small Animal Research and Co-ordination Centre for Gene Conservation Isaszegi út 200 H-2100 Gödöllő Hungary
| | - Nikoletta Sztán
- 1 Institute for Small Animal Research and Co-ordination Centre for Gene Conservation Isaszegi út 200 H-2100 Gödöllő Hungary
| | - Éva VÁradi
- 1 Institute for Small Animal Research and Co-ordination Centre for Gene Conservation Isaszegi út 200 H-2100 Gödöllő Hungary
| | - Judit Barna
- 1 Institute for Small Animal Research and Co-ordination Centre for Gene Conservation Isaszegi út 200 H-2100 Gödöllő Hungary
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32
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Fujihara N, Xi YM, Zhang MJ. Genetic Resource Conservation in Poultry Reproduction. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2001.9706708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Abstract
SummarySix lines of laying chickens representing high-producing non-industrial lines chosen or produced with consideration for characters of production are being kept at the Agassiz Research Centre. The collection includes one Barred Plymouth Rock (Line 60), one Columbian Plymouth Rock, one Rhode Island Red (Line 50), and three White Leghorn lines (Blue, Black, and Burgundy). Before coming to the Agassiz Research Centre these pure lines were subjected to mild selection for egg production and their egg production approaches that of commercial hybrids. The lines are currently maintained as a genetic resource as live populations without selection and with populations large enough to minimize inbreeding. In addition, samples of DNA from these lines have been conserved for genetic studies, and samples of embryonic cells are being kept cryogenically to allow the possibility of reconstitution of the lines through the production of germline chimeras. Techniques of ovarian transplantation are being developed which will allow more efficient cryogenic conservation and recuperation of the genetic material into live populations.
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34
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Onuma M, Nagamine T, Nakaya Y, Neagari Y. Reproductive cycle observation of the Okinawa rail (Gallirallus okinawae) in the wild. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:1169-75. [PMID: 21606633 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The captive breeding program of the Okinawa rail started in 2008. For successful captive breeding, information related to reproduction, such as age at sexual maturity, testicular cycles and ovulatory cycles, is essential to predict when reproduction is possible and when certain reproductive behaviors are most likely to occur. We made gross and histological observations of the reproductive organs of Okinawa rails to gain understanding of sexual maturity, the testicular cycle and the ovulatory cycle. We found that the weight of the testis was smallest in December and largest in March. Changes in the diameter of the seminiferous tubule showed the same pattern. Mature sperm were observed from March to June. The heaviest ovary was observed in April. A single peak of reproduction, from March to April, was observed in males and females. Our observations suggested that the Okinawa rail is a seasonal breeder. Establishing suitable breeding pairs will be critical to ensure success of the Okinawa rail captive breeding program. Our results suggested that pairing must be started before March. If supportive breeding is used, semen should be collected from March to June and artificial insemination conducted in April.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Onuma
- Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16–2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8506, Japan.
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Identification of Germline Chimeric Chickens Produced by Transfer of Primordial Germ Cells Using a Hinai-dori-specific Microsatellite Marker. J Poult Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.011045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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36
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Viability and Functionality of Primordial Germ Cells after Freeze-thaw in Chickens. J Poult Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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37
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A New Method for Isolating Viable Gonadal Germ Cells from 7-day-old Chick Embryos. J Poult Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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38
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Preliminary Research on Mycoplasma synoviae Vertical Transmission Rate into Primordial Germ Cells. J Poult Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.011032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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39
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Wernery U, Liu C, Baskar V, Guerineche Z, Khazanehdari KA, Saleem S, Kinne J, Wernery R, Griffin DK, Chang IK. Primordial germ cell-mediated chimera technology produces viable pure-line Houbara bustard offspring: potential for repopulating an endangered species. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15824. [PMID: 21209914 PMCID: PMC3012116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata) is a wild seasonal breeding bird populating arid sandy semi-desert habitats in North Africa and the Middle East. Its population has declined drastically during the last two decades and it is classified as vulnerable. Captive breeding programmes have, hitherto, been unsuccessful in reviving population numbers and thus radical technological solutions are essential for the long term survival of this species. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of primordial germ cell-mediated chimera technology to produce viable Houbara bustard offspring. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Embryonic gonadal tissue was dissected from Houbara bustard embryos at eight days post-incubation. Subsequently, Houbara tissue containing gonadal primordial germ cells (gPGCs) was injected into White Leghorn chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) embryos, producing 83/138 surviving male chimeric embryos, of which 35 chimeric roosters reached sexual maturity after 5 months. The incorporation and differentiation of Houbara gPGCs in chimeric chicken testis were assessed by PCR with Houbara-specific primers and 31.3% (5/16) gonads collected from the injected chicken embryos showed the presence of donor Houbara cells. A total of 302 semen samples from 34 chimeric roosters were analyzed and eight were confirmed as germline chimeras. Semen samples from these eight roosters were used to artificially inseminate three female Houbara bustards. Subsequently, 45 Houbara eggs were obtained and incubated, two of which were fertile. One egg hatched as a male live born Houbara; the other was female but died before hatching. Genotyping confirmed that the male chick was a pure-line Houbara derived from a chimeric rooster. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates for the first time that Houbara gPGCs can migrate, differentiate and eventually give rise to functional sperm in the chimeric chicken testis. This approach may provide a promising tool for propagation and conservation of endangered avian species that cannot breed in captivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chunhai Liu
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vijay Baskar
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zhor Guerineche
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Shazia Saleem
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jörg Kinne
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Renate Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Darren K. Griffin
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Il-Kuk Chang
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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40
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Nakamura Y, Usui F, Ono T, Takeda K, Nirasawa K, Kagami H, Tagami T. Germline replacement by transfer of primordial germ cells into partially sterilized embryos in the chicken. Biol Reprod 2010; 83:130-7. [PMID: 20357273 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.110.083923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a novel technique for almost complete replacement of the recipient germline with donor germ cells in the chicken. Busulfan solubilized in a sustained-release emulsion was injected into the yolk of fertile eggs before incubation. A dose of 100 microg was found to provide the best outcome in terms of reducing the number of endogenous primordial germ cells (PGCs) in embryonic gonads (0.6% of control numbers) and hatchability (36.4%). This was applied for preparing partially sterilized embryos to serve as recipients for the transfer of exogenous PGCs. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the proportion of donor PGCs in busulfan-treated embryos was significantly higher than in controls (98.6% vs. 6.4%). Genetic cross-test analysis revealed that the germline transmission rate in busulfan-treated chickens was significantly higher than in controls (99.5% vs. 6.0%). Of 11 chimeras, 7 produced only donor-derived progenies, suggesting that these produced only donor-derived gametes in the recipient's gonads. This novel germline replacement technique provides a powerful tool for studying germline differentiation, for generating transgenic individuals, and for conserving genetic resources in birds.
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41
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A Method for Cryopreserving Semen from Yakido Roosters Using N-Methylacetamide as a Cryoprotective Agent. J Poult Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.009111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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42
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Nakamura Y, Usui F, Miyahara D, Mori T, Ono T, Takeda K, Nirasawa K, Kagami H, Tagami T. Efficient system for preservation and regeneration of genetic resources in chicken: concurrent storage of primordial germ cells and live animals from early embryos of a rare indigenous fowl (Gifujidori). Reprod Fertil Dev 2010; 22:1237-46. [DOI: 10.1071/rd10056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique accessibility of chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) during early development provides the opportunity to combine the reproduction of live animals with genetic conservation. Male and female Gifujidori fowl (GJ) PGCs were collected from the blood of early embryos, and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen for >6 months until transfer. Manipulated GJ embryos were cultured until hatching; fertility tests indicated that they had normal reproductive abilities. Embryos from two lines of White Leghorn (24HS, ST) were used as recipients for chimera production following blood removal. The concentration of PGCs in the early embryonic blood of 24HS was significantly higher than in ST (P < 0.05). Frozen–thawed GJ PGCs were microinjected into the bloodstream of same-sex recipients. Offspring originating from GJ PGCs in ST recipients were obtained with a higher efficiency than those originating from GJ PGCs in 24HS recipients (23.3% v. 3.1%). Additionally, GJ progeny were successfully regenerated by crossing germline chimeras of the ST group. In conclusion, the cryogenic preservation of PGCs from early chicken embryos was combined with the conservation of live animals.
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In vitro Culture of Testicular and Ovarian Gonocytes Obtained from 19-day Incubated Chicken Embryos and Subsequent Colonization into Gonads of Recipient Embryos. J Poult Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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44
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Madeddu M, Berlinguer F, Ledda M, Leoni GG, Satta V, Succu S, Rotta A, Pasciu V, Zinellu A, Muzzeddu M, Carru C, Naitana S. Ejaculate collection efficiency and post-thaw semen quality in wild-caught Griffon vultures from the Sardinian population. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009; 7:18. [PMID: 19228408 PMCID: PMC2649137 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-7-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to test the feasibility of a programme of semen collection and cryopreservation in Griffon vultures. Four wild-caught individuals kept in captivity because of unrecoverable traumas were used. Semen collection attempts were made twice a week during three consecutive reproductive seasons (December - March) using the abdominal massage method. Ejaculation was successfully induced between late January and late February. Semen collection efficiency was rather low (27.9%) and it did not vary among individuals (p > 0.05). No differences were found in ejaculate volumes (12.5 +/- 9.1 microl), spermatozoa concentration (28.4 +/- 30.9 million cells/ml) and viability (61.3 +/- 13.9%) among the 4 vultures. ATP values differed among the four vultures (p < 0.001); B showed higher nucleotide concentration than both C and D, while it did not differ form A, whose values were higher compared with D. After freezing and thawing, semen in vitro viability, DNA integrity and ATP intracellular concentration were determined. Spermatozoa viability after thawing did not differ among the four individuals (52.6 +/- 5.8 in A, 53.4 +/- 4.6 in B, 50.4 +/- 3.2 in C, 42.5 +/- 2.7 in D), but it decreased significantly compared to fresh semen (p < 0.05). During 4 hrs in vitro culture, spermatozoa collected from B maintained over time a higher viability in vitro when compared to A, C and D. As evaluated by the comet assay method, DNA fragmentation after freezing and thawing did not differ in the 4 vultures. ATP concentration in frozen/thawed semen was significantly lower than in fresh semen (p < 0.0001). This study indicates that semen cryopreservation can be considered as a useful tool in the conservation of Griffon vulture genetic resources, but further studies are needed to optimize this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Madeddu
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Berlinguer
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Massimo Ledda
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni G Leoni
- Department of Physiological, Biochemical and Cellular Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Valentina Satta
- Department of Physiological, Biochemical and Cellular Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Sara Succu
- Department of Physiological, Biochemical and Cellular Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Andrea Rotta
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Valeria Pasciu
- Presidenza, Biblioteca Veterinaria, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna, 2 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Muzzeddu
- Sardinian Board of Forestry, viale Luigi Merello, 86 – 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ciriaco Carru
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Naitana
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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45
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Song Y, Silversides F. Long-Term Production of Donor-Derived Offspring from Chicken Ovarian Transplants. Poult Sci 2008; 87:1818-22. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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46
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Kohara Y, Minematsu T, Aikawa T, Kanai Y, Tajima A. Conditioning of karyoplasts for producing somatic nuclear transferred gonadal germ cells in domestic chickens. J Reprod Dev 2008; 54:221-4. [PMID: 18360098 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.19181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to establish a protocol for generating karyoplasts that can be used to produce somatic nuclear transferred gonadal germ cells (snt-GGCs) in domestic chickens. Karyoplasts were produced by centrifuging cultured fibroblasts from 10-day-old chick embryos at 10,000 x g in the presence of 1.0 microg/ml cytochalasin B. The number of karyoplasts was significantly (P<0.05) higher and the diameters of the karyoplasts were significantly (P<0.05) smaller when fibroblasts were centrifuged for 60 min than for 10 or 30 min. It was possible to generate snt-GGCs by electrofusion of GGCs with karyoplasts produced from cryopreserved or serum-starved fibroblasts. These results indicate that karyoplasts generated from 10-day-old chick embryos can be used to produce snt-GGCs even after cryopreservation and serum starvation of the fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Kohara
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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47
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Production of Inter-Genus Somatic Nuclear Transferred Gonadal Germ Cells (snt-GGCs) in Avian Species. J Poult Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.45.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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48
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Naito M, Minematsu T, Harumi T, Kuwana T. Testicular and ovarian gonocytes from 20-day incubated chicken embryos contribute to germline lineage after transfer into bloodstream of recipient embryos. Reproduction 2007; 134:577-84. [PMID: 17890293 DOI: 10.1530/rep-07-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to elucidate whether testicular and ovarian gonocytes obtained from 20-day incubated chicken embryos (stage 45) have the ability to migrate to the germinal ridges and contribute to germline lineage after transfer into the bloodstream of recipient embryos. Testicular and ovarian gonocytes were first identified as relatively large cells in a population of gonadal cells. The proportions of testicular and ovarian gonocytes in the total gonadal cells were 0.94 and 0.75% respectively, recognised as chicken vasa homologue-positive cells. Then, the dissociated gonadal cells obtained from 20-day incubated embryos containing testicular or ovarian gonocytes, with or without transfection, were transferred into recipient embryos. Expression of the introduced GFP gene was observed in the gonads of 6.5-day cultured recipient embryos (stage 30) in males and females, suggesting that the transferred testicular and ovarian gonocytes have the ability to migrate to the germinal ridges and enter the gonads. Furthermore, the presence of the donor-derived DNA was detected in the gonads of 20-day cultured recipient embryos in males and females, and also in the sperm samples obtained from the hatched male putative chimaeric chickens, suggesting that the transferred testicular and ovarian gonocytes were incorporated into the germline of chimaeric embryos and chickens. It is concluded that testicular and ovarian gonocytes obtained from 20-day incubated embryos have the ability to migrate to the germinal ridges after transfer into the bloodstream of recipient embryos, enter the gonads and contribute to the germline lineage of chimaeric embryos and chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Naito
- Transgenic Animal Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan.
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49
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Song Y, Silversides FG. Production of offspring from cryopreserved chicken testicular tissue. Poult Sci 2007; 86:1390-6. [PMID: 17575187 DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.7.1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation of avian germplasm provides a means of genetic banking for future needs in biological research and animal production. The sperm of birds can be cryopreserved and used to fertilize eggs. However, the fertility of frozen-thawed avian semen is generally much lower than that of mammalian semen and varies among species or among lines, reducing the value of semen for the preservation of genetic resources. In the present study, a simple freezing protocol was used to cryopreserve testicular tissue of day-old chicks, and after subsequent transplantation, the frozen-thawed testicular tissue developed functional seminiferous tubules that produced sufficient sperm to fertilize eggs, resulting in donor-derived offspring. This study provides an alternative to semen cryopreservation for storage of the male germline in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Song
- Agassiz Research Centre, British Columbia, Canada V0M 1A0
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50
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Cryopreservation of Primordial Germ Cells (PGCs) from White Leghorn Embryos Using Commercial Cryoprotectants. J Poult Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.44.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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