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Sritabtim K, Prukudom S, Piyasanti Y, Chaipipat S, Kuwana T, Jurutha J, Sinsiri R, Tirawattanawanich C, Siripattarapravat K. First study on repeatable culture of primordial germ cells from various embryonic regions with giant feeder cells in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Theriogenology 2024; 213:43-51. [PMID: 37797528 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Japanese quail (JQ, Coturnix japonica) is a farmed animal with a high economic value and has been used extensively as an avian model for research. Germline chimera production based on cryopreserved primordial germ cells (PGCs) is possible for conservation management of quail breeds as successful isolation has been reported of PGCs from their blood and gonads. However, the repeatable cultivation protocol has not been elucidated yet, which has hindered technological development. The current study characterized cultivation of pregonadal PGCs isolated from embryonic parts; embryonic blood (cPGCs), whole embryonic tissues (tPGCs), parts of tail buds (tbPGCs), and a mixture of blood and tail bud tissues (ctbPGCs). The results showed that the cultivation system required the presence of specific embryonic cells to act as a feeder for JQ-PGCs and that such a system facilitated more successful cultivation, as shown by the percentages of isolation and cultivation in tbPGCs (100%, 100%, respectively), tPGCs (60%, 55%, respectively), and ctbPGCs (60%, 30%, respectively), but not in cPGCs (0%) cultured on a mitomycin-treated JQ feeder cell-line. Once the co-culture system had been established, the PGCs could be propagated for at least 5 months. These PGCs expressed germ cell-specific markers (DAZL and CVH) and could colonize embryonic gonads. Conclusively, the isolation of pregonadal PGCs and their long-term cultivation in vitro requires a unique embryonic cell, giant cell feeder, that is indispensable for the proliferation of PGCs. Characterization of cell signaling sustaining a mutual interaction between the PGCs and the specific feeder cells will elucidate a superior environment for in vitro cultivation, as well as support the minimal transfer of used xenobiotics in chimera production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornkanok Sritabtim
- Center for Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - Bangkhen, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sukumal Prukudom
- Center for Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - Bangkhen, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yanika Piyasanti
- Center for Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - Bangkhen, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suparat Chaipipat
- Center for Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - Bangkhen, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaengsaen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology:(AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Juthathip Jurutha
- Center for Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - Bangkhen, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungthiwa Sinsiri
- Center for Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - Bangkhen, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanin Tirawattanawanich
- Center for Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - Bangkhen, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kannika Siripattarapravat
- Center for Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - Bangkhen, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaengsaen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology:(AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Szczerba A, Kuwana T, Bednarczyk M. Concentration and total number of circulating primordial germ cells in Green-legged Partridgelike chicken embryos. Poult Sci 2021; 100:319-324. [PMID: 33357696 PMCID: PMC7772670 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Green-legged Partridgelike fowl is an old Polish indigenous breed of chicken. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are one of the best sources of precursor cells that can be used for the conservation and proliferation of the endangered breeds of bird. Initially, the chicken PGCs colonize at the anterior extraembryonic region called "germinal crescent," and after the establishment of blood vascular circulation, they temporally circulate via the embryonic blood vascular system along with embryonic blood cells. They further colonize at the microcapillary networks of both right and left future gonadal regions. Subsequently, they migrate interstitially to reach gonadal anlages, where they begin to differentiate and eventually develop into the future ova or sperm. The basic knowledge regarding the concentration and the total number of circulating PGCs (cPGCs) throughout their circulating phase in the early embryonic stages is crucial for providing an insight into the mechanisms by which they circulate and colonize at the capillary networks of left and right future gonadal regions in each developmental stage. The present study aims to determine the most efficient developmental stage that is suitable to collect cPGCs. The concentration of cPGCs was directly measured, and total volume of embryonic blood was calculated based on the concentration of PKH26-stained embryonic blood cells which were injected 10 min before the blood sampling process in the same embryo during each stage of embryonic development from stage 13 Hamburger and Hamilton (HH; Hamburger and Hamilton, 1951) to 16 HH. Analysis of whole embryonic bloodstream revealed that at stage 14 HH of embryonic development, peak total number of cPGCs (386.3 cells/μL) and peak concentration of cPGCs (18.6 cells/μL) were observed. Later, there was a decrease in concentration, suggesting that the cPGCs might be trapped gradually by the capillary networks at the future gonadal regions after stage 15 HH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Szczerba
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Takashi Kuwana
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marek Bednarczyk
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Szczerba A, Kuwana T, Paradowska M, Bednarczyk M. In Vitro Culture of Chicken Circulating and Gonadal Primordial Germ Cells on a Somatic Feeder Layer of Avian Origin. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1769. [PMID: 33007811 PMCID: PMC7600596 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study had two aims: (1) To develop a culture system that imitates a normal physiological environment of primordial germ cells (PGCs). There are two types of PGCs in chicken: Circulating blood (cPGCs) and gonadal (gPGCs). The culture condition must support the proliferation of both cPGCs and gPGCs, without affecting their migratory properties and must be deprived of xenobiotic factors, and (2) to propose an easy-to-train, nonlabeling optical technique for the routine identification of live PGCs. To address the first aim, early chicken embryo's feeder cells were examined instead of using feeder cells from mammalian species. The KAv-1 medium at pH 8.0 with the addition of bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor) was used instead of a conventional culture medium (pH approximately 7.2). Both cPGCs and gPGCs proliferated in vitro and retained their migratory ability after 2 weeks of culture. The cultivated cPGCs and gPGCs colonized the right and/or left gonads of the recipient male and female embryos. To address the second aim, we demonstrated a simple and rapid method to identify live PGCs as bright cells under darkfield illumination. The PGCs rich in lipid droplets in their cytoplasm highly contrasted with the co-cultured feeder layer and other cell populations in the culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Szczerba
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (T.K.); (M.P.); (M.B.)
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Szczerba A, Kuwana T, Bednarczyk M. The Developmental Changes in the Extra-Embryonic Vascular System in the Circulating Phase of Primordial Germ Cells in Aves. Folia Biol (Praha) 2019. [DOI: 10.3409/fb_67-2.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bednarczyk M, Kozłowska I, Łakota P, Szczerba A, Stadnicka K, Kuwana T. Generation of transgenic chickens by the non-viral, cell-based method: effectiveness of some elements of this strategy. J Appl Genet 2018; 59:81-89. [PMID: 29372515 PMCID: PMC5799318 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-018-0429-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic chickens have, in general, been produced by two different procedures. The first procedure is based on viral transfection systems. The second procedure, the non-viral method, is based on genetically modified embryonic cells transferred directly into the recipient embryo. In this review, we analyzed the effectiveness of important elements of the non-viral, cell-based strategy of transgenic chicken production. The main elements of this strategy are: isolation and cultivation of donor embryonic cells; transgene construction; cell transfection in vitro; and chimera production: injection of cells into recipient embryos, raising and identification of germline chimeras, mating germline chimeras, transgene inheritance, and transgene expression. In this overview, recent progress and important limitations in the development of transgenic chickens are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Bednarczyk
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Izabela Kozłowska
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Paweł Łakota
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Agata Szczerba
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Stadnicka
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Takashi Kuwana
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Kushnareva Y, Seong Y, Andreyev AY, Kuwana T, Kiosses WB, Votruba M, Newmeyer DD. Mitochondrial dysfunction in an Opa1(Q285STOP) mouse model of dominant optic atrophy results from Opa1 haploinsufficiency. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2309. [PMID: 27468686 PMCID: PMC4973340 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the opa1 (optic atrophy 1) gene lead to autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA), a hereditary eye disease. This gene encodes the Opa1 protein, a mitochondrial dynamin-related GTPase required for mitochondrial fusion and the maintenance of normal crista structure. The majority of opa1 mutations encode truncated forms of the protein, lacking a complete GTPase domain. It is unclear whether the phenotype results from haploinsufficiency or rather a deleterious effect of truncated Opa1 protein. We studied a heterozygous Opa1 mutant mouse carrying a defective allele with a stop codon in the beginning of the GTPase domain at residue 285, a mutation that mimics human pathological mutations. Using an antibody raised against an N-terminal portion of Opa1, we found that the level of wild-type protein was decreased in the mutant mice, as predicted. However, no truncated Opa1 protein was expressed. In embryonic fibroblasts isolated from the mutant mice, this partial loss of Opa1 caused mitochondrial respiratory deficiency and a selective loss of respiratory Complex IV subunits. Furthermore, partial Opa1 deficiency resulted in a substantial resistance to endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced death. On the other hand, the enforced expression of truncated Opa1 protein in cells containing normal levels of wild-type protein did not cause mitochondrial defects. Moreover, cells expressing the truncated Opa1 protein showed reduced Bax activation in response to apoptotic stimuli. Taken together, our results exclude deleterious dominant-negative or gain-of-function mechanisms for this type of Opa1 mutation and affirm haploinsufficiency as the mechanism underlying mitochondrial dysfunction in ADOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kushnareva
- Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Y Seong
- Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - A Y Andreyev
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - T Kuwana
- Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - W B Kiosses
- Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - M Votruba
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4LU, UK.,Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - D D Newmeyer
- Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Srihawong T, Kuwana T, Siripattarapravat K, Tirawattanawanich C. Chicken primordial germ cell motility in response to stem cell factor sensing. Int J Dev Biol 2015; 59:453-60. [DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.140287ct] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Weiss DJ, Kelly RS, Cumaranatunge M, Kuwana T. Computer simulation of charge-selective electrochemistry of catechols at high-surface-area carbon fibers. Anal Chem 2012; 71:3712-20. [PMID: 21662878 DOI: 10.1021/ac990140v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The shape and size of cyclic voltammetric (CV) waves at the ultrahigh surface area carbon fiber are dependent on the pH and the charge of the electroactive species. The high surface area resulted from the fiber being fractured by application of a high anodic potential or current. The CV waves have been computer simulated with a model that assumes the entry of positively charged and, in some cases, neutral ones, but rejection of negatively charged species from the interior of the fractured fibers. Best fit between the computer-calculated and experimental CV waves is obtained for a model containing three components as the source of the current: (a) background capacitive charge, (b) diffusion to the outer cylindrical-shaped fiber, and (c) interior thin-layer volume. Simulation results indicate that the values for the inner void volume are in the nanoliter range when electroactive species penetrate the interior.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, and Department of Chemistry, Merrimack College, North Andover, Massachusetts 01845
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Zagorodna O, Martin SM, Rutkowski DT, Kuwana T, Spitz DR, Knudson CM. 2-deoxyglucose-induced toxicity is regulated by Bcl-2 family members and is enhanced by antagonizing Bcl-2 in lymphoma cell lines. Oncogene 2011; 31:2738-49. [PMID: 21986940 PMCID: PMC3257357 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Targeting altered cancer cell metabolism with the glycolysis inhibitor, 2-deoxyglucose (2DG), is a viable therapeutic strategy, but the effects of 2DG on lymphoma cells and the mechanism of action are unknown. Five T-cell lymphoma lines and two B-cell lymphoma lines were shown to be highly sensitive to 2DG. Examination of the cell death pathway demonstrated pro-apoptotic protein Bax 'activation' and caspase cleavage in 2DG-treated cells. However, Q-VD-OPh, a potent inhibitor of caspase activity provided minimal protection from death. In contrast, overexpressing the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 dramatically enhanced the survival of 2DG-treated cells that was negated by a Bcl-2 antagonist. BH3-only members, Bim and Bmf, were upregulated by 2DG, and shRNAs targeting Bim protected from 2DG toxicity demonstrating that Bim is a critical mediator of 2DG toxicity. 2DG also induced GADD153/CHOP expression, a marker of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and a known activator of Bim. Mannose, a reagent known to alleviate ER stress, transiently protected from 2DG-induced cell death. Examination of the effects of 2DG on energy metabolism showed a drop in ATP levels by 30 min that was not affected by either Bcl-2 or mannose. These results demonstrate that ER stress appears to be rate limiting in 2DG-induced cell death in lymphoma cells, and this cell killing is regulated by the Bcl-2 family of proteins. Bcl-2 inhibition combined with 2DG may be an effective therapeutic strategy for lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Zagorodna
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Miyamoto KI, Kuwana T, Ando T, Yamamoto M, Nakano A. Methylmercury analyses in biological materials by heating vaporization atomic absorption spectrometry. J Toxicol Sci 2010; 35:217-24. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.35.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi Kuwana
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, National Institute for Minamata Disease
- National Institute for Environmental Studies
| | - Tetsuo Ando
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Megumi Yamamoto
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, National Institute for Minamata Disease
| | - Atsuhiro Nakano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, National Institute for Minamata Disease
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Tajima A, Naito M, Yasuda Y, Kuwana T. Production of germ line chimera by transfer of primordial germ cells in the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus). Theriogenology 2009; 40:509-19. [PMID: 16727334 DOI: 10.1016/0093-691x(93)90404-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/1992] [Accepted: 05/28/1993] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Blood was collected from Stage 13 to 14 (1) chick embryos. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) were separated from blood cells by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation. One hundred Rhode Island Red PGCs per embryo were transferred to the blood stream of Stage 14 to 15 White Leghorn embryos. Also, one hundred White Leghorn PGCs per embryo were transferred to the blood stream of Stage 14 to 15 Rhode Island Red embryos. Hatched male and female chicks were raised until sexual maturity, and progeny tests were performed by mating these PGC recipients with Rhode Island Red chickens of the opposite sex. Chicks apparently derived from the transferred PGCs, based on the feather color of the chicks, were produced from all 4 possible mating combinations. The present results indicate that the germ line of PGC recipient chickens consists of 2 distinct populations of germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tajima
- Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
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Zhao C, Onuma M, Asakawa M, Nagamine T, Kuwana T. Preliminary studies on developing a nested PCR assay for molecular diagnosis and identification of nematode (Heterakis isolonche) and trematode (Glaphyrostomum sp.) in Okinawa rail (Gallirallus okinawae). Vet Parasitol 2009; 163:156-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kawashima T, Stępińska U, Kuwana T, Olszańska B. Melatonin receptor genes (mel-1a, mel-1b, mel-1c) are differentially expressed in the avian germ line. Mol Reprod Dev 2008; 75:1408-17. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Naito M, Minematsu T, Harumi T, Kuwana T. Testicular and ovarian gonocytes from 20-day incubated chicken embryos contribute to germline lineage after transfer into bloodstream of recipient embryos. Reproduction 2007; 134:577-84. [PMID: 17890293 DOI: 10.1530/rep-07-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to elucidate whether testicular and ovarian gonocytes obtained from 20-day incubated chicken embryos (stage 45) have the ability to migrate to the germinal ridges and contribute to germline lineage after transfer into the bloodstream of recipient embryos. Testicular and ovarian gonocytes were first identified as relatively large cells in a population of gonadal cells. The proportions of testicular and ovarian gonocytes in the total gonadal cells were 0.94 and 0.75% respectively, recognised as chicken vasa homologue-positive cells. Then, the dissociated gonadal cells obtained from 20-day incubated embryos containing testicular or ovarian gonocytes, with or without transfection, were transferred into recipient embryos. Expression of the introduced GFP gene was observed in the gonads of 6.5-day cultured recipient embryos (stage 30) in males and females, suggesting that the transferred testicular and ovarian gonocytes have the ability to migrate to the germinal ridges and enter the gonads. Furthermore, the presence of the donor-derived DNA was detected in the gonads of 20-day cultured recipient embryos in males and females, and also in the sperm samples obtained from the hatched male putative chimaeric chickens, suggesting that the transferred testicular and ovarian gonocytes were incorporated into the germline of chimaeric embryos and chickens. It is concluded that testicular and ovarian gonocytes obtained from 20-day incubated embryos have the ability to migrate to the germinal ridges after transfer into the bloodstream of recipient embryos, enter the gonads and contribute to the germline lineage of chimaeric embryos and chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Naito
- Transgenic Animal Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan.
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Okada H, Hatori M, Shimozawa N, Tsuchiya H, Kuwana T, Sankai T. Collection and culture of primordial germ cells from cynomolgus monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis). Reprod Med Biol 2007; 6:203-210. [PMID: 29699279 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0578.2007.00186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To clarify the location of primordial germ cells (PGC) in an embryo of target-age and to examine the culture environment of the PCG. Methods: The days of ovulation and fertilization were estimated by measuring the serum concentration of estrogen. Pregnancy was confirmed by measurement of the serum concentration of the beta subunit of macaque chorionic gonadotropin and by ultrasonography. We also examined the location of PGC in the embryo at the time of retrieval. Results: Results showed that PGC in an embryo were in the hindguts at day 30 postfertilization, arrived at the genital ridges via mesenteries at approximately day 33 postfertilization, and colonized the gonads by day 36 postfertilization. Conclusions: In conclusion, embryos collected on day 33 postfertilization are more suitable for obtaining PGC from cynomolgus monkeys. The PGC collected from cynomolgus monkey fetuses were cultured under conditions for the derivation and culture of human embryonic germ cells; enzymatically dispersed single cells were cultured on a SIM thioguanine-resistant ouabain-resistant cells (STO) feeder layer with recombinant human leukemia inhibitory factor, recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor and forskolin. The cells from genital ridges and mesenteries at day 33 postfertilization had alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in vitro for a maximum of 13 days. In contrast, ALP activity had been held for 2 months under the same culture condition when the cells were derived from the gonads at day 66 postfertilization. Derivation of an embryonic germ cell from a cynomolgus monkey was not achieved from these cultures. (Reprod Med Biol 2007; 6: 203-210).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Okada
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation
| | - Masanori Hatori
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation.,Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Nobuhiro Shimozawa
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation
| | - Hideaki Tsuchiya
- Laboratory of Intellectual Fundamentals for Environmental Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, and
| | - Takashi Kuwana
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tadashi Sankai
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation
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Abstract
1. The present study was conducted to elucidate the effect of soft X-ray irradiation on the migratory ability of primordial germ cells (PGCs) to the germinal ridges of chicken embryos. 2. PGCs (Barred Plymouth Rock, BPR) were isolated from embryonic blood and irradiated with soft X-rays for 1-10 min. Then, the PGCs were transfected in vitro with GFP gene by lipofection. The manipulated PGCs were transferred to recipient embryos (White Leghorn, WL) and migration to the germinal ridges was analysed by examining GFP gene expression in the gonads of recipient embryos under UV light at x40 magnifications. The expression of GFP gene was detected in all the gonads of recipient embryos examined up to 10.5 d of culture. 3. Migration of PGCs irradiated with soft X-rays to the germinal ridges was also confirmed by detecting a single nucleotide polymorphism in the D-loop region of the mitochondrial DNA of BPR and WL chickens. Freshly collected PGCs (BPR) were transferred to the bloodstream of recipient embryos (WL). The fate of the transferred donor PGCs was traced by detecting the single nucleotide polymorphism in the D-loop region of the mitochondrial DNA in BPR and WL used in this study. Transferred donor PGC-derived cells were detected in all the gonads of 17-d cultured embryos by PCR. 4. The results suggest that PGCs irradiated with soft X-rays still retain the ability to migrate to the germinal ridges of recipient embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Naito
- Transgenic Animal Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsumi Adachi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, National Institute for Minamata Disease
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science
| | - Takashi Kuwana
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, National Institute for Minamata Disease
- Laboratory of Intellectual Fundamentals for Environmental Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies
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18
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Adachi T, Kuwana T, Pan HS, Hirayama K. Sex Difference in the Influence of Dietary Protein Deficiency on the Fate of Methylmercury in Mice and Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.51.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsumi Adachi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, National Institute for Minamata Disease
| | - Takashi Kuwana
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, National Institute for Minamata Disease
| | - Huan Sheng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute for Minamata Disease
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19
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Kawashima T, Kumata K, Tamaki Y, Kuwana T, Hashimoto K. An avian embryo culture system for embryogenesis using an artificial vessel: possible conservation benefits in the rescue and management of endangered avian species. Zoo Biol 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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Naito M, Sano A, Harumi T, Matsubara Y, Kuwana T. Migration of primordial germ cells isolated from embryonic blood into the gonads after transfer to stage X blastoderms and detection of germline chimaerism by PCR. Br Poult Sci 2004; 45:762-8. [PMID: 15697015 DOI: 10.1080/00071660400014325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
1. The present study was carried out to determine whether primordial germ cells isolated from embryonic blood can enter the bloodstream and successfully migrate to the germinal ridges of recipient embryos after transfer to stage X blastoderms, and also whether they can differentiate into blood cells, as is suggested in mice. 2. Primordial germ cells were transfected in vitro by lipofection and then transferred to stage X blastoderms. The introduced GFP gene was efficiently expressed in the gonads of 6-d incubated embryos. 3. Freshly collected primordial germ cells were transferred to stage X blastoderms. The fate of the transferred primordial germ cells was traced by detecting the single nucleotide polymorphism in the D-loop region of the mitochondrial DNA in White Leghorn and Barred Plymouth Rock chickens used in this study. The transferred donor primordial germ cell-derived cells were detected in the gonads, but not in the blood cells, of 17-d incubated embryos by PCR. 4. This procedure for primordial germ cell manipulation could provide a novel method of producing germline chimaeric chickens. 5. In conclusion, our findings indicate that primordial germ cells isolated from embryonic blood can migrate to the germinal ridges of recipient embryos after being transferred to stage X blastoderms. Although these transferred primordial germ cells differentiated into germ cells, no differentiation into blood cells was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Naito
- Animal Genetic Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Naito
- Animal Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Developmental Biology Deapartment, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
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22
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Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinase (TK) receptors are known to play crucial roles in various aspects of normal development and in tumorigenesis. Germ cells before their colonizing to the gonads during embryogenesis are called primordial germ cells (PGCs). To identify TK genes expressed in chicken PGCs, we purified these cells from the blood of 2.5-day-old embryos, extracted the polyA(+) RNA, and subjected it to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification with TK gene-specific primers. As a result, we identified 13 receptor TK genes and 6 non-receptor TK genes. One of the receptor TK genes appeared to be novel, and thus the full-length DNA complementary to RNA (cDNA) sequence was retrieved by the rapid cloning of cDNA ends method. Sequence analysis of this cDNA indicated that it encoded a novel TK receptor of the Eph family. The putative amino-acid sequence of this TK was 63.0% identical to that of human EphA1; therefore, we designated our novel TK as EphA9. Northern blot hybridizations indicated that ephA9 RNA transcripts were present in the kidney, lung, testis, and thymus but not in the spleen, brain, or liver. Expression of a fusion protein containing the intracellular domain of EphA9 in bacterial cells showed that this domain had TK enzymatic activity. The EphA9 species produced in Cos-1 cells transfected with an expression vector were tyrosine-phosphorylated. These data suggest that EphA9 plays its biological role(s) in various organs of chickens as an active TK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Sasaki
- National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, 305-0856 Ibaraki, Japan
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23
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Ohbo K, Yoshida S, Ohmura M, Ohneda O, Ogawa T, Tsuchiya H, Kuwana T, Kehler J, Abe K, Schöler HR, Suda T. Identification and characterization of stem cells in prepubertal spermatogenesis in mice. Dev Biol 2003; 258:209-25. [PMID: 12781694 DOI: 10.1016/s0012-1606(03)00111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The stem cell properties of gonocytes and prospermatogonia at prepubertal stages are still largely unknown: it is not clear whether gonocytes and prospermatogonia are a special cell type or similar to adult undifferentiated spermatogonia. To characterize these cells, we have established transgenic mice carrying EGFP (enhanced green fluorescence protein) cDNA under control of an Oct4 18-kb genomic fragment containing the minimal promoter and proximal and distal enhancers; Oct4 is reported to be expressed in undifferentiated spermatogonia at prepubertal stages. Generation of transgenic mice enabled us to purify gonocytes and prospermatogonia from the somatic cells of the testis. Transplantation studies of testicular cells so far have been done with a mixture of germ cells and somatic cells. This is the first report that establishes how to purify germ cells from total testicular cells, enabling evaluation of cell-autonomous repopulating activity of a subpopulation of prospermatogonia. We show that prospermatogonia differ markedly from adult spermatogonia in both the size of the KIT-negative population and cell cycle characteristics. The GFP(+) KIT(-) fraction of prospermatogonia has much higher repopulating activity than does the GFP(+)KIT(+) population in the adult environment. Interestingly, the GFP(+)KIT(+) population still exhibits repopulating activity, unlike adult KIT-positive spermatogonia. We also show that ALCAM, activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule, is expressed transiently in gonocytes. Sertoli cells and myoid cells also express ALCAM at the same stage, suggesting that ALCAM may contribute to gonocyte-Sertoli cell adhesion and migration of gonoyctes toward the basement membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Ohbo
- The Sakaguchi Laboratory of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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24
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Abstract
1. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the progenitor cells for gametes. In aves, PGCs show a unique migration pathway, that is, they circulate temporarily through the bloodstream during early development. 2. In this study we developed a method to purify circulating primordial germ cells (cPGCs) in quail and chicks by Nycodenz density gradient centrifugation. 3. The process consisted of primary and secondary purification. In primary purification, cPGCs were enriched at the interface of 8 and 12% Nycodenz fractions. In secondary purification, cPGCs were harvested from 8% Nycodenz fraction at a purity of 90% and from 10% Nycodenz fraction at a purity of 70%. The recovery rate of cPGCs was over 70%. 4. This method would facilitate research on cPGCs' culture and the production of transgenic birds using cPGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Zhao
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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25
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Eto K, Yasutake A, Korogi Y, Akima M, Shimozeki T, Tokunaga H, Kuwana T, Kaneko Y. Methylmercury poisoning in common marmosets--MRI findings and peripheral nerve lesions. Toxicol Pathol 2002; 30:723-34. [PMID: 12512874 DOI: 10.1080/01926230290166814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Common marmosets were used as model animals for methylmercury (MeHg) poisoning. Six marmosets were given MeHg of 5 ppm Hg in drinking water. The animals were divided into 3 groups of 2 each. The first group was examined for acute symptomatic MeHg poisoning. They were given MeHg for 70 and 90 days, respectively, to manifest severe symptoms. The second group was sacrificed after 38 days of MeHg exposure, when they had acute-subclinical MeHg poisoning. The third group of animals was exposed for 21 days, and then observed for 2.5 years without MeHg exposure. One of them showed typical symptoms of MeHg poisoning after MeHg exposure had ended, but the other one showed only slight symptoms without ataxia. This experiment demonstrated that MeHg causes pathological changes in neural tissues including the peripheral nerves in common marmosets. Furthermore, common marmosets were found to show MeHg-induced pathological changes similar to those in humans in the cerebrum and cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komyo Eto
- National Institute for Minamata Disease, Ministry of the Environment, Minamata City, Kumamoto, Japan.
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26
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27
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Abstract
The temporary preservation of oocytes without freezing would be useful for some experiments. ICR mouse oocytes were kept in a preservation medium under mineral oil for 1, 2, 3, 4 or 7 days at 5 degrees C, and 1 or 2 days at 37 degrees C. In vitro fertilization was attempted on oocytes rinsed with TYH medium after preservation. More than 70% of morphologically normal oocytes were recovered from each preservation group. Fertilization rates of oocytes preserved for 1, 2, 3, 4 or 7 days at 5 degrees C were 69.9, 66.5, 45.3, 26.7 and 8.8% respectively. Fertilization rates of oocytes preserved for 1 or 2 days at 37 degrees C were 9.6 and 1.6%, respectively. Preservation of oocytes at 5 degrees C has some capability as a method of short-term storage without freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tsuchiya
- Tsukuba Primate Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
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28
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Eto K, Yasutake A, Kuwana T, Korogi Y, Akima M, Shimozeki T, Tokunaga H, Kaneko Y. Methylmercury poisoning in common marmosets--a study of selective vulnerability within the cerebral cortex. Toxicol Pathol 2001; 29:565-73. [PMID: 11695574 DOI: 10.1080/019262301317226375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathological lesions found in chronic human Minamata disease tend to be localized in the calcarine cortex of occipital lobes, the pre- and postcentral lobuli, and the temporal gyri. The mechanism for the selective vulnerability is still not clear, though several hypotheses have been proposed. One hypothesis is vascular and postulates that the lesions are the result of ischemia secondary to compression of sulcal arteries from methylmercury-induced cerebral edema. To test this hypothesis, we studied common marmosets because the cerebrum of marmosets has 2 distinct deep sulci, the calcarine and Sylvian fissures. MRI analysis, mercury assays of tissue specimens, histologic and histochemical studies of the brain are reported and discussed. Brains sacrificed early after exposure to methylmercury showed high contents of methylmercury and edema of the cerebral white matter. These results may explain the selective cortical degeneration along the deep cerebral fissures or sulci.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Eto
- National Institute for Minamata Disease, Ministry of the Environment, Minamatu City, Kumamoto, Japan.
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29
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Abstract
The presence of perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (P-ANCAs) and that of antibodies against cathepsin G, a target antigen for P-ANCAs, was determined in the sera of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), relative to the endoscopic severity and disease activity. P-ANCAs were detected by indirect immunofluorescent assay (IIF) on ethanol-fixed human neutrophils. Antibodies to cathepsin G were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. P-ANCAs were detected by IIF in 62.5% of 32 patients with active UC. Anti-cathepsin G antibodies were detected in 40.6% of 32 patients with active UC, and their prevalence was significantly higher in patients with severe colitis, as determined by endoscopy, than in those with mild or moderate colitis (P < 0.05). The prevalence and titers of anti-cathepsin G antibodies were significantly higher during the active than the inactive phase of the disease (P < 0.05). Measurement of titers of anti-cathepsin G antibodies by ELISA in the serum is useful for evaluating the activity of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kuwana
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka, Japan
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30
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Pinkoski MJ, Waterhouse NJ, Heibein JA, Wolf BB, Kuwana T, Goldstein JC, Newmeyer DD, Bleackley RC, Green DR. Granzyme B-mediated apoptosis proceeds predominantly through a Bcl-2-inhibitable mitochondrial pathway. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:12060-7. [PMID: 11278459 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m009038200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes kill virus-infected and tumor cell targets through the concerted action of proteins contained in cytolytic granules, primarily granzyme B and perforin. Granzyme B, a serine proteinase with substrate specificity similar to the caspase family of apoptotic cysteine proteinases, is capable of cleaving and activating a number of death proteins in target cells. Despite the ability to engage the death pathway at multiple entry points, the preferred mechanism for rapid induction of apoptosis by granzyme B has yet to be clearly established. Here we use time lapse confocal microscopy to demonstrate that mitochondrial cytochrome c release is the primary mode of granzyme B-induced apoptosis and that Bcl-2 is a potent inhibitor of this pivotal event. Caspase activation is not required for cytochrome c release, an activity that correlates with cleavage and activation of Bid, which we have found to be cleaved more readily by granzyme B than either caspase-3 or caspase-8. Bcl-2 blocks the rapid destruction of targets by granzyme B by blocking mitochondrial involvement in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Pinkoski
- Division of Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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31
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Naito M, Sano A, Matsubara Y, Harumi T, Tagami T, Sakurai M, Kuwana T. Localization of primordial germ cells or their precursors in stage X blastoderm of chickens and their ability to differentiate into functional gametes in opposite-sex recipient gonads. Reproduction 2001; 121:547-52. [PMID: 11277873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed to determine the distribution of primordial germ cells and their precursors in stage X blastoderm of chickens. The blastoderm (Barred Plymouth Rock chickens) isolated from the yolk was separated into three portions: the central disc, the marginal zone and the area opaca. The dissociated blastodermal cells derived from the central disc, marginal zone and area opaca were transferred into a recipient blastoderm (White Leghorn chicken) from which a cell cluster was removed from the centre of the central disc. The manipulated embryos were cultured in host eggshells until hatching. The chicks were raised until sexual maturity and test mated with Barred Plymouth Rock chickens to assess the donor cell contribution to the recipient germline. Germline chimaeric chickens were produced efficiently (46.7%, 7/15) when the blastodermal cells derived from the central disc were transferred into recipient embryos of the same sex, whereas no germline chimaeric chickens were produced when the blastodermal cells derived from the marginal zone or area opaca were transferred into recipient embryos of the same sex (0/12). Germline chimaeric chickens were also produced by transfer of blastodermal cells derived from the central disc (6.7%, 1/15), marginal zone (10.0%, 1/10) or area opaca (11.1%, 1/9) into recipient embryos of the opposite sex. It is concluded that primordial germ cells are induced during or shortly after stage X and that the cells derived from the central disc have the highest potential to give rise to germ cells. Cells derived from the marginal zone and area opaca can also give rise to germ cells, although the frequency is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Naito
- Genetic Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Animal Industry, Tsukuba Norindanchi PO Box 5, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan.
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32
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Naito M, Sano A, Matsubara Y, Harumi T, Tagami T, Sakurai M, Kuwana T. Localization of primordial germ cells or their precursors in stage X blastoderm of chickens and their ability to differentiate into functional gametes in opposite-sex recipient gonads. Reproduction 2001. [DOI: 10.1530/rep.0.1210547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to determine the distribution of primordial germ cells and their precursors in stage X blastoderm of chickens. The blastoderm (Barred Plymouth Rock chickens) isolated from the yolk was separated into three portions: the central disc, the marginal zone and the area opaca. The dissociated blastodermal cells derived from the central disc, marginal zone and area opaca were transferred into a recipient blastoderm (White Leghorn chicken) from which a cell cluster was removed from the centre of the central disc. The manipulated embryos were cultured in host eggshells until hatching. The chicks were raised until sexual maturity and test mated with Barred Plymouth Rock chickens to assess the donor cell contribution to the recipient germline. Germline chimaeric chickens were produced efficiently (46.7%, 7/15) when the blastodermal cells derived from the central disc were transferred into recipient embryos of the same sex, whereas no germline chimaeric chickens were produced when the blastodermal cells derived from the marginal zone or area opaca were transferred into recipient embryos of the same sex (0/12). Germline chimaeric chickens were also produced by transfer of blastodermal cells derived from the central disc (6.7%, 1/15), marginal zone (10.0%, 1/10) or area opaca (11.1%, 1/9) into recipient embryos of the opposite sex. It is concluded that primordial germ cells are induced during or shortly after stage X and that the cells derived from the central disc have the highest potential to give rise to germ cells. Cells derived from the marginal zone and area opaca can also give rise to germ cells, although the frequency is low.
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Abstract
Release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria plays an integral role in apoptosis; however, the mechanism by which cytochrome c is released remains one of the conundrums that has occupied the field. Recently, evidence has emerged that the commitment to death may be regulated downstream of cytochrome c release; therefore the mechanism of release must be subtle enough for the cell to recover from this event. In this review, we discuss the evidence that cytochrome c release is mediated by Bcl-2 family proteins in a process that involves only outer membrane permeability but leaves inner membrane energization, protein import function and the ultrastructure of mitochondria intact. Cell Death and Differentiation (2000) 7, 1192 - 1199.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Von Ahsen
- Division of Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 10355 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California, CA 92121, USA
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Naito M, Matsubara Y, Harumi T, Tagami T, Kagami H, Sakurai M, Kuwana T. Differentiation of primordial germ cells isolated from embryonic blood into functional gametes in the gonads of mixed-sex germline chimaeric chickens. Br Poult Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/00071660050148660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Beere HM, Wolf BB, Cain K, Mosser DD, Mahboubi A, Kuwana T, Tailor P, Morimoto RI, Cohen GM, Green DR. Heat-shock protein 70 inhibits apoptosis by preventing recruitment of procaspase-9 to the Apaf-1 apoptosome. Nat Cell Biol 2000; 2:469-75. [PMID: 10934466 DOI: 10.1038/35019501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1089] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The cellular-stress response can mediate cellular protection through expression of heat-shock protein (Hsp) 70, which can interfere with the process of apoptotic cell death. Stress-induced apoptosis proceeds through a defined biochemical process that involves cytochrome c, Apaf-1 and caspase proteases. Here we show, using a cell-free system, that Hsp70 prevents cytochrome c/dATP-mediated caspase activation, but allows the formation of Apaf-1 oligomers. Hsp70 binds to Apaf-1 but not to procaspase-9, and prevents recruitment of caspases to the apoptosome complex. Hsp70 therefore suppresses apoptosis by directly associating with Apaf-1 and blocking the assembly of a functional apoptosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Beere
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 10355 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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36
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Abstract
Experiments were conducted to elucidate the factor that influences the concentration of circulating primordial germ cells (cPGCs) in two-day old chick embryos. The concentration of cPGCs was observed to be highest at stage 14 (66.9 +/- 23.2 microliters) and decreased thereafter. However, considerable egg to egg variations in cPGC concentration, especially at stages 13, 14, 15, and 16 were observed. After conducting experiments to elucidate the source of egg to egg variation in cPGC concentration among embryos, it was revealed that there are hens that lay eggs which contain either constantly high (more than 80 PGCs/microliter) or constantly low (less than 30 PGCs/microliter) concentration of cPGCs. The results obtained from the present experiments showed that one of the major source of egg to egg variation in the concentration of cPGCs was due to the individual differences among females that produced the eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tajima
- Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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37
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Naito M, Matsubara Y, Harumi T, Tagami T, Kagami H, Sakurai M, Kuwana T. Differentiation of donor primordial germ cells into functional gametes in the gonads of mixed-sex germline chimaeric chickens produced by transfer of primordial germ cells isolated from embryonic blood. J Reprod Fertil 1999; 117:291-8. [PMID: 10690196 DOI: 10.1530/jrf.0.1170291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to elucidate whether primordial germ cells, obtained from embryonic blood and transferred into partially sterilized male and female recipient embryos, could differentiate into functional gametes and give rise to viable offspring. Manipulated embryos were cultured until hatching and the chicks were raised until maturity, when they were mated. When the sex of the donor primordial germ cells and the recipient embryo was the same, 15 out of 22 male chimaeric chickens (68.2%) and 10 out of 16 female chimaeric chickens (62.5%) produced donor-derived offspring. When the sex of the donor primordial germ cells and the recipient embryo was different, 4 out of 18 male chimaeric chickens (22.2%) and 2 out of 18 female chimaeric chickens (11.1%) produced donor-derived offspring. The rates of donor-derived offspring from the chimaeric chickens were 0.6-40.0% in male donor and male recipient and 0.4-34.9% in female donor and female recipient. However, the rates of donor-derived offspring from the chimaeric chickens were 0.4-0.9% in male donor and female recipient and 0.1-0.3% in female donor and male recipient. The presence of W chromosome-specific repeating sequences was detected in the sperm samples of male chimaeric chickens produced by transfer of female primordial germ cells. These results indicate that primordial germ cells isolated from embryonic blood can differentiate into functional gametes giving rise to viable offspring in the gonads of opposite-sex recipient embryos and chickens, although the efficiency was very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Naito
- Genetic Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Animal Industry, Ibaraki, Japan
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Kuwana T, Rogulska T. Migratory mechanisms of chick primordial germ cells toward gonadal anlage. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 1999; 45:725-36. [PMID: 10512202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
After appearing at the germinal crescent region, chick primordial germ cells (PGCs) migrate toward the presumptive gonads (pG) till stage 19 (Hamburger and Hamilton, 1951). This study seeks to elucidate the roles of passive and active factors in the PGC-migration, physical trapping of circulating PGCs by the capillary network and PGC attraction by chemotactic factor from presumptive gonads. Firstly, latex beads/pollens (the same size or larger than PGCs) were injected into the embryonic bloodstream at stage 13-19 (when PGCs are in the migrating and settlement phase to the presumptive gonad) in ovo in order to determine whether the PGCs passively reach pG. Most of such particles accumulated in the head region (60%), whereas the remainder did the same in the gonadal region (23% at the peak) at stage 16 when both the head and gonadal regions are rich in capillary plexus. After 3 days, most particles in the gonadal region were located at the angles of dorsal mesentery near the developing gonads where many extra-gonadal PGCs had been located, and a few particles were detected close to the gonad. These results suggest that one of the mechanisms of PGC-migration to the developing gonads is an autonomous trapping of PGCs by the capillary network quite close to the germinal epithelium (GE) and passive translocation by morphogenetic movement. Secondly, the attraction for PGCs by the gonadal anlage proper was examined in ovo using chick and quail embryos. Grafts of quail gonadal anlage containing gonadal epithelium and neighbouring mesenchymal tissue were excised from the quail embryo at stages 12 to 16 (staging by Zacchei, 1961). With the aims of eliminating the influence of surrounding tissue, the quail graft was ectopically transplanted into the posterior to the optic vesicle of 8 to 17 somite chick embryo from the point of a posterior region to the auditory vesicle by a fine tungsten needle under the illumination by the method of Hara (1971). Then the region posterior to the level of presumptive vitelline arteries was surgically excised in ovo. After a 48 hrs.-incubation, the host PGCs which lost their own gonadal anlage as a target organ accumulated in the transplanted quail gonadal anlage originating from the embryo at PGC-migrating periods. This result strongly suggested the presence of some attractive factor that may be emitted from the gonadal anlage proper. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the PGCs in vitro showed no contact inhibition in relation to other PGCs or fibroblasts in their moving pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kuwana
- Pathology Section, National Institute for Minamata Disease, Minamata City, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Kuwana T, Smith JJ, Muzio M, Dixit V, Newmeyer DD, Kornbluth S. Apoptosis induction by caspase-8 is amplified through the mitochondrial release of cytochrome c. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:16589-94. [PMID: 9632731 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.26.16589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis often involves the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, leading to caspase activation. However, in apoptosis mediated by CD95 (Fas/APO-1), caspase-8 (FLICE/MACH/Mch5) is immediately activated and, in principle, could process other caspases directly. To investigate whether caspase-8 could also act through mitochondria, we added active caspase-8 to a Xenopus cell-free system requiring these organelles. Caspase-8 rapidly promoted the apoptotic program, culminating in fragmentation of chromatin and the nuclear membrane. In extracts devoid of mitochondria, caspase-8 produced DNA degradation, but left nuclear membranes intact. Thus, mitochondria were required for complete engagement of the apoptotic machinery. In the absence of mitochondria, high concentrations of caspase-8 were required to activate downstream caspases. However, when mitochondria were present, the effects of low concentrations of caspase-8 were vastly amplified through cytochrome c-dependent caspase activation. Caspase-8 promoted cytochrome c release indirectly, by cleaving at least one cytosolic substrate. Bcl-2 blocked apoptosis only at the lowest caspase-8 concentrations, potentially explaining why CD95-induced apoptosis can often evade inhibition by Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kuwana
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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40
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Naito M, Sakurai M, Kuwana T. Expression of exogenous DNA in the gonads of chimaeric chicken embryos produced by transfer of primordial germ cell transfected in vitro and subsequent fate of the introduced DNA. J Reprod Fertil 1998; 113:137-43. [PMID: 9713386 DOI: 10.1530/jrf.0.1130137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The expression and fate of exogenous DNA (lacZ gene), introduced into the gonads of chimaeric embryos and chickens that had been produced by transfer of primordial germ cells (PGCs) transfected in vitro, were examined. PGCs obtained from embryonic blood were transfected in vitro by lipofection and transferred to the partially sterilized recipient embryos. Expression of the lacZ gene was observed in the gonads of chimaeric embryos incubated for 3 days after the PGC injection (71.2%, 37/52). Introduction of the lacZ gene into the gonads of chimaeric embryos was confirmed by PCR analysis. The percentage of embryos with gonads positive for the lacZ gene was 95% (38/40) after 3 days of incubation after the PGC injection. The lacZ gene, however, appeared to persist episomally but was gradually lost during embryonic development. After 17 days of incubation after the PGC injection, the lacZ gene was detected in only 14.3% (3/21) of the embryos examined. Although the lacZ gene was detected in the gonads of two hatched chicks (11.1%), it was not detected in the gonads of chimaeric chickens at sexual maturity. Offspring derived from the lipofected PGCs were obtained from the chimaeric chickens at frequencies of 12.1-69.9% in males and 71.6-97.6% in females. The technique developed in the present work could be used to test the expression of exogenous DNA in the gonads of early chicken embryos and should facilitate the production of transgenic chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Naito
- National Institute of Animal Industry, Tsukuba Norindanchi, Ibaraki, Japan
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41
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Abstract
An enzyme carbon paste electrode containing three different enzymes was developed for the determination of L-phenylalanine. This sensor is based on the enzymatic/electrochemical recycling of tyrosinase in combination with salicylate hydroxylase and L-phenylalanine dehydrogenase (PADH). The enzymes salicylate hydroxylase and tyrosinase were coimmobilized first in a carbon paste electrode for the sensitive detection of NADH. The principle of the bienzyme scheme is as follows: the first enzyme, salicylate hydroxylase, converts salicylate to catechol in the presence of oxygen and NADH. The second enzyme, tyrosinase, then oxidizes the catechol to o-quinone, which is electrochemically detected and reduced back to catechol at the electrode at an Eappl = -50 mV vs Ag/AgCl. This results in an amplified signal due to the recycling of the catechol and o-quinone between tyrosinase and the surface of the electrode. Prior to adding PADH, the salicylate hydroxylase-tyrosinase carbon paste electrode was characterized in terms of its sensitivity to NADH, pH dependence, buffer composition, interferences, and stability. Interference from ascorbic acid and uric acid was found to be minimal. Human serum was used to investigate whether this bienzyme system was suitable for the detection of NADH in serum and blood samples. The sensitivity for NADH was increased by a factor of 33 times using the bienzyme amplification scheme (electroreduction of o-quinone at Eappl = -50 mV) as opposed to the salicylate hydroxylase single-enzyme system (at which catechol would have been oxidized at Eappl = +150 mV vs Ag/AgCl). The detection limit for NADH achieved by the bienzyme carbon paste electrode was 1 vs 100 microM for the single-enzyme carbon paste electrode. The salicylate hydroxylase-tyrosinase system was then coupled with phenylalanine dehydrogenase for L-phenylalanine determination. This multienzyme sensor was able to achieve a linear range of 20-150 microM and a detection limit of 5 microM for L-phenylalanine. The sensitivity is sufficient since the reference clinical range for L-phenylalanine is 78-206 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Huang
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Physiology, Potsdam University, Berlin-Buch, Germany
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Naito M, Tajima A, Yasuda Y, Kuwana T. Donor primordial germ cell-derived offspring from recipient germline chimaeric chickens: absence of long-term immune rejection and effects on sex ratios. Br Poult Sci 1998; 39:20-3. [PMID: 9568293 DOI: 10.1080/00071669889330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
1. Germline chimaeric chickens were produced by the transfer of primordial germ cells, and the generation of donor-derived offspring was examined for a maximum of 146 weeks. 2. The frequencies of donor-derived offspring from the chimaeras were 47% to 97%, and no apparent changes in frequency were observed with increasing age during the test period. 3. Differentiation of donor primordial germ cells into functional gametes appeared to be restricted to a degree at some developmental stage in the gonads of chimaeric chickens of the opposite sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Naito
- National Institute of Animal Industry, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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43
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Kuwana T. [Formation and migration of avian primordial germ cells]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 1998; 43:390-6. [PMID: 9557554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Kuwana
- Pathology Section, National Institute for Minamata Disease, Japan
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44
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Tajima A, Naito M, Yasuda Y, Kuwana T. Production of germ-line chimeras by transfer of cryopreserved gonadal primordial germ cells (gPGCs) in chicken. J Exp Zool 1998; 280:265-7. [PMID: 9472483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gonadal primordial germ cells (gPGCs) were collected from gonadal anlage of 5-day-old White Leghorn (WL) embryos. Collected gPGCs were suspended in freezing medium containing 10% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). The cell-suspension was frozen at 1 degree C/min until the temperature reached -80 degrees C; cells were then immersed in liquid nitrogen at -196 degrees C and stored up to 3 mo. Approximately 100 frozen/thawed gPGCs were injected into the dorsal aorta of each Barred Plymouth Rock (BPR) embryo from which blood was drawn prior to germ-cell injection. The injected embryos were incubated until hatched, and hatched chicks were raised until sexually mature. Upon reaching sexual maturity, a progeny test was performed by mating recipient chicks with normal BPR of the opposite sex. Of 840 progeny produced from 4 gPGC recipients, 74 chicks (8.8%) were phenotypically white. Present results demonstrate that frozen/thawed gPGCs collected from gonadal anlage are capable of producing germ-line chimeras in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tajima
- Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Kuwana T, Peterson PA, Karlsson L. Exit of major histocompatibility complex class II-invariant chain p35 complexes from the endoplasmic reticulum is modulated by phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:1056-61. [PMID: 9448284 PMCID: PMC18670 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.3.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Iip35 isoform of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-associated invariant chain (Ii) contains an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) targeting motif, but in B cell lines the ER retention is ineffective and a fraction of Iip35 is transported through the Golgi complex associated with class II molecules. We found Iip35 (but not Iip33, the major form of Ii) to be phosphorylated in B cell lines, as well as in transfected HeLa cells. The phosphorylation of Iip35 was found to be necessary for the exit of Iip35-class II complexes out of the ER. This requirement suggests that phosphorylation may change the interaction with factors responsible for ER retention/retrieval, and we did find that phosphorylated Iip35 associates with 14-3-3 proteins, a family of adaptor proteins that are involved in coordinating signal transduction pathways. This finding raises the intriguing possibility that the exit of Ii-class II complexes from the ER is regulated by intracellular signaling events.
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MESH Headings
- 14-3-3 Proteins
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Dynamins
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- GTP Phosphohydrolases/metabolism
- HeLa Cells
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Humans
- Macromolecular Substances
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 25
- Serine/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kuwana
- The R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 3535 General Atomics Court, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Abstract
The reaper protein of Drosophila melanogaster has been shown to be a central regulator of apoptosis in that organism. However, it has not been shown to function in any vertebrate nor have the cellular components required for its action been defined. In this report we show that reaper can induce rapid apoptosis in vitro using an apoptotic reconstitution system derived from Xenopus eggs. Moreover, we show that a subcellular fraction enriched in mitochondria is required for this process and that reaper, acting in conjunction with cytosolic factors, can trigger mitochondrial cytochrome c release. Bcl-2 antagonizes these effects, but high levels of reaper can overcome the Bcl-2 block. These results demonstrate that reaper can function in a vertebrate context, suggesting that reaper-responsive factors are conserved elements of the apoptotic program.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Evans
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3686, C366 LSRC, Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Kagami H, Tagami T, Matsubara Y, Harumi T, Hanada H, Maruyama K, Sakurai M, Kuwana T, Naito M. The developmental origin of primordial germ cells and the transmission of the donor-derived gametes in mixed-sex germline chimeras to the offspring in the chicken. Mol Reprod Dev 1997; 48:501-10. [PMID: 9364445 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2795(199712)48:4<501::aid-mrd11>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel system has been developed to determine the origin and development of primordial germ cells (PGCs) in avian embryos directly. Approximately 700 cells were removed from the center of the area pellucida, the outer of the area pellucida, and the area opaca of the stage X blastoderm (Eyal-Giladi and Kochav, 1976; Dev Biol 49:321-337). When the cells were removed from the center of the area pellucida, the mean number of circulating PGCs per 1 microliter of blood was significantly decreased to 13 (P < 0.05) in the embryo at stage 15 (Hamburger and Hamilton, 1951: J Morphol 88:49-92) as compared to intact embryos of 51. When the removed recipient cells from the center of the area pellucida were replenished with 500 donor cells, no reduction in the PGC number was observed. The removal of cells from the outer of area pellucida or from the area opaca had no effect on the number of PGCs. When another set of the manipulated embryos were cultured ex vivo to hatching and reared to sexual maturity, the absence of germ cells and the degeneration of seminiferous tubules were observed in resulting chickens derived from the blastoderm from which the cells were removed from the center of the area pellucida. Chimeric embryos produced by the male donor cells and the female recipient contained the female-derived cells at 97.2% in the whole embryo and 94.3% in the erythrocytes at 5 days of incubation. At 5-7 days of incubation, masculinization was observed in about one half of the mixed-sex embryos. The proportions of the female-derived cells in the whole embryo and in the erythrocytes were 76.5% and 80.2% at 7 days to 55.7% and 62.5% at 10 days of incubation, respectively. When the chimeras reached their sexual maturity, they were test mated to assess donor contribution to their germline. Five of six male chimeras (83%) and three of five female chimeras (60%) from male donor cells and a female recipient embryo from which 700 cells at the center of area pellucida were removed were germline chimeras. Three of the five male germline chimeras (60%) and one of the three female germline chimeras (33%) transmitted exclusively (100%) donor-derived gametes into the offspring. When embryonic cells were removed from the outer of area pellucida or area opaca, regardless of the sex combination of the donor and the recipient, the transmission of the donor-derived gametes was essentially null. The findings in the present studies demonstrated, both in vivo and in vitro, that the PGCs originate in the central part of the area pellucida and that the developmental fate to germ cell (PGCs) had been destined at stage X blastoderm in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kagami
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, National Institute of Animal Industry, Ibaraki, Japan
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49
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Abstract
The chiral separation of several amino acid (AA) enantiomers derivatized with naphthalene-2,3-dialdehyde (NDA) was achieved by use of cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CD-MEKC). Both neutral hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) and charged carboxymethyl beta-cyclodextrin (CM-beta-CD) were used as buffer additives for optical resolution of derivatized amino acids. The order of elution and the mechanism of separation for different CDs were explained by considering important chemical equilibria in the sodium dodecyl suphate, CD and amino acid system. Furthermore, the importance of SDS for the separation of a mixture of AAs, and the effect of CD and analyte concentration on the resolution will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K DeSilva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66047, USA
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Ohuchi H, Nakagawa T, Yamamoto A, Araga A, Ohata T, Ishimaru Y, Yoshioka H, Kuwana T, Nohno T, Yamasaki M, Itoh N, Noji S. The mesenchymal factor, FGF10, initiates and maintains the outgrowth of the chick limb bud through interaction with FGF8, an apical ectodermal factor. Development 1997; 124:2235-44. [PMID: 9187149 DOI: 10.1242/dev.124.11.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate limb formation has been known to be initiated by a factor(s) secreted from the lateral plate mesoderm. In this report, we provide evidence that a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, FGF10, emanates from the prospective limb mesoderm to serve as an endogenous initiator for limb bud formation. Fgf10 expression in the prospective limb mesenchyme precedes Fgf8 expression in the nascent apical ectoderm. Ectopic application of FGF10 to the chick embryonic flank can induce Fgf8 expression in the adjacent ectoderm, resulting in the formation of an additional complete limb. Expression of Fgf10 persists in the mesenchyme of the established limb bud and appears to interact with Fgf8 in the apical ectoderm and Sonic hedgehog in the zone of polarizing activity. These results suggest that FGF10 is a key mesenchymal factor involved in the initial budding as well as the continuous outgrowth of vertebrate limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ohuchi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokushima, Japan
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