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Sritabtim K, Prukudom S, Piyasanti Y, Chaipipat S, Kuwana T, Jurutha J, Sinsiri R, Tirawattanawanich C, Siripattarapravat K. First study on repeatable culture of primordial germ cells from various embryonic regions with giant feeder cells in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Theriogenology 2024; 213:43-51. [PMID: 37797528 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Japanese quail (JQ, Coturnix japonica) is a farmed animal with a high economic value and has been used extensively as an avian model for research. Germline chimera production based on cryopreserved primordial germ cells (PGCs) is possible for conservation management of quail breeds as successful isolation has been reported of PGCs from their blood and gonads. However, the repeatable cultivation protocol has not been elucidated yet, which has hindered technological development. The current study characterized cultivation of pregonadal PGCs isolated from embryonic parts; embryonic blood (cPGCs), whole embryonic tissues (tPGCs), parts of tail buds (tbPGCs), and a mixture of blood and tail bud tissues (ctbPGCs). The results showed that the cultivation system required the presence of specific embryonic cells to act as a feeder for JQ-PGCs and that such a system facilitated more successful cultivation, as shown by the percentages of isolation and cultivation in tbPGCs (100%, 100%, respectively), tPGCs (60%, 55%, respectively), and ctbPGCs (60%, 30%, respectively), but not in cPGCs (0%) cultured on a mitomycin-treated JQ feeder cell-line. Once the co-culture system had been established, the PGCs could be propagated for at least 5 months. These PGCs expressed germ cell-specific markers (DAZL and CVH) and could colonize embryonic gonads. Conclusively, the isolation of pregonadal PGCs and their long-term cultivation in vitro requires a unique embryonic cell, giant cell feeder, that is indispensable for the proliferation of PGCs. Characterization of cell signaling sustaining a mutual interaction between the PGCs and the specific feeder cells will elucidate a superior environment for in vitro cultivation, as well as support the minimal transfer of used xenobiotics in chimera production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornkanok Sritabtim
- Center for Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - Bangkhen, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sukumal Prukudom
- Center for Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - Bangkhen, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yanika Piyasanti
- Center for Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - Bangkhen, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suparat Chaipipat
- Center for Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - Bangkhen, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaengsaen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology:(AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Juthathip Jurutha
- Center for Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - Bangkhen, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungthiwa Sinsiri
- Center for Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - Bangkhen, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanin Tirawattanawanich
- Center for Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - Bangkhen, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kannika Siripattarapravat
- Center for Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory - Bangkhen, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaengsaen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology:(AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Endo H, Tsunekawa N, Kudo K, Oshida T, Motokawa M, Sonoe M, Wanghongsa S, Tirawattanawanich C, Phimphachanhvongsod V, Sasaki T, Yonezawa T, Akishinonomiya F. Comparative morphological study of skeletal muscle weight among the red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) and various fowl breeds (Gallus domesticus). J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 2022; 338:542-551. [PMID: 34826346 PMCID: PMC9788176 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We examined the weight distribution of skeletal muscles of the red jungle fowl, then compared these values with those of domesticated populations to determine how muscle distribution has changed by selecting breeding. Sonia, Fayoumi, and Rhode Island Red were selected for comparison from livestock breeds, while Japanese Shamo and Thai fighting cocks were selected from cockfighting groups. Principal component analysis was applied using body size-free data. The mass distribution of muscles clearly differed between the wild, livestock, and cockfighting groups, demonstrating that muscle distribution has changed after selecting breeding, coupled with functional demands of each group. The red jungle fowl, which has the ability to fly, could be clearly distinguished from the flightless domesticated populations due to differences in flight pectoral muscle size. The cervical muscles in the wild population were smaller than in the domesticated groups; these do not contribute to flight. The gluteal muscles were larger in the fighting cock group, functionally coupled to their traditionally preferred upright posture. Wild bird populations typically exhibit reduced weight of their hind limbs, associated with flight, but as the red jungle fowl displays largely terrestrial behavior, these muscles are similar in arrangement and relative size to those of the livestock groups. We showed that the mass distribution pattern of skeletal muscles expresses selecting breeding strategy and clearly reflects the specific traits for each group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Endo
- The University Museum, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Naoki Tsunekawa
- Department of Bioscience in Daily Life, College of Bioresource SciencesNihon UniversityFujisawaJapan
| | - Kohei Kudo
- The University Museum, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Tatsuo Oshida
- Laboratory of Wildlife EcologyObihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary MedicineObihiroJapan
| | | | - Mitsuru Sonoe
- Department of International Development Studies, College of Bioresource SciencesNihon UniversityFujisawaJapan
| | - Sawai Wanghongsa
- National Parks, Wildlife and Plants Conservation DepartmentBangkokThailand
| | | | - Viengsavanh Phimphachanhvongsod
- Research Management Division, National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute (NAFRI), Ministry of Agriculture and ForestryVientianeLaos
| | - Takeshi Sasaki
- Faculty of AgricultureTokyo University of AgricultureAtsugiJapan
| | | | - Fumihito Akishinonomiya
- The University Museum, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan,Yamashina Institute for OrnithologyAbikoJapan
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Kovitvadhi A, Chundang P, Pliantiangtam N, Thongprajukaew K, Tirawattanawanich C, Suwanasopee T, Koonawootrittriron S. Screening of in vitro nutrient digestibility coefficients of selected insect meals in broiler chickens, black-meat chickens and quails. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 105:305-315. [PMID: 32935384 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to identify potential insect species comparing with commonly used protein sources based on efficiency of the in vitro digestibility on dry matter (DMd), organic matter (OMd) and crude protein (CPd) in broiler chickens, black-meat chickens (Native breed) and quails. Each of gastric mucosa, pancreas and duodenal mucosa were obtained from proventriculus, pancreas and duodenum, respectively. Crude digestive enzyme extracts (CTE) were extracted from these organs to perform in vitro digestibility. Eighteen insect samples and six commonly used protein sources were served as substrates which were evaluated on DMd, OMd and CPd in triplicate for each substrate. The CTE from gastric mucosa was used to simulate proventriculus, whereas small intestine was simulation by adding the CTE from pancreas and duodenum. The large variation of chemical composition between insect meals was presented. For commonly used protein sources, animal proteins were higher on digestibility than plant proteins (p < .001). Quails represented a great potential to digest insect meals comparing other animals. Based on CPd results, there were potential insect species for broiler chickens (Achroia grisella: AG, Tenebrio molitor: TM and Musca domestica), black-meat chickens (Patanga succincta, TM and AG) and quails (Hermetia illucens, Acheta domesticus and Locusta migratoria; p < .001). The evidences from this study suggest that these insect species contain a great potential to use as alternative protein sources promoting an animal production with sustainability. However, the in vivo experimentation must be performed to confirm in further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attawit Kovitvadhi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pipatpong Chundang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nichaphon Pliantiangtam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Karun Thongprajukaew
- Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Chanin Tirawattanawanich
- Innovation Cluster 2, Thailand Science Park, Ministry of Science and Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Thanathip Suwanasopee
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Kovitvadhi A, Chundang P, Tirawattanawanich C, Prathumpai W, Methacanon P, Chokpipatpol K. Effects of dietary supplementation with different levels and molecular weights of fungal β-glucan on performances, health and meat quality in broilers. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2019; 32:1548-1557. [PMID: 31010987 PMCID: PMC6718905 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with different levels and molecular weights of fungal β-glucan on productive performances, health, carcass traits and meat quality in broilers. Methods Two hundred and ten of one-day-old chicks with equal sex were assigned to seven experimental groups in 2×4 factorial arrangement. These groups were supplemented with (0, 10, 30 and 60 ppm) of molecular weight 1-3, 1-6 β-glucan (low or high). High molecular weight β-glucan (H: 943 kDa) was obtained from Ophiocordyceps dipterigena BCC 2073, whereas H with -Irradiation treatment was performed to achieve low molecular weight β-glucan (L: 8 kDa). Results There was no statistical significance in productive performances, apparent digestibility and interaction between fixed factors along 42 days of experiment (P>0.05). A higher caecal amylase activity was present in the group that received L, while there was a dramatic decrease in H and the control groups, respectively (P<0.05). The increase of supplemental dose increased caecal amylase activity (P<0.05). Immunomodulatory effects from L was revealed by the marked increase of phagocytic activity, relative weight of thymus and bursa of fabricius (P<0.05). Similarly, the additive dose at 30 ppm provided the same results, whereas the only significant difference with supplementation at 60 ppm was an increase in phagocytic activity (P<0.05). Interestingly, villi height of broilers fed L was higher than other groups (P<0.05). The treatments did not influence haematology, blood chemistry, antibody production level against vaccination, carcass traits and meat quality (P>0.05). Conclusion The supplementation of L at 30 ppm was suggested to achieve benefits of immune modulation without adverse effects on other parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attawit Kovitvadhi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Pipatpong Chundang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Chanin Tirawattanawanich
- Innovation Cluster 2, Thailand Science Park, Ministry of Science and Technology, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wai Prathumpai
- Microbial Biotechnology and Biochemicals Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pawadee Methacanon
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
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Kovitvadhi A, Chundang P, Thongprajukaew K, Tirawattanawanich C, Srikachar S, Chotimanothum B. Potential of Insect Meals as Protein Sources for Meat-Type Ducks Based on In Vitro Digestibility. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E155. [PMID: 30970570 PMCID: PMC6523304 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a dramatic increase in duck meat consumption. As a result, ducks are an interesting alternative type of livestock. Animal-based proteins such as fishmeal and animal by-products are valuable nutrients with high digestibility, but they are associated with cost fluctuations, pathogen contamination, and environmental impacts. Therefore, plant-based proteins are used, but they have the disadvantages of inappropriate amino acid profiles, anti-nutritional factors, and mycotoxin contamination. Insect meal contains favorable nutrients and low production costs and is environmentally friendly; however, there is a large number of insect species. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation is to screen insects for their potential use as a protein source in the duck diet. Insect meal with a high proportion of low-digestible components was shown to have low digestibility. Yellow mealworm larvae, giant mealworm larvae, lesser wax moth larvae, house fly larvae, mulberry silkworm pupae, and American cockroach nymph have the potential to be alternative protein sources for ducks. Insect meal has been widely studied and is used in animal nutrition to replace common protein sources that have several disadvantages and to promote sustainability in animal production. Two-step in vitro digestibility using crude enzyme extracts from digestive tracts of meat-type ducks (Cherry Valley) was performed on general protein sources and insect meals to compare the in vitro digestibility of organic matter (OMd) and crude protein (CPd). Variation in chemical components between different types of insect meal was found. A positive correlation was found between OMd and the ether extract composition in insect meal, whereas a negative correlation was shown between crude fiber and acid detergent fiber. Contrasting relationships were found between CPd and crude fiber and acid detergent fiber in insect meal. In conclusion, the yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor), giant mealworm larvae (Zophobas morio), lesser wax moth larvae (Achroia grisella), house fly larvae (Musca domestica), mulberry silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori), and American cockroach nymph (Periplaneta americana) are potential protein sources for ducks based on OMd and CPd digestibility after screening with an in vitro digestibility technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attawit Kovitvadhi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Pipatpong Chundang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Karun Thongprajukaew
- Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
| | - Chanin Tirawattanawanich
- Innovation Cluster 2, Thailand Science Park, Ministry of Science and Technology, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Sunyanee Srikachar
- Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Banthari Chotimanothum
- The Queen Sirikit Department of Sericulture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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Teinlek P, Siripattarapravat K, Tirawattanawanich C. Genetic diversity analysis of Thai indigenous chickens based on complete sequences of mitochondrial DNA D-loop region. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2018; 31:804-811. [PMID: 29381905 PMCID: PMC5933977 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective Complete mtDNA D-loop sequences of four Thai indigenous chicken varieties, including Pra-dhu-hang-dam (PD), Leung-hang-khao (LK), Chee (CH), and Dang (DA) were explored for genetic diversity and relationships with their potential ancestor and possible associates to address chicken domestication in Thailand. Methods A total of 220 complete mtDNA D-loop sequences of the four Thai indigenous chicken varieties were obtained by Sanger direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction amplicons of 1,231 to 1,232 base pair in size. A neighbor-joining dendrogram was constructed with reference complete mtDNA D-loop sequences of Red Junglefowl (RJF) and those different chicken breeds available on National Center for Biotechnology Information database. Genetic diversity indices and neutrality test by Tajima’s D test were performed. Genetic differences both within and among populations were estimated using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Pairwise fixation index (FST) was conducted to evaluated genetic relationships between these varieties. Results Twenty-three identified haplotypes were classified in six haplogroups (A–E and H) with the majority clustered in haplogroup A and B. Each variety was in multiple haplogroups with haplogroups A, B, D, and E being shared by all studied varieties. The averaged haplotype and nucleotide diversities were, respectively 0.8607 and 0.00579 with non-significant Tajima’s D values being observed in all populations. Haplogroup distribution was closely related to that of RJF particularly Gallus gallus gallus (G. g. gallus) and G. g. spadiceus. As denoted by AMOVA, the mean diversity was mostly due to within-population variation (90.53%) while between-population variation (9.47%) accounted for much less. By pairwise FST, LK was most closely related to DA (FST = 0.00879) while DA was farthest from CH (FST = 0.24882). Conclusion All 4 Thai indigenous chickens are in close relationship with their potential ancestor, the RJF. A contribution of shared, multiple maternal lineages was in the nature of these varieties, which have been domesticated under neutral selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyanat Teinlek
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kannika Siripattarapravat
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok 10900, Thailand.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Chanin Tirawattanawanich
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok 10900, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Kawabe S, Tsunekawa N, Kudo K, Tirawattanawanich C, Akishinonomiya F, Endo H. Morphological variation in brain through domestication of fowl. J Anat 2017; 231:287-297. [PMID: 28542781 PMCID: PMC5522892 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Great variations in the size, shape, color, feather structure and behavior are observed among fowl breeds. Because many types of domestic fowls have been bred for various purposes, they are ideal to assess the relationship between brain morphology and avian biology. However, little is known about changes in brain shape that may have occurred during fowl domestication. We analyzed the brains of red jungle fowl and domestic fowl to clarify differences in the brain shape between these breeds, as well as the shape changes associated with size enlargement using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics. Principal component and multivariate regression analyses showed that ventrodorsal bending, anteroposterior elongation and width reduction were significantly correlated with brain size. According to the size-dependent analysis, the red jungle fowl brain has an intermediate shape between the brain of young broilers and that of large domestic fowl and adult broilers. After the size effect is removed, geometric morphometric analyses show that the brain of red jungle fowl is different from that of domestic fowl, with large round cerebral hemispheres. Significant correlations exist between the skull length and brain volume among fowl, while the brain volume relative to the skull length is distinctly larger in red jungle fowl compared with domestic fowl. The distinct brain shape and increased relative brain size of red jungle fowl may be driven by the presence of large, rounded cerebral hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Kawabe
- Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur MuseumFukuiJapan
- Gifu Prefectural MuseumGifuJapan
| | - Naoki Tsunekawa
- Department of Bioscience in Daily LifeCollage of Bioresource SciencesNihon UniversityKanagawaJapan
| | - Kohei Kudo
- Department of Global Agricultural SciencesGraduate School of Agriculture and Agricultural Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | | | | | - Hideki Endo
- The University MuseumThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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Srihawong T, Kuwana T, Siripattarapravat K, Tirawattanawanich C. Chicken primordial germ cell motility in response to stem cell factor sensing. Int J Dev Biol 2015; 59:453-60. [DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.140287ct] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tirawattanawanich C, Chantakru S, Nimitsantiwong W, Tongyai S. The effects of tropical environmental conditions on the stress and immune responses of commercial broilers, Thai indigenous chickens, and crossbred chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2011. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2010-00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Jupamatta A, Kanto U, Tirawattanawanich C. Cassava in Lactating Sow Diets: I. Effects on Milk Composition and Quality. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2011.10216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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