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Yesuf YK, Tamir B, Tesfaye E, Beyero N. The synergetic effects of some phytobiotics mix on growth, hematology and microbial loads of broiler chickens. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:3507-3513. [PMID: 36633547 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2165934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the growth and health-promoting effectiveness of three medicinal plants (black cumin, fenugreek, and turmeric) on broilers. A total of 270 (Cobb 500) day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments: basal diet (T0), basal diet + oxytetracycline (T1), basal diet + black cumin and fenugreek (T2), basal diet + black cumin and turmeric (T3), basal diet + fenugreek and turmeric (T4), basal diet + black cumin, fenugreek and turmeric (T5). BWG and ADG had no differences (p ≥ 0.05) between T5 and antibiotics-fed birds. Phytobiotic supplemented birds (T2, T3, T4, and T5) had lower feed intake and higher FCR (T3 and T5) than controls T0 and T1 (p ≤ 0.05). Comparable (p ≥ 0.05) RBC counts were observed between birds fed phytobiotics (T2 and T4) and fed an antibiotic (T1), likewise, there were no (p ≥ 0.05) differences between T0 and birds fed phytobiotics (T3 and T5). A mixture of phytobiotics (T2, T4, and T5) outperformed in lowering total coliform and E. coli bacteria in the cecum than antibiotics (p ≤ 0.05). A mixture of the three phytobiotics can replace commercial antibiotics and have a favorable effect on broiler growth and health by safeguarding human health from the negative effects of antibiotic residue in broiler products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Berhan Tamir
- Department of Animal Production Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Etalem Tesfaye
- Animal Nutrition, Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Netsanet Beyero
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Wang T, Cheng K, Yu C, Tong Y, Yang Z, Wang T. Effects of yeast hydrolysate on growth performance, serum parameters, carcass traits, meat quality and antioxidant status of broiler chickens. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:575-583. [PMID: 34148247 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yeast hydrolysate (YH) has multiple salutary biological activities. Nevertheless, the application of YH in broiler production is limited. This study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of YH derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by exploring growth performance, serum parameters, organs relative weight, carcass traits, meat quality and antioxidant status of broilers. RESULTS Supplementing YH linearly and quadratically improved (P < 0.05) body weight gain and gain-to-feed ratio compared to that in the control group. Triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol in serum, the decline in pH and cooking loss of breast muscle, and malonaldehyde concentration in serum and liver were decreased linearly and/or quadratically by YH (P < 0.05), whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in serum, GSH-Px activity in liver, glutathione content in serum and liver, eviscerated yield rate and chest muscle yield, and the relative weight of spleen and liver were linearly and/or quadratically increased (P < 0.05). Moreover, YH enhanced the mRNA levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, heme oxygennase-1 (HO-1), GSH-Px1 and SOD1 (linear and/or quadratic, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Dietary YH beneficially affected growth performance, serum parameters, organ relative weight, carcass traits, meat quality and antioxidant status in broilers, indicating its potential application as a promising feed additive in broiler production. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Kang Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - CaiYun Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - YiChun Tong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - ZaiBin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agriculture University, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
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Li T, Zhang S, Zhang J, Song Y, Bao X, Xu F, Zhang J. Analysis of Serum Biochemical Indexes, Egg Quality, and Liver Transcriptome in Laying Hens Fed Diets Supplemented with Gynostemma pentaphyllum Powder. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121942. [PMID: 34946891 PMCID: PMC8701024 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP), known as “southern ginseng”, can reduce the blood pressure and blood lipid levels. In this study, 300 layer chicks of one day old were divided randomly into three groups (control group (base diet), high addition group (base diet with 1% GP), and low addition group (base diet with 0.5% GP)). After 29 weeks, the growth performance, egg quality, and serum index were determined. Additionally, liver mRNA was identified using RNA-seq to investigate the molecular mechanisms. The results indicated that the serum total cholesterol and triglycerides decreased significantly in the GP addition group. The addition of GP increased the egg weight, Haugh unit and redness (a*) of the egg yolk color, and reduced the yolk cholesterol concentration. Moreover, 95 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened between the control and GP addition group. GO and the KEGG analysis showed that the PPAR pathway was significantly enriched. Five fatty acid metabolism-related genes (FABP3, CYP7A1, ANKRD22, SCD1, and PCK1) were validated by qRT-PCR analysis, which confirmed the tendency of the expression. These DEGs in the PPAR pathway may be the key factors of GP affecting fatty acid metabolism. These results may provide a theoretical basis for further research and new insights into GP as a feed additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.B.)
| | - Shuya Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.B.)
| | - Jiqiao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.B.)
| | - Yiping Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.B.)
| | - Xiuyu Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.B.)
| | - Fengwen Xu
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Center of Ankang City, Ankang 725000, China;
| | - Jianqin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (T.L.); (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Ramser A, Greene E, Wideman R, Dridi S. Local and Systemic Cytokine, Chemokine, and FGF Profile in Bacterial Chondronecrosis with Osteomyelitis (BCO)-Affected Broilers. Cells 2021; 10:3174. [PMID: 34831397 PMCID: PMC8620240 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex disease states, like bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO), not only result in physiological symptoms, such as lameness, but also a complex systemic reaction involving immune and growth factor responses. For the modern broiler (meat-type) chickens, BCO is an animal welfare, production, and economic concern involving bacterial infection, inflammation, and bone attrition with a poorly defined etiology. It is, therefore, critical to define the key inflammatory and bone-related factors involved in BCO. In this study, the local bone and systemic blood profile of inflammatory modulators, cytokines, and chemokines was elucidated along with inflammasome and key FGF genes. BCO-affected bone showed increased expression of cytokines IL-1β, while BCO-affected blood expressed upregulated TNFα and IL-12. The chemokine profile revealed increased IL-8 expression in both BCO-affected bone and blood in addition to inflammasome NLRC5 being upregulated in circulation. The key FGF receptor, FGFR1, was significantly downregulated in BCO-affected bone. The exposure of two different bone cell types, hFOB and chicken primary chondrocytes, to plasma from BCO-affected birds, as well as recombinant TNFα, resulted in significantly decreased cell viability. These results demonstrate an expression of proinflammatory and bone-resorptive factors and their potential contribution to BCO etiology through their impact on bone cell viability. This unique profile could be used for improved non-invasive detection of BCO and provides potential targets for treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Ramser
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (A.R.); (E.G.); (R.W.)
- Department of Poultry Science, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Elizabeth Greene
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (A.R.); (E.G.); (R.W.)
| | - Robert Wideman
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (A.R.); (E.G.); (R.W.)
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (A.R.); (E.G.); (R.W.)
- Department of Poultry Science, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Cao L, Zhao P, Ding HE, Wang N, Zhang X, Yuan S, Dong H, Guo Y, Yao X, Yu Q, Shao H, Gong P. Development of a double antibodies sandwich ELISA for the detection of avian leukosis virus subgroup J based on monoclonal antibodies against gp85. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:1408-1411. [PMID: 34463705 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmab114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Cao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Jilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Panpan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - H E Ding
- Jilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Jilin Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Jilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shuxian Yuan
- Jilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hang Dong
- Jilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yanbing Guo
- Jilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xinhua Yao
- Jilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Qinlei Yu
- Jilin Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hongze Shao
- Jilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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Adeyemi KD, Obaaro BM, Awoyeye ET, Edward AE, Asogwa TN. Onion leaf and synthetic additives in broiler diet: impact on splenic cytokines, serum immunoglobulins, cecal bacterial population, and muscle antioxidant status. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:5245-5255. [PMID: 33611786 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The disadvantages associated with the use of synthetic additives in animal production could threaten human and animal health, and the safety of animal-derived foods. This study assessed the growth performance, blood chemistry, immune indices, selected caeca bacterial population, muscle antioxidant enzyme activities, and meat quality in broiler chickens fed diet supplemented with antibiotic (70% oxytetracycline +30% neomycin), tert-butylhydroxytoluene or onion leaf powder (OLP). One day old Ross 308 chicks (n = 240) were assigned randomly to either D-1, control diet (CD) without additives; D-2, CD + 0.3 g kg-1 antibiotic +0.15 g kg-1 tert-butylhydroxytoluene; D-3, CD + 2.5 g kg-1 OLP; or D-4, CD + 5 g kg-1 OLP for 42 days. RESULTS The D-2 and D-4 diets improved (P < 0.05) bodyweight gain and feed efficiency in broilers. Platelet and cecal Lactobacillus spp. counts were higher (P < 0.05) whereas muscle cholesterol was lower (P < 0.05) in the OLP-supplemented birds. Supplemented birds had higher (P < 0.01) splenic interleukin-10 and lower (P < 0.01) splenic tumor necrosis factor-α, immunoglobulin A, cecal E. coli and C. perfringens counts compared with the D-1 birds. The D-4 birds had the least (P < 0.05) splenic interleukin-1β. Dietary supplements increased (P < 0.05) catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity, and lowered (P < 0.05) drip loss, malondialdehyde and carbonyl content in breast meat. CONCLUSION Dietary supplementation of 5 g kg-1 OLP exerted antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant effects that were comparable to those of antibiotics and tert-butylhydroxytoluene in broiler chickens. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazeem D Adeyemi
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Blessing M Obaaro
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth T Awoyeye
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Anne E Edward
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Tobechukwu N Asogwa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
- Central Research Laboratory and Diagnostics, Ilorin, Nigeria
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Poulle ML, Le Corre M, Bastien M, Gedda E, Feare C, Jaeger A, Larose C, Shah N, Voogt N, Göpper B, Lagadec E, Rocamora G, Geers R, Aubert D, Villena I, Lebarbenchon C. Exposure of pelagic seabirds to Toxoplasma gondii in the Western Indian Ocean points to an open sea dispersal of this terrestrial parasite. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255664. [PMID: 34407103 PMCID: PMC8372946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that uses felids as definitive hosts and warm-blooded animals as intermediate hosts. While the dispersal of T. gondii infectious oocysts from land to coastal waters has been well documented, transmission routes to pelagic species remain puzzling. We used the modified agglutination test (MAT titre ≥ 10) to detect antibodies against T. gondii in sera collected from 1014 pelagic seabirds belonging to 10 species. Sampling was carried out on eight islands of the Western Indian Ocean: Reunion and Juan de Nova (colonized by cats), Cousin, Cousine, Aride, Bird, Europa and Tromelin islands (cat-free). Antibodies against T. gondii were found in all islands and all species but the great frigatebird. The overall seroprevalence was 16.8% [95% CI: 14.5%-19.1%] but significantly varied according to species, islands and age-classes. The low antibody levels (MAT titres = 10 or 25) detected in one shearwater and three red-footed booby chicks most likely resulted from maternal antibody transfer. In adults, exposure to soils contaminated by locally deposited oocysts may explain the detection of antibodies in both wedge-tailed shearwaters on Reunion Island and sooty terns on Juan de Nova. However, 144 adults breeding on cat-free islands also tested positive. In the Seychelles, there was a significant decrease in T. gondii prevalence associated with greater distances to cat populations for species that sometimes rest on the shore, i.e. terns and noddies. This suggests that oocysts carried by marine currents could be deposited on shore tens of kilometres from their initial deposition point and that the number of deposited oocysts decreases with distance from the nearest cat population. The consumption of fishes from the families Mullidae, Carangidae, Clupeidae and Engraulidae, previously described as T. gondii oocyst-carriers (i.e. paratenic hosts), could also explain the exposure of terns, noddies, boobies and tropicbirds to T. gondii. Our detection of antibodies against T. gondii in seabirds that fish in the high sea, have no contact with locally contaminated soils but frequent the shores and/or consume paratenic hosts supports the hypothesis of an open-sea dispersal of T. gondii oocysts by oceanic currents and/or fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lazarine Poulle
- Epidémio-Surveillance et Circulation des Parasites dans les Environnements (ESCAPE), EA 7510, CAP SANTE, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
- CERFE, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Boult-aux-Bois, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthieu Le Corre
- UMR Ecologie marine tropicale des océans Pacifique et Indien (ENTROPIE), CNRS IRD, IFREMER, Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Université de la Réunion, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Matthieu Bastien
- Epidémio-Surveillance et Circulation des Parasites dans les Environnements (ESCAPE), EA 7510, CAP SANTE, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
- UMR Ecologie marine tropicale des océans Pacifique et Indien (ENTROPIE), CNRS IRD, IFREMER, Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Université de la Réunion, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Elsa Gedda
- Epidémio-Surveillance et Circulation des Parasites dans les Environnements (ESCAPE), EA 7510, CAP SANTE, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Chris Feare
- WildWings Bird Management, Haslemere, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Jaeger
- UMR Ecologie marine tropicale des océans Pacifique et Indien (ENTROPIE), CNRS IRD, IFREMER, Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Université de la Réunion, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
| | | | - Nirmal Shah
- Center for Environment and Education, Nature Seychelles, Roche Caïman, Mahé, Seychelles
| | | | | | - Erwan Lagadec
- Université de La Réunion, UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Gérard Rocamora
- Island Biodiversity and Conservation Centre, University of Seychelles, Anse Royale, Seychelles
- Island Conservation Society, Mahé, Seychelles
| | - Régine Geers
- Epidémio-Surveillance et Circulation des Parasites dans les Environnements (ESCAPE), EA 7510, CAP SANTE, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre National de Référence de la Toxoplasmose, Centre de Ressources Biologiques Toxoplasma, CHU Reims, Reims, France
| | - Dominique Aubert
- Epidémio-Surveillance et Circulation des Parasites dans les Environnements (ESCAPE), EA 7510, CAP SANTE, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre National de Référence de la Toxoplasmose, Centre de Ressources Biologiques Toxoplasma, CHU Reims, Reims, France
| | - Isabelle Villena
- Epidémio-Surveillance et Circulation des Parasites dans les Environnements (ESCAPE), EA 7510, CAP SANTE, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre National de Référence de la Toxoplasmose, Centre de Ressources Biologiques Toxoplasma, CHU Reims, Reims, France
| | - Camille Lebarbenchon
- Université de La Réunion, UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
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Gouda A, Tolba SA, M El-Moniary M. Impact of in ovo Injection of Certain Vitamins to Improve the Physiological Conditions of Hatching Chicks. Pak J Biol Sci 2021; 24:268-273. [PMID: 33683057 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2021.268.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Exposure of breeder hens to hyperthermia causes disturbances in the breeder's eggs due to insufficient nutrient deposition from heat-stressed hen into the egg. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the adverse effects of heat stress on hatchability, embryonic growth and hatchling health status could be ameliorated by in ovo injection of certain vitamins. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 270 fertile eggs from Fayoumi breeders (45 weeks) were randomly assigned to 6 groups (45 eggs/group). During the egg collection period in the summer season, birds were maintained at 9-13°C above the standard thermo-neutral temperature. The experimental groups were: negative control (eggs not injected either with vitamins or Sterile Deionized Water (SDW)), positive control (eggs injected with 0.1 mL of SDW/egg) and four other treatments in which vitamins A, E, D3 and folic acid were injected (1 mg of each vitamin dissolved in 0.1 mL of SDW/egg). The eggs were incubated at 37.7°C and 65% relative humidity in an automatic incubator. RESULTS The residual yolk, embryo length and weight and hatchability% were improved (p<0.01) in all vitamins in ovo injected groups compared with both controls. Hatchling weight and the assessed health status indices were increased (p<0.01) in all vitamins in ovo injected groups compared with both controls. CONCLUSION It is concluded that direct injection of vitamins into eggs laid by heat-stressed breeders is an effective way of reducing the disturbance in eggs resulting from inadequate nutrient deposition from hen to egg.
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Han C, Wang X, Zhang D, Wei Y, Cui Y, Shi W, Bao Y. Synergistic use of florfenicol and Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide can enhance immune responses in broilers. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 210:111825. [PMID: 33412284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To explore the effect of florfenicol (FFC) combined with Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide (SMPs) on immune function of Broilers. One hundred and twenty-one-day-old chicks were chosen and divided into 6 groups. The group A received standard basal diet only, the group B received a basal diet with FFC (0.15 g/L diet), and the group C, D, E received a basal diet with FFC (0.15 g/L diet) and SMPs (1.25 g/L, 2.5 g/L, 5 g/L diet),the group F received a basal diet with SMPs (5 g/L diet). FFC can significantly inhibit the growth performance of broilers, but has no significant damage to the immune function of broilers. The combination of FFC and SMPs can improve the growth performance of broilers, increase the number of leukocyte subtypes in blood (P < 0.05), increase the number of Newcastle disease (ND) and avian influenza (AI) antibodies in blood, the number of immunoglobulins, and the content of cytokines (P < 0.05). In addition, it significantly improve the lymphocyte conversion rate of broiler peripheral blood (P < 0.05). So that, synergistic use of FFC and SMPs can enhance immune responses in Broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Han
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China; Hebei Provincial Engineering Center for Chinese Veterinary Herbal Medicine, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wei
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yuqing Cui
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Wanyu Shi
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China; Hebei Provincial Engineering Center for Chinese Veterinary Herbal Medicine, Baoding 071001, China.
| | - Yongzhan Bao
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China; Hebei Provincial Engineering Center for Chinese Veterinary Herbal Medicine, Baoding 071001, China.
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Osamudiamen FT, Akanbi OA, Oluwayelu DO, Bock CT, Klink P. Serological evidence of avian HEV antibodies in apparently healthy chickens in southwest Nigeria. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247889. [PMID: 33635917 PMCID: PMC7909675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian hepatitis E virus (aHEV) is associated with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome, big liver and spleen disease and hepatic rupture haemorrhage syndrome. However, the knowledge about aHEV in commercial layer chickens in Nigeria is scarce. In this study, 460 serum samples obtained from 36 apparently healthy commercial layer chicken flocks in three states (Ogun, Osun and Oyo States) of southwestern Nigeria were analysed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of anti-aHEV immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibodies. In total, the overall seroprevalence of anti-aHEV antibodies was 14.6%. The serological analysis revealed that 75% of the flocks examined were positive for anti-aHEV IgY antibodies from chickens of various ages in all three states. The percentage of the seropositive chickens in the three states varied from flock to flock ranging from 60% to 88.8% and seropositive chickens were detected at any age (24-52 weeks of age) without significant differences between the age groups. This is the first report assessing the presence of aHEV antibodies in chickens from Nigeria. The detection of anti-aHEV antibodies in commercial layer chickens in this study emphasizes the importance of serosurveillance in disease monitoring due to the economic threat posed by aHEV as a result of decreased egg production and increased mortality in affected commercial layer chicken farms. However, further studies are essential to reveal the clinical implications and to assess the real burden of aHEV in Nigeria.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Chickens/blood
- Chickens/virology
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary
- Epidemiological Monitoring/veterinary
- Hepatitis E/blood
- Hepatitis E/epidemiology
- Hepatitis E/veterinary
- Hepatitis E/virology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/blood
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/diagnosis
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/epidemiology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/virology
- Hepevirus/immunology
- Immunoglobulins/blood
- Immunoglobulins/immunology
- Nigeria/epidemiology
- Poultry Diseases/blood
- Poultry Diseases/diagnosis
- Poultry Diseases/epidemiology
- Poultry Diseases/virology
- Seroepidemiologic Studies
- Splenic Diseases/blood
- Splenic Diseases/epidemiology
- Splenic Diseases/veterinary
- Splenic Diseases/virology
- Splenomegaly/blood
- Splenomegaly/epidemiology
- Splenomegaly/veterinary
- Splenomegaly/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Fisayo Temilade Osamudiamen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olusola Aanuoluwapo Akanbi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - C. -Thomas Bock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Patrycja Klink
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Amer SA, Mohamed WAM, Gharib HSA, Al-Gabri NA, Gouda A, Elabbasy MT, Abd El-Rahman GI, Omar AE. Changes in the growth, ileal digestibility, intestinal histology, behavior, fatty acid composition of the breast muscles, and blood biochemical parameters of broiler chickens by dietary inclusion of safflower oil and vitamin C. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:68. [PMID: 33541348 PMCID: PMC7863266 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02773-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of safflower oil and vitamin C (Vit. C) inclusion in broiler chicken diets on the growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility coefficient "AID%" of amino acids, intestinal histology, behavior, carcass traits, fatty acid composition of the breast muscle, antioxidant and immune status for a 35-day feeding period were evaluated. A total of 300 three-day-old Ross chicks (58.25 g ± 0.19) were randomly allotted in a 2 × 3 factorial design consisting of two levels of vitamin C (0 and 400 mg/kg diet) and three levels of safflower oil (0, 5, and 10 g/kg diet). RESULTS An increase in the final body weight, total body weight gain, total feed intake, and the relative growth rate (P < 0.05) were reported by safflower oil and vitamin C inclusion. Dietary supplementation of safflower oil and vitamin C had a positive effect (P < 0.05) on the ingestive, resting, and feather preening behavior. Vitamin C supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the AID% of lysine, threonine, tryptophan, arginine, and valine. Safflower inclusion (10 g/kg) increased (P < 0.05) the AID% of methionine and isoleucine. Safflower oil inclusion increased (P < 0.05) the levels of stearic acid, linoleic acid, saturated fatty acids, and omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3) in the breast muscle. In contrast, the supplementation of only 10 g of safflower oil/kg diet increased (P = 0.01) the omega-3/omega-6 (ω-3/ω-6) fatty acids ratio. Vit. C supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the CAT serum levels, SOD, and GSH enzymes. Dietary supplementation of safflower oil and vitamin C improved the intestinal histology. They increased the villous height and width, crypt depth, villous height/crypt depth ratio, mucosal thickness, goblet cell count, and intra-epithelium lymphocytic lick cell infiltrations. The serum levels of IgA and complement C3 were increased (P < 0.01) by Vit. C supplementation and prominent in the 400 vit. C + 10 safflower Oil group. CONCLUSION A dietary combination of safflower oil and vitamin C resulted in improved growth rate, amino acids AID%, intestinal histology, welfare, immune and antioxidant status of birds, and obtaining ω-3 and linoleic acid-enriched breast muscles. The best inclusion level was 400 vit. C + 10 safflower Oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa A Amer
- Department of Nutrition & Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Wafaa A M Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Heba S A Gharib
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Naif A Al-Gabri
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, Dahamar, Yemen
| | - Ahmed Gouda
- Department of Animal Production, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Tharwat Elabbasy
- College of Public Health and Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics Center (CMDPT) Hail University, Hail, 2440, Saudi Arabia
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Ghada I Abd El-Rahman
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Anaam E Omar
- Department of Nutrition & Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
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12
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Gogoi S, Kolluri G, Tyagi JS, Marappan G, Manickam K, Narayan R. Impact of heat stress on broilers with varying body weights: Elucidating their interactive role through physiological signatures. J Therm Biol 2021; 97:102840. [PMID: 33863426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Physiological determinants of different body weight (BW) broiler chickens under heat stressed conditions were investigated to compare the performance at market age considering medium body weight group as standard. At 5 weeks, broilers were categorized randomly into 3 treatments (N = 24 per group) as high (HBW) (>1050 g), medium (MBW) (900-1050 g) and low (LBW) (<900 g) followed by simultaneous exposure to normal and heat stress (HS) conditions at 40 ± 1 °C and 45 ± 5% RH for 4 h/day for a period of 7 days (D) and sample collection was employed at D0, D3 and D7. Physiological and stress responses, haematological and biochemical profile, intestinal gross and histological aspects were estimated using standard protocols. Heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure were significantly (P = 0.000) higher in HBW broilers followed by low and medium ones. Heat stress exposure indicated significant (P = 0.000) increase in heart rate, arterial blood pressure, respiration rate and comb temperature while cloacal temperature remained unaffected. Lymphocytes, eosinophils, total red blood cell count, haemoglobin, and haematocrit were reduced (P = 0.000) whereas mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin, heterophil count and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio were increased (P = 0.000) in response to HS. Circulating corticosterone and tri-iodothyronine concentrations showed inverse relationship with respect to BW variation and HS duration respectively with significant interaction (P = 0.000). Higher protein in LBW was observed on D3. Serum triglycerides remained unaffected till D3 exposure but significantly (P = 0.017) reduced on D7 with lowest content in HBW group. Serum alkaline phosphatase increased in LBW group with significant heat stress interaction (P = 0.000) on D3. HS reduced villi length and crypt depth; but their corresponding ratio increased. In conclusion, HBW broilers are more affected than MBW or LBW groups. This study established interactive roles of BW and HS on physiological responses in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnali Gogoi
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Avian Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gautham Kolluri
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Avian Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Jagbir Singh Tyagi
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Avian Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gopi Marappan
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Avian Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kesavan Manickam
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raj Narayan
- Division of Avian Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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13
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Szczerba A, Kuwana T, Bednarczyk M. Concentration and total number of circulating primordial germ cells in Green-legged Partridgelike chicken embryos. Poult Sci 2021; 100:319-324. [PMID: 33357696 PMCID: PMC7772670 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Green-legged Partridgelike fowl is an old Polish indigenous breed of chicken. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are one of the best sources of precursor cells that can be used for the conservation and proliferation of the endangered breeds of bird. Initially, the chicken PGCs colonize at the anterior extraembryonic region called "germinal crescent," and after the establishment of blood vascular circulation, they temporally circulate via the embryonic blood vascular system along with embryonic blood cells. They further colonize at the microcapillary networks of both right and left future gonadal regions. Subsequently, they migrate interstitially to reach gonadal anlages, where they begin to differentiate and eventually develop into the future ova or sperm. The basic knowledge regarding the concentration and the total number of circulating PGCs (cPGCs) throughout their circulating phase in the early embryonic stages is crucial for providing an insight into the mechanisms by which they circulate and colonize at the capillary networks of left and right future gonadal regions in each developmental stage. The present study aims to determine the most efficient developmental stage that is suitable to collect cPGCs. The concentration of cPGCs was directly measured, and total volume of embryonic blood was calculated based on the concentration of PKH26-stained embryonic blood cells which were injected 10 min before the blood sampling process in the same embryo during each stage of embryonic development from stage 13 Hamburger and Hamilton (HH; Hamburger and Hamilton, 1951) to 16 HH. Analysis of whole embryonic bloodstream revealed that at stage 14 HH of embryonic development, peak total number of cPGCs (386.3 cells/μL) and peak concentration of cPGCs (18.6 cells/μL) were observed. Later, there was a decrease in concentration, suggesting that the cPGCs might be trapped gradually by the capillary networks at the future gonadal regions after stage 15 HH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Szczerba
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Takashi Kuwana
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marek Bednarczyk
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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14
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Beckford RC, Ellestad LE, Proszkowiec-Weglarz M, Farley L, Brady K, Angel R, Liu HC, Porter TE. Effects of heat stress on performance, blood chemistry, and hypothalamic and pituitary mRNA expression in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6317-6325. [PMID: 33248547 PMCID: PMC7705059 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate potential hormonal mechanisms associated with the stress response, thermoregulation, and metabolic changes of broiler chickens exposed to high environmental temperature. Nine hundred 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 708) were placed in floor pens and raised to 24 d. At 24 d, chicks were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments, heat stress (HS) or no HS, and allocated into battery cages in 8 batteries (10 birds per cage, 2 cages per battery). On day 31, blood was collected prior to HS and analyzed using an iSTAT analyzer. Half of the batteries were then moved into 2 rooms with an elevated ambient temperature (35°C) for 8 h. The remaining batteries stayed in the thermoneutral rooms with an ambient temperature of 22°C. Beginning at 5 h after the initiation of HS, blood was collected and analyzed using an iSTAT analyzer, birds were euthanized, and hypothalamus and pituitary samples were collected (16 birds per treatment), flash frozen, and stored at -80°C until RNA extraction. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was used to compare mRNA levels of key corticotropic and thyrotrophic genes in the hypothalamus and pituitary. Levels of mRNA for each target gene were normalized to PGK1 (pituitary) and GAPDH (hypothalamus) mRNA. Differences were determined using mixed model ANOVA. HS decreased (P < 0.05) feed intake, BW, bicarbonate, potassium, CO2, and triiodothyronine, while it increased mortality, glucose, pH, plasma thyroxine, and corticosterone. Expression of pituitary corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 was downregulated (P < 0.001), while corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 mRNA levels were higher (P = 0.001) in HS birds. HS increased expression of thyroid hormone receptor β (P = 0.01) (2.8-fold) and thyroid stimulating hormone β (P = 0.009) (1.4-fold). HS did not affect levels of mRNA of genes evaluated in the hypothalamus. Results showed that HS significantly affected both the thyrotropic and corticotropic axes. Understanding the role and regulation of these pathways during HS will allow researchers to better evaluate management strategies to combat HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronique C Beckford
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Laura E Ellestad
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | | | - Linda Farley
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Kristen Brady
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Roselina Angel
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Hsiao-Ching Liu
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Tom E Porter
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.
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15
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Lombardi P, Addeo NF, Panettieri V, Musco N, Piccolo G, Vassalotti G, Nizza A, Moniello G, Bovera F. Blood profile and productive performance after partial substitution of maize grain with ancient wheat lines by-products in organic laying hens' diet. Res Vet Sci 2020; 133:232-238. [PMID: 33032110 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of the partial substitution of maize grain with local ancient wheats by-products in an organic laying hens farm on animal performance and blood profile, as well as on eggs quality. A total of 80 Hy-Line W-36 Single Comb White Leghorn, 18 weeks old hens were homogenously divided into two groups. The two groups (40 laying hens each, 8 replicates, 5 hens/replicate) were fed two isoprotein and isoenergetic diets: the Control group (C) was fed a standard, organic maize-soybean meal diet whereas in the Ancient Grains group (AG) part of the maize grain was replaced by a mix of ancient grains middling, consisting in 50:50 of Triticum aestivum var. spelta (spelt) and Triticum durum dicoccum L. (emmer wheat). The birds fed the maize based-diet (C) showed a higher (P < 0.01) egg weight and feed intake than the Ancient Grains (AG) group. By contrary, the feed conversion ratio was more favourable (P < 0.05) in hens fed the Ancient Grains diet. The eggs produced by the hens fed the Control diet showed higher length and width than the other group (P < 0.01). The shell thickness and strength were also higher in the Control group (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). The experimental dietary treatment positively affected some blood parameters. The Control group showed higher levels of cholesterol and triglycerides (P < 0.05) as well as of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) (P < 0.01). In addition, butyrate, which may have great implications for the regulation of the immune response, resulted significantly higher in the caecal content of hens from the Ancient Grains group. Overall, the Ancient Grains diet seemed to be able to guarantee the production performances with positive effects on the animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Lombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicola F Addeo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Valentina Panettieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Nadia Musco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Piccolo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vassalotti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonino Nizza
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Moniello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Fulvia Bovera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
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16
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Juanchich A, Urvoix S, Hennequet-Antier C, Narcy A, Mignon-Grasteau S. Phenotypic timeline of gastrointestinal tract development in broilers divergently selected for digestive efficiency. Poult Sci 2020; 100:1205-1212. [PMID: 33518078 PMCID: PMC7858159 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainability of poultry farming relies on the development of more efficient and autonomous production systems in terms of feed supply. This implies a better integration of adaptive traits in breeding programs, including digestive efficiency, to favor the use of a wider variety of feedstuffs. The objective of the study was to better characterize the kinetics of development of the digestive tract in broilers, in relationship with digestive efficiency by measuring various digestive parameters as well as serum color. Absolute and relative growth of gastrointestinal tract organs were compared between 2 divergent chicken lines selected on digestive efficiency (AMEn) during 7 wk of development. We show that as early as 7 d of age, these 2 lines differs for several organs developments and that these differences remain visible later on. In addition, the allometry of the gizzard and intestine segments is different between the 2 lines, with efficient birds putting more effort in the upper part of the digestive tract during postnatal development and less-efficient birds putting more effort in the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract. Interestingly, we also showed that differences in serum pigmentation, which is a good biomarker for digestive capacity, could be a convenient diagnostic tool to discriminate between chickens with high or low digestive efficiency at early stages of development. In conclusion, this study showed that selection of chickens for AMEn had large impacts in gastrointestinal development including at early stages and is a valuable resource for further studies on the genetic and physiological control of the response of the animal to feed variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Juanchich
- National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Avian Biology and Poultry Research, Université de Tours, Nouzilly F-37380, France.
| | - Séverine Urvoix
- National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Avian Biology and Poultry Research, Université de Tours, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - Christelle Hennequet-Antier
- National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Avian Biology and Poultry Research, Université de Tours, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - Agnès Narcy
- National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Avian Biology and Poultry Research, Université de Tours, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - Sandrine Mignon-Grasteau
- National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Avian Biology and Poultry Research, Université de Tours, Nouzilly F-37380, France
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17
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Malekinezhad P, Ellestad LE, Afzali N, Farhangfar SH, Omidi A, Mohammadi A. Evaluation of berberine efficacy in reducing the effects of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A added to male broiler rations. Poult Sci 2020; 100:797-809. [PMID: 33518134 PMCID: PMC7858088 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many types of mycotoxins are found in food sources contaminated with fungi, and if these are ingested in large quantities or over a long period, they can affect the health of humans and domestic animals. Berberine (BBR) is a plant alkaloid with multiple pharmacological functions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different levels of the plant alkaloid BBR on reducing toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in broilers by examining performance characteristics, blood biochemistry, antioxidant systems, ileum morphology, and histopathology of the liver. The experiment was performed with 288 Ross 308 broilers reared in floor pens for 42 d in a randomized design with 9 treatments. Each treatment was replicated 4 times, and each replicate contained 8 chicks. Experimental treatments included (1) negative control diet with no additives (NC); (2) NC + 2 ppm AFB (positive control AFB; PCAFB); (3) NC + 2 ppm OTA (positive control OTA; PCOTA); (4) PCAFB + 200 mg/kg BBR; (5) PCAFB + 400 mg/kg BBR; (6) PCAFB + 600 mg/kg BBR; (7) PCOTA + 200 mg/kg BBR; (8) PCOTA + 400 mg/kg BBR; and (9) PCOTA + 600 mg/kg BBR. Compared with NC, feeding PCAFB and PCOTA diets reduced average daily feed intake, weight gain, serum concentrations of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and the length and width of ileum villi (P < 0.05). At the same time, these parameters increased in birds fed PCAFB or PCOTA diets supplemented with 600 mg/kg of BBR (P < 0.05). Feeding PCAFB and PCOTA diets increased feed conversion ratio (FCR), serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities, serum urea, and liver lesions compared with NC. By contrast, compared with PCAFB and PCOTA, adding 600 mg/kg BBR decreased FCR, AST, LDH, ALT, and GGT activities, urea, and liver lesions (P < 0.05). Overall, supplementation with 600 mg/kg BBR may improve growth performance, liver function, and antioxidant status of broilers fed diets contaminated with AFB and OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouyan Malekinezhad
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran; Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Laura E Ellestad
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nazar Afzali
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
| | | | - Arash Omidi
- Department of Animal Health Management, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Mohammadi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
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18
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Pereira CG, Rabello CBV, Barros MR, Manso HECCC, dos Santos MJB, Faria AG, de Oliveira HB, Medeiros-Ventura WRL, Silva Júnior RV, Carvalho CCD, Fireman AK. Zinc, manganese and copper amino acid complexed in laying hens' diets affect performance, blood parameters and reproductive organs development. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239229. [PMID: 33147220 PMCID: PMC7641365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the intestinal lumen, excess of oxides and sulfates interfere with the absorption of minerals due to competition from the same absorption site. Amino acids-mineral complexed (AACM) is intended to minimize these problems, which might be absorbed by different absorption sites. Then, a study including Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn) and Copper (Cu) from different sources was carried out to evaluate the performance, blood parameters and reproductive organs development of Brown Laying Hens. A total of 800 Lohmann Brown Lite were fed, from one-day-old to 182-days-old, Zn, Mn and Cu from different sources. Measurements were made from 105 to 182-days-old. The laying hens were distributed according to a completely randomized design with 20 replicates and 20 birds per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of a diet supplemented with 70, 70 and 8 mg/kg of Zn, Mn and Cu; respectively, from inorganic sources (IM). The second treatment contained 40, 40 and 2.75 mg/kg of Zn, Mn and Cu, respectively from IM plus 30, 30 and 5.25 mg/kg of Zn, Mn and Cu; respectively, from AACM sources. Performance and reproductive organs development (oviduct and ovary weight), tibia weight, liver weight, egg output and body weight, and blood variables were evaluated. Data were compared by Student's t-test (P < 0.05). Laying hens fed AACM reached 35% of egg output two days earlier and presented heavier tibia bone than the IM group. Those hens also presented greater oviduct weight, greater hematocrit and greater serum concentration of total leukocytes, erythrocytes, eosinophils, monocytes and the hormones T4 and FSH, than the hens fed IM. The supplementation of AACM in laying hens' diets since one-day-old improves the productive performance from the beginning of egg output to peak production, which is justified by better development of bones and oviduct, hormone production and immune system support.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andresa G. Faria
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Alba K. Fireman
- Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, Minnesota, United States of America
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Amaral-Silva L, Tazawa H, Bícego KC, Burggren WW. Metabolic and Hematological Responses to Endotoxin-Induced Inflammation in Chicks Experiencing Embryonic 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin Exposure. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020; 39:2208-2220. [PMID: 32725906 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dioxin exposure during bird embryonic development disrupts immunity as well as mechanisms involved in energy metabolism, potentially affecting negatively acute-phase responses to pathogens. Thus, we hypothesized that embryonic exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) changes the metabolism and blood physiology of domestic chicks, affecting their physiological competence for responding to immune challenges. To test this hypothesis, we injected doses of 0, 1.5, and 3 ng TCDD/egg (based on survival experiments) on embryonic day 4 and then measured O2 consumption and CO2 production for metabolic rate, ventilation, and body temperature (TB ) in 5-d-old chicks. Then, chicks were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) or saline prior to repeating the physiological measurements. A second chick group exposed to identical TCDD and LPS treatments had blood partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, pH, bicarbonate concentration, lactate concentration, osmolality, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell concentration, and hematocrit, as well as TB , analyzed at 1 and 5 h after LPS injection. Metabolism in chicks embryonically exposed to 1.5 and 3 ng TCDD/egg was up to 37% higher, whereas body mass of chicks exposed to 3 ng TCDD/egg was approximately 6% lower. Chicks embryonically exposed to 3 ng TCDD/egg challenged with LPS showed a relative persistent hypometabolism accompanied by elimination of the normal hematological and osmotic responses to LPS. We conclude that embryonic exposure to TCDD affects posthatching metabolism as well as impairs metabolic, hematological, and osmotic responses to LPS. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2208-2220. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Amaral-Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Hiroshi Tazawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Kênia Cardoso Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Warren W Burggren
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
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Yu M, Li Z, Wang G, Cui Y, Rong T, Tian Z, Liu Z, Li J, Chen W, Ma X. Dietary supplementation with citrus extract alters the plasma parameters, circulating amino acid profiles and gene expression of small intestinal nutrient transporters in Chinese yellow-feathered broilers. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:5126-5135. [PMID: 32469078 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the effects of citrus extract (CE) on growth performance, plasma amino acid (AA) profiles, intestinal development and small intestine AA and peptide transporter expression levels in broilers. A total of 540 one-day-old yellow-feathered broilers were fed a basal diet without any antibiotic (control group), or a basal diet containing 10 mg kg-1 zinc bacitracin (antibiotic group), or a basal diet supplemented with 10 mg kg-1 CE (CE group). After 63 days of feeding, two broilers per pen were slaughtered to collect tissues for further analysis. RESULTS Results showed that CE increased (P < 0.05) the final body weight and average daily gain from day 1 to 63, and decreased (P < 0.05) the feed/gain ratio from day 1 to 63. Dietary CE supplementation increased (P < 0.05) plasma total protein, albumin and glucose concentration, and decreased (P < 0.05) urea concentration. CE supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the villus height in the ileum and the villus height/crypt depth in the jejunum and ileum, but decreased (P < 0.05) the crypt depth in the jejunum and ileum. CE supplementation increased (P < 0.05) most plasma essential AA concentrations. Additionally, CE supplementation upregulated (P < 0.05) ASCT1, b0,+ AT, B0 AT1, EAAT3, rBAT, y+ LAT2 and PepT1 expression in the jejunum, and b0,+ AT, EAAT3, rBAT, y+ LAT2, CAT1 and PepT1 in the ileum. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results indicated that CE supplementation promotes intestinal physiological absorption of AAs by upregulating gene expression of small intestinal key AA and peptide transporters, thereby enhancing the growth performance of broilers. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenming Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyan Cui
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Rong
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhimei Tian
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhichang Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiazhou Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianyong Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Ye M, Wei C, Khalid A, Hu Q, Yang R, Dai B, Cheng H, Wang Z. Effect of Bacillus velezensis to substitute in-feed antibiotics on the production, blood biochemistry and egg quality indices of laying hens. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:400. [PMID: 33097070 PMCID: PMC7583257 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02570-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The excessive use of antibiotics in the livestock feed industry caused inevitable side effects of microbial resistance. Besides this residual antibiotics in animal-derived foodstuff imposed serious health problems for humans. So this study aimed to investigate the potential use of Bacillus velezensis to substitute antibiotics for poultry production. A total of 468, 49-week-old Hy-Line Brown chickens, were randomly divided into four groups the control group (regular diet), experiment group I (0.1% B. veleznesis), experiment group II (0.2% B. veleznesis), and antibiotic group (50 mg/kg flavomycin), with three replicates per group and trial period consisted on 42 days. RESULTS The results showed that, compared with the control group, the average egg production rate and daily feed intake of experimental groups I and II increased significantly (P < 0.05), while the average egg weight was increased in experimental group II as compared to (I) (P < 0.01). The feed conversion ratio was decreased (P > 0.05) in group (II) Egg quality parameters such as yolk weight of the experimental group II was increased, but that of the antibiotic group and experiment group I was decreased, neither significant (P > 0.05). Moreover, the eggshell strength, yolk color, albumen height, and Haugh unit were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, probiotic groups can increase the progesterone and motilin (P > 0.05) but decrease the secretin and cholecystokinin in the blood plasma (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that B. velezensis can substitute in-feed-antibiotics and improved most of the study parameters significantly. Which suggested that B. velezensis has potential future application value to replace the feed antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Ye
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang Road, Anhui, 230036, Hefei, The People's Republic of China
| | - Chunjie Wei
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang Road, Anhui, 230036, Hefei, The People's Republic of China
| | - Anam Khalid
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang Road, Anhui, 230036, Hefei, The People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Hu
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang Road, Anhui, 230036, Hefei, The People's Republic of China
| | - Ru Yang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang Road, Anhui, 230036, Hefei, The People's Republic of China
| | - Binghong Dai
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang Road, Anhui, 230036, Hefei, The People's Republic of China
| | - Hengwei Cheng
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, 270 S, Russell ST, IN, 47907, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Zaigui Wang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang Road, Anhui, 230036, Hefei, The People's Republic of China.
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22
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Rafiullah, Khan S, Khan RU, Ullah Q. Does the gradual replacement of spent silkworm (Bombyx mori) pupae affect the performance, blood metabolites and gut functions in White Leghorn laying hens? Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:574-577. [PMID: 32171448 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Spent silkworm pupa is a valuable source of alternative protein in poultry production. Usually the spent silkworm pupae are wasted and may cause environmental pollution and off smell. This feeding experiment was performed to determine the gradual increase of silkworm substitution of soybean on the egg production performance, serum biochemistry and intestinal histological features of White Leghorns laying hens. For this purpose, a total of 250 White Leghorn laying hens were allocated to five experimental treatments. Rations were prepared in which soybean meal was replaced with 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% substitution with silkworm meal. The outcomes of the study indicated that performance was not significantly (P < .05) different among the experimental groups. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotrasferase (ALT), uric acid and creatinin concentration did not significantly (P > .05) alter among the groups during the experimental period. Similarly, height and thickness of intestinal villi, surface of intestinal villi, number of goblet cells did not change between the control and experimental groups. It was concluded that substitution of silkworm meal with soybean meal had no hostile effect on production performance, intestinal histomorphology and blood biochemical functions of liver and kidney in White Leghorn hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiullah
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sarzamin Khan
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Rifat Ullah Khan
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Qudrat Ullah
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Gomal University, Derea Ismail Khan, Pakistan
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23
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Tombarkiewicz B, Trzeciak K, Bojarski B, Lis MW. The effect of methionine and folic acid administered in ovo on the hematological parameters of chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Poult Sci 2020; 99:4578-4585. [PMID: 32868002 PMCID: PMC7598025 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine (Met), an essential amino acid in poultry diets, when overdosed may cause hyperhomocysteinemia, which is mainly a trigger for cardiovascular diseases in humans. Homocysteine is neutralized (remethylated) in the presence of folic acid (FA), which also plays an important role in hematopoiesis and participates in the synthesis of DNA, and its deficiencies may result in the development of neural tube defects. One of the basic tools in studying the impact of both xenobiotics and nutrients on the animal organism is hematological analysis. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of in ovo supplementation with Met and FA on the hematological parameters of broiler chickens. On the 17th day of incubation, embryonated eggs (Ross 308) were injected with 5 or 25 mg of Met per egg (M5 and M25), 3 and 15 mg of FA per egg (F3 and F15), or a mixture of these 2 compounds (M5/F3 and M25/F15). The broilers were reared in accordance with welfare regulations and fed with commercial diets ad libitum. Blood samples were collected on the first, seventh, and 35th day of rearing (D1, D7, and D35), and complete hematological analysis was performed. The observed changes in red blood cell parameters probably result from physiological changes occurring during bird growth. Mean erythrocyte volume decreased with the age of chickens in the control, M5, and M25 groups, but not in those supplied with FA. Among supplemented groups, the number of white blood cells on D1 was lower only in group M5 than in the sham (C) group. The analysis of leukograms showed no significant differences between the groups. Comparing D1 with D7 in the group injected with a higher dose of Met and FA (MF25/15), a statistically significant increase in the percentage of lymphocytes and a significant decrease in the percentage of heterophils were observed. In addition, in the group injected with a higher FA dose (F15), there was statistically significant reduction in the percentage of eosinophils and a significant increase in the percentage of monocytes at day 7 compared with day 1. It seems that Met supplementation led to temporary immunosuppression in the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Tombarkiewicz
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Trzeciak
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Bojarski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Opole, 45-052 Opole, Poland
| | - Marcin W Lis
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
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Kang SW, Kidd MT, Kadhim HJ, Shouse S, Orlowski SK, Hiltz J, Anthony NB, Kuenzel WJ, Kong BC. Characterization of stress response involved in chicken myopathy. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 295:113526. [PMID: 32540490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Myopathies (Woody Breast (WB) and White Striping (WS)) of broiler chickens have been correlated with fast growth. Recent studies reported that localized hypoxia and metabolic impairment may involve in these myopathies of birds. In order to better understand the stress response mechanisms affecting myopathies of broilers, the aim of this study was to examine effects of WB and both WB/WS on stress hormone corticosterone (CORT) levels and expressional changes of stress response genes including glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR), 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), DNA methylation regulators (DNMTs), and arginine vasotocin receptor 1a and 1b (V1aR, V1bR). Results of radioimmunoassay showed that CORT levels of WB and WB/WS birds were significantly higher compared to Con (p < 0.05), however, the combination of WB/WS was not significantly higher than WB birds, implying that the effects of WB and WS on CORT are not synergistic. Hepatic GR expression of both WB and WB/WS birds were significantly higher compared to Con (p < 0.05). However, GR expression levels in breast muscle of both WB and WB/WS birds were decreased compared to Con (p < 0.05). Hepatic 11β-HSD1 expression was increased only in WB/WS birds compared to Con birds with no significant difference between Con and WB birds. 11β-HSD1 expression was decreased and increased in WB and WB/WS birds compared to Con, respectively, in breast muscle (p < 0.05). DNMT1 expression was significantly decreased in both muscle and liver of WB birds, and in muscle of WB/WS birds, but not in liver of WB/WS birds, indicating differential effects of WS on the epigenetical stress response of muscle and liver compared to WB. V1aR expression was significantly increased in muscle of WB birds, and in liver of WB/WS birds compared to Con birds (p < 0.05). V1bR was not changed in muscle and liver of WB birds compared to Con birds. Taken together, results suggest that GC-induced myopathies occur in fast-growing broiler chickens and circulating CORT level might be a significant biochemical marker of myopathies (WB and WS) of birds. In addition, chronic stress responses in breast muscle and tissue-specific epigenetic changes of stress response genes by DNMTs may play a critical role in the occurrence of myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong W Kang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States.
| | - Michael T Kidd
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - Hakeem J Kadhim
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - Stephanie Shouse
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - Sara K Orlowski
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - Joseph Hiltz
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - Nickolas B Anthony
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - Wayne J Kuenzel
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - Byungwhi C Kong
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
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Chen HM, Chen HY, Tao F, Gao JP, Li KL, Shi H, Peng H, Ma YJ. Leishmania infection and blood sources analysis in Phlebotomus chinensis (Diptera: Psychodidae) along extension region of the loess plateau, China. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:125. [PMID: 32867841 PMCID: PMC7461359 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was one of the most important parasitic diseases in China, caused by Leishmania protozoans and transmitted by sand flies. Recently VL cases have reappeared in China, including the extension region of the Loess Plateau. The purpose of this study was to collect fundamental data on the host-vector VL system in the Loess Plateau to assist in the development of prevention and control measures. METHODS Sand flies were collected by light traps from rural areas in Shanxian, Henan, China in 2015, as well as in Wuxiang and Yangquan, Shanxi, China in 2017. The blood sources of sand flies were analyzed by PCR detecting the host-specific mitochondrial cytochrome b (mtDNA cyt b) gene fragments. Leishmania infection in sand flies was detected by amplifying and sequencing ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1). The Leishmania specific antibodies in the sera of local dogs were detected by ELISA kit. RESULTS Blood sources showed diversity in the extension region of the Loess Plateau, including human, chicken, dog, cattle, pig and goat. Multiple blood sources within a sand fly were observed in samples from Yangquan (17/118, 14.4%) and Wuxiang (12/108, 11.1%). Leishmania DNA was detected in sand flies collected from Yangquan with minimum infection rate of 1.00%. The ITS1 sequences were conserved with the Leishmania donovani complex. The positive rate of Leishmania specific antibodies in dogs was 5.97%. CONCLUSIONS This study detected the blood sources and Leishmania parasites infection of sand flies by molecular methods in the extension region of Loess Plateau, China. A high epidemic risk of leishmaniasis is currently indicated by the results as the infection of Leishmania in sand flies, the extensive blood sources of sand flies including humans, and positive antibody of Leishmania in local dog sera. Given the recent increase of VL cases, asymptomatic patients, dogs and other potential infected animals should be screened and treated. Furthermore, the density of sand flies needs to be controlled and personal protection should be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ming Chen
- Department of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hui-Ying Chen
- Department of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Feng Tao
- Department of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jing-Peng Gao
- Department of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Kai-Li Li
- Department of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hua Shi
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention of People's Liberation Army of China, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Heng Peng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Ya-Jun Ma
- Department of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Zhan T, Han Y, Tang C, Zhao Q, Sun D, Li Y, Jia X, Zhou L, Zhang J. Metabolism and biological activity of α-tocopherol derived from vitamin E-enriched transgenic maize in broilers. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:4319-4328. [PMID: 32388868 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolism of α-tocopherol derived from vitamin E-enriched transgenic maize (VER) and its effects on antioxidant and immune functions in broilers aged 1-42 days. A total of 360 1-day-old male broilers were randomly divided into three groups containing six replicates with 20 broilers per replicate. The negative control (NC) group and the positive control (PC) group were given non-GM maize and non-GM maize plus exogenous vitamin E (VE), respectively, and the VER group was given VER, replacing the non-GM maize given to the NC group. Between days 1 and 21 and days 22 and 42, VE levels were 4.38 and 4.63 mg kg-1 in the NC group, and 14.11 and 14.91 mg kg-1 in the PC and VER group, respectively. RESULTS The results showed that α-tocopherol from both VER and additives increased α-tocopherol transfer protein and cytochrome P450 concentrations. Serum α-tocopherol and α-tocopherylquinone levels of broilers in the PC and VER groups were also significantly higher than those in the NC group (P < 0.05). Compared with the NC group, broilers in both groups that received α-tocopherol had reduced NF-κB p65 concentrations, significantly decreased serum prostaglandin E2 , interleukin-6, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide levels (P < 0.05), and significantly increased glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In summary, both VER and non-GM maize fortified with exogenous VE showed similar effects on broilers, indicating that the α-tocopherol in VER has sufficient biological activity. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunsheng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chaohua Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueting Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhang M, Qiu J, Shu X, Tang X, Sha X, Wu L, Fan J, Zeng D, He R, Zhang W, Zeng Z, Liu R, He L. Pharmacokinetics, Activity, and Residue Elimination of R- and S-Diclazuril in Broiler Chickens. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:8987-8995. [PMID: 32692165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diclazuril (DIC) is widely used as a racemic mixture to prevent and treat coccidiosis in farm animals, while the pharmacokinetics, bioactivity, and toxicity of DIC enantiomers are not known at all. This study first established a simple, sensitive, and reliable liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for separation of R-DIC and S-DIC and their analyses. Then, it was applied to investigate the stereoselective pharmacokinetics and residual elimination of individual enantiomers, and their anticoccidial activity was also evaluated in broiler chickens. The results indicated that the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and elimination half-life (t1/2β) were significantly different (p < 0.05) for two enantiomers in chicken plasma. The AUC and t1/2β of S-DIC were approximately 2 and 1.4 times those of R-DIC, respectively. The residual elimination of DIC enantiomers in chicken tissues was also stereoselective. The concentrations of S-DIC in chicken muscle and liver were greater than those of R-DIC, and it is the opposite in the kidney. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the anticoccidial activity of racemate and enantiomers when a single enantiomer in feed was added above 0.5 mg kg-1. However, the anticoccidial activity of R-DIC (0.25 mg kg-1) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of S-DIC (0.25 mg kg-1) in the diet. It should be mentioned that in chicken small intestine and cecum, the enantiomerization rate of each enantiomer in the infection group was faster than that in the uninfected group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jingli Qiu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaogui Shu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoling Tang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xuefang Sha
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Li Wu
- Guangdong Huanong Hi-Tech Bio-Pharmaceutical Co. Limited, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dongping Zeng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rujian He
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weiguang Zhang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rong Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Limin He
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Fatemi SA, Elliott KEC, Bello A, Durojaye OA, Zhang H, Peebles ED. Effects of source and level of in ovo-injected vitamin D 3 on the hatchability and serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations of Ross 708 broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3877-3884. [PMID: 32731974 PMCID: PMC7597981 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of the in ovo injection of vitamin D3 (D3) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25OHD3) on broiler embryo serum 25OHD3 concentrations, hatchability, and hatchling somatic characteristics were determined. Eggs from a 35-wk-old commercial Ross 708 broiler breeder flock were set in a single-stage incubator with 11 treatments represented on each of 8 incubator tray levels (blocks). Each treatment group within a flat on each tray level contained 30 eggs. Control treatments were noninjected and diluent injected. Vitamin treatments were commercial diluent containing 0.6 μg D3, 0.6 μg 25OHD3, 0.6 μg D3 + 0.6 μg 25OHD3, 1.2 μg D3, 1.2 μg 25OHD3, 1.2 μg D3 + 1.2 μg 25OHD3, 2.4 μg D3, 2.4 μg 25OHD3, or 2.4 μg D3 + 2.4 μg 25OHD3. At 432 h of incubation (hoi), 50-μL solution volumes were injected. Blood samples were collected at 462 hoi for serum 25OHD3 analysis, and hatchability of injected live embryonated eggs (HI) was determined at 492 and 516 hoi. At 516 hoi, hatchling yolk-free BW and weights of the liver and yolk sac were determined. Percentage of yolk moisture and dry mater was calculated. At 492 and 516 hoi, HI did not differ between treatments. Embryos that received 1.2 μg or more of either vitamin D3 source alone or in combination had higher serum 25OHD3 concentrations than those that were injected with diluent alone or diluent containing 0.6 μg of D3. Hatchlings that received 1.2 or 2.4 μg of 25OHD3 had higher percentage of yolk dry matter or lower percentage of yolk moisture levels than noninjected controls and those that received D3 alone at any level. These results indicate that the in ovo injection of either vitamin D3 source at levels equal to or higher than 1.2 μg resulted in serum 25OHD3 concentrations that were higher than that of noninjected controls. In addition, the in ovo injection of 1.2 μg or higher of either vitamin D3 source did not negatively affect broiler HI or chick quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Fatemi
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University 39762, USA
| | - K E C Elliott
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University 39762, USA
| | - A Bello
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - O A Durojaye
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University 39762, USA
| | - H Zhang
- Feed Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - E D Peebles
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University 39762, USA.
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29
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Simkins JW, Joseph AE, Bonier F, Benowitz-Fredericks ZM. Prenatal aromatase inhibition alters postnatal immunity in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 294:113497. [PMID: 32360542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In birds, exposure to exogenous testosterone during embryonic development can suppress measures of immune function; however, it is unclear whether these effects are due to direct or indirect action via aromatization. Estradiol (E2) is synthesized from testosterone by the enzyme aromatase, and this conversion is a necessary step in many signaling pathways that are ostensibly testosterone-dependent. Many lines of evidence in mammals indicate that E2 can affect immune function. We tested the hypothesis that some of the immunomodulatory effects observed in response to in ovo testosterone exposure in birds are mediated by conversion to E2 by aromatase, by using fadrozole to inhibit aromatization of endogenous testosterone during a crucial period of embryonic immune system development in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus). We then measured total IgY antibody count, response to PHA challenge, mass of thymus and bursa of Fabricius, and plasma testosterone post-hatch on days 3 and 18. Because testosterone has a reputation for immunosuppression, we predicted that if modulation of an immune measure by testosterone is dependent on aromatization, then inhibition of estrogen production by fadrozole treatment would lead to elevated measures of that parameter. Conversely, if testosterone inhibits an immune measure directly, then fadrozole treatment would likely not alter that parameter. Fadrozole treatment reduced circulating E2 in female embryos, but had no effect on males or on testosterone in either sex. Fadrozole-treated chicks had decreased day 3 plasma IgY antibody titers and a strong trend towards increased day 18 thymic mass. Furthermore, fadrozole treatment generated a positive relationship between testosterone and thymic mass in males, and tended to increase day 18 IgY levels for a given bursal mass in females. There was no effect on PHA response, bursal mass, or plasma testosterone at either age post-hatch. The alteration of several indicators of immune function in fadrozole-treated chicks implicates aromatization as a relevant pathway through which developmental exposure to testosterone can affect immunity in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Simkins
- Bucknell University, Department of Biology, 1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, PA, USA.
| | - A E Joseph
- Bucknell University, Department of Biology, 1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, PA, USA.
| | - F Bonier
- Queen's University, Department of Biology, 116 Barrie Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
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30
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Yu Q, Liu H, Yang K, Tang X, Chen S, Ajuwon KM, Degen A, Fang R. Effect of the level and source of supplementary dietary zinc on egg production, quality, and zinc content and on serum antioxidant parameters and zinc concentration in laying hens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6233-6238. [PMID: 33142541 PMCID: PMC7647701 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is vital for proper functioning of an animal. Two sources of zinc are commonly supplemented in animal feed, organic and inorganic zinc, and there are reports that the former is absorbed to a greater extent than the latter. We hypothesized that supplementary zinc would increase zinc content in eggs of laying hens and that organic zinc would be more effective than inorganic zinc. To test these hypotheses, we examined the effect of levels and sources of supplemental dietary zinc on average daily feed intake (ADFI), egg production, and zinc content in eggs and on serum antioxidant capacity and zinc concentration in laying hens. A total of 720 Roman laying hens (21-week-old) were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups with 6 replicates, with 24 hens in each replicate. Two sources of zinc, organic (zinc amino acid complex) and inorganic (zinc sulfate), each with 2 levels, low (35 mg/kg) and high (70 mg/kg), comprised 4 treatment groups, and a control group without supplementary zinc was the fifth group. Seven days were allowed for adjustment to the conditions, and then measurements were taken over 42 D. There was no difference in ADFI, average egg weight (EW), ADFI-to-EW ratio, and egg quality (P > 0.05) among the 5 treatment groups; supplemental zinc increased serum concentrations of Zn2+ and Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase and tended to increase superoxide dismutase content (P = 0.065). Zinc content in eggs increased linearly with supplementary organic zinc (N = 18, R2 = 0.363, P = 0.008) and with supplementary inorganic zinc (N = 18, R2 = 0.366, P = 0.008) treatment, but there was no difference between the source treatments of zinc. Therefore, our first hypothesis was supported, but our second one was not supported. We concluded that zinc supplementation is effective in enhancing zinc content in eggs and in improving antioxidant capacity in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Hu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Kaili Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiaopeng Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Sijia Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Kolapo M Ajuwon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA
| | - Allan Degen
- Desert Animal Adaptations and Husbandry Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105 Israel
| | - Rejun Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha 410128, China.
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31
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Elahi U, Ma YB, Wu SG, Wang J, Zhang HJ, Qi GH. Growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and serum profile of broiler chicks fed on housefly maggot meal as a replacement of soybean meal. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1075-1084. [PMID: 31854139 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to invesstigate the housefly maggot meal (HMM) as an alternative protein source to replace the soybean meal in broiler chick's diet. A total of 720 1-day-old male broiler chicks were divided into three groups and fed diets formulated with HMM to replace soybean meal at the rate of 0%, 4% and 8%. The study lasted for 42 days in two phases. Results showed that HMM addition did not markedly affect body weight, average daily body weight gain and average daily feed intake of the broiler chicks. Feed conversion ratio increased linearly (1-21 days) in starter or quadratically (22-42 days) in the grower phase. HMM non-significantly increased the feed intake and body weight during the grower phase. Slight changes were observed for decrease of blood biochemical indices in the platelets (day 21), and alkaline phosphatase and lysozyme (day 42), and increase for red blood cells, packed cell volume, total protein and uric acid on day 42; however, the fluctuations were within the physiological range. Non-significant effects were observed for carcass composition and meat quality, except that HMM numerically reduced the shear force of breast muscle (linear, p = .058). These results are the strong evidence that HMM can be used as an alternative protein source at 8% in broiler chick's diet without any adverse effect on chick's performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Elahi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - You-Biao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Geng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Hai Qi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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32
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Li W, He ZQ, Zhang XY, Chen YJ, Zuo JJ, Cao Y. Proteome and Transcriptome Analysis of the Antioxidant Mechanism in Chicken Regulated by Eucalyptus Leaf Polyphenols Extract. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2020; 2020:1384907. [PMID: 32617131 PMCID: PMC7313108 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1384907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Eucalyptus leaf polyphenols extract (EPE) has been proved to have various bioactivities, but few reports focus on its antioxidant mechanism in vivo. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect and mechanism of EPE dietary supplements on antioxidant capacity in chicken. A total of 216 chickens were randomly selected for a 40-day experiment. Four treatment groups received diets including the control diet only, the control diet + low EPE (0.6 g/kg), the control diet + moderate EPE (0.9 g/kg), and the control diet + high EPE (1.2 g/kg). Compared with control group, the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and glutathione (GSH) content in the breast muscle of the moderate EPE treatment group was significantly higher (p < 0.05), while the malonaldehyde (MDA) content in the moderate EPE group was reduced (p < 0.05). Moreover, proteomic and transcriptomic analyses of the breast muscle revealed that glutathione metabolism and the peroxisome were the two crucial metabolic pathways responsible for increased antioxidant capacity of the muscle. Accordingly, nine candidate genes and two candidate proteins were identified related to improved antioxidant status induced by EPE supplements. This research provides new insights into the molecular mechanism of antioxidant capacity in chickens treated with EPE dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Guangdong Research Center for Engineering Technology in Bioactive Natural Products, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ze-qi He
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Guangdong Research Center for Engineering Technology in Bioactive Natural Products, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Zhang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Guangdong Research Center for Engineering Technology in Bioactive Natural Products, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yun-Jiao Chen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Guangdong Research Center for Engineering Technology in Bioactive Natural Products, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jian-Jun Zuo
- College of Animal Science, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yong Cao
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Guangdong Research Center for Engineering Technology in Bioactive Natural Products, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Barbe A, Mellouk N, Ramé C, Grandhaye J, Anger K, Chahnamian M, Ganier P, Brionne A, Riva A, Froment P, Dupont J. A grape seed extract maternal dietary supplementation improves egg quality and reduces ovarian steroidogenesis without affecting fertility parameters in reproductive hens. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233169. [PMID: 32407420 PMCID: PMC7224513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In broiler hens, the genetic selection increased susceptibility to metabolic disorders and reproductive dysfunctions. In human ovarian cells, grape seed extracts (GSE) improved steroid production. Here, we investigated the effects of a GSE dietary supplementation on egg production and quality, fertility parameters, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and steroid content in yolk egg associated to plasma adipokines in broiler hens. For this, we designed two in vivo experiments, the first one included three groups of hens: A (control), B and C (supplemented with GSE at 0.5% and 1% of the total diet composition, respectively, since week 4), and the second one used two groups of hens: A (control) and D (supplemented with GSE at 1% of the total diet composition since hatching). We assessed the egg production from 23th to 40th weeks and quality at 33th week. After artificial inseminations, the fertility parameters were calculated. In egg yolk, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) level and steroid production were evaluated by Ros-Glo H202 and ELISA assay, respectively. Expression of steroidogenic enzymes and adipokines and their receptors was determined by RT-qPCR in ovarian cells and plasma adipokines (RARRES2, ADIPOQ and NAMPT) were evaluated by specific ELISA assays. The fertility parameters and egg production were unaffected by GSE supplementation whatever the experiment (exp.). However, the rate of double-yolk eggs decreased for all GSE supplemented groups (exp. 1 P <0.01, exp.2, P<0.02). In exp.1, C group eggs were bigger and larger (P<0.0001) and the shell elasticity was higher for both B and C (P<0.0003) as compared to control. In the egg yolk, GSE supplementation in both exp. reduced ROS content and steroidogenesis consistent with a decrease in P450 aromatase and StAR mRNA expression and basal in vitro progesterone secretion in granulosa cells (P<0.001). Interestingly, in both exp. RARRES2 plasma levels were positively correlated while ADIPOQ and NAMPT plasma levels were negatively correlated, with steroids and ROS in yolk (P<0.0001). Taken together, maternal dietary GSE supplementation did not affect egg production and fertility parameters whereas it reduced ROS content and steroidogenesis in yolk egg. Furthermore, it ameliorated egg quality by decreasing the number of double-yolk eggs and by improving the size of normal eggs and the elasticity of the shell. Taken together, our data suggest the possibility of using dietary maternal GSE to improve egg quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Barbe
- INRAE UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS UMR7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
- IFCE Nouzilly, Nouzilly, France
| | - Namya Mellouk
- INRAE UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS UMR7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
- IFCE Nouzilly, Nouzilly, France
| | - Christelle Ramé
- INRAE UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS UMR7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
- IFCE Nouzilly, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jérémy Grandhaye
- INRAE UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS UMR7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
- IFCE Nouzilly, Nouzilly, France
| | - Karine Anger
- INRAE - Unité Expérimentale du Pôle d’Expérimentation Avicole de Tours UEPEAT, 1295, Nouzilly, Nouzilly, France
| | - Marine Chahnamian
- INRAE - Unité Expérimentale du Pôle d’Expérimentation Avicole de Tours UEPEAT, 1295, Nouzilly, Nouzilly, France
| | - Patrice Ganier
- INRAE - Unité Expérimentale du Pôle d’Expérimentation Avicole de Tours UEPEAT, 1295, Nouzilly, Nouzilly, France
| | - Aurélien Brionne
- INRAE, UMR0083 Biologie des Oiseaux et Aviculture, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Pascal Froment
- INRAE UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS UMR7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
- IFCE Nouzilly, Nouzilly, France
| | - Joëlle Dupont
- INRAE UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS UMR7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
- IFCE Nouzilly, Nouzilly, France
- * E-mail:
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Sugiharto S, Yudiarti T, Isroli I, Widiastuti E, Wahyuni HI, Sartono TA. Growth performance, haematological responses, intestinal microbiology and carcass traits of broiler chickens fed finisher diets containing two-stage fermented banana peel meal. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:1425-1433. [PMID: 31760563 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the effect of finisher diets containing two-stage fermented banana peel (FBP) meal on growth performance, haematological responses, intestinal microbiology and carcass traits of broilers. From days 22 to 38, 200 broiler chicks were grouped to maize-soybean meal-based finisher diet as a control (CONT) and finisher diets containing either 5% FBP (FBP-5), 10% FBP (FBP-10) or 15% FBP (FBP-15). Birds were blood sampled and slaughtered at day 38. For microbial population and villi height measurement, digesta and intestinal segments were collected. Breast meat was obtained for meat colour determination. Data collected were analysed according to analysis of variance followed by Duncan's multiple-range test when there was significant effect. There was no effect of treatments on broiler growth performance. The relative duodenum weight tended (P = 0.08) to be lower in FBP than in CONT. The mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was higher (P < 0.05) in FBP-5 than in CONT and FBP-15. Uric acid concentration was lower (P < 0.05) in FBP-10 and FBP-15 than in CONT. Feeding FBP tended (P = 0.08) to decrease coliform population in the ileum. Compared to CONT, the ileal villi heights were higher (P < 0.05) and lower (P < 0.05) in FBP-10 and FBP-5, respectively. The relative weight of thigh (P < 0.05) and wings (P = 0.07) were higher in CONT than in FBP-fed birds, but the eviscerated carcass was not different (P > 0.05) among groups. The lightness (L*) values of meat were higher (P < 0.05) in FBP-10 and FBP-15 than in CONT and FBP-5. Compared with others, breast meat from FBP-10 birds had lower (P < 0.05) redness (a*) values. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of FBP at the levels of up to 15% had no detrimental effect on growth and health performances of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugiharto Sugiharto
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, 50275, Indonesia.
| | - Turrini Yudiarti
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, 50275, Indonesia
| | - Isroli Isroli
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, 50275, Indonesia
| | - Endang Widiastuti
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, 50275, Indonesia
| | - Hanny Indrat Wahyuni
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, 50275, Indonesia
| | - Tri A Sartono
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, 50275, Indonesia
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Wen C, Liu Y, Ye Y, Tao Z, Cheng Z, Wang T, Zhou Y. Effects of gingerols-rich extract of ginger on growth performance, serum metabolites, meat quality and antioxidant activity of heat-stressed broilers. J Therm Biol 2020; 89:102544. [PMID: 32364987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of dietary ginger extract (GE) enriched in gingerols on broilers under heat stress (HS) from 21 to 42 days of age, a total of 144 Ross 308 male broilers were randomly allocated to three groups with six replicates of eight broilers per replicate. Broilers in the control group were raised at 22 °C and fed a basal diet, and broilers in the other two groups were raised under cyclic HS (34 °C from 9:00 to 17:00 and at 22 °C for the rest of the time) and fed the basal diet with or without 1000 mg/kg GE. Supplementation of GE improved (P < 0.05) final body weight, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio of broilers under HS, and tended (P < 0.1) to increase breast muscle yield. The alterations of serum total protein, albumin, total cholesterol levels and aspartate aminotransferase activity under HS were reversed (P < 0.05) by GE, which also decreased (P < 0.05) serum triglyceride level and alanine aminotransferase activity. The decreased redness (a* value) and increased drip loss of breast muscle induced by HS were restored (P < 0.05) by GE. Moreover, GE supplementation increased (P < 0.05) total antioxidant capacity and decreased (P < 0.05) malondialdehyde content in liver and breast muscle, and increased (P < 0.05) glutathione peroxidase activity in serum and breast muscle. In conclusion, dietary GE supplementation restored growth performance, serum metabolites and meat quality of broilers under HS possibly by improving antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Yuanwei Ye
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Zhengguo Tao
- Leader Bio-technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 510663, PR China
| | - Zongjia Cheng
- Leader Bio-technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 510663, PR China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
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Van Goor A, Redweik GAJ, Stromberg ZR, Treadwell CG, Xin H, Mellata M. Microbiome and biological blood marker changes in hens at different laying stages in conventional and cage free housings. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2362-2374. [PMID: 32359571 PMCID: PMC7597552 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With the majority of conventional cage (CC) laying facilities transitioning into cage-free (CF) systems in the near future, it is important to characterize biological markers of health in layers housed in commercial housings for sustainable production. The objectives of this study were to compare i) blood markers, that is heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) ratios and susceptibility to avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) and ii) lung and ceca microbiome between hens at different maturity stages in commercial CC and CF farms. Laying hens at 3 maturity stages were randomly sampled (N = 20 per maturity and per farm). Blood was tested for H:L ratios and APEC killing ability using microscopy and in vitro assay, respectively. Microbiomes were assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing and QIIME2 analysis. Data show H:L ratios did not differ between maturities in both farms. Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli killing was only different in CC hens, where χ7122 level was higher (P < 0.05) in peak compared with early lay. In both farms, microbiome diversity was consistently different (P < 0.05) in both ceca and lung of early lay compared with peak and late lay. In the ceca and lung, relative abundances of the 3 predominant phyla (Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria) did not significantly change with maturity in both farms. Potential pathogens Campylobacter and Staphylococcus reached greater (P < 0.05) abundances in CC lungs in early lay and in CF lungs in late lay, respectively. Overall, this study showed no differences in the stress marker H:L but identified some differences in resistance to APEC and microbiome composition across maturity stages in CC and CF. The lung and gut microbiomes were highly similar, with both serving as potential reservoirs for Campylobacter and Staphylococcus. Future studies on controllable environments for CF and CC are needed to develop adequate strategies for each housing and maturity stage to reduce pathogens and optimize disease-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Van Goor
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
| | - Graham A J Redweik
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, USA; Interdepartmental Microbiology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
| | - Zachary R Stromberg
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
| | - Caroline G Treadwell
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
| | - Hongwei Xin
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
| | - Melha Mellata
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, USA; Interdepartmental Microbiology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, USA.
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Cheng Y, Chen Y, Li J, Qu H, Zhao Y, Wen C, Zhou Y. Dietary β-sitosterol regulates serum lipid level and improves immune function, antioxidant status, and intestinal morphology in broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:1400-1408. [PMID: 32111314 PMCID: PMC7587718 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This research investigated effects of dietary β-sitosterol addition at different levels on serum lipid levels, immune function, oxidative status, and intestinal morphology in broilers. One-day-old broiler chicks were allocated to 5 groups of 6 replicates. Chickens in the 5 groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control group), 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/kg of β-sitosterol for 42 D, respectively. β-Sitosterol linearly decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of serum total cholesterol, jejunal tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and ileal interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and mRNA relative expressions levels of jejunal TLR4 and ileal MyD88, whereas it linearly increased (P < 0.05) contents of jejunal immunoglobulin G (IgG), ileal secreted IgA and glutathione, jejunal catalase activity and Nrf2 mRNA relative expression level, villus height (VH), and VH-to-crypt depth (CD) ratio (VH:CD) in the jejunum and ileum. Linear and quadratic increases (P < 0.05) in absolute and relative spleen weight were observed by dietary β-sitosterol, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in the jejunum and ileum followed the opposite trend (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, dietary β-sitosterol at higher than or equal to 60 mg/kg level decreased (P < 0.05) contents of serum total cholesterol, ileal MDA, and jejunal TLR4 mRNA relative expression level, whereas it increased (P < 0.05) absolute spleen weight and ileal glutathione content. Higher than or equal to 80 mg/kg level of β-sitosterol enhanced (P < 0.05) jejunal IgG concentration, VH, catalase activity, and Nrf2 relative expression level and ileal secreted IgA content, but reduced (P < 0.05) ileal IL-1β content and MyD88 mRNA relative expression level. β-Sitosterol addition at 60 and 80 mg/kg levels increased (P < 0.05) relative spleen weight, whereas it decreased (P < 0.05) jejunal MDA accumulation. Moreover, 100 mg/kg level of β-sitosterol reduced (P < 0.05) jejunal TNF-α level, but it increased (P < 0.05) VH in the jejunum and VH:CD in the jejunum and ileum. Accordingly, dietary β-sitosterol supplementation could regulate serum cholesterol level, promote immune function, and improve intestinal oxidative status and morphology in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefei Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yueping Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hengman Qu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yurui Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chao Wen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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van der Eijk JAJ, Rodenburg TB, de Vries H, Kjaer JB, Smidt H, Naguib M, Kemp B, Lammers A. Early-life microbiota transplantation affects behavioural responses, serotonin and immune characteristics in chicken lines divergently selected on feather pecking. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2750. [PMID: 32066789 PMCID: PMC7026165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59125-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota influences host behaviour and physiology, such as anxiety, stress, serotonergic and immune systems. These behavioural and physiological characteristics are related to feather pecking (FP), a damaging behaviour in chickens that reduces animal welfare and productivity. Moreover, high FP (HFP) and low FP (LFP) lines differed in microbiota composition. However, it is unknown whether microbiota can influence the development of FP. For the first time, we identified the effects of microbiota transplantation on FP, and behavioural and physiological characteristics related to FP. HFP and LFP chicks received sterile saline (control), HFP or LFP microbiota transplantation during the first two weeks post-hatch. Microbiota transplantation influenced behavioural responses of the HFP line during treatment and of the LFP line after treatment. In both lines, homologous microbiota transplantation (i.e., receiving microbiota from their line) resulted in more active behavioural responses. Furthermore, microbiota transplantation influenced immune characteristics (natural antibodies) in both lines and peripheral serotonin in the LFP line. However, limited effects on microbiota composition, stress response (corticosterone) and FP were noted. Thus, early-life microbiota transplantation had immediate and long-term effects on behavioural responses and long-term effects on immune characteristics and peripheral serotonin; however, the effects were dependent on host genotype. Since early-life microbiota transplantation influenced behavioural and physiological characteristics that are related to FP, it could thus influence the development of FP later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerine A J van der Eijk
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - T Bas Rodenburg
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo de Vries
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joergen B Kjaer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Celle, Germany
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Naguib
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aart Lammers
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Liu M, Lu Y, Gao P, Xie X, Li D, Yu D, Yu M. Effect of curcumin on laying performance, egg quality, endocrine hormones, and immune activity in heat-stressed hens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2196-2202. [PMID: 32241505 PMCID: PMC7587741 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of curcumin on laying performance, egg quality, biochemical indicators, hormone levels, and immune activity in hens under heat stress. Hy-Line brown hens (280-day-old) were fed with 0, 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg of curcumin during a 42-D experiment. Compared with the control treatment, supplementation with 150 mg/kg of curcumin improved laying performance and egg quality by significantly increasing egg production, eggshell thickness, eggshell strength (P < 0.01), and albumen height (P < 0.05) while decreasing the feed-to-egg ratio. Antioxidant activity was improved by significantly increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase but decreasing malondialdehyde levels in serum (P < 0.05) and significantly increasing the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, IgG, IgA, and complement C3 activity in serum (P < 0.05). These results indicated that supplemental 150 mg/kg curcumin can improve productive performance, antioxidant enzyme activity, and immune function in laying hens under the heat stress conditions applied in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yinglin Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Peng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolei Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Dongfeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Debing Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China.
| | - Minli Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China.
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Aranibar CD, Chen C, Davis AJ, Daley WI, Dunkley C, Kim WK, Usher C, Webster AB, Wilson JL. Impact of an alternate feeding program on broiler breeder pullet behavior, performance, and plasma corticosterone. Poult Sci 2020; 99:829-838. [PMID: 32029165 PMCID: PMC7587902 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Broiler breeders are commonly feed restricted using some variation of skip-a-day feeding to prevent excessive body weight (BW) gain and poor flock uniformity that results in lower production levels. However, the level of feed restriction has increased leading to negative effects on broiler breeder welfare. Research needs to be conducted to evaluate alternative feeding programs to diminish the negative impact of restricted feeding on bird welfare. This research examined pullets that were fed soybean hulls (alternate day feeding, ATD) on the off day of a traditional skip-a-day feeding program in comparison to the standard skip-a-day program (SAD). The 2 dietary feeding treatments each had 3 replicate pens of 210 pullets each and were fed from wk 5 to 21 of age. Nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy and digestible amino acid coefficients of soybean hulls were determined. Body weight in the ATD feed program was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than the birds on the SAD feed program until 16 wk of age. Feed allocations for the SAD feeding program was increased at 11 wk of age to achieve similar BW prior to photo stimulation. The ATD feed program significantly improved BW uniformity of the birds for weeks 8, 12, 16, and 20. Hens fed on the SAD feed program had a lower mean egg production than the hens fed on the ATD program. There were significant differences on plasma corticosterone concentrations between the feeding days (24 or 48 h after feeding) in both feed programs. There was a shift in the behavior of the birds with significant differences in the feeding, foraging, and comfort behaviors between the feeding programs on the same feed day. Overall, feeding the ATD females soybean hulls on the off feed day improved the BW uniformity and egg production, but further research will be needed to determine potential differences in nutrient utilization or behavior of the pullets that positively impacted this flock performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Aranibar
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - C Chen
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - A J Davis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - W I Daley
- Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - C Dunkley
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - W K Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - C Usher
- Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - A B Webster
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - J L Wilson
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Osman A, Bin-Jumah M, Abd El-Hack ME, Elaraby G, Swelum AA, Taha AE, Sitohy M, Allam AA, Ashour EA. Dietary supplementation of soybean glycinin can alter the growth, carcass traits, blood biochemical indices, and meat quality of broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:820-828. [PMID: 32029164 PMCID: PMC7587624 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current research aimed to estimate the effect of dietary supplementation with glycinin isolated from soybeans on the growth performance, carcass traits, and selected blood metabolites of broiler chicks. A total of 200 1-wk-old broiler chicks were administered diets without glycinin (control treatment) or diets supplemented with 3 concentrations of soy glycinin (0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 g/kg of feed) for 6 wk. At the end of the feeding period, body weight was significantly higher in broiler chicks with glycinin supplementation (P < 0.05 or 0.01). The best values for body weight and body weight gain were recorded in the groups fed diets supplemented with 0.5 and 1.0 g glycinin/kg feed. Feed conversion was significantly (P < 0.05) improved in broilers in the glycinin-supplemented groups during the 1 to 6 and 3 to 6 wk growth periods. The highest value of breast yield was observed in broiler chicks supplemented with glycinin at a concentration of 1.0 g/kg of feed. Water-holding capacity increased with increasing concentrations of glycinin in the feed, up to 1.0%. Serum creatinine and urea concentrations decreased gradually (P < 0.01) as the concentration of glycinin in the feed increased. Broiler chicks receiving increasing concentrations of glycinin exhibited significantly (P < 0.01) lower levels of serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. All meat samples from broiler chicks supplemented with glycinin had significantly higher catalase activities. These data suggest that feeding broiler chicks diets supplemented with soy glycinin (0.5 to 1.5 g/kg of feed) can improve feed conversion, enhance body weight gain, and lower abdominal fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Osman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44111, Egypt
| | - May Bin-Jumah
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44111, Egypt.
| | - Ghada Elaraby
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44111, Egypt
| | - Ayman A Swelum
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ayman E Taha
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Behira, Rasheed, 22758 Edfina, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Sitohy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44111, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Allam
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-suef University, Beni-suef, 65211 Egypt
| | - Elwy A Ashour
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44111, Egypt
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Ma YB, Zhang FD, Wang J, Wu SG, Qi GH, Zhang HJ. Effect of in ovo feeding of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on hatchability, muscle growth and performance in prenatal and posthatch broilers. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:755-763. [PMID: 31605375 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) is the metabolite of leucine that plays an important role in muscle protein metabolism. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of in ovo feeding (IOF) of HMB at 7 days of incubation (DOI) via air cell or 18 DOI via amnion on hatchability, muscle growth and performance in prenatal and posthatch broilers. RESULTS IOF of HMB via air cell at 7 DOI increased hatchability by 4.34% compared with the control (89.67% versus 85.33%). Birds in IOF groups exhibited higher body weight, average daily body weight gain and pectoral muscle percentage. Furthermore, IOF of HMB significantly increased the level of plasma growth hormone, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1. Chicks hatched from IOF treatment had larger diameters of muscle fiber and higher mitotic activity of satellite cells at early posthatch age. IOF of HMB activated satellite cells by upregulation of mRNA expression of myogenic transcription factors, myogenic differentiation one (MyoD) and myogenin. Chicks hatched from air cell injection group had higher pectoral muscle percentage at 5 d posthatch and greater satellite cell mitotic activity at 7 d posthatch than counterparts from amnion injection group. CONCLUSIONS IOF of HMB via amnion at 18 DOI or especially via air cell at 7 DOI could be used as an effective approach to enhance hatchability, productive performance and breast muscle yield in broilers. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Biao Ma
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Dong Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Geng Wu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Hai Qi
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Beijing, China
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Kang SW, Christensen KD, Aldridge D, Kuenzel WJ. Effects of light intensity and dual light intensity choice on plasma corticosterone, central serotonergic and dopaminergic activities in birds, Gallus gallus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 285:113289. [PMID: 31557469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Light intensity plays an important role in the regulation of growth, behavior, reproduction, and welfare of avian species. Light intensity preference behavior has been suggested to be involved in welfare of birds. This study aims to investigate the effects of different light intensity and dual light intensity choice (DLIC) lighting program on plasma corticosterone (CORT), and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2, the rate-limiting enzyme of serotonin biosynthesis) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, the rate-limiting enzyme of dopamine biosynthesis) gene expression in the brainstem of male chickens. Day old broilers were housed in two commercial houses, and placed in 24 pens. All the treatment groups were provided with 23 h light (L) /1 h dark (D) and 30 lx (lx) light intensity during the first week and then 18L:6D (10 lx) from day 7 to 14. Blood and brain were sampled at 14 days of age (10 lx) before the onset of light treatments. On day 15, four treatments (2, 10, 20, and 100 lx), and DLIC treatment (2/20 lx) were initiated. Samples were collected on days 15, 16, 17, 30 and 41. TPH2 expression in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and caudal raphe nucleus (CRN) of brainstem, and TPH2 and TH expression in ventral tegmental areas (VTN) of the midbrain were determined by qPCR. Results showed that bright light and DLIC lighting program temporarily attenuated plasma CORT, suggesting the short-term stress attenuating effect of bright light and DLIC lighting program. Differential TPH2 expression in the DRN and CRN observed in the DLIC birds indicate a significant effect of DLIC lighting program on the serotonergic activity in the avian brainstem. At the 41 days of age, the significant downregulation of TPH2 and TH expression occurred in the VTA of DLIC treated birds compared to the other group of birds. Taken together, temporal and spatial regulation of TPH2 and TH expression by DLIC lighting program indicate that compensatory regulation of serotonergic and dopaminergic activities might be involved in the light intensity preference behavior of birds, suggesting a possible beneficial effect of the DLIC lighting program on broiler welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong W Kang
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| | | | - Douglas Aldridge
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Wayne J Kuenzel
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Huang SC, Li L, Rehman MU, Gao JD, Zhang LH, Tong XL, Waqas M, Li JK. Tibial growth plate vascularization is inhibited by the dithiocarbamate pesticide thiram in chickens: potential relationship to peripheral platelet counts alteration. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:36322-36332. [PMID: 31713825 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06664-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of thiram has raised concerns for health and its toxic effects, but the underlying toxicity mechanism on platelets and bones is poorly defined. Here, we found a significant increase in the number of platelets in chickens with the thiram intake, due to the increased expression of thrombopoietin mRNA in the dysfunction liver. Furthermore, the decreased vascular distribution and cell death of chondrocytes in the tibial growth plates (TGPs) were observed, resulting in bone growth inhibition, which is associated with the abnormal activation of platelets leading to the extraordinary decrease of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and angiopoietin-1 protein were released and their corresponding receptors VEGFR2 and Tie-2 expressions were also reduced in the TGPs. Taken together, these findings revealed that thiram has an adverse effect on bones and platelets, which may have a high risk of thrombosis and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Cheng Huang
- College of Animals Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, 860000, Tibet, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Lei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jin-Dong Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Li-Hong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiao-le Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jia-Kui Li
- College of Animals Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, 860000, Tibet, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Pornanek P, Phoemchalard C. Feed added curcumin with increased solubility on plasma lipoprotein, meat quality, and fat content in broiler chicks. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:647-652. [PMID: 31473881 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of curcumin with increased solubility (CS: 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8% of diet) and broiler sex (males and females) on plasma lipoprotein concentrations, meat quality, and chemical composition in the breast meat (BM). A total of 240 1-day-old Arbor Acres chicks were randomly divided into ten groups, six replicates of four chicks each, using a 5 × 2 factorial experiment. All chicks were fed diets and water ad libitum for a period of 6 weeks. Results showed that no any interactions were presented. Supplementation of CS reduced plasma total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and meat fat content, while had no significant differences between treatments in meat quality, triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C). In addition, TC and the fat content of BM tended to decrease when compared with the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitukpol Pornanek
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Sakon Nakhon Campus, Sakon Nakhon, 47160, Thailand.
| | - Chirasak Phoemchalard
- Department of Agriculture, Mahidol University, Amnat Charoen Campus, Amnat Charoen, 37000, Thailand
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Salah AS, Mahmoud MA, Ahmed-Farid OA, El-Tarabany MS. Effects of dietary curcumin and acetylsalicylic acid supplements on performance, muscle amino acid and fatty acid profiles, antioxidant biomarkers and blood chemistry of heat-stressed broiler chickens. J Therm Biol 2019; 84:259-265. [PMID: 31466762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to investigate the effects of dietary curcumin and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on the performance and physiological responses of broiler chickens under chronic thermal stress. One hundred and sixty day-old male chicks (Ross 308) were divided equally into 4 groups (each contained 4 replicates). On the day 22 of age and thereafter, the first group (TN) was raised in a thermoneutral condition (23 ± 1 °C), while the second group (HS) was subjected to 8 h of thermal stress (34 °C) and both groups fed the basal diet with no supplements. The third (CR) and fourth (AS) groups were subjected to the same thermal stress conditions and fed curcumin-supplemented diet (100 mg curcumin kg-1 diet) and ASA-supplemented diet (1 g ASA kg-1 diet), respectively. Dietary treatment had a significant effect on ADFI (P = 0.041), average daily gain (P = 0.013) and final body weight (P = 0.001). The curcumin-supplemented had higher values for these measures compared with other experimental groups (P < 0.05). Also, the dietary curcumin supplement significantly increased the carcass yield as compared to the HS group (P < 0.05). Compared with the HS group, the dietary curcumin and ASA supplements decreased the concentration of malondialdehyde in the breast muscles (P = 0.014). Both dietary supplements exhibited a marked ability to restore the serum TAC, Na and K in heat-stressed broiler chickens. The current study reported a remarkable ability of curcumin supplement to restore the concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the breast muscles of heat-stressed broilers, including α-linolinec acid and Docosahexaenoic acid (P = 0.009 and 0.001, respectively). It could be concluded that supplemental dietary curcumin or ASA enhanced growth performance and antioxidant biomarkers of heat-stressed broilers. Moreover, curcumin might be an effective dietary supplement to alleviate the adverse effect of chronic thermal stress on carcass yield and meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman S Salah
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Mahmoud
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, Egypt
| | - Omar A Ahmed-Farid
- Department of Physiology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud S El-Tarabany
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Egypt.
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Shi H, Kim SH, Kim IH. Effect of dietary inclusion of fermented sea mustard by-product on growth performance, blood profiles, and meat quality in broilers. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:4304-4308. [PMID: 30828811 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sea mustards are traditionally consumed as human food in many Asian countries. However, owing to the large consumption of seaweed, there are a substantial number of by-products produced during processing. These by-products after fermentation can provide a good alternative nutrient source for broilers and serve as a recycled resource reducing the environmental pollution of the seaweed industry. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of fermented sea mustard by-product (FSM) supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, excreta microflora, blood profiles, relative organ weight, and meat quality in broilers. The treatments were: control (CON), basal diet; FSM, CON +2 g kg-1 FSM. RESULTS During days 1 to 35, with the supplementation of 2 g kg-1 FSM, body weight gain (BWG) increased (P < 0.05), whereas the feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased (P < 0.05). On day 35, with the supplementation of 2 g kg-1 FSM, excreta Lactobacillus counts increased (P < 0.05), and the excreta Escherichia coli counts decreased (P < 0.05). There were no significant effects (P > 0.05) on nutrient digestibility, blood profile, relative organ weight, and breast meat quality of broilers fed with FSM diets. CONCLUSION Dietary supplementation of 2 g kg-1 FSM can improve growth performance, and shifted excreta microflora by increasing the proliferation of Lactobacillus counts and by decreasing E. coli counts. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Shi
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Seung Hee Kim
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
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Rodenbaugh CI, Lyon SD, Hanzlicek AS, Kanda I, Payton ME, Rizzi TE, Holland LA, Brandão J. Dynamic viscoelastic coagulometry of blood obtained from healthy chickens. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:441-448. [PMID: 31034267 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.5.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess feasibility of the use of a dynamic viscoelastic coagulometer on chicken blood and compare coagulation variables for fresh whole blood and sodium citrate-preserved whole blood as well as effects of 3 coagulation activators on blood from chickens. SAMPLE Blood samples from 30 hens. PROCEDURES Chickens were allowed to rest undisturbed for 1 hour. A blood sample was collected from an ulnar vein; 1.4 mL was analyzed immediately, and 1.8 mL was mixed with sodium citrate and subsequently recalcified and analyzed. A separate coagulation activator (glass beads, kaolin clay, or tissue factor) was in each of the 2 channels of the analyzer. Chickens were allowed a 1-hour rest period, and another blood sample was collected from the contralateral ulnar vein; it was processed in the same manner as for the first sample, except both channels of the analyzer contained the same coagulation activator. RESULTS Compared with fresh samples, citrated samples had higher values for activated clotting time and platelet function and lower clotting rates. Intra-assay coefficients of variation of coagulation profiles for citrated samples were markedly greater than the limit of 10%, whereas values for fresh samples were close to or < 10%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that use of a dynamic viscoelastic coagulometer on chicken blood was feasible and that analysis of fresh whole blood from healthy chickens provided results with less variability than did analysis of citrated blood. Samples preserved with sodium citrate were associated with significant relative hypocoagulability, compared with results for fresh blood.
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Makled MN, Abouelezz KFM, Gad-Elkareem AEG, Sayed AM. Comparative influence of dietary probiotic, yoghurt, and sodium butyrate on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, blood hematology, and immune response of meat-type chickens. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:2333-2342. [PMID: 31168683 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the effects of early dietary supplementation with probiotic, yoghurt, and sodium butyrate (SB) on the growth performance, intestinal microbiota, blood hematology, and immune response of broiler chickens. A total of 180 1-day-old SASSO broiler chicks, housed in 12 equal floor pen replicates each of 15 chicks, were assigned randomly to four feeding treatments (three replicates/treatment, n = 45): T1. Basal diet (BD) (control), T2. BD incorporated 1 g of a commercial probiotic per kilogram, T3. BD mixed with 5 g of fresh yoghurt per kilogram, and T4. BD incorporated 0.6 g SB/kg. The experimental birds received the dietary treatments from 1 to 21 days of age. The dietary supplementation (g/kg) with commercial probiotic, yoghurt, and SB during the first 21 days of age did not affect broiler's growth performance variables at day 42, relative weight of immunity organs, blood hematological indices, or the ileal and cecal bacterial counts at day 42, but increased the serum IgG levels and reduced the cecal aerobes at day 21. The probiotic and yoghurt treatments increased the serum content of antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus and decreased the counts of ileal aerobes and E. coli at day 21, whereas the SB treatment increased the ileal lactobacilli count at day 21. In conclusion, the tested feed additives displayed beneficial impacts on broilers' gut microbiota at day 21 and serum IgG at day 42, but did not affect the growth performance or blood hematological indices at 42 days of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Makled
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - K F M Abouelezz
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Science, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - A E G Gad-Elkareem
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - A M Sayed
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
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Mwanga EP, Mapua SA, Siria DJ, Ngowo HS, Nangacha F, Mgando J, Baldini F, González Jiménez M, Ferguson HM, Wynne K, Selvaraj P, Babayan SA, Okumu FO. Using mid-infrared spectroscopy and supervised machine-learning to identify vertebrate blood meals in the malaria vector, Anopheles arabiensis. Malar J 2019; 18:187. [PMID: 31146762 PMCID: PMC6543689 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2822-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The propensity of different Anopheles mosquitoes to bite humans instead of other vertebrates influences their capacity to transmit pathogens to humans. Unfortunately, determining proportions of mosquitoes that have fed on humans, i.e. Human Blood Index (HBI), currently requires expensive and time-consuming laboratory procedures involving enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) or polymerase chain reactions (PCR). Here, mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy and supervised machine learning are used to accurately distinguish between vertebrate blood meals in guts of malaria mosquitoes, without any molecular techniques. METHODS Laboratory-reared Anopheles arabiensis females were fed on humans, chickens, goats or bovines, then held for 6 to 8 h, after which they were killed and preserved in silica. The sample size was 2000 mosquitoes (500 per host species). Five individuals of each host species were enrolled to ensure genotype variability, and 100 mosquitoes fed on each. Dried mosquito abdomens were individually scanned using attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometer to obtain high-resolution MIR spectra (4000 cm-1 to 400 cm-1). The spectral data were cleaned to compensate atmospheric water and CO2 interference bands using Bruker-OPUS software, then transferred to Python™ for supervised machine-learning to predict host species. Seven classification algorithms were trained using 90% of the spectra through several combinations of 75-25% data splits. The best performing model was used to predict identities of the remaining 10% validation spectra, which had not been used for model training or testing. RESULTS The logistic regression (LR) model achieved the highest accuracy, correctly predicting true vertebrate blood meal sources with overall accuracy of 98.4%. The model correctly identified 96% goat blood meals, 97% of bovine blood meals, 100% of chicken blood meals and 100% of human blood meals. Three percent of bovine blood meals were misclassified as goat, and 2% of goat blood meals misclassified as human. CONCLUSION Mid-infrared spectroscopy coupled with supervised machine learning can accurately identify multiple vertebrate blood meals in malaria vectors, thus potentially enabling rapid assessment of mosquito blood-feeding histories and vectorial capacities. The technique is cost-effective, fast, simple, and requires no reagents other than desiccants. However, scaling it up will require field validation of the findings and boosting relevant technical capacity in affected countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel P Mwanga
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Salum A Mapua
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Doreen J Siria
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Halfan S Ngowo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Francis Nangacha
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Joseph Mgando
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Francesco Baldini
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Heather M Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Klaas Wynne
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Simon A Babayan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Fredros O Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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