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Grigoryan EN, Markitantova YV. Tail and Spinal Cord Regeneration in Urodelean Amphibians. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:594. [PMID: 38792615 PMCID: PMC11122520 DOI: 10.3390/life14050594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Urodelean amphibians can regenerate the tail and the spinal cord (SC) and maintain this ability throughout their life. This clearly distinguishes these animals from mammals. The phenomenon of tail and SC regeneration is based on the capability of cells involved in regeneration to dedifferentiate, enter the cell cycle, and change their (or return to the pre-existing) phenotype during de novo organ formation. The second critical aspect of the successful tail and SC regeneration is the mutual molecular regulation by tissues, of which the SC and the apical wound epidermis are the leaders. Molecular regulatory systems include signaling pathways components, inflammatory factors, ECM molecules, ROS, hormones, neurotransmitters, HSPs, transcriptional and epigenetic factors, etc. The control, carried out by regulatory networks on the feedback principle, recruits the mechanisms used in embryogenesis and accompanies all stages of organ regeneration, from the moment of damage to the completion of morphogenesis and patterning of all its structures. The late regeneration stages and the effects of external factors on them have been poorly studied. A new model for addressing this issue is herein proposed. The data summarized in the review contribute to understanding a wide range of fundamentally important issues in the regenerative biology of tissues and organs in vertebrates including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuliya V. Markitantova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
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2
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Walker SE, Sabin KZ, Gearhart MD, Yamamoto K, Echeverri K. Regulation of stem cell identity by miR-200a during spinal cord regeneration. Development 2022; 149:274347. [PMID: 35156681 PMCID: PMC8918811 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Axolotls are an important model organism for multiple types of regeneration, including functional spinal cord regeneration. Remarkably, axolotls can repair their spinal cord after a small lesion injury and can also regenerate their entire tail following amputation. Several classical signaling pathways that are used during development are reactivated during regeneration, but how this is regulated remains a mystery. We have previously identified miR-200a as a key factor that promotes successful spinal cord regeneration. Here, using RNA-seq analysis, we discovered that the inhibition of miR-200a results in an upregulation of the classical mesodermal marker brachyury in spinal cord cells after injury. However, these cells still express the neural stem cell marker sox2. In vivo cell tracking allowed us to determine that these cells can give rise to cells of both the neural and mesoderm lineage. Additionally, we found that miR-200a can directly regulate brachyury via a seed sequence in the 3′UTR of the gene. Our data indicate that miR-200a represses mesodermal cell fate after a small lesion injury in the spinal cord when only glial cells and neurons need to be replaced. Summary: Axolotl spinal cord cells have the potential to form cells of the ectoderm and mesoderm depending on the extent of the injury they are responding to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Walker
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Keith Z Sabin
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | | | | | - Karen Echeverri
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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Fatka O, Budil P, Zicha O. Exoskeletal and eye repair in Dalmanitina socialis (Trilobita): An example of blastemal regeneration in the Ordovician? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2021; 34:113-121. [PMID: 34243130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze anomalies of a biomineralized exoskeleton of a trilobite. MATERIALS A specimen of Dalmanitina socialis from the Upper Ordovician Letná Formation at Veselá near Beroun, Czechoslovakia, curated at the Czech Geological Survey in Prague. METHODS The internal mold and external mold and latex casts were coated with ammonium chloride sublimate and photographed. RESULTS A substantial reduction of the eye surface associated with changes in morphology and surface structure was noted. CONCLUSIONS The anomaly is believed to be the result of a healed injury after an unsuccessful predatory attack. Based on the presumed mechanism of injury, a 'large arthropod' is proposed to be the potential attacker. SIGNIFICANCE The low incidence of sublethal attack to cephala in collections of Cambrian to Carboniferous trilobites implies that most such attacks were fatal, rendering this specimen unique and capable of providing insight into healing processes. LIMITATIONS Post-mortem damage rendered analysis difficult. SUGGESTIONSFOR FURTHER RESEARCH Exploration of other cases of healed trauma in order to understand Ordovician ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oldřich Fatka
- Charles University, Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Albertov 6, 128 43, Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Budil
- Czech Geological Survey, Klárov 3, 118 21, Prague 1, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Zicha
- 'BioLib, z. s.', Jugoslávských partyzánů 34, Prague, 160 00, Czech Republic.
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Freitas PD, Yandulskaya AS, Monaghan JR. Spinal Cord Regeneration in Amphibians: A Historical Perspective. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:437-452. [PMID: 30725532 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In some vertebrates, a grave injury to the central nervous system (CNS) results in functional restoration, rather than in permanent incapacitation. Understanding how these animals mount a regenerative response by activating resident CNS stem cell populations is of critical importance in regenerative biology. Amphibians are of a particular interest in the field because the regenerative ability is present throughout life in urodele species, but in anuran species it is lost during development. Studying amphibians, who transition from a regenerative to a nonregenerative state, could give insight into the loss of ability to recover from CNS damage in mammals. Here, we highlight the current knowledge of spinal cord regeneration across vertebrates and identify commonalities and differences in spinal cord regeneration between amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina D Freitas
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 134 Mugar Hall, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Anastasia S Yandulskaya
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 134 Mugar Hall, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - James R Monaghan
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 134 Mugar Hall, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
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Cardozo MJ, Mysiak KS, Becker T, Becker CG. Reduce, reuse, recycle – Developmental signals in spinal cord regeneration. Dev Biol 2017; 432:53-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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6
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Buch PR, Sarkate P, Uggini GK, Desai I, Balakrishnan S. Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase-2 Alters Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in the Regenerating Tail of Lizard Hemidactylus flaviviridis. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 14:171-178. [PMID: 30603474 PMCID: PMC6171583 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-017-0037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epimorphic regeneration in vertebrates involves the restoration of lost tissue or organs through the formation of a regeneration blastema and occurs through a complex interaction of a number of molecular signaling pathways. Of the many effectors of successful tail regeneration in the lizard Hemidactylus flaviviridis, one crucial pathway is the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mediated PGE2 signaling pathway. The current study was aimed at understanding whether COX-2 signaling plays any role in the expression of Wnt/β-Catenin signaling components during regenerative outgrowth in H. flaviviridis. Etoricoxib-selective inhibitor of the inducible isoform of COX-2-was administered to lizards orally. We tested the expression of β-Catenin during wound epidermis and blastema stages in the regenerating tail and found a reduction in its expression in response to drug treatment. Further, it was observed that the expression of canonical Wnt ligands was greatly altered due to COX-2 inhibition. Our results provide evidence of a cross-talk between the COX-2 induced PGE2 pathway and Wnt/β-Catenin signaling in the regenerating lizard tail. An understanding of the interaction among various signaling pathways will help elucidate the mechanism underlying epimorphosis in lizards, the only amniotes capable of appendage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav R. Buch
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002 Gujarat India
| | - Pradeep Sarkate
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002 Gujarat India
| | - Gowri K. Uggini
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002 Gujarat India
| | - Isha Desai
- N. V. Patel College of Pure and Applied Sciences, S.P. University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, 388120 Gujarat India
| | - Suresh Balakrishnan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002 Gujarat India
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Posterior tail development in the salamander Eurycea cirrigera: exploring cellular dynamics across life stages. Dev Genes Evol 2017; 227:85-99. [PMID: 28101674 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-016-0573-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, the body axis elongates and specializes. In vertebrate groups such as salamanders and lizards, elongation of the posterior body axis (tail) continues throughout life. This phenomenon of post-embryonic tail elongation via addition of vertebrae has remained largely unexplored, and little is known about the underlying developmental mechanisms that promote vertebral addition. Our research investigated tail elongation across life stages in a non-model salamander species, Eurycea cirrigera (Plethodontidae). Post-embryonic addition of segments suggests that the tail tip retains some aspects of embryonic cell/tissue organization and gene expression throughout the life cycle. We describe cell and tissue differentiation and segmentation of the posterior tail using serial histology and expression of the axial tissue markers, MF-20 and Pax6. Embryonic expression patterns of HoxA13 and C13 are shown with in situ hybridization. Tissue sections reveal that the posterior spinal cord forms via cavitation and precedes development of the underlying cartilaginous rod after embryogenesis. Post-embryonic tail elongation occurs in the absence of somites and mesenchymal cells lateral to the midline express MF-20. Pax6 expression was observed only in the spinal cord and some mesenchymal cells of adult Eurycea tails. Distinct temporal and spatial patterns of posterior Hox13 gene expression were observed throughout embryogenesis. Overall, important insights to cell organization, differentiation, and posterior Hox gene expression may be gained from this work. We suggest that further work on gene expression in the elongating adult tail could shed light on mechanisms that link continual axial elongation with regeneration.
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Taniguchi Y, Watanabe K, Mochii M. Notochord-derived hedgehog is essential for tail regeneration in Xenopus tadpole. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 14:27. [PMID: 24941877 PMCID: PMC4074850 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-14-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Appendage regeneration in amphibians is regulated by the combinatorial actions of signaling molecules. The requirement of molecules secreted from specific tissues is reflected by the observation that the whole process of regeneration can be inhibited if a certain tissue is removed from the amputated stump. Interestingly, urodeles and anurans show different tissue dependencies during tail regeneration. The spinal cord is essential for tail regeneration in urodele but not in anuran larva, whereas the notochord but not the spinal cord is essential for tail regeneration in anuran tadpoles. Sonic hedgehog is one of the signaling molecules responsible for such phenomenon in axolotl, as hedgehog signaling is essential for overall tail regeneration and sonic hedgehog is exclusively expressed in the spinal cord. In order to know whether hedgehog signaling is involved in the molecular mechanism underlying the inconsistent tissue dependency for tail regeneration between anurans and urodeles, we investigated expression of hedgehog signal-related genes in the regenerating tail of Xenopus tadpole and examined the effect of the hedgehog signal inhibitor, cyclopamine, on the tail regeneration. Results In Xenopus, sonic hedgehog is expressed exclusively in the notochord but not in the spinal cord of the regenerate. Overall regeneration was severely impaired in cyclopamine-treated tadpoles. Notochord maturation in the regenerate, including cell alignment and vacuolation, and myofiber formation were inhibited. Proliferation of spinal cord cells in the neural ampulla and of mesenchymal cells was also impaired. Conclusion As in the axolotl, hedgehog signaling is required for multiple steps in tail regeneration in the Xenopus tadpole, although the location of the Shh source is quite different between the two species. This difference in Shh localization is the likely basis for the differing tissue requirement for tail regeneration between urodeles and anurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Taniguchi
- Department of Life Science, Graduate school of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori Akou, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
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Grigoryan EN, Markitantova YV, Avdonin PP, Radugina EA. Study of regeneration in amphibians in age of molecular-genetic approaches and methods. RUSS J GENET+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795413010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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10
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Wang Y, Jiang X, Liu Y, Gu X, Huan Y, Ren L, Ding F, Gu X. Molecular cloning and altered expression of Pbx4 in the spinal cord during tail regeneration of Gekko japonicus. Brain Res Bull 2009; 80:414-21. [PMID: 19712730 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor Pbx4 is recruited to form dimeric or trimeric complexes with Hox and/or Meis homeodomain proteins and participates in patterning the hindbrain and retina during vertebrate CNS development. We characterized a Pbx4 cDNA isolated from a Gekko japonicus brain and spinal cord cDNA library. Northern blot and quantitative real-time PCR revealed that gecko Pbx4 was ubiquitously expressed in several tissues. In the spinal cord after tail amputation, in situ hybridization results showed that Pbx4 mRNA staining was present in the gray matter and ependymal cells of the spinal cord but that additional staining was seen in the white matter in regions close to the amputation stump. Both in situ hybridization and real-time PCR methods detected no obvious changes in Pbx4 expression in segment of the cord farthest from the amputation site, however, Pbx4 mRNA expression increased by 2 fold in segment close to the amputation site after 2 wks. The upregulation of Pbx4 was inhibited by an intraperitoneal injection of retinoic acid (RA) (100 microg/g body weight). These results suggest that gecko Pbx4 is possibly involved in spinal cord regeneration at sites of proximal amputation, and that the expression of Pbx4 in the spinal cord is regulated by retinoic acid in a manner different from that of Pbx1, Pbx2 and Pbx3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226007, PR China
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11
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Stoick-Cooper CL, Weidinger G, Riehle KJ, Hubbert C, Major MB, Fausto N, Moon RT. Distinct Wnt signaling pathways have opposing roles in appendage regeneration. Development 2006; 134:479-89. [PMID: 17185322 DOI: 10.1242/dev.001123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to mammals, lower vertebrates have a remarkable capacity to regenerate complex structures damaged by injury or disease. This process, termed epimorphic regeneration, involves progenitor cells created through the reprogramming of differentiated cells or through the activation of resident stem cells. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling regulates progenitor cell fate and proliferation during embryonic development and stem cell function in adults, but its functional involvement in epimorphic regeneration has not been addressed. Using transgenic fish lines, we show that Wnt/beta-catenin signaling is activated in the regenerating zebrafish tail fin and is required for formation and subsequent proliferation of the progenitor cells of the blastema. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling appears to act upstream of FGF signaling, which has recently been found to be essential for fin regeneration. Intriguingly, increased Wnt/beta-catenin signaling is sufficient to augment regeneration, as tail fins regenerate faster in fish heterozygous for a loss-of-function mutation in axin1, a negative regulator of the pathway. Likewise, activation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by overexpression of wnt8 increases proliferation of progenitor cells in the regenerating fin. By contrast, overexpression of wnt5b (pipetail) reduces expression of Wnt/beta-catenin target genes, impairs proliferation of progenitors and inhibits fin regeneration. Importantly, fin regeneration is accelerated in wnt5b mutant fish. These data suggest that Wnt/beta-catenin signaling promotes regeneration, whereas a distinct pathway activated by wnt5b acts in a negative-feedback loop to limit regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristi L Stoick-Cooper
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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12
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Chernoff EAG, Stocum DL, Nye HLD, Cameron JA. Urodele spinal cord regeneration and related processes. Dev Dyn 2003; 226:295-307. [PMID: 12557207 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.10240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Urodele amphibians, newts and salamanders, can regenerate lesioned spinal cord at any stage of the life cycle and are the only tetrapod vertebrates that regenerate spinal cord completely as adults. The ependymal cells play a key role in this process in both gap replacement and caudal regeneration. The ependymal response helps to produce a different response to neural injury compared with mammalian neural injury. The regenerating urodele cord produces new neurons as well as supporting axonal regrowth. It is not yet clear to what extent urodele spinal cord regeneration recapitulates embryonic anteroposterior and dorsoventral patterning gene expression to achieve functional reconstruction. The source of axial patterning signals in regeneration would be substantially different from those in developing tissue, perhaps with signals propagated from the stump tissue. Examination of the effects of fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor on ependymal cells in vivo and in vitro suggest a connection with neural stem cell behavior as described in developing and mature mammalian central nervous system. This review coordinates the urodele regeneration literature with axial patterning, stem cell, and neural injury literature from other systems to describe our current understanding and assess the gaps in our knowledge about urodele spinal cord regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen A G Chernoff
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Biology, and Indiana University Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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Ferretti P, Zhang F, O'Neill P. Changes in spinal cord regenerative ability through phylogenesis and development: lessons to be learnt. Dev Dyn 2003; 226:245-56. [PMID: 12557203 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.10226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower vertebrates, such as fish and amphibians, and developing higher vertebrates can regenerate complex body structures, including significant portions of their central nervous system. It is still poorly understood why this potential is lost with evolution and development and becomes very limited in adult mammals. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge on the cellular and molecular changes after spinal cord injury in adult tailed amphibians, where regeneration does take place, and in developing chick and mammalian embryos at different developmental stages. We will focus on the recruitment of progenitor cells to repair the damage and discuss possible roles of changes in early response to injury, such as cell death by apoptosis, and of myelin-associated proteins, such as Nogo, in the transition between regeneration-competent and regeneration-incompetent stages of development. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying spontaneous regeneration of the spinal cord in vivo in amphibians and in the chick embryo will help to devise strategies for restoring function to damaged or diseased nervous tissues in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Ferretti
- Developmental Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom.
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14
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Lako M, Strachan T, Bullen P, Wilson DI, Robson SC, Lindsay S. Isolation, characterisation and embryonic expression of WNT11, a gene which maps to 11q13.5 and has possible roles in the development of skeleton, kidney and lung. Gene 1998; 219:101-10. [PMID: 9757009 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(98)00393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt gene family encodes a set of signalling molecules, thought to play an important role in key processes of embryonic development. In vertebrates as a whole 20 different Wnt genes have been identified to date, however, a complement of only 16 have been identified in man and for some of these the complete coding sequences are unavailable. We have recently isolated the full-length cDNA sequence of a new human WNT gene, WNT11, investigated its genomic organisation and performed detailed expression studies in early human embryos. These have shown that the expression of human WNT11 is restricted to the perichondrium of the developing skeleton, lung mesenchyme, the tips of the ureteric buds and other areas of the urogenital system and the cortex of the adrenal gland. This, for the first time, provides information for the embryonic expression of human WNT11. We have mapped WNT11 to 11q13.5 and this together with its expression in the perichondrium of the developing skeleton, makes it a plausible candidate gene for HBM, which has been previously linked to markers from this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lako
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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15
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Caubit X, Nicolas S, Le Parco Y. Possible roles for Wnt genes in growth and axial patterning during regeneration of the tail in urodele amphibians. Dev Dyn 1997; 210:1-10. [PMID: 9286590 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(199709)210:1<1::aid-aja1>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Urodele amphibians are nearly the only adult vertebrates able to regenerate their missing or amputated tail. An interesting aspect of this biological model lies in the ability of regenerates to differentiate the spinal cord (SC), the vertebral cartilage, and muscles. The main questions addressed in this study concern the possible roles of Wnt genes in these regenerative processes. We have previously reported the expression pattern of a Pleurodeles Waltl wnt-10a gene (Pwnt-10a) in tail blastema (Caubit et al. [1997] Dev. Dyn. 208:139-148). We report here the cloning and tissue distribution of three additional Wnt genes (Pwnt-5a, Pwnt-5b, and Pwnt-7a) in adult and regenerating tail tissues and in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult newt. In adult and regenerating tails, Pwnt-5a and Pwnt-5b transcripts exhibit a graded distribution along the antero-posterior (A-P) axis, the maximal accumulation of these transcripts being detected in the mesenchyme within the subectodermal apical region of the normal tail and blastema. In contrast to Pwnt-5a and Pwnt-5b, Pwnt-7a is expressed in adult normal tail skin and in the epidermis of the regenerating tail. In the adult CNS, Pwnt-5a, Pwnt-5b, Pwnt-7a, and Pwnt-10a genes are expressed in sharp overlapping but not identical domains along the A-P axis. The sustained expression of Wnt genes in the adult newt and the spatial distribution of transcripts in adult and regenerating tail tissues suggest roles of these genes in continuous growth capacities in the urodeles and may explain the ability for CNS and tail regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Caubit
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Laboratoire de Génétique et Physiologie du Développement UMR C 9943, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, France
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