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Marits P, Karlsson M, Dahl K, Larsson P, Wanders A, Thörn M, Winqvist O. Sentinel node lymphocytes: tumour reactive lymphocytes identified intraoperatively for the use in immunotherapy of colon cancer. Br J Cancer 2006; 94:1478-84. [PMID: 16641897 PMCID: PMC2361272 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sentinel node is the first lymph node to receive lymphatic drainage from a tumour and is usually the first site of metastases. Today, the sentinel node is used for tumour staging. Here, we focus on its immunological role and investigate lymphocytic function in sentinel nodes, identified intraoperatively by peritumoural dye injection, from 15 patients with colon cancer. Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes, sentinel and nonsentinel lymph node cells and peripheral blood leukocytes were studied by flow cytometry, proliferation assays and interferon-γ secretion after activation with autologous tumour homogenate. Whereas tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes were nonresponsive in the proliferation assays, lymphocytes from sentinel nodes proliferated dose dependently and secreted interferon-γ upon stimulation with tumour homogenate. The responses were of varying magnitude and tended to be weaker in metastatic sentinel nodes. Sentinel node lymphocytes represents an enriched source of tumour reactive lymphocytes, and may be useful in future trials of adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marits
- Department of Internal Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Clinical Allergy Research, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Karlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Clinical Allergy Research, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Dahl
- Department of Surgery, South Stockholm General Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Larsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Wanders
- Department of Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Thörn
- Department of Surgery, South Stockholm General Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - O Winqvist
- Department of Internal Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Clinical Allergy Research, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden. E-mail:
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Milchanowski AB, Henkenius AL, Narayanan M, Hartenstein V, Banerjee U. Identification and characterization of genes involved in embryonic crystal cell formation during Drosophila hematopoiesis. Genetics 2005; 168:325-39. [PMID: 15454546 PMCID: PMC1448098 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.104.028639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parallels between vertebrate and Drosophila hematopoiesis add to the value of flies as a model organism to gain insights into blood development. The Drosophila hematopoietic system is composed of at least three classes of terminally differentiated blood cells: plasmatocytes, crystal cells, and lamellocytes. Recent studies have identified transcriptional and signaling pathways in Drosophila involving proteins similar to those seen in human blood development. To identify additional genes involved in Drosophila hematopoiesis, we have conducted a P-element-based genetic screen to isolate mutations that affect embryonic crystal cell development. Using a marker of terminally differentiated crystal cells, we screened 1040 P-element-lethal lines located on the second and third chromosomes and identified 44 individual lines that affect crystal cell development. Identifying novel genes and pathways involved in Drosophila hematopoiesis is likely to provide further insights into mammalian hematopoietic development and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B Milchanowski
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
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Nagorsen D, Scheibenbogen C, Letsch A, Germer CT, Buhr HJ, Hegewisch-Becker S, Rivoltini L, Thiel E, Keilholz U. T cell responses against tumor associated antigens and prognosis in colorectal cancer patients. J Transl Med 2005; 3:3. [PMID: 15659244 PMCID: PMC546233 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-3-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Spontaneous T cell responses against specific tumor-associated antigens (TAA) are frequently detected in peripheral blood of tumor patients of various histiotypes. However, little is known about whether these circulating, spontaneously occurring, TAA-reactive T cells influence the clinical course of disease. METHODS: Fifty-four HLA-A2 positive colorectal cancer patients had been analyzed for the presence of T cell responses against epitopes derived from the TAA Ep-CAM, her-2/neu, and CEA either by ELISPOT assay or by intracellular cytokine staining. Then, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed comparing T-cell-responders and T-cell-non-responders. For comparison, a group of T-cell-non-responders was compiled stringently matched to T-cell-responders based on clinical criteria and also analyzed for survival. RESULTS: Sixteen out of 54 patients had a detectable T cell response against at least one of the three tested TAA. Two out of 21 patients (9.5%) with limited stage of disease (UICC I and II) and 14 out of 33 patients (42.4%) with advanced disease (UICC III and IV) were T cell response positive. Comparing all T-cell-responders (n = 16) and all T-cell-non-responders (n = 38), no survival difference was found. In an attempt to reduce the influence of confounding clinical factors, we then compared 16 responders and 16 non-responders in a matched group survival analysis; and again no survival difference was found (p = 0.7). CONCLUSION: In summary, we found no evidence that spontaneous peripheral T cell responses against HLA-A2-binding epitopes of CEA, her-2/neu and Ep-CAM are a strong prognostic factor for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Nagorsen
- Medical Department III, Hematology, Oncology, and Transfusion Medicine, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Scheibenbogen
- Medical Department III, Hematology, Oncology, and Transfusion Medicine, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Letsch
- Medical Department III, Hematology, Oncology, and Transfusion Medicine, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph-Thomas Germer
- Department of Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz-Johannes Buhr
- Department of Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Eckhard Thiel
- Medical Department III, Hematology, Oncology, and Transfusion Medicine, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Keilholz
- Medical Department III, Hematology, Oncology, and Transfusion Medicine, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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Houston A, Bennett MW, O'Sullivan GC, Shanahan F, O'Connell J. Fas ligand mediates immune privilege and not inflammation in human colon cancer, irrespective of TGF-beta expression. Br J Cancer 2003; 89:1345-51. [PMID: 14520470 PMCID: PMC2394303 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cancers express Fas ligand (FasL/CD95L) in vivo, and can kill lymphoid cells by Fas-mediated apoptosis in vitro. However, overexpression of recombinant FasL in murine tumour allografts revealed a potential antitumour effect of FasL, via recruitment of neutrophils. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) could inhibit these neutrophil-stimulatory effects of FasL. In the present study, we sought to determine directly whether FasL contributes to immune privilege or tumour rejection in human colon cancers in vivo, and whether TGF-β1 regulates FasL function. Serial tumour sections were immunostained for FasL and TGF-β1. Neutrophils and tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were detected by immunohistochemistry for lactoferrin and CD45, respectively. Apoptotic TIL were identified by dual staining for TUNEL/CD45. FasL expression by nests of tumour cells was associated with a mean four-fold depletion of TILs (range 1.8–33-fold, n=16, P<0.001), together with a two-fold increase in TIL apoptosis (range 1.6–2.5-fold, n=14, P<0.001), relative to FasL-negative nests within the same tumours. The overall level of neutrophils present in all tumours examined was low (mean 0.3%, n=16), with FasL expression by tumour nests associated with a mean two-fold decrease in neutrophils, irrespective of TGF-β1 expression. Together, our results suggest that tumour-expressed FasL is inhibitory rather than stimulatory towards antitumour immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Houston
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland, University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - M W Bennett
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland, University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - G C O'Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Mercy Hospital, National University of Ireland, University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - F Shanahan
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland, University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - J O'Connell
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland, University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland, University Hospital, Cork, Ireland. E-mail:
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Song E, Chen J, Ouyang N, Su F, Wang M, Heemann U. Soluble Fas ligand released by colon adenocarcinoma cells induces host lymphocyte apoptosis: an active mode of immune evasion in colon cancer. Br J Cancer 2001; 85:1047-54. [PMID: 11592778 PMCID: PMC2375090 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2001] [Revised: 06/11/2001] [Accepted: 06/14/2001] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of membrane-bound Fas ligand (mFasL) on colon cancer cells serves as a potential mechanism to inhibit host immune function by inducing apoptosis of host lymphocytes. Membrane-bound FasL can be cleaved and released as a soluble mediator (sFasL), which may spread the apoptosis induction effect. Our study examined whether colon adenocarcinoma cells release sFasL, and induce apoptosis of host lymphocytes without direct cell-cell contact. In 12 consecutive patients with colon adenocarcinoma mFasL was identified in the tumours, sFasL was measured in the sera and apoptosis identified in tumour-infiltrating and peripheral blood lymphocytes. To analyse the function of sFasL, colon cancer cells were primarily cultured; sFasL was isolated from supernatants, measured, incubated with Fas-bearing Jurkat cells, and the resulting apoptosis was analysed. Serum levels of sFasL were significantly elevated in all colon cancer patients with mFasL expression in tumour tissues (n = 8). In these patients, the number of apoptotic lymphocytes was significantly increased within tumour and peripheral blood. Furthermore, sFasL was present in the corresponding supernatants and induced apoptosis of Jurkat cells in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that mFasL-positive colon cancer cells release sFasL, and thus may induce apoptosis of host lymphocytes as a potential mechanism for immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Song
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
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Salman H, Bergman M, Bessler H, Wolloch Y, Punsky I, Djaldetti M. Effect of colon carcinoma cell supernatants on cytokine production and phagocytic capacity. Cancer Lett 2000; 159:197-203. [PMID: 10996732 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(00)00557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability of colon carcinoma cells to produce IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF alpha, and the effect of tumor cell supernatants (sups) on the capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to produce these three cytokines was examined. In addition, the effect of colon carcinoma cell sups on the engulfing capacity of phagocytic cells was detected. The results showed that IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF alpha levels were significantly higher in tumor cell sups compared with those of autologous colon mucosal cells obtained from healthy tissue. Tumor cell sups caused a decrease in both phagocytic capacity, and the number of latex particles engulfed by each individual cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Salman
- Department of Medicine C, Rabin Medical Center, Golda Campus, Petah Tiqva, Israel
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