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Fröhlich LF, Mrakovcic M, Smole C, Zatloukal K. Molecular mechanism leading to SAHA-induced autophagy in tumor cells: evidence for a p53-dependent pathway. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:68. [PMID: 27601937 PMCID: PMC5011867 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies indicated that histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), a class of anticancer agents, are in addition to their ability of apoptosis induction also capable of provoking autophagy. Promoted by the treatment of malignant uterine sarcoma cells with the HDACi suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), we previously demonstrated predominant dose-dependent activation of autophagy in ESS-1 cells, but prevalent induction of apoptosis in MES-SA cells. Methods In order to extend our previous studies, SAHA-treated ESS-1 and MES-SA cells were monitored for protein expression to reveal differences in known markers of apoptosis explaining the different cytotoxic responses. Further analysis of the identified candidate protein included cell rescue experiments by gene transfer followed by subsequent screening of cells for induction of apoptosis and autophagy by immunoblotting, caspase activity as well as LC3 and MDC/PI staining. LDH release assays were performed to assess the amount of cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Results In our search for responsible autophagic regulatory genes upstream of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), we now discovered that, in contrast to MES-SA cells, a TP53-637C>T nonsense mutation located in the transactivating domain of the oncogenic suppressor p53 causes loss of its protein and consequently reduced PUMA induction in ESS-1 cells. Upon re-introduction of wild-type TP53, SAHA-treated ESS-1 cells underwent immediate apoptotic cell death as supported by upregulation of PUMA and caspase-9 as well as by activation of caspases-3 and -7 and PARP-1 cleavage. Concurrent downregulation of autophagy was noticed by upregulated mTor and phospho-mTOR expression as well as monitoring autophagosome formation employing LC3 and MDC staining. Previously, cytoplasmic master regulatory activities of the oncogenic suppressor p53 in inhibiting autophagy and triggering apoptosis were unravelled. Accordingly, p53-deficiency could explain both, the previously documented apoptosis resistance and prevailing SAHA-induced autophagy in ESS-1 cells. Using MES-SA cells with RNAi-silenced p53 expression and several p53-deficient tumor cell lines undergoing SAHA-induced autophagy, we could generally validate our finding suggesting an inhibitory role for p53 in the autophagic pathway in response to SAHA treatment. Conclusions Conclusively, these results could identify cytoplasmic p53 protein as a molecular switch that directly mediates the cytotoxic response of SAHA and thus open new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold F Fröhlich
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 25, 8036 Graz, Austria.,Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Maria Mrakovcic
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstrasse 15, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Claudia Smole
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 25, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 25, 8036 Graz, Austria
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Kato T, Ishikawa K, Satoh M, Kondo S, Kaji M. Pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung arising in a patient with Li-Fraumeni syndrome: report of a case. Surg Today 2011; 41:841-5. [PMID: 21626334 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-010-4359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We herein report the case of a patient with Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) who developed lung pleomorphic carcinoma. A 28-year-old female patient with a family history of early-onset malignancies was diagnosed with lung carcinoma and treated by surgical resection. Histological examination revealed a heterogeneous tumor with epithelial and mesenchymal components. The final pathological diagnosis was pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma. In this patient, a constitutional mutation at codon 213 in exon 6 of the p53 gene was identified in the peripheral lymphocytes and the resected tumor, and LFS was suspected. This mutation causes a nonsense mutation (Arg-to-Stop codon) that has been shown to attenuate p53 function. This is the first report of pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma developing in an LFS patient, and may suggest a relationship between germline p53 mutation and carcinogenesis in pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kato
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sapporo Minami-sanjo Hospital, S3, W6, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-0063, Japan
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3
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Westhof G, Olbrecht M, Wolff M, Schiermeier S, Zimmermann RC, Hatzmann W. Testing of Functional Integrity of p53 Protein in Primary Breast Cancer by a Rapid Quantitative p53-p21<sup>WAF1</sup> Double Assay May Improve the Clinical Value of p53. Tumour Biol 2006; 27:252-60. [PMID: 16864977 DOI: 10.1159/000094706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that inclusion of p21(WAF1), an indicator of biological function, into the p53 assay might improve the clinical value of p53 in breast cancer diagnosis. In primary breast carcinomas (n = 146) and healthy/benign controls (n = 40), the p53 protein was quantified by luminescence immunoassay. The p21 protein was simultaneously measured by quantitative ELISA in a representative subgroup of breast cancers (n = 52) and controls (n = 17). In controls, p53 but not p21 was detectable. In almost all cancer tissues, p53 and p21 expression could be quantified. There was no correlation between the concentrations of both proteins. However, if p53 exceeded a threshold of 1.0 ng/mg protein, p21 expression was significantly reduced compared with samples with p53 below threshold. p21 was normally distributed in the low-p53 subpopulation, but not in the high-p53 group. The histologic parameter 'grade III' was more often found (p = 0.002) in tumors with p53 >1.0 ng/mg protein than in those with p53 below the threshold. Histological criteria of high tumor malignancy were found more often in cases with high p53 but low p21. Consequently, in clinical routine, a quantitative double assay of p53 and p21(WAF1) might help to discriminate breast cancers with preserved or impaired/lost p53 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Westhof
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Witten/Herdecke School of Medicine, Witten, Germany.
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Feki A, Irminger-Finger I. Mutational spectrum of p53 mutations in primary breast and ovarian tumors. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2005; 52:103-16. [PMID: 15501075 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2004.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast and ovarian cancers, like other cancers, occur due to genetic damage. Research aimed to determine the specific genes involved in the development of breast and ovarian cancers will help to understand how normal breast and ovarian epithelial cells escape regulation of proliferation, apoptosis and senescence. It was determined that approximately 10% of ovarian cancers and 20-30% of breast cancers arise in women who have inherited mutations in cancer susceptibility genes such as BRCA1, BRCA2 and other DNA repair genes. The ability to perform genetic testing permits the identification of women at increased risk who can then be offered preventive strategies. The vast majority of ovarian and breast cancers are sporadic, presumably resulting from the accumulation of genetic damage over lifetime. Several genes involved in breast and ovarian carcinogenesis have been identified, most notably the p53 tumor suppressor. The recent availability of expression microarrays has facilitated the simultaneous screening of thousands of genes and this will extend further the understanding of molecular events involved in the dynamic development of ovarian and breast cancers. Then, all this knowledge could be translated into effective screening, surveillance, prevention, and treatment strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Feki
- Biology of Aging Laboratory and Monitoring Laboratory, Department of Geriatrics, University and University Hospitals of Geneva, Chemin de Petit Bel Air 2, Chêne-Bourg, Geneva CH-1225, Switzerland
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Yamanishi Y, Boyle DL, Rosengren S, Green DR, Zvaifler NJ, Firestein GS. Regional analysis of p53 mutations in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:10025-30. [PMID: 12119414 PMCID: PMC126618 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.152333199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2002] [Accepted: 06/04/2002] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor protein plays a central role in cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, and apoptosis. Recent studies indicate that DNA damage and somatic mutations in the p53 gene can occur because of genotoxic stress in many tissues, including the skin, colon, and synovium. Although somatic mutations in the p53 gene have been demonstrated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue and synoviocytes, no information is available on the location or extent of p53 mutations. Using microdissected RA synovial tissue sections, we observed abundant p53 transition mutations, which are characteristic DNA damage caused by oxidative stress. p53 mutations, as well as p53 mRNA expression, were located mainly in the synovial intimal lining rather than the sublining (P < 0.01). Clusters of p53 mutant subclones were observed in some microdissected regions, suggesting oligoclonal expansion. Because IL-6 gene expression is regulated by wild-type p53, IL-6 mRNA expression in microdissected tissues was quantified by using real-time PCR. The regions with high rates of p53 mutations contained significantly greater amounts of IL-6 mRNA compared with the low mutation samples (P < 0.02). The microdissection findings suggest that p53 mutations are induced in RA synovial tissues by inflammatory oxidative stress. This process, as in sun-exposed skin and inflamed colonic epithelium, provides some of the mutant clones with a selective growth advantage. A relatively low percentage of cells containing p53 mutations can potentially affect neighboring cells and enhance inflammation through the elaboration of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Yamanishi
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Schuyer M, van der Burg ME, Henzen-Logmans SC, Fieret JH, Klijn JG, Look MP, Foekens JA, Stoter G, Berns EM. Reduced expression of BAX is associated with poor prognosis in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer: a multifactorial analysis of TP53, p21, BAX and BCL-2. Br J Cancer 2001; 85:1359-67. [PMID: 11720475 PMCID: PMC2375252 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.2101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional clinicopathological features do not predict which patients will develop chemotherapy resistance. The TP53 gene is frequently altered in ovarian cancer but its prognostic implications are controversial. Little is known on the impact of TP53-downstream genes on prognosis. Using molecular and immunohistochemical analyses we examined TP53 and its downstream genes p21, BAX and BCL-2 in ovarian tumour tissues and have evaluated the results in relation to clinico-pathological parameters, clinical outcome and response to platinum-based chemotherapy. Associations of tested factors and patient and tumour characteristics were studied by Spearman rank correlation and Pearsons chi2 test. The Cox proportional hazard model was used for univariate and multivariate analysis. The associations of tested factors with response was tested using logistic regression analysis. TP53 mutation, p21 and BCL-2 expression were not associated with increased rates of progression and death. Expression of TP53 was associated with a shorter overall survival only (relative hazard rate [RHR] 2.01, P = 0.03). Interestingly, when combining TP53 mutation and expression data, this resulted in an increased association with overall survival (P = 0.008). BAX expression was found to be associated with both progression-free (RHR 0.44, P = 0.05) and overall survival (RHR 0.42, P = 0.03). Those patients who simultaneously expressed BAX and BCL-2 had a longer progression-free and overall survival compared to patients whose tumours did not express BCL-2 (P = 0.05 and 0.015 respectively). No relations were observed between tested factors and response to platinum-based chemotherapy. We conclude that BAX expression may represent a prognostic indicator for patients with ovarian cancer and that the combined evaluation of BAX and BCL-2 may provide additional prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schuyer
- Department of Medical Oncology (Division of Endocrine Oncology), University Hospital Rotterdam/DDHK, The Netherlands
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Mostert M, Rosenberg C, Stoop H, Schuyer M, Timmer A, Oosterhuis W, Looijenga L. Comparative genomic and in situ hybridization of germ cell tumors of the infantile testis. J Transl Med 2000; 80:1055-64. [PMID: 10908150 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal information on germ cell tumors of the infantile testis, ie, teratomas and yolk sac tumors, is limited and controversial. We studied two teratomas and four yolk sac tumors using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and in situ hybridization. No chromosomal anomalies were found in the teratomas by any of the methods, not even after CGH on microdissected tumor cells. All yolk sac tumors showed aneuploidy, loss of parts of 4q and 6q, and gain of parts of 20q. Underrepresentation of parts of 8q and overrepresentation of parts of 3p, 9q, 12p, 17, 19q, and 22 were detected in most cases. In addition, one recurrent yolk sac tumor after a sacral teratoma was studied, showing a highly similar pattern of imbalances. While CGH demonstrated loss of 1p36 in one testicular yolk sac tumor, in situ hybridization revealed loss of this region in all yolk sac tumors. High-level amplification of the 12q13-q14 region was found in one yolk sac tumor. MDM2, of which the encoding gene maps to this chromosomal region, was found in all cases using immunohistochemistry, whereas no p53 could be detected. Accordingly, no mutations within exons 5 to 8 of the p53 gene were observed. These data prove the absence of gross chromosomal aberrations in teratomas of the infantile testis and show a characteristic pattern of gains and losses in the yolk sac tumors. Besides confirmation of previously found anomalies, recurrent losses of 1p21-31 and 4q23-33 and gains of 9q34 and 12p12-13 have not been reported before. While genetic inactivation of p53 seems unimportant in the pathogenesis of these tumors, biochemical inactivation by MDM2 might be involved. These data support the existence of three entities of germ cell tumors of the human testis: teratomas and yolk sac tumors of infants, seminomas and nonseminomas of adolescents and young adults, and spermatocytic seminomas of the elderly, each with its own specific pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mostert
- Pathology/Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, University Hospital Rotterdam/Daniel, Josephine Nefkens Institute, The Netherlands
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Kuenen-Boumeester V, Henzen-Logmans SC, Timmermans MM, van Staveren IL, van Geel A, Peeterse HJ, Bonnema J, Berns EM. Altered expression of p53 and its regulated proteins in phyllodes tumours of the breast. J Pathol 1999; 189:169-75. [PMID: 10547570 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199910)189:2<169::aid-path408>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The histological characteristics of phyllodes tumours of the breast are often not related to their clinical outcome. Additional studies must therefore be performed to investigate the possible relationship of cell biological parameters to the biological behaviour of these tumours. The expression of Ki-67, p53, and its regulated proteins has been studied in 19 primary phyllodes tumours, from patients with known follow-up, using immunohistochemical and molecular biological techniques. Overexpression of the p53 protein was observed in four cases and mutation in two cases. In only one case, the sequence alteration, at codon 273, was associated with overexpression of p53 protein and with strong expression of Ki-67 (30 per cent). This alteration was found in the primary, the recurrent, and the metastatic tumour samples. Moreover, the same p53 gene mutation, Arg273Cys, was detected in all tumour samples. No mutation was found in adjacent normal breast tissue, indicating that this was an acquired mutation. Unexpectedly, strong BAX expression was observed in the primary tumour. The patient died during the follow-up period. It is concluded that p53 gene status and an accumulation of BAX, both involved in the same apoptosis-controlling pathway, may be of prognostic relevance in phyllodes tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kuenen-Boumeester
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Rotterdam/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
The identification of the breast/ovarian susceptibility genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2 was an important advancement in the field of breast and ovarian cancer research. About 40-50% of site specific hereditary breast cancers and up to 80% of hereditary breast-ovarian cancers result from mutations in the BRCA1 gene. Although BRCA1 mediates multiple functions in the cell, including a role in DNA damage repair and gene transcription, the role of BRCA1 has not completely been elucidated yet. It has been suggested that mutational inactivation of TP53 may be required for BRCA1-associated tumorigenesis. Several studies have shown that TP53 is more frequently inactivated in BRCA1-associated tumors than in sporadic breast or ovarian cancer. Up to 90% of BRCA1-associated tumors harbor either a TP53 mutation and/or TP53 protein accumulation. The remaining tumors may well have other alterations affecting the cell cycle checkpoint. Loss of this checkpoint may be obligatory for BRCA1-tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss recent advances in BRCA1-research and stress the pivotal role TP53 may play in BRCA1-associated carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schuyer
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Rotterdam, Josephine Nefkens Institute, The Netherlands
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10
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Schuyer M, Henzen-Logmans SC, van der Burg ME, Fieret JH, Derksen C, Look MP, Meijer-van Gelder ME, Klijn JG, Foekens JA, Berns EM. Genetic alterations in ovarian borderline tumours and ovarian carcinomas. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1999; 82:147-50. [PMID: 10206406 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-2115(98)00217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Schuyer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center/University Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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