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Habib GM, Ramadan A, El-Ansary M, Abdellatif Z, El-Serafy M, Okasha H. Value of pancreatic cyst fluid SPINK1 and glucose in differentiating potentially malignant cysts from those of benign nature: A prospective cohort study. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:348-354. [PMID: 35848704 PMCID: PMC9752528 DOI: 10.4103/sjg.sjg_81_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of malignant pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) is challenging as there is no investigation that offers both high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for a definite diagnosis. Accurate diagnosis of cyst type is vital in order to not miss opportunities for early treatment of potentially malignant lesions and to avoid unnecessary surgeries. Serine protease inhibitor Kazal type I (SPINK1) and glucose are promising cyst fluid markers for differentiation of mucinous from non-mucinous cysts. We aim to validate the value of SPINK1 and glucose in detecting potentially malignant PCLs. METHODS A prospective study was conducted on 80 patients presenting with PCLs. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) evaluation of detailed cyst morphology and EUS with fine needle aspiration (FNA) were done. Fluid analysis for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), glucose and SPINK1 and cytopathology were done. We compared these data with the final diagnosis based on cytopathological and postoperative histopathological examination. RESULTS Cyst fluid SPINK1 was significantly higher in malignant or potentially malignant cysts compared to benign cysts (0.91 vs 0.47 ng/ml; P = 0.001). Also, glucose was significantly lower in malignant or potentially malignant cysts compared to benign cysts (21.5 vs 68.5 mg/dl; P = 0.0001). Glucose and SPINK1 had the best sensitivity and specificity for differentiating mucinous from non-mucinous cysts with 84.78% and 73.53% (AUC 0.76; 95% CI [0.65-0.88]; cutoff value = 42 mg/dl), and 70.59% and 65.22% (AUC 0.72; 95% CI [0.64-0.86]; cutoff value = 0.58 ug/L) respectively. CEA level >192 ng/ml, high SPINK1 level and lymph node enlargement were the independent predictors of malignant cysts. CONCLUSION Cyst fluid SPINK1 and glucose are promising diagnostic markers for the diagnosis of potentially malignant PCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada M. Habib
- Department of Hepatology and Endemic Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt,Address for correspondence: Dr. Ghada M. Habib, Hepatology and Gastroenterology at Kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, 130 3rd District, Al Hadaba Al Wosta, Mokattam, Cairo, Egypt. E-mail:
| | - Ahmed Ramadan
- Department of Hepatology and Endemic Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mervat El-Ansary
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zeinab Abdellatif
- Department of Hepatology and Endemic Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Magdy El-Serafy
- Department of Hepatology and Endemic Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hussein Okasha
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Gastroenterology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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2
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Sjöblom A, Stenman UH, Hagström J, Jouhi L, Haglund C, Syrjänen S, Mattila P, Mäkitie A, Carpén T. Tumor-Associated Trypsin Inhibitor (TATI) as a Biomarker of Poor Prognosis in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Irrespective of HPV Status. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112811. [PMID: 34199993 PMCID: PMC8200219 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We studied the role of tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) in serum and in tumor tissues among human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and HPV-negative OPSCC patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study cohort included 90 OPSCC patients treated at the Helsinki University Hospital (HUS), Helsinki, Finland, in 2012-2016. TATI serum concentrations (S-TATIs) were determined by an immunofluorometric assay. Immunostaining was used to assess tissue expression. HPV status was determined with a combination of p16 immunohistochemistry and HPV DNA PCR genotyping. The survival endpoints were overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). RESULTS A significant correlation was found between S-TATI positivity and poor OS (p < 0.001) and DSS (p = 0.04) in all patients. In HPV-negative cases, S-TATI positivity was linked to poor OS (p = 0.01) and DSS (p = 0.05). In HPV-positive disease, S-TATI positivity correlated with poor DSS (p = 0.01). S-TATI positivity was strongly associated with HPV negativity. TATI serum was negatively linked to a lower cancer stage. TATI expression in peritumoral lymphocytes was associated with favorable OS (p < 0.025) and HPV positivity. TATI expression in tumor and in peritumoral lymphocytes correlated with lower cancer stages. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that S-TATI positivity may be a biomarker of poor prognosis in both HPV-positive and HPV-negative OPSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Sjöblom
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.H.); (T.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 63, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Jaana Hagström
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.H.); (T.C.)
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Biology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, FI-20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Lauri Jouhi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 263, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland; (L.J.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Caj Haglund
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Biology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 440, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stina Syrjänen
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, FI-20520 Turku, Finland;
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Petri Mattila
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 263, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland; (L.J.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Antti Mäkitie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 263, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland; (L.J.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
- Division of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Carpén
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.H.); (T.C.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 263, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland; (L.J.); (P.M.); (A.M.)
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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3
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The association between hepatitis C virus infection and renal cell cancer, prostate cancer, and bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10833. [PMID: 34035396 PMCID: PMC8149817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To update the current evidence on whether hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represents a possible risk factor for renal cell cancer (RCC), prostate cancer (PCa), and bladder cancer (BC). We searched the literature on Pubmed, Web of Science, and Embases before April 2021. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed. Finally, we extracted 12 studies based on the eligible criteria. Across 11 studies for HCV and RCC, the incorporated RR was 1.28 (95% CI 1.05–1.55), which meant that participants with HCV infection were associated with higher RCC risk. The pooled RR in hazard ratio (HR) subgroup (HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.22–2.08), cohort studies subgroup (RR 1.47, 95% CI 1.18–1.82), and North America subgroup (RR 1.71, 95% CI 1.40–2.09) detected a stronger association between HCV and RCC risk. Although an inverse association was seen for PCa (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.54–1.03) across seven studies, it was not statistically significant (P = 0.075). There was no significant association between HCV and BC with an incorporated RR of 0.92 (95% CI, 0.82–1.03) across five studies. Our study demonstrated that HCV infection was significantly associated with increased RCC risk. There appeared to be an inverse association for HCV in PCa risk but not statistically significant. No significant association was found between HCV and BC risk. Prospective, large-scale, and well-designed cohort studies are required to validate the association between HCV and RCC, and to investigate the role of HCV on PCa.
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4
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Tornberg SV, Nisen H, Järvinen P, Järvinen R, Kilpeläinen TP, Taari K, Stenman UH, Visapää H. Serum tumour associated trypsin inhibitor, as a biomarker for survival in renal cell carcinoma. Scand J Urol 2020; 54:413-419. [PMID: 32748674 DOI: 10.1080/21681805.2020.1798501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumour associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) is a peptide that is a marker for several tumours. TATI may also behave as an acute phase reactant in severe inflammatory disease. Overexpression of TATI predicts an unfavourable outcome for many cancers. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of pre- and postoperative concentration of TATI in serum (S-TATI) of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS S-TATI was determined by time resolved immunofluorometric assay in preoperative and postoperative samples that were collected from 132 RCC patients, who underwent partial or complete nephrectomy in Helsinki University Hospital from May 2005 to July 2010. RESULTS Preoperative S-TATI was significantly associated with tumour stage, lymph-node involvement, metastatic stage, Chronic Kidney Disease Stage (CKD grade), and preoperative C-reactive protein level (p < 0.05). Postoperative S-TATI was significantly associated only with CKD grade (p < 0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis of postoperative S-TATI, as a continuous variable, was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (HR = 1.01, 95% CI = 1.00-1.01, p = 0.03) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) (HR = 1.01, 95% CI = 1.00-1.02, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that elevated postoperative S-TATI may be associated with adverse prognosis in RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara V Tornberg
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harry Nisen
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petrus Järvinen
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Järvinen
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas P Kilpeläinen
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kimmo Taari
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Visapää
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Baldin AV, Grishina AN, Korolev DO, Kuznetsova EB, Golovastova MO, Kalpinskiy AS, Alekseev BY, Kaprin AD, Zinchenko DV, Savvateeva LV, Varshavsky VA, Zernii EY, Vinarov AZ, Bazhin AV, Philippov PP, Zamyatnin AA. Autoantibody against arrestin-1 as a potential biomarker of renal cell carcinoma. Biochimie 2018; 157:26-37. [PMID: 30389514 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the second-most common uronephrological cancer. In the absence of specific symptoms, early diagnosis of RCC is challenging. Monitoring of the aberrant expression of tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) and related autoantibody response is considered as a novel approach of RCC diagnostics. The aim of this study was to examine the aberrant expression of arrestin-1 in renal tumours, to investigate the possible epigenetic mechanism underlying arrestin-1 expression, and to assess the frequency of anti-arrestin-1 autoantibody response. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the presence of arrestin-1 in primary tumours and metastases of 39 patients with RCC and renal oncocytoma. Bisulfite sequencing was employed to analyse the methylation status of the promoter of the SAG gene encoding arrestin-1. Western blot analysis was performed to detect autoantibodies against arrestin-1 in serum samples of 36 RCC and oncocytoma patients. Arrestin-1 was found to be expressed in RCC (58.7% of cases) and renal oncocytoma (90% of cases) cells, while being absent in healthy kidney. The expression of arrestin-1 in RCC metastases was more prominent than in primary tumours. Hypomethylation of the SAG gene promoter is unlikely to be the mechanism for the aberrant expression of arrestin-1. Autoantibodies against arrestin-1 were detected in sera of 75% of RCC patients. Taken together, our findings suggest employment of autoantibody against arrestin-1 as biomarker of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Baldin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alena N Grishina
- Anatomic Pathology Department, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dmitry O Korolev
- Institute of Uronephrology and Human Reproductive Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina B Kuznetsova
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia; Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Marina O Golovastova
- Department of Cell Signalling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey S Kalpinskiy
- P.A. Hertzen Moscow Oncology Research Center, National Medical Research Center of Radiology, 125284, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Y Alekseev
- P.A. Hertzen Moscow Oncology Research Center, National Medical Research Center of Radiology, 125284, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey D Kaprin
- P.A. Hertzen Moscow Oncology Research Center, National Medical Research Center of Radiology, 125284, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dmitry V Zinchenko
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290 Russia.
| | - Lyudmila V Savvateeva
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Varshavsky
- Anatomic Pathology Department, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeni Yu Zernii
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia; Department of Cell Signalling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Andrey Z Vinarov
- Institute of Uronephrology and Human Reproductive Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexandr V Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Pavel P Philippov
- Department of Cell Signalling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia; Department of Cell Signalling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
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6
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An immunocapture-LC-MS-based assay for serum SPINK1 allows simultaneous quantification and detection of SPINK1 variants. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:1679-1688. [PMID: 29318362 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0803-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) is a 6420 Da peptide produced by the pancreas, but also by several other tissues and many tumors. Some mutations of the SPINK1 gene, like the one causing amino acid change N34S, have been shown to confer susceptibility to recurrent or chronic pancreatitis. Detection of such variants are therefore of clinical utility. So far SPINK1 variants have been determined by DNA techniques. We have developed and validated an immunocapture-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric (IC-LC-MS) assay for the detection and quantification of serum SPINK1, N34S-SPINK1, and P55S-SPINK1. We compared this method with a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay (TR-IFMA) for serum samples and primer extension analysis of DNA samples. We used serum and DNA samples from patients with acute pancreatitis, renal cell carcinoma, or benign urological conditions. With the help of a zygosity score calculated from the respective peak areas using the formula wild-type (wt) SPINK1/(variant SPINK1 + wt SPINK1), we were able to correctly characterize the heterozygotes and homozygotes from the samples with DNA information. The score was then used to characterize the apparent zygosity of the samples with no DNA characterization. The IC-LC-MS method for SPINK1 was linear over the concentration range 0.5-1000 μg/L. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 0.5 μg/L. The IC-LC-MS and the TR-IFMA assays showed good correlation. The median zygosity score was 1.00 (95% CI 0.98-1.01, n = 11), 0.55 (95% CI 0.43-0.61, n = 14), and 0.05 (range 0.04-0.07, n = 3) for individuals found to be wt, heterozygous, and homozygous, respectively, for the N34S-SPINK1 variant by DNA analysis. When DNA samples are not available, this assay facilitates identification of the N34S- and P55S-SPINK1 variants also in archival serum samples.
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7
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Abstract
Epidemiologic studies show an increased risk of mortality among hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected individuals compared with uninfected individuals from hepatic and nonhepatic causes. This article reviews the biologic plausibility of and epidemiologic evidence for the association between HCV and five extrahepatic malignancies: cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), pancreatic adenocarcinoma, papillary thyroid cancer, oral squamous cell cancer, and renal/kidney cancer. There is sufficient evidence to suggest that HCV is associated with intrahepatic CCA. The evidence for the link between HCV and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, oral squamous cell cancer, and renal/kidney cancer is compelling but requires further study. Based on available studies, there is no significant association between HCV, extrahepatic CCA, and papillary thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Balakrishnan
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Matthew T Glover
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fasiha Kanwal
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medicine, Houston VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2002 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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8
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Shek FH, Luo R, Lam BYH, Sung WK, Lam TW, Luk JM, Leung MS, Chan KT, Wang HK, Chan CM, Poon RT, Lee NP. Serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) as novel downstream effector of the cadherin-17/β-catenin axis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2017. [PMID: 28631187 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-017-0332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer worldwide. Previously, we reported that cadherin-17 (CDH17) and its related CDH17/β-catenin axis may be responsible for inducing HCC in a subset of patients exhibiting CDH17 over-expression. Here we aimed at obtaining a better understanding of the CDH17-related HCC biology and to obtain further indications for the design of targeted therapies in CDH17 over-expressing HCC patients. RESULTS We found that SPINK1 acts as a downstream effector of the CDH17/β-catenin axis in HCC. In addition, we found that SPINK1 expression exhibited a positive correlation with CDH17 expression in human HCCs and was over-expressed in up to 70% of the tumors. We identified SPINK1 as a downstream effector of the CDH17/β-catenin axis using a spectrum of in vitro assays, including gene expression modulation and inhibitor assays, bioinformatics analyses and luciferase reporter assays. These in vitro results were validated in primary human HCCs, including the observation that alteration in β-catenin expression (a core component of the CDH17/β-catenin axis) in tumors affects SPINK1 serum levels in HCC patients. Similar to CDH17, SPINK1 expression in HCC cells was found to be associated with specific tumor-related properties via activating the c-Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our current data substantiate our knowledge on the role of CDH17 in the biology of HCC and suggest that components of the CDH17/β-catenin axis may serve as therapeutic targets in CDH17 over-expressing HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix H Shek
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Ruibang Luo
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Brian Y H Lam
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Wing Kin Sung
- School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, 138672, Singapore
| | - Tak-Wah Lam
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - John M Luk
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ming Sum Leung
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kin Tak Chan
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Hector K Wang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chung Man Chan
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Ronnie T Poon
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Nikki P Lee
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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9
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Hepatitis C Virus and Nonliver Solid Cancers: Is There an Association between HCV and Cancers of the Pancreas, Thyroid, Kidney, Oral Cavity, Breast, Lung, and Gastrointestinal Tract? Gastroenterol Res Pract 2017; 2017:8349150. [PMID: 28553352 PMCID: PMC5434473 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8349150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is known for its oncogenic potential and has been found to be associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It has also been postulated that HCV may play a role in the development of other extrahepatic solid tumors of other organs of the body since it has been isolated from the vessel wall, kidney, and oral mucosa. In this article, we have reviewed epidemiological studies that have been done to look into the relationship of HCV with nonliver solid cancers of the pancreas, thyroid, renal, oral cavity, breast, and lung and nonpancreatic gastrointestinal cancers. Based on this review, HCV might be associated with an increased risk of renal cell and lung cancers.
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10
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Golovastova MO, Korolev DO, Tsoy LV, Varshavsky VA, Xu WH, Vinarov AZ, Zernii EY, Philippov PP, Zamyatnin AA. Biomarkers of Renal Tumors: the Current State and Clinical Perspectives. Curr Urol Rep 2017; 18:3. [PMID: 28110463 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-017-0655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) ranks the first death rate among the urogenital tumors, whereas its incidence follows the incidences of prostate and bladder cancer. The diagnosis of RCC at early stages allows immediately undertaking appropriate treatment, which significantly increases patients' survival rate. Early and accurate diagnosis avoids inadequate treatment, provides the disease progression forecast, and permits to apply more efficient therapy. Unfortunately, the small renal tumors are usually asymptomatic resulting in the late diagnosis and, therefore, low efficacy of treatment. Thus, sensible and preventive biomarkers are essential for early RCC detection and monitoring of its progression. So far, many attempts were performed aimed at recognizing novel informative kidney tumor biomarkers applicable for early detection of the disease and possessing prognostic and predictive capabilities. This review summarizes recent advances in renal tumor biomarkers recognition, their diagnostic and prognostic values, and clinical feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina O Golovastova
- Department of Cell Signaling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry O Korolev
- Institute of Uronephrology and Human Reproductive Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Larisa V Tsoy
- Anatomic Pathology Department, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Varshavsky
- Anatomic Pathology Department, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Wan-Hai Xu
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Andrey Z Vinarov
- Institute of Uronephrology and Human Reproductive Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeni Yu Zernii
- Department of Cell Signaling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel P Philippov
- Department of Cell Signaling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Department of Cell Signaling, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia. .,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
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Räsänen K, Itkonen O, Koistinen H, Stenman UH. Emerging Roles of SPINK1 in Cancer. Clin Chem 2015; 62:449-57. [PMID: 26656134 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2015.241513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) was originally isolated from the urine of a patient with ovarian cancer. It was later shown to be produced by many other tumors and several normal tissues. It had earlier been isolated from the pancreas and was hence called pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI). It belongs to a family of protease inhibitors presently called serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type (SPINK). In the SPINK family TATI/PSTI is SPINK1, which is the name used in this review. CONTENT In addition to being a protease inhibitor, SPINK1 also acts as an acute-phase reactant and a growth factor. Furthermore, it has been shown to modulate apoptosis. Overexpression of SPINK1 predicts an unfavorable outcome in several cancers and determination of SPINK1 in serum can be used to identify patients at increased risk of aggressive disease. Thus serum SPINK1 can be used as a prognostic tumor marker. Because SPINK1 acts as a growth factor and an inhibitor of apoptosis in some cancers, it has also been suggested that it can be a therapeutic target in cancer. However, because SPINK1 is the major physiological inhibitor of trypsin, inhibition of SPINK1 may increase the risk of pancreatitis. SUMMARY Taking into account the many functions of SPINK1, assessing the role of SPINK1 in cancer has several potentially important clinical applications ranging from a biomarker to a potential new target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Räsänen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Itkonen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland, Laboratory Division (HUSLAB), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland, Laboratory Division (HUSLAB), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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SPINK1 promotes colorectal cancer progression by downregulating Metallothioneins expression. Oncogenesis 2015; 4:e162. [PMID: 26258891 PMCID: PMC4632074 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2015.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world, and second leading cause of cancer deaths in the US. Although, anti-EGFR therapy is commonly prescribed for CRC, patients harboring mutations in KRAS or BRAF show poor treatment response, indicating an ardent demand for new therapeutic targets discovery. SPINK1 (serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 1) overexpression has been identified in many cancers including the colon, lung, breast and prostate. Our study demonstrates the functional significance of SPINK1 in CRC progression and metastases. Stable knockdown of SPINK1 significantly decreases cell proliferation, invasion and soft agar colony formation in the colon adenocarcinoma WiDr cells. Conversely, an increase in these oncogenic phenotypes was observed on stimulation with SPINK1-enriched conditioned media (CM) in multiple benign models such as murine colonic epithelial cell lines, MSIE and YAMC (SPINK3-negative). Mechanistically, SPINK1 promotes tumorigenic phenotype by activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K/AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling pathways, and the SPINK1-positive WiDr cells are sensitive to AKT and MEK inhibitors. Importantly, SPINK1 silencing mediated upregulation of various Metallothionein isoforms, considered as tumor suppressors in CRC, confer sensitivity to doxorubicin, which strengthens the rationale for using the combinatorial treatment approach for the SPINK1-positive CRC patients. Furthermore, in vivo studies using chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay, murine xenograft studies and metastasis models further suggest a pivotal role of SPINK1 in CRC progression and metastasis. Taken together, our study demonstrates an important role for the overexpressed SPINK1 in CRC disease progression, a phenomenon that needs careful evaluation towards effective therapeutic target development.
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Hass HG, Jobst J, Vogel U, Scheurlen M, Nehls O. Overexpression of Tumor-Associated Trypsin Inhibitor (SPINK1/TATI) in Hepatitis C-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Potential Implications for Viral Hepatocarcinogenesis. Oncol Res Treat 2014; 37:732-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000369151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Itkonen O, Stenman UH. TATI as a biomarker. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 431:260-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Lyytinen I, Lempinen M, Nordin A, Mäkisalo H, Stenman UH, Isoniemi H. Prognostic significance of tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) and human chorionic gonadotropin-β (hCGβ) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013; 48:1066-73. [PMID: 23889187 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2013.805810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer and the third most frequent cause of cancer death worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of serum tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) and the free β subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCGβ) in patients with HCC. METHODS The serum concentrations of TATI and hCGβ were determined by time-resolved immunofluorometric assays (IFMA) in pretreatment serum samples from 144 patients with HCC. Clinical data were retrieved from patient records and survival data obtained from Statistics Finland. RESULTS The overall cumulative disease-specific survival was 69% at 1 year, 50% at 2 years and 33% at 5 years. Disease-specific median survival time was 26 months. The overall survival in patients with low serum concentrations of TATI or hCGβ was statistically significantly better than in patients with elevated concentrations (p = 0.003 and 0.003, respectively). In multivariate analysis, both serum TATI and serum hCGβ were independent prognostic markers. CONCLUSION The results imply that elevated serum concentrations of TATI and hCGβ are predictors of adverse prognosis in patients with HCC and appear to be useful adjuncts in predicting prognosis in patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Lyytinen
- Department of Transplantation and Liver Surgery, Clinic of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Räty S, Sand J, Laukkarinen J, Vasama K, Bassi C, Salvia R, Nordback I. Cyst fluid SPINK1 may help to differentiate benign and potentially malignant cystic pancreatic lesions. Pancreatology 2013; 13:530-3. [PMID: 24075519 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Differential diagnosis between benign and potentially malignant cystic pancreatic lesions may be difficult. Previously we have compared cyst fluid serine protease inhibitor Kazal type I (SPINK1) with some traditionally used tumour markers (amylase, CEA, Ca19-9) and found that it may be a new promising maker in the differential diagnosis of cystic pancreatic lesions. In the present study, we focused on cyst fluid SPINK1 levels in benign and potentially malignant cystic pancreatic lesions. DESIGN Sixty-one patients operated on for cystic pancreatic lesion in Tampere University Hospital, Finland and in Verona University Hospital, Italy, were included. Cyst fluid was aspirated during surgery, stored at -70 °C, and analysed with immunofluorometric assay for SPINK1. The final diagnosis was acute pancreatitis with fluid collection (Acute FC) in 4 patients, chronic pseudocyst (PS) in 17 patients, serous cystadenoma (SCA) in 7 patients, mucinous cystadenoma (MCA) in 21 patients and intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) in 12 patients (9 main/mixed duct type and 3 branch duct type). RESULTS The acute FC patients had high SPINK1 levels. Among chronic cysts, SPINK1 levels were significantly higher in patients with potentially malignant cysts (main/mixed duct IPMN and MCA) than with benign cysts (side branch IPMN and SCA), (median and range, [480 (13-3602) vs. 18 (0.1-278) μg/L]; p < 0.0001). In the subcohort of 24 patients with <3 cm chronic cyst, cyst fluid SPINK 1 levels were significantly lower in SCA or side branch IPMN (3 [2-116] μg/L) than in main duct IPMN or MCA (638 [66-3602] μg/L; p = 0.018). The best sensitivity and specificity to differentiate any size MCA or main/mixed type IPMN from SCA or side branch IPMN were 85% and 84% (AUC 0.94; cut-off value 118 μg/L). The best sensitivity and specificity to differentiate <3 cm MCA or main duct IPMN from SCA or side branch IPMN were 93% and 89% (AUC 0.98; cut-off value 146 μg/L). CONCLUSIONS Cyst fluid SPINK1 may be a possible marker in the differential diagnosis of benign and potentially malignant cystic pancreatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Räty
- Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Finland; ARC-NET Research Center, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Italy.
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Marshall A, Lukk M, Kutter C, Davies S, Alexander G, Odom DT. Global gene expression profiling reveals SPINK1 as a potential hepatocellular carcinoma marker. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59459. [PMID: 23527199 PMCID: PMC3601070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver cirrhosis is the most important risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) but the role of liver disease aetiology in cancer development remains under-explored. We investigated global gene expression profiles from HCC arising in different liver diseases to test whether HCC development is driven by expression of common or different genes, which could provide new diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Global gene expression profiling was performed for 4 normal (control) livers as well as 8 background liver and 7 HCC from 3 patients with hereditary haemochromatosis (HH) undergoing surgery. In order to investigate different disease phenotypes causing HCC, the data were compared with public microarray repositories for gene expression in normal liver, hepatitis C virus (HCV) cirrhosis, HCV-related HCC (HCV-HCC), hepatitis B virus (HBV) cirrhosis and HBV-related HCC (HBV-HCC). Principal component analysis and differential gene expression analysis were carried out using R Bioconductor. Liver disease-specific and shared gene lists were created and genes identified as highly expressed in hereditary haemochromatosis HCC (HH-HCC) were validated using quantitative RT-PCR. Selected genes were investigated further using immunohistochemistry in 86 HCC arising in liver disorders with varied aetiology. Using a 2-fold cut-off, 9 genes were highly expressed in all HCC, 11 in HH-HCC, 270 in HBV-HCC and 9 in HCV-HCC. Six genes identified by microarray as highly expressed in HH-HCC were confirmed by RT qPCR. Serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) mRNA was very highly expressed in HH-HCC (median fold change 2291, p = 0.0072) and was detected by immunohistochemistry in 91% of HH-HCC, 0% of HH-related cirrhotic or dysplastic nodules and 79% of mixed-aetiology HCC. CONCLUSION HCC, arising from diverse backgrounds, uniformly over-express a small set of genes. SPINK1, a secretory trypsin inhibitor, demonstrated potential as a diagnostic HCC marker and should be evaluated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Marshall
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Margus Lukk
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Kutter
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Davies
- Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Alexander
- Cambridge Hepatobiliary Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan T. Odom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Biomedical Campus, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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18
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Lu F, Lamontagne J, Sun A, Pinkerton M, Block T, Lu X. Role of the inflammatory protein serine protease inhibitor Kazal in preventing cytolytic granule granzyme A-mediated apoptosis. Immunology 2012; 134:398-408. [PMID: 22043941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitor Kazal (SPIK) is an inflammatory protein whose levels are elevated in numerous cancers. However, the role of this protein in cancer development is unknown. We have recently found that SPIK suppresses serine protease-dependent cell apoptosis. Here, we report that anti-SPIK antibodies can co-immmunoprecipitate serine protease granzyme A (GzmA), a cytolytic granule secreted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells during immune surveillance, and that SPIK suppresses GzmA-induced cell apoptosis. Deletion studies show that the C3-C4 region of SPIK is critical for this suppression. These studies suggest that over-expression of SPIK may prevent GzmA-mediated immune-killing, thereby establishing the tolerance of cancer cells to the body's immune surveillance system. Suppression of over-expressed SPIK can restore the susceptibility of these cells to apoptotic death triggered by GzmA. This finding implies that it is possible to overcome tolerance of cancer cells to the body's immune surveillance system and restore the GzmA-mediated immune-killing by suppressing the over-expression of SPIK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Lu
- Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
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19
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Ateeq B, Tomlins SA, Laxman B, Asangani IA, Cao Q, Cao X, Li Y, Wang X, Feng FY, Pienta KJ, Varambally S, Chinnaiyan AM. Therapeutic targeting of SPINK1-positive prostate cancer. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:72ra17. [PMID: 21368222 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gene fusions involving ETS (erythroblastosis virus E26 transformation-specific) family transcription factors are found in ~50% of prostate cancers and as such can be used as a basis for the molecular subclassification of prostate cancer. Previously, we showed that marked overexpression of SPINK1 (serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 1), which encodes a secreted serine protease inhibitor, defines an aggressive molecular subtype of ETS fusion-negative prostate cancers (SPINK1+/ETS⁻, ~10% of all prostate cancers). Here, we examined the potential of SPINK1 as an extracellular therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Recombinant SPINK1 protein (rSPINK1) stimulated cell proliferation in benign RWPE as well as cancerous prostate cells. Indeed, RWPE cells treated with either rSPINK1 or conditioned medium from 22RV1 prostate cancer cells (SPINK1+/ETS⁻) significantly increased cell invasion and intravasation when compared with untreated cells. In contrast, knockdown of SPINK1 in 22RV1 cells inhibited cell proliferation, cell invasion, and tumor growth in xenograft assays. 22RV1 cell proliferation, invasion, and intravasation were attenuated by a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to SPINK1 as well. We also demonstrated that SPINK1 partially mediated its neoplastic effects through interaction with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Administration of antibodies to SPINK1 or EGFR (cetuximab) in mice bearing 22RV1 xenografts attenuated tumor growth by more than 60 and 40%, respectively, or ~75% when combined, without affecting PC3 xenograft (SPINK1⁻/ETS⁻) growth. Thus, this study suggests that SPINK1 may be a therapeutic target in a subset of patients with SPINK1+/ETS⁻ prostate cancer. Our results provide a rationale for both the development of humanized mAbs to SPINK1 and evaluation of EGFR inhibition in SPINK1+/ETS⁻ prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Ateeq
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Budakoğlu B, Aksoy S, Arslan Ç, Üyetürk Ü, Babacan NA, Özcan MF, Yıldız R, Öven BB, Özdemir NY, Dizdar Ö, Büyükberber S, Akıncı MB, Türker I, Öksüzoğlu B, Altundag K, Zengin N. Frequency of HCV infection in renal cell carcinoma patients. Med Oncol 2011; 29:1892-5. [PMID: 21461964 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-9928-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infections with hepatitis C virus (HCV) are frequently pronounced in the etiology of malignancies especially in hepatocellular carcinoma. The association between HCV and risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) development has been stated recently. The authors retrospectively evaluated hepatitis serology for HCV and HBV in patients who had RCC diagnosis between 2005 and 2010 in six oncology centers. Control group was also included from the three different published studies that hepatitis serology studied in healthy people that has been living in the same geographic regions. Histologically confirmed 903 RCC cases and 5,267 healthy subjects were included the study. Median age at diagnosis of RCC was 58 (range: 26-89). There was no increase in HCV positivity in RCC patients compared to healthy control group (1.7 vs. 1.5%; P = 0.77). Frequency of HBsAg positivity was 4.4 and 4.1% in RCC and control groups, respectively (P = 0.65). There is no increase in frequency of HCV and HBsAg positivity in RCC patients. HCV positivity in RCC patients were not different from the healthy people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burçin Budakoğlu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Ankara Oncology Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Gaber A, Nodin B, Hotakainen K, Nilsson E, Stenman UH, Bjartell A, Birgisson H, Jirström K. Increased serum levels of tumour-associated trypsin inhibitor independently predict a poor prognosis in colorectal cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:498. [PMID: 20849596 PMCID: PMC2946315 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is an insufficient number of reliable prognostic and response predictive biomarkers in colorectal cancer (CRC) management. In a previous study, we found that high tumour tissue expression of tumour-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) correlated with liver metastasis and an impaired prognosis in CRC. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic validity of serum TATI (s-TATI) in CRC. We further assessed the prognostic value of carcino-embryonic antigen in serum (s-CEA) and the interrelationship between s-TATI and TATI in tissue (t-TATI). Methods Using an immunofluorometric assay, s-TATI levels were analysed in 334 preoperatively collected serum samples from patients with CRC. Spearman's Rho and Chi-square test were used for analysis of correlations between s-TATI and clinicopathological parameters, s-CEA and t-TATI. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox uni- and multivariate regression analysis were used to estimate disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) according to quartiles of s-TATI and cut-offs derived from ROC-analysis of s-TATI and s-CEA. Results Increased levels of s-TATI were associated with a reduced DFS (HR = 2.00; 95% CI 1.40-2.84, P < 0.001) and OS (HR = 2.40; 95% CI 1.74-3.33, P < 0.001). (HR = 2.89; 95% CI 1.96-4.25). This association remained significant in multivariate analysis. The association for OS remained significant in multivariate analysis (HR = 1.51; 95% CI 1.03-2.22, P = 0.034 for DFS and HR = 1.78; 95% CI 1.25-2.53, P = 0.001 for OS). There was no significant association between s-TATI and t-TATI. The prognostic value of s-CEA was also evident, but somewhat weaker than for s-TATI. Conclusions High preoperative s-TATI levels predict a poor prognosis in patients with CRC, and the prognostic value is independent of established prognostic parameters and t-TATI expression. These data suggest that s-TATI might be a useful marker for prognostic stratification in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gaber
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Center for Molecular Pathology, Malmö, Sweden
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Chen T, Lee TR, Liang WG, Chang WSW, Lyu PC. Identification of trypsin-inhibitory site and structure determination of human SPINK2 serine proteinase inhibitor. Proteins 2009; 77:209-19. [PMID: 19422058 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Human serine proteinase inhibitor Kazal-type 2 (SPINK2) functions as a trypsin/acrosin inhibitor and is synthesized mainly in the testis and seminal vesicle where its activity is engaged in fertility. The SPINK2 protein contains a typical Kazal domain composed by six cysteine residues forming three disulfide bridges. The expression of SPINK2 is closely related to cancer such as lymphomas, in that a high transcript level of SPINK2 in patients with primary cutaneous follicle center cell lymphomas have better prognosis with lower mortality. To clarify the role of SPINK2 in cancer, we performed quantitative real-time PCR and showed that the expression level of SPINK2 is significantly elevated in most leukemia cell lines except B-lymphoblast TK-6 cells. The molecular function and structural features of SPINK2 were also investigated by employing the recombinant active and mutant inactive SPINK2 proteins to determine its key P2-P2' (Pro(23)-Arg(24)-His(25)-Phe(26)) active site. The inhibition assay results demonstrated that Arg(24) at the P1 site is crucial for the specificity of SPINK2 on target enzyme. Although His(25) at the P1' and Phe(26) at the P2' residues are also involved in trypsin-SPINK2 interaction, Pro(23) at the P2 site may not be directly participated in interacting with trypsin. In addition, we determined the 3D solution structure of SPINK2 and used this structure to predict the SPINK2-proteinase complex structure and binding properties. These studies not only provide critical information about the structural properties and biophysical features of the SPINK2 proteinase inhibitor, but also suggest its important role in tumor progression and response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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23
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Hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus replication upregulates serine protease inhibitor Kazal, resulting in cellular resistance to serine protease-dependent apoptosis. J Virol 2009; 84:907-17. [PMID: 19864383 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01249-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV, respectively) are different and distinct viruses, but there are striking similarities in their disease potential. Infection by either virus can cause chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and ultimately, liver cancer, despite the fact that no pathogenetic mechanisms are known which are shared by the two viruses. Our recent studies have suggested that replication of either of these viruses upregulates a cellular protein called serine protease inhibitor Kazal (SPIK). Furthermore, the data have shown that cells containing HBV and HCV are more resistant to serine protease-dependent apoptotic death. Since our previous studies have shown that SPIK is an inhibitor of serine protease-dependent apoptosis, it is hypothesized that the upregulation of SPIK caused by HBV and HCV replication leads to cell resistance to apoptosis. The evasion of apoptotic death by infected cells results in persistent viral replication and constant liver inflammation, which leads to gradual accumulation of genetic changes and eventual development of cancer. These findings suggest a possibility by which HBV and HCV, two very different viruses, can share a common mechanism in provoking liver disease and cancer.
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Lu X, Lamontagne J, Lu F, Block TM. Tumor-associated protein SPIK/TATI suppresses serine protease dependent cell apoptosis. Apoptosis 2008; 13:483-94. [PMID: 18347987 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Serine protease dependent cell apoptosis (SPDCA) is a recently described caspase independent innate apoptotic pathway. It differs from the traditional caspase dependent apoptotic pathway in that serine proteases, not caspases, are critical to the apoptotic process. The mechanism of SPDCA is still unclear and further investigation is needed to determine any role it may play in maintaining cellular homeostasis and development of disease. The current knowledge about this pathway is limited only to the inhibitory effects of some serine protease inhibitors. Synthetic agents such as pefabloc, AEBSF and TPCK can inhibit this apoptotic process in cultured cells. There is little known, however, about biologically active agents available in the cell which can inhibit SPDCA. Here, we show that over-expression of a cellular protein called serine protease inhibitor Kazal (SPIK/TATI/PSTI) results in a significant decrease in cell susceptibility to SPDCA, suggesting that SPIK is an apoptosis inhibitor suppressing this pathway of apoptosis. Previous work has associated SPIK and cancer development, indicating that this finding will help to open the doorway for further study on the mechanism of SPDCA and the role it may play in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyong Lu
- Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
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Wang J, Ohmuraya M, Hirota M, Baba H, Zhao G, Takeya M, Araki K, Yamamura KI. Expression pattern of serine protease inhibitor kazal type 3 (Spink3) during mouse embryonic development. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:387-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lee YC, Pan HW, Peng SY, Lai PL, Kuo WS, Ou YH, Hsu HC. Overexpression of tumour-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) enhances tumour growth and is associated with portal vein invasion, early recurrence and a stage-independent prognostic factor of hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43:736-44. [PMID: 17267202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) overexpresses in various tumours, but its clinicopathological significance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unclear. Differential display analysis revealed expression of TATI in HCC. By RT-PCR in the linear range, TATI was found to be overexpressed in 176 of 258 unifocal primary HCCs (68%). TATI overexpression correlated with high-stage HCC (stage IIIB to IV) with portal vein (PV) invasion (p=0.00014), early tumour recurrence (ETR; p=0.00002), and a lower 5-year survival (p=0.000001), in both low- and high-stage HCC (p=0.033 and p=0.00036, respectively). Ectopic expression of TATI led to enhanced anchorage-independent tumour cell growth in vitro. To determine its potential as a part of a group of combined diagnostic markers, we analysed 235 HCCs for three genes encoding secretory proteins known to be overexpressed in HCC; these were TATI, AFP and osteopontin; 202 of the tumours (86%) overexpressed one or more of these genes. Further, HCC with a greater number of gene overexpressions produced bigger tumours (p=0.0024), had a higher rate of PV invasion (p= 1x10(-8)), had a higher ETR (p=1x10(-8)), and showed a lower 5-year survival (p=0.000001). We conclude that TATI overexpression contributes to cell growth advantage, enhances the metastatic potential of tumours and leads to advanced HCC with PV invasion. Thus, it is a stage-independent prognostic factor for HCC and a useful predictor for ETR. Moreover, it should be possible to use TATI, AFP and osteopontin as combined markers for molecular staging, the detection of HCC and for the prediction of ETR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-C Lee
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Medical Technology and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Paju A, Stenman UH. Biochemistry and clinical role of trypsinogens and pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2006; 43:103-42. [PMID: 16517420 DOI: 10.1080/10408360500523852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Trypsinogens and PSTI/TATI/SPINK1 are expressed, usually together, at high levels by the pancreas but also by many other normal and malignant tissues. The present review describes studies on the expression and putative functions of trypsinogens and PSTI/TATI/SPINK1 in the human body. The clinical aspects are discussed, including the correlations between expression of trypsinogens and PSTI/TATI/SPINK1 in tissues, serum, and urine of patients with pancreatitis or cancer and clinicopathological characteristics, i.e., the roles of trypsinogens and PSTI/TATI/SPINK1 in spontaneous and hereditary pancreatitis, tumor progression, and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annukka Paju
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Bjartell A, Paju A, Zhang WM, Gadaleanu V, Hansson J, Landberg G, Stenman UH. Expression of tumor-associated trypsinogens (TAT-1 and TAT-2) in prostate cancer. Prostate 2005; 64:29-39. [PMID: 15651064 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypsinogens are pancreatic serine proteinases and expressed in several cancers as tumor-associated trypsinogens (TAT). Trypsin mediates activation of pro-uPA and pro-MMPs, thus promoting angiogenesis and tumor invasion. Recently, we described expression of TAT in the human male genital tract and now we studied TAT in relation to PSA in PCa. METHODS TAT expression was studied by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, RT-PCR, DNA-sequencing and IFMA. LNCaP cells were used to study secretion of TAT and PSA after androgen stimulation. RESULTS Immunoreactive TAT was localized in all prostatic tumors (n = 109), lymph node (n = 16), and bone metastases (n = 17). Immunostaining intensity increased with higher Gleason's grade, whereas PSA immunostaining decreased significantly. PSA and TAT were not identically distributed in benign and malignant cells. Androgen stimulation of LNCaP cells decreased secretion of TAT and increased that of PSA. TAT mRNA was demonstrated in tissue sections and identified as TAT-1 and -2 by RT-PCR and DNA-sequencing. CONCLUSIONS Expression of TAT is better preserved than PSA in high-grade PCa. Expression of TAT and PSA is regulated by different mechanisms as demonstrated in tissue sections and in vitro. Locally produced TAT may act in a paracrine mode to promote angiogenesis and tumor invasion in PCa by both activating and degrading of other proteinases. Further studies on the role of TAT in invasive PCa and on the mechanisms involved in the regulation of TAT expression are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Bjartell
- Department of Urology, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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Moilanen M, Sorsa T, Stenman M, Nyberg P, Lindy O, Vesterinen J, Paju A, Konttinen YT, Stenman UH, Salo T. Tumor-associated trypsinogen-2 (trypsinogen-2) activates procollagenases (MMP-1, -8, -13) and stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) and degrades type I collagen. Biochemistry 2003; 42:5414-20. [PMID: 12731883 DOI: 10.1021/bi020582s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A critical step in cancer growth and metastasis is the dissolution of the extracellular matrix surrounding the malignant tumor, which leads to tumor cell invasion and dissemination. Type I collagen degradation involves the initial action of collagenolytic matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, -8, and -13) activated by MMP-3 (stromelysin-1). The role of interactive matrix serine proteinases (MSPs), including tumor-associated trypsinogens, has been unclear in collagenolysis. Now, we provide evidence that the major isoenzyme of human tumor-associated trypsinogens, trypsin-2, can directly activate three collagenolytic proMMPs as well as proMMP-3. These proMMP activations are inhibited by tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI). Furthermore, we demonstrate that trypsin-2 efficiently degrades native soluble type I collagen, which can be inhibited by TATI. However, cell culture studies showed that trypsin-2 transfection into the HSC-3 cell line did not result in MMP-1, -3, -8, and -13 activation but affected MMP-3 and -8 production at the protein level. These findings indicate that human trypsin-2 can be regarded as a potent tumor-associated matrix serine protease capable of being the initial activator of the collagenolytic MMP activation network as well as directly attacking type I collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja Moilanen
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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PAJU ANNUKKA, JACOBSEN JAN, RASMUSON TORGNY, STENMAN ULFHÅKAN, LJUNGBERG BÖRJE. TUMOR ASSOCIATED TRYPSIN INHIBITOR AS A PROGNOSTIC FACTOR IN RENAL CELL CARCINOMA. J Urol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)66584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ANNUKKA PAJU
- From the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, and Departments of Urology and Andrology and Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - JAN JACOBSEN
- From the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, and Departments of Urology and Andrology and Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - TORGNY RASMUSON
- From the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, and Departments of Urology and Andrology and Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - ULF-HÅKAN STENMAN
- From the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, and Departments of Urology and Andrology and Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - BÖRJE LJUNGBERG
- From the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, and Departments of Urology and Andrology and Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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