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Genotoxic Effects of Tributyltin and Triphenyltin Isothiocyanates, Cognate RXR Ligands: Comparison in Human Breast Carcinoma MCF 7 and MDA-MB-231 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051198. [PMID: 30857277 PMCID: PMC6429456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of two recently synthesized triorganotin isothiocyanate derivatives, nuclear retinoid X receptor ligands, was tested and compared in estrogen-receptor-positive MCF 7 and -negative MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cell lines. A 48 h MTT assay indicated that tributyltin isothiocyanate (TBT-ITC) is more cytotoxic than triphenyltin isothiocyanate (TPT-ITC) in MCF 7 cells, and the same trend was observed in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. A comet assay revealed the presence of both crosslinks and increasing DNA damage levels after the 17 h treatment with both derivatives. Differences in cytotoxicity of TBT-ITC and TPT-ITC detected by FDA staining correspond to the MTT data, communicating more pronounced effects in MCF 7 than in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. Both derivatives were found to cause apoptosis, as shown by the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) depolarization and caspase-3/7 activation. The onset of caspase activation correlated with MMP dissipation and the total cytotoxicity more than with the amount of active caspases. In conclusion, our data suggest that the DNA damage induced by TBT-ITC and TPT-ITC treatment could underlie their cytotoxicity in the cell lines studied.
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Sn- and Ge- triorganometallics exert different cytotoxicity and modulation of migration in triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Toxicol Lett 2017; 279:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Bujňáková Z, Baláž M, Zdurienčíková M, Sedlák J, Čaplovičová M, Čaplovič Ľ, Dutková E, Zorkovská A, Turianicová E, Baláž P, Shpotyuk O, Andrejko S. Preparation, properties and anticancer effects of mixed As4S4/ZnS nanoparticles capped by Poloxamer 407. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 71:541-551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hunakova L, Macejova D, Toporova L, Brtko J. Anticancer effects of tributyltin chloride and triphenyltin chloride in human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:6701-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4524-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Poleshko AG, Lobanok ES, Mezhevikina LM, Fesenko EE, Volotovski ID. The process of heme synthesis in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells cultured with fibroblast growth factor bFGF and under hypoxic conditions. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350914060177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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6
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Hunakova L, Gronesova P, Horvathova E, Chalupa I, Cholujova D, Duraj J, Sedlak J. Modulation of cisplatin sensitivity in human ovarian carcinoma A2780 and SKOV3 cell lines by sulforaphane. Toxicol Lett 2014; 230:479-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Formosa A, Markert EK, Lena AM, Italiano D, Finazzi-Agro' E, Levine AJ, Bernardini S, Garabadgiu AV, Melino G, Candi E. MicroRNAs, miR-154, miR-299-5p, miR-376a, miR-376c, miR-377, miR-381, miR-487b, miR-485-3p, miR-495 and miR-654-3p, mapped to the 14q32.31 locus, regulate proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion in metastatic prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 2013; 33:5173-82. [PMID: 24166498 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
miRNAs act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in a wide variety of human cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). We found a severe and consistent downregulation of miRNAs, miR-154, miR-299-5p, miR-376a, miR-376c, miR-377, miR-381, miR-487b, miR-485-3p, miR-495 and miR-654-3p, mapped to the 14q32.31 region in metastatic cell lines as compared with normal prostatic epithelial cells (PrEC). In specimens of human prostate (28 normals, 99 primary tumors and 13 metastases), lower miRNA levels correlated significantly with a higher incidence of metastatic events and higher prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels, with similar trends observed for lymph node invasion and the Gleason score. We transiently transfected 10 members of the 14q32.31 cluster in normal prostatic epithelial cell lines and characterized their affect on malignant cell behaviors, including proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion. Finally, we identified FZD4, a gene important for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in (PCa), as a target of miR-377.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Formosa
- 1] University of Tor Vergata, Department Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Rome, Italy [2] IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - E K Markert
- The Simons Center for Systems Biology, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - A M Lena
- University of Tor Vergata, Department Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Rome, Italy
| | - D Italiano
- University of Tor Vergata, Department Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Rome, Italy
| | - E Finazzi-Agro'
- University of Tor Vergata, Department Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Rome, Italy
| | - A J Levine
- The Simons Center for Systems Biology, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - S Bernardini
- University of Tor Vergata, Department Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Rome, Italy
| | - A V Garabadgiu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Saint-Petersburg Technological Institute, 26 Moskovsky Prospect, Petersburg, Russia
| | - G Melino
- 1] University of Tor Vergata, Department Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Rome, Italy [2] IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - E Candi
- University of Tor Vergata, Department Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Rome, Italy
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8
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Russo R, Ciociaro A, Berliocchi L, Cassiano MGV, Rombolà L, Ragusa S, Bagetta G, Blandini F, Corasaniti MT. Implication of limonene and linalyl acetate in cytotoxicity induced by bergamot essential oil in human neuroblastoma cells. Fitoterapia 2013; 89:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Formosa A, Lena AM, Markert EK, Cortelli S, Miano R, Mauriello A, Croce N, Vandesompele J, Mestdagh P, Finazzi-Agrò E, Levine AJ, Melino G, Bernardini S, Candi E. DNA methylation silences miR-132 in prostate cancer. Oncogene 2013; 32:127-34. [PMID: 22310291 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Silencing of microRNAs (miRNAs) by promoter CpG island methylation may be an important mechanism in prostate carcinogenesis. To screen for epigenetically silenced miRNAs in prostate cancer (PCa), we treated prostate normal epithelial and carcinoma cells with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (AZA) and subsequently examined expression changes of 650 miRNAs by megaplex stemloop reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. After applying a selection strategy, we analyzed the methylation status of CpG islands upstream to a subset of miRNAs by methylation-specific PCR. The CpG islands of miR-18b, miR-132, miR-34b/c, miR-148a, miR-450a and miR-542-3p showed methylation patterns congruent with their expression modulations in response to AZA. Methylation analysis of these CpG islands in a panel of 50 human prostate carcinoma specimens and 24 normal controls revealed miR-132 to be methylated in 42% of human cancer cases in a manner positively correlated to total Gleason score and tumor stage. Expression analysis of miR-132 in our tissue panel confirmed its downregulation in methylated tumors. Re-expression of miR-132 in PC3 cells induced cell detachment followed by cell death (anoikis). Two pro-survival proteins-heparin-binding epidermal growth factor and TALIN2-were confirmed as direct targets of miR-132. The results of this study point to miR-132 as a methylation-silenced miRNA with an antimetastatic role in PCa controlling cellular adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Formosa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Dourado M, Paiva A, Freitas A, Silva T, Regateiro F, Oliveira CR. Apoptosis Deregulation Influences Chemoresistance to Azaguanine in Human Leukemic Cell Lines. Cancer Invest 2012; 30:331-42. [DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2012.659925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. B. Sarmento-Ribeiro
- Applied Molecular Biology/Biochemistry Institute and Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra,
Coimbra, Portugal,1
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra,
Coimbra, Portugal,2
- Universitaire Clinic of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal6
| | - M. Dourado
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra,
Coimbra, Portugal,2
- Physiopathology Discipline of Medical Dental Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra,
Coimbra, Portugal,3
| | - A. Paiva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra,
Coimbra, Portugal,2
- Center of Histocompatibility,
Coimbra, Portugal,4
| | - A. Freitas
- Center of Histocompatibility,
Coimbra, Portugal,4
| | - T. Silva
- Hematopathology, Institute of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra,
Coimbra, Portugal,5
| | - F. Regateiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra,
Coimbra, Portugal,2
- Center of Histocompatibility,
Coimbra, Portugal,4
| | - C. R. Oliveira
- Applied Molecular Biology/Biochemistry Institute and Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra,
Coimbra, Portugal,1
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra,
Coimbra, Portugal,2
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Toxic profile of bergamot essential oil on survival and proliferation of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2780-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Bartkowiak D, Stempfhuber M, Wiegel T, Bottke D. Radiation- and Chemoinduced Multidrug Resistance in Colon Carcinoma Cells. Strahlenther Onkol 2009; 185:815-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00066-009-1993-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Reiter R, Deutschle T, Wiegel T, Riechelmann H, Bartkowiak D. Absence of inflammatory response from upper airway epithelial cells after X irradiation. Radiat Res 2009; 171:274-82. [PMID: 19267554 DOI: 10.1667/rr1535.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy of head and neck tumors causes adverse reactions in normal tissue, especially mucositis. The dose- and time-dependent response of upper airway cells to X radiation should be analyzed in terms of the pro-inflammatory potential. Immortalized BEAS-2B lung epithelial cells were treated with 2, 5 and 8 Gy. Out of 1232 genes, those that were transcribed differentially after 2, 6 and 24 h were assigned to biological themes according to the Gene Ontology Consortium. Enrichment of differentially regulated gene clusters was determined with GOTree ( http://bioinfo.vanderbilt.edu/gotm ). Eleven cytokines were measured in culture supernatants. The cell cycle response up to 24 h and induction of apoptosis up to 4 days after exposure were determined by flow cytometry. A significant dose- and time-dependent gene activation was observed for the categories response to DNA damage, oxidative stress, cell cycle arrest and cell death/apoptosis but not for immune/inflammatory response. This correlated with functional G(2) arrest and apoptosis. Pro-inflammatory cytokines accumulated in supernatants of control cells but not of X-irradiated cells. The complex gene expression pattern of X-irradiated airway epithelial cells is accompanied by cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. In vivo, this may impair the epithelial barrier. mRNA and protein expression suggest at most an indirect contribution of epithelial cells to early radiogenic mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Reiter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Phoniatrics and Pedaudiology, University Hospital Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany.
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Zhu J, Deng C, Huang G, Xu S, Mitchelson K, Cheng J. Quantitative Fluorescence Correction Incorporating Förster Resonance Energy Transfer and Its Use for Measurement of Hybridization Efficiency on Microarrays. Anal Chem 2009; 81:1426-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802203r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhu
- Medical Systems Biology Research Center, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, 18 Life Science Parkway, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory for Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Deng
- Medical Systems Biology Research Center, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, 18 Life Science Parkway, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory for Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Guoliang Huang
- Medical Systems Biology Research Center, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, 18 Life Science Parkway, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory for Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shukuan Xu
- Medical Systems Biology Research Center, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, 18 Life Science Parkway, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory for Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Keith Mitchelson
- Medical Systems Biology Research Center, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, 18 Life Science Parkway, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory for Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Medical Systems Biology Research Center, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, 18 Life Science Parkway, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory for Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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Kroll A, Pillukat MH, Hahn D, Schnekenburger J. Current in vitro methods in nanoparticle risk assessment: limitations and challenges. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 72:370-7. [PMID: 18775492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Revised: 07/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are an emerging class of functional materials defined by size-dependent properties. Application fields range from medical imaging, new drug delivery technologies to various industrial products. Due to the expanding use of nanoparticles, the risk of human exposure rapidly increases and reliable toxicity test systems are urgently needed. Currently, nanoparticle cytotoxicity testing is based on in vitro methods established for hazard characterization of chemicals. However, evidence is accumulating that nanoparticles differ largely from these materials and may interfere with commonly used test systems. Here, we present an overview of current in vitro toxicity test methods for nanoparticle risk assessment and focus on their limitations resulting from specific nanoparticle properties. Nanoparticle features such as high adsorption capacity, hydrophobicity, surface charge, optical and magnetic properties, or catalytic activity may interfere with assay components or detection systems, which has to be considered in nanoparticle toxicity studies by characterization of specific particle properties and a careful test system validation. Future studies require well-characterized materials, the use of available reference materials and an extensive characterization of the applicability of the test methods employed. The resulting challenge for nanoparticle toxicity testing is the development of new standardized in vitro methods that cannot be affected by nanoparticle properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kroll
- Department of Medicine B, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Münster, Germany
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16
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Chen S, Cheng AC, Wang MS, Peng X. Detection of apoptosis induced by new type gosling viral enteritis virus in vitro through fluorescein annexin V-FITC/PI double labeling. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:2174-8. [PMID: 18407590 PMCID: PMC2703841 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.2174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To achieve a better understanding of the pathogenesis of new type gosling viral enteritis virus (NGVEV) and the relationship between NGVEV and host cells.
METHODS: The apoptosis of duck embryo fibroblasts (DEF) induced by NGVEV was investigated by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) and fluorescence microscope after the cells were stained with Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI).
RESULTS: By staining cells with a combination of fluorescein annexin V-FITC and PI, it is possible to distinguish and quantitatively analyze non-apoptotic cells (Annexin V-FITC negative/PI negative), early apoptotic cells (Annexin V-FITC positive/PI negative), late apoptotic/necrotic cells (Annexin V-FITC positive/PI positive) and dead cells (Annexin V-FITC negative/PI positive) through flow cytometry and fluorescence microscope. The percentage of apoptotic cells increased with the incubation time and reached a maximum at 120 h after infection, while the percentage of non-apoptotic cells decreased.
CONCLUSION: NGVEV can induce the infected DEF cells to undergo apoptosis and the apoptosis occurs prior to necrosis.
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Sharif-Khatibi L, Kariminia A, Khoei S, Goliaei B. Hyperthermia induces differentiation without apoptosis in permissive temperatures in human erythroleukaemia cells. Int J Hyperthermia 2008; 23:645-55. [PMID: 18097851 DOI: 10.1080/02656730701769833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate whether induction of differentiation by hyperthermia is accompanied by apoptosis and necrosis to further evaluate the benefits of using hyperthermia as a differentiation inducing physical modality. MATERIALS AND METHOD Differentiation was evaluated in K562 erythroleukaemia cells by measuring haemoglobin synthesis and flow cytometric measurement of glycophorin A expression. Apoptosis was measured by Annexin-V-FITC and Propidium Iodide (PI) double staining assay. Apoptosis and necrosis was also evaluated morphologically using staining with acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) by fluorescence microscopy. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) level was measured by ELISA kit. RESULTS Hyperthermia (43 degrees C) induced differentiation as judged by increased haemoglobin synthesis and glycophorin A expression. No sign of apoptosis or necrosis could be detected at this temperature. Cell viability did not change due to heat treatment, and cellular proliferation was reduced in a dose (heating time) dependent manner. At 45 degrees C, hyperthermia induced apoptosis and necrosis with minimal or no sign of differentiation. HSP70 level was significantly increased at 43 degrees C along with differentiation of leukaemic cells, while at 45 degrees C no significant effect on HSP70 production could be observed. CONCLUSIONS The encouraging results obtained here indicate that by heat treatment at 43 degrees C, hyperthermia can be used alone or in combination with other modalities as a differentiation inducing agent without any detectable apoptotic activity. Positive correlation between HSP70 production and induction of differentiation and lack of apoptosis by hyperthermia confirm the possible role of HSP70 in the heat-induced differentiation and apoptosis in leukaemic cells.
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Bodo J, Duraj J, Jakubikova J, Sedlak J. Isothiocyanate E-4IB induces MAPK activation, delayed cell cycle transition and apoptosis. Cell Prolif 2007; 40:316-26. [PMID: 17531077 PMCID: PMC6496499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2007.00437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epidemiologic studies point towards a significant correlation between the dietary intake of isothiocyanate-containing foods and the reduced risk for cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS In the current investigation, we examined the consequence of activating of signalling pathways during the release the cells from the block at G(1)/S boundary by synthetic isothiocyanate E-4IB. Using synchronized leukaemic HL60 cells, we show that activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 signalling pathways by E-4IB are coupled with delayed transition through the cell cycle and rapid cell cycle arrest resulted in diminished mitochondrial membrane potential culminating in apoptosis. These events were accompanied by histone deacetylase inhibition, increase of double strand DNA breaks detected by histone H2AX phosphorylation and up-regulation of cell cycle regulatory protein p21 and phosphorylation of CDC25C phosphatase. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases signalling pathways, followed by the induction cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, might be responsible for anticancer activities of E-4IB.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bodo
- Laboratory of Tumour Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Farinacci M. Improved apoptosis detection in ovine neutrophils by annexin V and carboxyfluorescein diacetate staining. Cytotechnology 2007; 54:149-55. [PMID: 19003007 PMCID: PMC2267505 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-007-9086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil apoptosis is critical for final resolution of the inflammation in the tissues and for maintenance of neutrophil homeostasis under normal condition. An early hallmark of apoptotic cells is translocation of phosphatidylserine (PS) residues, normally located in the inner leaflet of cellular membrane, to the external cell surface; exposed PS is recognized by specific PS receptors on disposing cells. Here we report an improved procedure to detect neutrophil apoptosis by simultaneous staining for exposed PS with Cy3-labeled annexin V (Cy3) and for membrane integrity with the vital dye 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (6-CFDA) based on the APOAC apoptosis detection kit (Sigma). Spontaneous apoptosis was evaluated in ovine neutrophils cultured ex vivo for 18 h. We investigated the multiple parameters involved in the assay, i.e. the type of fixative (methanol, paraformaldehyde, or no fixation) and the type of slide (coated with Vectabond, polylysine or Parafilm((R))). Results indicated that both the adhesion to the slide and the fixation can modify neutrophil functional status and morphology, which result in misleading apoptosis detection. In order to minimize these artifacts, we have developed an improved APOAC assay procedure, staining cells while in suspension and using Parafilm((R)) coated slides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Farinacci
- Department of Scienze Animali, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100, Udine, Italy,
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Bodo J, Jakubikova J, Chalupa I, Bartosova Z, Horakova K, Floch L, Sedlak J. Apoptotic effect of ethyl-4-isothiocyanatobutanoate is associated with DNA damage, proteasomal activity and induction of p53 and p21cip1/waf1. Apoptosis 2007; 11:1299-310. [PMID: 16830228 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-8760-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of synthetic isothiocyanate ethyl-4-isothiocyanatobutanoate (E-4IB) on survival of mismatch repair-proficient TK6 and -deficient MT1 cell lines as well as the influence of proteasomal inhibitor MG132, caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk, and ATM inhibitor caffeine on E-4IB modulation of cell cycle and apoptosis was evaluated. Flow cytometric analyses of DNA double strand breaks (gamma-H2AX), mitotic fraction (phospho-histone H3), cell cycle modulation, apoptosis induction (sub-G(0) fraction and fluorescein diacetate staining), and dissipation of transmembrane mitochondrial potential (JC-1 staining) were performed. Western blotting was used for the evaluation of ERK activation, expression of p53, p21(cip1/waf1) and GADD45alpha proteins, as well as PARP fragmentation. Analysis of mitotic nuclei was performed for chromosomal aberrations assessment. MT1 cells were more resistant to E-4IB treatment then TK6 cells (IC(50) 8 muM vs. 4 muM). In both cell lines E-4IB treatment induced phosphorylation of H2AX, increase of p53 protein level, phospho-histone H3 staining, and G(2)/M arrest. The sub-G(0) fragmentation was accompanied by PARP degradation, decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and diminished p21(cip1/waf1) protein expression in TK6 cells. Caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk decreased E-4IB induced sub-G(0) fragmentation and extent of apoptosis in TK6 cells, while proteasome inhibitor MG132 increased number of apoptotic cells in both cell lines tested. A number of aberrant metaphases and clastogenic effect of high E-4IB concentration was observed. The synthetic isothiocyanate E-4IB induced DNA strand breaks, increased mitotic fraction and apoptosis potentiated by MG132 inhibitor in both mismatch repair-proficient and -deficient cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Bodo
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 7, 833 91 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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21
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Macip S, Kosoy A, Lee SW, O'Connell MJ, Aaronson SA. Oxidative stress induces a prolonged but reversible arrest in p53-null cancer cells, involving a Chk1-dependent G2 checkpoint. Oncogene 2006; 25:6037-47. [PMID: 16652144 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), the principal mediators of oxidative stress, induce responses such as apoptosis or permanent growth arrest/senescence in normal cells. Moreover, p53 activation itself contributes to ROS accumulation. Here we show that treatment of p53-null cancer cells with sublethal concentrations of ROS triggered an arrest with some morphological similarities to cellular senescence. Different from a classical senescent arrest in G(1), the ROS-induced arrest was predominantly in the G(2) phase of the cell cycle, and its establishment depended at least in part on an intact Chk1-dependent checkpoint. Chk1 remained phosphorylated only during the repair of double strand DNA breaks, after which Chk1 was inactivated, the G(2) arrest was suppressed, and some cells recovered their ability to proliferate. Inhibition of Chk1 by an RNAi approach resulted in an increase in cell death in p53-null cells, showing that the Chk1-dependent G(2) checkpoint protected cells that lacked a functional p53 pathway from oxidative stress. It has been proposed that the induction of a senescent-like phenotype by antineoplastic agents can contribute therapeutic efficacy. Our results indicate that oxidative stress-induced growth arrest of p53-null tumor cells cannot be equated with effective therapy owing to its reversibility and supports the concept that targeting Chk1 may enhance the effects of DNA-damaging agents on cancer progression in such tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Macip
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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22
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Dumay A, Rincheval V, Trotot P, Mignotte B, Vayssière JL. The superoxide dismutase inhibitor diethyldithiocarbamate has antagonistic effects on apoptosis by triggering both cytochrome c release and caspase inhibition. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:1377-90. [PMID: 16631528 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 11/24/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and etoposide both trigger a large and rapid production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HeLa cells. This occurs before translocations of the proapoptotic Bax and cytochrome c proteins, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim), and apoptosis. We have used diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), a well-known inhibitor of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase to study the role of ROS in this system. We report that DDC strongly inhibits caspase activation, loss of DeltaPsim, and cell death induced by TNF-alpha or etoposide. Surprisingly, DDC does not inhibit Bax and cytochrome c translocations. On the contrary, we have observed that DDC can trigger the translocations of these proteins by itself, without altering DeltaPsim. Here, we report that DDC has at least two antagonistic apoptosis regulation functions. First, DDC triggers ROS-dependent Bax and cytochrome c translocations, which are potentially proapoptotic, and second, DDC inhibits caspase activation and activity, loss of DeltaPsim, and cell death, in a ROS-independent manner. Our results suggest an interesting model in which ROS-dependent Bax and cytochrome c translocations can be studied without interference from later apoptotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Dumay
- Université de Versailles/St. Quentin-en-Yvelines, CNRS FRE-2445, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie cellulaire, Versailles, France
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23
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Wang SH, Cao Z, Wolf JM, Van Antwerp M, Baker JR. Death ligand tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand inhibits experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. Endocrinology 2005; 146:4721-6. [PMID: 16123163 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-0627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The role of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in autoimmune thyroiditis is unclear. We used experimental autoimmune thyroiditis to clarify the contribution of TRAIL to the development of autoimmune thyroiditis. CBA/J mice were immunized with murine thyroglobulin, and spleen cells from these mice were subsequently injected into irradiated recipient CBA/J mice. One week later, the recipient mice were treated with recombinant TRAIL or a control protein. Compared with control animals, TRAIL-treated mice developed a milder form of the disease with a significant decrease in mononuclear cell infiltration in the thyroid and less thyroid follicular destruction. Furthermore, the number of apoptotic thyrocytes and also thyroglobulin-specific T helper-1 cell responses in TRAIL-treated mice was lower than that in the control animals. This study suggests that exogenous TRAIL suppresses the development of autoimmune thyroiditis via altering the function of cells involved in the immune response. These findings may contribute toward a novel treatment autoimmune thyroiditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su He Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, 9220 MSRB III, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0648, USA
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24
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that a strategy based on alteration of lipid metabolism would moderate the cellular toxicity of the C16:0 saturated fatty acid-palmitate. Cardiomyocytes from neonatal mice and embryonic chicks were treated with palmitate and both oncotic and apoptotic death were observed. Fenofibrate pretreatment, 1 microM, 24 h prior to palmitate, significantly (p < 0.05) reduced palmitate-induced apoptosis. In contrast, fenofibrate had no significant effect on palmitate-induced apoptosis when fenofibrate treatment was concomitant with palmitate. The protective effect of fenofibrate was restricted to the apoptotic population. The more potent and specific PPARalpha agonist WY 14643, 1 microM, also reduced palmitate-induced apoptosis but to a smaller extent than fenofibrate. The long pretreatment time, 24 h, was necessary to show fenofibrate's effect on apoptosis, suggesting an increase in gene transcription and protein expression. Indeed, fenofibrate increased PPARalpha expression that was mainly demonstrated in the nucleus. These data suggest a novel approach to the reduction of cardiac apoptosis by the chronic treatment with the PPARalpha agonist fenofibrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y Kong
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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25
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Rabkin SW, Kong JY. Lovastatin-induced cardiac toxicity involves both oncotic and apoptotic cell death with the apoptotic component blunted by both caspase-2 and caspase-3 inhibitors. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 193:346-55. [PMID: 14678744 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2003.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the cardiac toxicity of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors by testing the hypothesis that lovastatin induces apoptotic and/or oncotic cell death in the myocyte element of the heart and further that cell death is mediated through interruption of the mevalonate pathway and that apoptosis is induced through activation of caspase-2 and caspase-3. Cardiomyocytes were cultured from embryonic chick heart. Lovastatin-induced apoptosis in these cells was demonstrated by three independent techniques, namely (1) FACS analysis of low DNA content by propidium iodide (PI); (2) microscopic assessment for cellular changes of apoptosis; and (3) FACS analysis of cells stained with PI and fluorescein diacetate. Lovastatin produced a concentration-dependent increase in apoptotic cell death and 100 microM lovastatin showed over a 4-fold increase in apoptosis compared to control. Lovastatin also induced oncotic cell death, as there was a 2.5-fold increase in the amount of oncotic cell death compared to control. Lovastatin-induced apoptosis operated, in part, through the mevalonate pathway. The caspase-2 inhibitor z-VDVAD-fmk and the caspase-3 inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO reduced the extent of lovastatin-induced cardiac apoptosis. In contrast, lovastatin-induced oncosis was not only insensitive to these caspase-2 or -3 inhibitors but occurred through a mevalonate-independent mechanism of action. In summary, lovastatin-induced cardiotoxicity is complex and represents the sum of two distinct modes of cell death operating in part through the mevalonate pathway with the apoptotic component subject to modification by inhibitors of the initiator caspase, caspase-2, as well as the effector caspase, caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon W Rabkin
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 3J5 Canada.
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26
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Macip S, Igarashi M, Berggren P, Yu J, Lee SW, Aaronson SA. Influence of induced reactive oxygen species in p53-mediated cell fate decisions. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:8576-85. [PMID: 14612402 PMCID: PMC262651 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.23.8576-8585.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor gene can induce either apoptosis or a permanent growth arrest (also termed senescence) phenotype in response to cellular stresses. We show that the increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with the magnitude of p53 protein expression correlated with the induction of either senescence or apoptosis in both normal and cancer cells. ROS inhibitors ameliorated both p53-dependent cell fates, implicating ROS accumulation as an effector in each case. The absence of Bax or PUMA strongly inhibited both p53-induced apoptosis and ROS increase, indicating an important role these p53 targets affecting mitochondrial function genes in p53-mediated ROS accumulation. Moreover, physiological p53 levels in combination with an exogenous ROS source were able to convert a p53 senescence response into apoptosis. All of these findings establish a critical role of ROS accumulation and mitochondrial function in p53-dependent cell fates and show that other ROS inducers can collaborate with p53 to influence these fate decisions. Thus, our studies imply that therapeutic agents that generate ROS are more likely to be toxic for normal cells than p53-negative tumor cells and provide a rationale for identifying therapeutic agents that do not complement p53 in ROS generation to ameliorate the cytotoxic side effects in normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Macip
- Derald H. Ruttenberg Cancer Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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27
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Sheehan KM, DeLott LB, Day SM, DeHeer DH. Hyalgan has a dose-dependent differential effect on macrophage proliferation and cell death. J Orthop Res 2003; 21:744-51. [PMID: 12798077 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-0266(03)00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The intra-articular injection of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HA) has been reported to be an effective treatment for pain of osteoarthritis of the knee. However, the mechanism by which HA exerts its effect is unknown. To explore HA's influence on the growth of U937 human macrophages, cells were incubated for 168 h with three concentrations, 1, 0.1 and 0.01 mg/mL, of Hyalgan, a high molecular weight HA preparation. At 24-h increments, the cells were examined for proliferation, cell cycle distribution as well as the number of apoptotic and dead cells. Exposing macrophages to 1 mg/mL Hyalgan significantly reduced the rate of cellular proliferation and altered the cell cycle distribution to yield decreased proportions of G0/G1 cells but increased S and G2/M cells. Concomitantly, a 10-fold increase in apoptotic cells and a 12-fold increase in dead cells were observed. The population doubling time (PDT) for cells treated with 1.0 mg/mL Hyalgan increased from 23.6 to 52.9 h. By contrast, the two lower Hyalgan concentrations significantly promoted macrophage proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. They also increased the proportion of G2/M cells, but had no effect on the number of apoptotic or dead cells. The PDTs of 21.5 and 22.2 h were less than the control time of 23.6 h. These results demonstrate that Hyalgan concentrations have a differential effect on macrophage growth dynamics and suggest an anti-inflammatory effect at high HA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Sheehan
- Calvin College, Department of Biology, S.E. Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA
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28
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Gosselin AS, Simonin Y, Guivel-Benhassine F, Rincheval V, Vayssière JL, Mignotte B, Colbère-Garapin F, Couderc T, Blondel B. Poliovirus-induced apoptosis is reduced in cells expressing a mutant CD155 selected during persistent poliovirus infection in neuroblastoma cells. J Virol 2003; 77:790-8. [PMID: 12477887 PMCID: PMC140570 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.1.790-798.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Poliovirus (PV) can establish persistent infections in human neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells. We previously showed that during persistent infection, specific mutations were selected in the first extracellular domain of the PV receptor (CD155) of these cells (N. Pavio, T. Couderc, S. Girard, J. Y. Sgro, B. Blondel, and F. Colbère-Garapin, Virology 274:331-342, 2000). These mutations included the Ala 67 --> Thr substitution, corresponding to a previously described allelic form of the PV receptor. The mutated CD155(Thr67) and the nonmutated IMR-32 CD155 (CD155(IMR)) were expressed independently in murine LM cells lacking the CD155 gene. Following infection of the cells with PV, we analyzed the death of cells expressing these two forms of CD155. Levels of DNA fragmentation, caspase activity, and cytochrome c release were lower in LM-CD155(Thr67) cells than in LM-CD155(IMR) cells. Thus, the level of apoptosis was lower in cells expressing mutated CD155 selected during persistent PV infection in IMR-32 than in cells expressing the wild-type receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Gosselin
- Unité de Neurovirologie et Régénération du Système Nerveux, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
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29
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Rincheval V, Renaud F, Lemaire C, Godefroy N, Trotot P, Boulo V, Mignotte B, Vayssière JL. Bcl-2 can promote p53-dependent senescence versus apoptosis without affecting the G1/S transition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 298:282-8. [PMID: 12387829 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
With the aim to identify events involved in the determination of p53-dependent apoptosis versus growth arrest, we used rat embryo fibroblasts expressing a temperature-sensitive mutant (tsA58) of the SV40 large tumour antigen (LT). Heat-inactivation of LT leads to p53 activation and commitment to a senescent-like state (REtsA15 cell line) or apoptosis (REtsAF cell line). We report that senescence is associated with high levels of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein and a cell cycle arrest in G1 phase, whereas apoptosis is associated with low levels of Bcl-2 and a cell cycle arrest in G2 phase. Here we show that Bcl-2, which can inhibit apoptosis and proliferation, turns the apoptotic phenotype into a senescent-like phenotype in G2 phase. This result suggests that Bcl-2-dependent inhibition of apoptosis could be crucial for the commitment to replicative senescence, whereas its ability to inhibit G1 progression would not be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Rincheval
- Laboratoire de génétique et biologie cellulaire, Université de Versailles/St. Quentin-en-Yvelines, UPRESA-CNRS 8087, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, Versailles cedex 78035, France
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30
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Dovinová I, Paulíková H, Rauko P, Hunáková L, Hanusovská E, Tibenská E. Main targets of tetraaza macrocyclic copper complex on L1210 murine leukemia cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2002; 16:491-8. [PMID: 12206815 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(02)00043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several metal complex agents have already been introduced into clinical tumor therapy and others are subject of antitumor studies. In this study we focused on the tetraaza macrocyclic copper complex (Cu(TAAB)Cl(2)). We studied the influence of the substance on cell growth, cell cycle, membrane integrity, necrosis, apotosis and glutathione level on the leukemic cell line L1210 in 1-day (22 h) and 3-day (72 h) experiments. The metal complex shows a dose-dependent antiproliferative effect, without affecting cell cycle phases. The present results confirm that copper complex can damage plasmatic membranes and trigger apoptosis, and that after treatment of leukemic cells with the copper complex, glutathione levels were increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Dovinová
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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31
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Abstract
Flow cytometry has been extensively used to follow the apoptotic cascade and to enumerate apoptotic cells, both in cell cultures and, to a lesser extent, in tissue biopsies. An overview of the apoptotic cascade and how flow cytometric measurements can be used to observe the different elements of this process is presented.
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32
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Kolman A, Kotova N, Grawé J. Aphidicolin induces 6-thioguanine resistant mutants in human diploid fibroblasts. Mutat Res 2002; 499:227-33. [PMID: 11827715 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(01)00293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of aphidicolin (APC), an inhibitor of DNA polymerases alpha and delta, were studied in human diploid VH-10 fibroblasts. The cells were treated (2 or 4h) with APC at concentration ranges of 10-40 microM. The effect of APC on cell survival after 4 h treatment was significantly higher than after 2 h treatment. The mutagenicity of APC was investigated at the HPRT locus, and the frequency of HPRT mutants was estimated by selection in medium containing 6-thioguanine (6-TG). Treatment of fibroblast cells with 20 microM of APC for 2 or 4 h resulted approximately in 5 or 10 times increase of 6-TG resistant mutant frequencies, respectively, compared to untreated control cells. The cell cycle analyses performed during the expression time (9-12 days) have shown that after 2 and 4h treatment with APC the cells were blocked in G2 phase during the majority of the expression period, compared to control cells. Four days after the treatment, the amount of cells in G2 phase increased about two-fold (28.6-31.8% compared to 13.5% in the untreated cells). The mode of cell death during the expression time was via necrosis, rather than apoptosis, which was demonstrated by fluorescein-diacetate (FDA)-staining and terminal dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Kolman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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33
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Bartkowiak D, Högner S, Nothdurft W, Röttinger EM. Cell cycle and growth response of CHO cells to X-irradiation: threshold-free repair at low doses. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001; 50:221-7. [PMID: 11316567 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(01)01455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the hypothesis of a threshold for induced repair of DNA damage (IR) and, secondarily, of hyperradiosensitivity (HRS) to low-dose X-irradiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS Exponentially growing Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) were X-irradiated with doses from 0.2 to 8 Gy. Survival data were established by conventional colony-forming assay and flow-cytometric population counting. The early cell cycle response to radiation was studied based on DNA-profiles and bromodeoxyuridine pulse-labeling experiments. RESULTS Colony-forming data were consistent with HRS. However, these data were of low statistic significance. Population counting provided highly reproducible survival curves that were in perfect accord with the linear-quadratic (LQ) model. The dominant cell cycle reaction was a dose-dependent delay of G2 M and late S-phase. CONCLUSION There was no evidence for a threshold of IR and for low-dose HRS in X-irradiated CHO cells. It is suggested that DNA damage repair activity is constitutively expressed during S-phase and is additionally induced in a dose-dependent and threshold-free manner in late S-phase and G2. The resulting survival is precisely described by the LQ model.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bartkowiak
- Department of Radio-oncology, University Hospital Ulm, Robert-Koch-Str. 6, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Sheehy ME, McDermott AB, Furlan SN, Klenerman P, Nixon DF. A novel technique for the fluorometric assessment of T lymphocyte antigen specific lysis. J Immunol Methods 2001; 249:99-110. [PMID: 11226468 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(00)00329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The 51Cr release assay has traditionally been used to investigate effector cell cytotoxic function against labeled targets, but this method has inherent problems that include hazards associated with radioactivity, cell labeling and high spontaneous release. Here we describe a novel flow cytometric assay which addresses and improves upon the problems currently encountered with the 51Cr release assay. The fluorometric assessment of T lymphocyte antigen specific lysis (FATAL) assay employs dual staining (PKH-26 and CFSE) to identify and evaluate the target population. We found that the PKH-26/CFSE combination efficiently labeled target cells. Evaluation of the spontaneous leakage from dye labeled target cells was forty fold lower than the spontaneous leakage seen with the 51Cr release assay. The FATAL assay permitted a more accurate assessment of the effector: target ratio, and detected low levels of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) mediated lysis. There was a strong correlation between the 51Cr release and FATAL assays, when performed in parallel with identical effector and target cells (r(2)=0.998, P=<0.0001). This novel method of detecting cytolysis represents a qualitative and quantitative improvement over standard 51Cr release analysis. The FATAL assay will be of value to further investigate mechanisms of cytolysis by effector cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Sheehy
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
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