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Mohammadi S, Bouldo MG, Enayati M. Controlled Glycolysis of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) to Oligomers under Microwave Irradiation Using Antimony(III) Oxide. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:6574-6584. [PMID: 37588081 PMCID: PMC10425953 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.3c01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
We report here the production of higher-order oligomers from the glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) by using microwave irradiation in a controlled fashion, instead of its fully glycolyzed product, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalate (BHET). We show that different catalysts can generate either BHET as the ultimate glycolysis product or higher oligomers of PET under microwave irradiation. Depolymerization of waste PET with an average degree of polymerization (DP) of 417 from water bottles was performed in the presence of 0.25 wt % antimony(III) oxide (Sb2O3) as the catalyst at 240 °C and 400 W microwave power, resulting in an oligomer yield of 96.7% with an average DP of 37. Under these conditions, the conversion of PET to oligomers reached 100% in only 5 min at 240 °C (with a 10 min ramping time) and with a ethylene glycol to PET weight ratio of 2.5. In comparison, under the same reaction conditions, 0.04 wt % of zinc acetate (Zn(OAc)2), a well-known catalyst for PET glycolysis, produces only the BHET monomer in 96.3% yield. Our results demonstrated that by using Sb2O3, the same catalyst that is used extensively for PET synthesis from BHET, under microwave irradiation, the PET glycolysis can be controlled to produce higher PET oligomers as an alternative for a complete chemical depolymerization to the BHET monomer. These oligomers are more suitable for being used as additives for many applications and to produce high-quality second-generation products, including regenerated PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Mohammadi
- Center for Materials and
Manufacturing Sciences, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Troy University, Troy, Alabama 36082, United States
| | - Martin G. Bouldo
- Center for Materials and
Manufacturing Sciences, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Troy University, Troy, Alabama 36082, United States
| | - Mojtaba Enayati
- Center for Materials and
Manufacturing Sciences, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Troy University, Troy, Alabama 36082, United States
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Aderikha VN, Koval’ VN. Reinforcement of Polyamide 6 and Its Montmorillonite Composites by Introducing Maleinized Low-Molecular-Mass Polybutadiene Rubber. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s107042722205007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Lin T, Wu Y, Santos E, Chen X, Kelleher-Ferguson J, Tucker C, Ahn D, Mohler C, Chen Z. Probing Covalent Interactions at a Silicone Adhesive/Nylon Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:2590-2600. [PMID: 35166546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Covalent bonding is one of the most robust forms of intramolecular interaction between adhesives and substrates. In contrast to most noncovalent interactions, covalent bonds can significantly enhance both the interfacial strength and durability. To utilize the advantages of covalent bonding, specific chemical reactions are designed to occur at interfaces. However, interfacial reactions are difficult to probe in situ, particularly at the buried interfaces found in well-bonded adhesive joints. In this work, sum frequency generational (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy was used to directly examine and analyze the interfacial chemical reactions and related molecular changes at buried nylon/silicone elastomer interfaces. For self-priming elastomeric silicone adhesives, silane coupling agents have been extensively used as adhesion promoters. Here with SFG, the interfacial chemical reactions between nylon and two alkoxysilane adhesion promoters with varied functionalities (maleic anhydride (MAH) and epoxy) formulated into the silicone were observed and investigated. Evidence of reactions between the organofunctional group of each silane and reactive groups on the polyamide was found at the buried interface between the cured silicone elastomer and nylon. The adhesion strength at the nylon/cured silicone interfaces was substantially enhanced with both silane additives. SFG results elucidated the mechanisms of organo-silane adhesion promotion for silicone at the molecular level. The ability to probe and analyze detailed interfacial reactions at buried nylon/silicone interfaces demonstrated that SFG is a powerful analytical technique to aid the design and optimization of materials with desired interfacial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth Santos
- Dow Performance Silicones, Auburn, Michigan 48611, United States
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | | | - Chris Tucker
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Dongchan Ahn
- Dow Performance Silicones, Auburn, Michigan 48611, United States
| | - Carol Mohler
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
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Li B, Andre JS, Chen X, Walther B, Paradkar R, Feng C, Tucker C, Mohler C, Chen Z. Observing a Chemical Reaction at a Buried Solid/Solid Interface in Situ. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14145-14152. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - John S. Andre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- Core R&D,The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Brian Walther
- Packaging and Specialty Plastics,The Dow Chemical Company, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Rajesh Paradkar
- Packaging and Specialty Plastics,The Dow Chemical Company, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Chuang Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Christopher Tucker
- Core R&D,The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Carol Mohler
- Core R&D,The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Ernzen JR, Bondan F, Luvison C, Henrique Wanke C, De Nardi Martins J, Fiorio R, Bianchi O. Structure and properties relationship of melt reacted polyamide 6/malenized soybean oil. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Roberto Ernzen
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciência dos Materiais-PGMAT, Universidade de Caxias do Sul; Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, Bloco V Caxias do Sul Brazil
- Mantova Indústria de Tubos Plásticos Ltda; Caxias do Sul Brazil
| | - Fabrício Bondan
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciência dos Materiais-PGMAT, Universidade de Caxias do Sul; Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, Bloco V Caxias do Sul Brazil
| | - Caroline Luvison
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciência dos Materiais-PGMAT, Universidade de Caxias do Sul; Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, Bloco V Caxias do Sul Brazil
| | - Cesar Henrique Wanke
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciência dos Materiais-PGMAT, Universidade de Caxias do Sul; Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, Bloco V Caxias do Sul Brazil
| | | | - Rudinei Fiorio
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul; Rua Avelino Antônio de Souza 1730, Campus Caxias do Sul Brazil
| | - Otávio Bianchi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciência dos Materiais-PGMAT, Universidade de Caxias do Sul; Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, Bloco V Caxias do Sul Brazil
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Geyer B, Röhner S, Lorenz G, Kandelbauer A. Designing oligomeric ethylene terephtalate building blocks by chemical recycling of polyethylene terephtalate. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Geyer
- Reutlingen Research Institute (RRI); Reutlingen University; Germany
| | - Stefan Röhner
- Reutlingen Research Institute (RRI); Reutlingen University; Germany
| | - Günter Lorenz
- Reutlingen Research Institute (RRI); Reutlingen University; Germany
- School of Applied Chemistry; Reutlingen University; Alteburgstrasse 150 72762 Reutlingen Germany
| | - Andreas Kandelbauer
- Reutlingen Research Institute (RRI); Reutlingen University; Germany
- School of Applied Chemistry; Reutlingen University; Alteburgstrasse 150 72762 Reutlingen Germany
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Panda B, Bhattacharyya AR, Kulkarni AR. Morphology and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy of ternary polymer blends of polyamide6, polypropylene, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene co-polymer: Influence of compatibilizer and multiwall carbon nanotubes. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lehmann D, Hupfer B, Lappan U, Pompe G, Häußler L, Jehnichen D, Janke A, Geißler U, Reinhardt R, Lunkwitz K, Franke R, Kunze K. New PTFE-polyamide compounds. Des Monomers Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/156855502760158006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Hoffmann T, Pospiech D, Kretzschmar B, Reuter U, Häußler L, Eckert F, Perez-Graterol R, Sandler JK, Altstädt V. Modification of Polysulfones by Carboxylic Acids. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2006. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008306072345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The modification of aromatic polysulfones (PSU) in the melt in continuous mixing aggregates (on the small-scale: twin-screw microcompounder; on the large-scale: twin-screw extruder) by low-molecular weight dicarboxylic acids is presented. Owing to the drastic conditions experienced by the melt in the extruder operating at 320 °C, chain scission of the polysulfones as well as the formation of reactive groups attached to the PSU chains was expected, using either trimellitic acid anhydride or terephthalic acid as dicarboxylic acids. However, no functional groups indicating a reaction between the PSU and the carboxylic acids were detected in the melt-processed PSU compounds. Nevertheless, the resulting thermal and mechanical properties of the PSU compounds were influenced remarkably by the carboxylic acids due to their different mixing behavior with the PSU melt. The tensile stiffness and strength of the compounds were significantly increased in comparison with the PSU reference. PSU compounds containing the trimellitic acid anhydride (at concentrations exceeding 5.7 wt.%) showed a particularly high strength at break, while all compounds had a lower toughness in comparison with the neat PSU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Hoffmann
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany,
| | - Doris Pospiech
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernd Kretzschmar
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Uta Reuter
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Liane Häußler
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Eckert
- Technical University of Dresden, Physical Chemistry of Polymers, Mommsenstr. 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Raul Perez-Graterol
- Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jan K.W. Sandler
- Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Coltelli MB, Angiuli M, Passaglia E, Castelvetro V, Ciardelli F. Formation of Short and Long Chain Branches during the Free Radical Functionalization of Polyamide 6 in the Melt. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma051893o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Beatrice Coltelli
- PolyLab-INFM, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy; and CNR-ICCOM, Sezione di Pisa, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Angiuli
- PolyLab-INFM, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy; and CNR-ICCOM, Sezione di Pisa, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Passaglia
- PolyLab-INFM, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy; and CNR-ICCOM, Sezione di Pisa, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valter Castelvetro
- PolyLab-INFM, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy; and CNR-ICCOM, Sezione di Pisa, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Ciardelli
- PolyLab-INFM, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy; and CNR-ICCOM, Sezione di Pisa, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Nagel J, Scheidler D, Hupfer B, Bräuer M, Pleul D, Vogel C, Lehmann D, Amesöder S. Investigations on the formation of composites by injection molding of PA6 and different grafted polypropylenes and their blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Klüpfel B, Lehmann D. Functionalization of irradiated PTFE micropowder with methacryl- or hydroxy groups for chemical coupling of PTFE with different matrix polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bayram G, Yilmazer U, Xanthos M. Viscoelastic properties of reactive and non-reactive blends of ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymers with styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Pompe G, Pötschke P, Pionteck J. Reactive melt blending of modified polyamide and polypropylene: Assessment of compatibilization by fractionated crystallization and blend morphology. J Appl Polym Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/app.11374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pigłowski J, Gancarz I, Wlaźlak M, Kammer HW. Crystallization in modified blends of polyamide and polypropylene. POLYMER 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Meier-Haack J, Rieser T, Lenk W, Lehmann D, Berwald S, Schwarz S. Effect of Polyelectrolyte Complex Layers on the Separation Properties and the Fouling Behavior of Surface and Bulk Modified Membranes. Chem Eng Technol 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4125(200002)23:2<114::aid-ceat114>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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