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Ianni F, Pucciarini L, Carotti A, Sardella R, Natalini B. Enantioseparations by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Based on Chiral Ligand Exchange. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1985:279-302. [PMID: 31069740 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9438-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although the first application of chiral ligand-exchange chromatography (CLEC) in HPLC dates back to late 1960s, this enantioselective strategy still represents the elective choice for the direct analysis of compounds endowed with chelating moieties. As a specific feature of the CLEC mechanism, the interaction between the chiral selector and the enantiomer does not take place in direct contact. Indeed, it is mediated by a central metal ion that, acting as a Lewis acid, simultaneously coordinates the two species, selector and analyte, through the activation of dative bonds. As a consequence, two diastereomeric mixed ternary complexes are generated in the column, ultimately leading to the stereoisomeric discrimination. CLEC applications can be carried out both with the chiral selector included in the mobile phase (chiral mobile phase, CMP), or as a part of the stationary phase. In the latter case, the chiral selector can be either covalently immobilized onto a solid support (bonded CSP, B-CSP) or physically adsorbed onto a conventional packing material, coated chiral stationary phase (C-CSP).In this chapter, a selection of CLEC applications with CMP- and C-CSP-based chiral systems is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucia Pucciarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roccaldo Sardella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Benedetto Natalini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Ali I, Al-Othman ZA, Al-Warthan A, Asnin L, Chudinov A. Advances in chiral separations of small peptides by capillary electrophoresis and chromatography. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2447-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University); New Delhi India
| | - Zeid A. Al-Othman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Warthan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Leonid Asnin
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University; Perm Russia
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Natalini B, Sardella R, Macchiarulo A, Pellicciari R. S-Trityl-(R)-cysteine, a powerful chiral selector for the analytical and preparative ligand-exchange chromatography of amino acids. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:696-704. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Seshachalam U, Rajababu B, Haribabu B, Chandrasekhar KB. Enantiomeric Separation of Tenofovir on an Achiral C18 Column by HPLC Using L‐Phenylalanine as a Chiral Mobile Phase Additive. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701780789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U. Seshachalam
- a Quality Assurance, Matrix Laboratories Limited , Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - B. Rajababu
- b Process Research Laboratory , Matrix Laboratories Limited , Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - B. Haribabu
- c API Technical services , Matrix Laboratories Limited , Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - K. B. Chandrasekhar
- d Department of Chemistry , JNTU College of Engineering , Ananthapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Bi Y, Yang J, Lu X, Shao T, Dong J, Li F. Validated chiral separation of M9, a Mannich ketone compound, by chiral ligand-exchange chromatography. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:1839-43. [PMID: 17638363 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Enantioseparation of the Mannich ketone M9, a potential antifungal compound, was examined using chiral ligand-exchange chromatography. The chiral mobile phase contained complexes of Cu(II) with the optically active selector L-aspartame (APM) and the organic modifier methanol. The separation was optimized with respect to the concentration of the Cu(II)-(L-APM) complexes, pH of mobile phase, methanol content, and column temperature. A baseline separation (R(s) = 3.08) was achieved for enantiomers of M9 under optimal conditions, and the analysis was accomplished in eleven minutes. The developed method was extensively validated. The sample stability, linearity, precision (method repeatability and intermediate precision) and accuracy, and the limits of detection and quantification of the developed method were studied. The proposed method was shown to be accurate and suitable for the quantitative determination of each enantiomer of M9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, #103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
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Dallavalle F, Folesani G, Pelosi G, Ferrari MB, Galaverna G, Corradini R, Marchelli R. Copper(II) Complexes with Chiral Diaminodiamido Ligands: Solution and Structural Studies. J COORD CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00958970008055125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Dallavalle
- a Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica , Chimica Analitica , Chimica, Fisica
| | - Giuseppina Folesani
- a Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica , Chimica Analitica , Chimica, Fisica
| | - Giorgio Pelosi
- a Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica , Chimica Analitica , Chimica, Fisica
| | | | - Gianni Galaverna
- b Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale , Università di Parma , 43100, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberto Corradini
- b Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale , Università di Parma , 43100, Parma, Italy
| | - Rosangela Marchelli
- b Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale , Università di Parma , 43100, Parma, Italy
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7
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Sun S, Jia Y, Zeng N, Li F. Chiral Ligand-Exchange Chromatography for Separation of Three Stereoisomers of Octahydroindole-2-carboxylic Acid. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0752-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Czerwenka C, Lindner W. Stereoselective peptide analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:599-638. [PMID: 15856198 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Revised: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The stereochemistry of a peptide determines its spatial features and can profoundly influence its chemical properties and biological activity. Thus, the analysis of the stereochemical properties of a peptide is an important aspect of its characterisation. For such investigations a "selector" that engages in stereoselective interactions with the peptide analytes is often used. A substantiated knowledge of the underlying molecular recognition mechanism will therefore be helpful in understanding existing and developing new stereoselective analysis systems. After a short introduction concerning the fundamentals of peptide stereoisomers and their biological implications, the stereoselective peptide analysis methods described in the literature are comprehensively reviewed. The characteristics and applications of the employed methods based on various techniques including chromatography (pressure- and electrokinetically driven), capillary electrophoresis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry are discussed. The various selectors that have been utilised to discriminate peptide enantiomers and/or diastereomers are described concurrently. The review concludes with an overview of combinations and comparisons of techniques that have been applied to the analysis of peptide stereoisomers and constitute a trend for further developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Czerwenka
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 38, 1090 Wien, Austria
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Vander Heyden Y, Mangelings D, Matthijs N, Perrin C. 18 Chiral separations. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(05)80062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Czerwenka C, Maier NM, Lindner W. Liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometric separation of oligoalanine peptide stereoisomers: influence of absolute configuration on enantioselectivity and two-dimensional separation of diastereomers and enantiomers. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1038:85-95. [PMID: 15233524 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This contribution describes the chromatographic separation of peptide stereoisomers. Thereby, one focus is laid on the influence of the absolute configurations of peptide enantiomer pairs on their enantioselective separation. Three different N-terminal protecting groups and three different chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on cinchona alkaloid derivatives were employed and oligoalanine di-, tri- and tetra-peptides were used as model set. The absolute configurations of the individual enantiomeric pairs were found to profoundly influence both the elution order and the enantioselectivity. The stereoselective molecular recognition mechanism was observed to be dependent on the combination of configuration and the chosen protecting group and CSP. As the CSPs on their own exhibited insufficient diastereoselectivity, a two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) system was developed for the separation of both diastereomers and enantiomers of peptides in the second part of this study. Diastereomers were separated by reversed phase (RP) and the resulting enantiomeric pair fractions were transferred to a CSP for enantioseparation. All eight stereoisomers of a tripeptide (Ala-Ala-Ala) and 9 out of 10 stereoisomers of a tetrapeptide (Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala) could be successfully resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Czerwenka
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 38, 1090 Wien, Austria
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Abstract
As a follow-up to a series of review articles on enantioselective ligand exchange chromatography, the present contribution critically evaluates achievements in this area of active and successful research which have been reported in the scientific since 1992. Also discussed is enantioselective ligand exchange in electromigration techniques which have developed especially fruitfully during the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim A Davankov
- Institute of Organo-Element Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 28, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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12
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Weeks CL, Turner P, Fenton RR, Lay PA. Nickel(ii) complexes with amide ligands: oxidative dehydrogenation of the amines in a tetradentate diamide–diamine ligand. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1039/b107378h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Galaverna G, Corradini R, Dallavalle F, Folesani G, Dossena A, Marchelli R. Chiral separation of amino acids by copper(II) complexes of tetradentate diaminodiamido-type ligands added to the eluent in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography: a ligand exchange mechanism. J Chromatogr A 2001; 922:151-63. [PMID: 11486860 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00909-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we report a study on the mechanism of the enantiomeric separation of unmodified D,L-amino acids in RP-HPLC by copper(II) complexes of two tetradentate diaminodiamido ligands, (S,S)-N,N'-bis(phenylalanyl)ethanediamine (PheNN-2) and (S,S)-N,N'-bis(methylphenylalanyl)ethanediamine (Me2PheNN-2), added to the eluent. The aim is to investigate whether and how a copper(II) complex with no free equatorial positions can perform chiral discrimination of bidentate analytes such as unmodified amino acids. The problem is approached in a systematic way by: (a) varying the different chromatographic parameters (pH, selector concentration, eluent polarity); (b) performing chiral separation with the selector adsorbed on the stationary phase; (c) studying the ternary complex formation of these ligands with D- and L-amino acids in solution by glass electrode potentiometry and electrospray ionization MS. All the experimental data are consistent with a mechanism of chiral recognition, based on ligand exchange, which involves as selectors the species [Cu2L2H(-2)]2+ and [CuLH(-2)] and proceeds by displacement of two binding sites from the equatorial positions, giving rise to the ternary species [CuLA]+ and [CuLH(-1) A]. The most important factor responsible for chiral discrimination seems to be the affinity of the diastereomeric ternary complexes for the stationary phase since no enantioselectivity is observed in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Galaverna
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università di Parma, Italy
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Effect of Selector Coverage and Mobile Phase Composition on Enantiomeric Separations with Ristocetin A Chiral Stationary Phases. Microchem J 1999. [DOI: 10.1006/mchj.1999.1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Separation of enantiomers of α-hydroxy acids by reversed-phase liquid chromatography after derivatization with 1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00770-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Arai T. Chiral separation of pharmaceuticals possessing a carboxy moiety. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 717:295-311. [PMID: 9832251 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The separation of carboxylic enantiomers in the pharmaceutical field using high-performance liquid chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic techniques is reviewed. The techniques used for chiral separation include diastereomer derivatization, a chiral mobile phase, a chiral stationary phase (high-performance liquid chromatography) and chiral additives (capillary electrophoresis). Practical and conventional separation systems for pharmaceutical applications, such as pharmacokinetics, optical purity testing and stability studies, are described. A comprehensive collection of applications to carboxylic drugs and other carboxylic compounds of pharmaceutical interest is listed in the tables. The characteristics of each enantioseparation method are also discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Arai
- Medical Development Department, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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Marchelli R, Corradini R, Bertuzzi T, Galaverna G, Dossena A, Gasparrini F, Galli B, Villani C, Misiti D. Chiral discrimination by ligand-exchange chromatography: A comparison between phenylalaninamide-based stationary and mobile phases. Chirality 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-636x(1996)8:6<452::aid-chir7>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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