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Li Y, Zhang H, Wang Y, Li D, Chen H. Advances in circadian clock regulation of reproduction. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 137:83-133. [PMID: 37709382 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian circadian clock is an endogenously regulated oscillator that is synchronized with solar time and cycle within a 24-h period. The circadian clock exists not only in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, a central pacemaker of the circadian clock system, but also in numerous peripheral tissues known as peripheral circadian oscillators. The SCN and peripheral circadian oscillators mutually orchestrate the diurnal rhythms of various physiological and behavioral processes in a hierarchical manner. In the past two decades, peripheral circadian oscillators have been identified and their function has been determined in the mammalian reproductive system and its related endocrine glands, including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries, testes, uterus, mammary glands, and prostate gland. Increasing evidence indicates that both the SCN and peripheral circadian oscillators play discrete roles in coordinating reproductive processes and optimizing fertility in mammals. The present study reviews recent evidence on circadian clock regulation of reproductive function in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and reproductive system. Additionally, we elucidate the effects of chronodisruption (as a result of, for example, shift work, jet lag, disrupted eating patterns, and sleep disorders) on mammalian reproductive performance from multiple aspects. Finally, we propose potential behavioral changes or pharmaceutical strategies for the prevention and treatment of reproductive disorders from the perspective of chronomedicine. Conclusively, this review will outline recent evidence on circadian clock regulation of reproduction, providing novel perspectives on the role of the circadian clock in maintaining normal reproductive functions and in diseases that negatively affect fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Li
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Haisen Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yiqun Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Huatao Chen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China.
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Ozkanlar S, Kara H, Gür C, Gedikli S, Kara A, Ozudogru Z, Ozdemir D, Kurt N. Effects of photoperiod on thyroid gland development and function in growing chicks: a biochemical and morphometric study. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an20687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
Light treatment has a regulatory role in some growth-related functions, including thyroid development in chicks.
Aims
This study aimed to investigate the effects of different photoperiod treatments on thyroid organ weight and serum thyroid hormone concentrations of broilers by use of biochemical and histological methods.
Methods
After the hatching, 120 broiler chicks (Ross) were divided into two main groups according to sex. Both groups were then split into two sub-groups based on photoperiod treatment: 16 h (i.e. 16 h light:8 h dark) and 24 h (24 h light:0 h dark). Thyroid gland and blood samples of six animals from each group were obtained after slaughtering at 7-day intervals from Day 14 after hatching to Day 42. Serum concentrations of free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxin (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were determined by the chemiluminescence method for all groups. Thyroid weight, bodyweight and thyroid follicle diameter were also measured.
Key results
Thyroid weight:bodyweight ratio generally started to increase from Day 14 to Day 42, with no significant (P > 0.05) difference among the groups at the same age. For both male and female broiler chicks, morphometric measures increased as birds grew. Serum FT3 and TSH concentrations slightly decreased and serum FT4 concentrations increased in growing chicks of both sexes.
Conclusions
Extending the photoperiod from 16 to 24 h had no effects on thyroid gland development or functions in terms of both biochemical and morphometric parameters in broiler chicks.
Implications
Continuous light has minimal effects on thyroid functions of growing broiler chicks to Day 42.
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Pan J, Yang Y, Yang B, Yu Y. Artificial polychromatic light affects growth and physiology in chicks. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113595. [PMID: 25469877 PMCID: PMC4254831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the overwhelming use of artificial light on captive animals, its effect on those animals has rarely been studied experimentally. Housing animals in controlled light conditions is useful for assessing the effects of light. The chicken is one of the best-studied animals in artificial light experiments, and here, we evaluate the effect of polychromatic light with various green and blue components on the growth and physiology in chicks. The results indicate that green-blue dual light has two side-effects on chick body mass, depending on the various green to blue ratios. Green-blue dual light with depleted and medium blue component decreased body mass, whereas enriched blue component promoted body mass in chicks compared with monochromatic green- or blue spectra-treated chicks. Moreover, progressive changes in the green to blue ratios of green-blue dual light could give rise to consistent progressive changes in body mass, as suggested by polychromatic light with higher blue component resulting in higher body mass. Correlation analysis confirmed that food intake was positively correlated with final body mass in chicks (R2 = 0.7664, P = 0.0001), suggesting that increased food intake contributed to the increased body mass in chicks exposed to higher blue component. We also found that chicks exposed to higher blue component exhibited higher blood glucose levels. Furthermore, the glucose level was positively related to the final body mass (R2 = 0.6406, P = 0.0001) and food intake (R2 = 0.784, P = 0.0001). These results demonstrate that spectral composition plays a crucial role in affecting growth and physiology in chicks. Moreover, consistent changes in spectral components might cause the synchronous response of growth and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Pan
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yefeng Yang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yonghua Yu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- * E-mail:
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Evans JA, Davidson AJ. Health consequences of circadian disruption in humans and animal models. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 119:283-323. [PMID: 23899601 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396971-2.00010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Daily rhythms in behavior and physiology are programmed by a hierarchical collection of biological clocks located throughout the brain and body, known as the circadian system. Mounting evidence indicates that disruption of circadian regulation is associated with a wide variety of adverse health consequences, including increased risk for premature death, cancer, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular dysfunction, immune dysregulation, reproductive problems, mood disorders, and learning deficits. Here we review the evidence for the pervasive effects of circadian disruption in humans and animal models, drawing from both environmental and genetic studies, and identify questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Evans
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Fonken LK, Haim A, Nelson RJ. Dim Light at Night Increases Immune Function in Nile Grass Rats, a Diurnal Rodent. Chronobiol Int 2012; 29:26-34. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2011.635831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Maintenance of fertility in cryopreserved Indian gerbil (Tatera indica) spermatozoa. Cryobiology 2009; 58:303-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Organisms must adapt to the temporal characteristics of their surroundings to successfully survive and reproduce. Variation in the daily light cycle, for example, acts through endocrine and neurobiological mechanisms to control several downstream physiological and behavioral processes. Interruptions in normal circadian light cycles and the resulting disruption of normal melatonin rhythms cause widespread disruptive effects involving multiple body systems, the results of which can have serious medical consequences for individuals, as well as large-scale ecological implications for populations. With the invention of electrical lights about a century ago, the temporal organization of the environment has been drastically altered for many species, including humans. In addition to the incidental exposure to light at night through light pollution, humans also engage in increasing amounts of shift-work, resulting in repeated and often long-term circadian disruption. The increasing prevalence of exposure to light at night has significant social, ecological, behavioral, and health consequences that are only now becoming apparent. This review addresses the complicated web of potential behavioral and physiological consequences resulting from exposure to light at night, as well as the large-scale medical and ecological implications that may result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J Navara
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Karakaş A, Gündüz B. Effect of different photoperiods on gonadal maintenance and development in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Zoolog Sci 2002; 19:233-9. [PMID: 12012787 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.19.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of photoperiod in adult testicular maintenance and body weight and juvenile development was assessed in male Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Gerbils were raised on a 14L (14 hr of light) photoperiod. In the first study, adult gerbils with functional testes were transferred to thirteen different photoperiods (0L, 2L, 4L, 6L, 8L, 10L, 12L, 14L, 16L, 18L, 20L, 22L, or 24L) and body weights and testicular size were measured every week for 10 weeks. Body weights were similar in all groups. Testicular regression had occurred in animals housed on 0L, 2L, 4L, 6L, 8L, and 24L by week 10. In the second study, 14L-born prepubertal gerbils were transferred to thirteen different photoperiods as in the first study. Body weights and testicular development were examined for 10 weeks. At the end of 10 weeks the body weights of animals in all groups except 24L were similar to those of adults. Animals in 24L had a lower body weight gain. Exposure to 0L, 2L, and 24L inhibited testicular development and testes weights were significantly different from those of the other groups. These results demonstrate that maintenance of body weight in adult gerbils appears to be independent of photoperiodic signal. Exposure to very long (24L) and short photoperiods (< 10 hr) causes testicular regression in adult gerbils. Moreover, different photoperiods experienced in early life can influence prepubertal testis growth and body weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Karakaş
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14280 Bolu-Turkey
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