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Nissanka-Jayasuriya EH, Fenton TR, Rose-Zerilli MJJ. Molecular landscape of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a systematic review. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2024; 62:118-127. [PMID: 38296711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2023.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is a rare oral potentially malignant disorder characterised by multifocal origin and unpredictable long-term evolution to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) or oral verrucous carcinoma (OVC). Currently no predictive biomarkers are in clinical use. We aimed to explore the genomic profile of PVL. A total of 685 cases in 26 studies were included in this review. Genomic data were presented in 15% of studies and biomarker analysis was reported in 85% of studies. At first clinical presentation, PVL is characterised by a high loss of heterozygosity (LOH), similar to OSCC, and low copy number alterations (CNA). As these progress, more CNAs and mutations in CDKN2A and alterations to ELAVL1 expression are noted, but no TP53 mutations are identified. There is significantly lower LOH at 17p in early PVL compared with OSCC (p = 0.037). Deletions in chromosomal loci 17q12, 5q31.1 and amplifications in 7q11.2, 7q22 are shared between early lesions and OVC. PVL shows CNAs at 11q31. WNT signalling pathway genes (SUZ12, CTTN and FOLR3) are enriched in CN-altered regions. PVL stroma shows significantly lower α-SMA and higher CD34 expression than OVC and OSCC. The exact genomic landscape is currently unclear, and further studies are necessary to unravel this mystery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eranga H Nissanka-Jayasuriya
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Department of Histopathology, William Harvey Hospital, East Kent Hospitals University NHS Trust, Ashford, Kent, UK.
| | - Tim R Fenton
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Matthew J J Rose-Zerilli
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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2
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Ravichandar R, Thirunavukarasu S, Reddy J, Ramanujam S. Oral verrucous Carcinoma on mandibular right alveolar region. BMJ Case Rep 2023; 16:e256239. [PMID: 37648278 PMCID: PMC10471845 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-256239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Verrucous carcinoma, a low-grade variant of squamous cell carcinoma, defined as a diagnostically squamous cell neoplasia involving lip, oropharyngeal, and laryngeal mucosa and named as 'Ackerman's tumour' by Ackerman in 1948. It usually occurs in the lower lip region and this is one such case in which a painful proliferative growth was evident over the right alveolar region for the period of 8 months. Radiological investigations, biopsies were performed followed by surgical excision of the lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjjith Ravichandar
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sri Balaji Vidyaapeeth (Deemed to be University), Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Pondicherry, India
| | - Sivasankari Thirunavukarasu
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sri Balaji Vidyaapeeth (Deemed to be University), Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Pondicherry, India
| | - Jagat Reddy
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sri Balaji Vidyaapeeth (Deemed to be University), Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Pondicherry, India
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3
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Almadori G, Coli A, De Corso E, Mele DA, Settimi S, Di Cintio G, Brigato F, Scannone D, Carey TE, Paludetti G, Lauriola L, Ranelletti FO. Nuclear HER3 expression improves the prognostic stratification of patients with HER1 positive advanced laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. J Transl Med 2021; 19:408. [PMID: 34579737 PMCID: PMC8477517 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Compared to the other members of human epidermal growth factor family receptors (HER), the role of HER3 has not been well defined in laryngeal cancer. The predictive and prognostic role of HER3 has been the focus of clinical attention but the research findings are contradictory, especially in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). The variable localization of HER3 within cancer cells and the role of HER3 in primary and acquired resistance to HER1-targeted therapies remain unclear. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of two cohorts of 66 homogeneous consecutive untreated primary advanced LSCC patients, in which co-expression of HER1, HER2 and HER3 receptors was investigated by semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry. The association of their pattern of expression with survival was evaluated by Kaplan–Meier and Cox’s proportional hazard analyses. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were developed to predict median 2- and 3-year RFS and 2.5- and 5-year OS. The Akaike information criterion technique and backwards stepwise procedure were used for model selections. The performance of the final Cox models was assessed with respect to calibration and discrimination. Results Immunohistochemical labeling for HER1 and HER2 was localized both in the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm, while HER3 labeling was observed both in the cell cytoplasm and in the nucleus. HER3 expression was inversely correlated with HER1 positivity. The expression patterns of HERs were associated with tumor differentiation. In both cohorts of patients, HER1 expression was associated with reduced relapse-free (RFS) and overall survival (OS). In HER1 positive tumors, the co-expression with nuclear HER3 was associated with better RFS and OS, compared with HER3 negative tumors or tumors expressing HER3 at cytoplasmic level. HER3 expressing tumors had a higher Geminin/MCM7 ratio than HER3 negative ones, regardless of HER1 co-expression. Multivariable analyses identified age at diagnosis, tumor site, HER1, HER3 and age at diagnosis, tumor stage, HER1, HER3, as covariates significantly associated with RFS and OS, respectively. Bootstrapping verified the good fitness of these models for predicting survivals and the optimism-corrected C-indices were 0.76 and 0.77 for RFS and OS, respectively. Conclusions Nuclear HER3 expression was strongly associated with favourable prognosis and allows to improve the prognostic stratification of patients with HER1 positive advanced LSCC carcinoma. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-03081-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Almadori
- Unit of Head and Neck Oncology, "A. Gemelli" University Hospital Foundation IRCCS-Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy. .,Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, "A. Gemelli" University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Roma, Italy. .,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy.
| | - Antonella Coli
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy.,Unit of Anatomic Pathology, "A. Gemelli" University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Eugenio De Corso
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, "A. Gemelli" University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Dario Antonio Mele
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, "A. Gemelli" University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Settimi
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, "A. Gemelli" University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Cintio
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, "A. Gemelli" University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Brigato
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, "A. Gemelli" University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Domenico Scannone
- Unit of Anatomic Pathology, "A. Gemelli" University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Thomas E Carey
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gaetano Paludetti
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, "A. Gemelli" University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Roma, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Libero Lauriola
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy.,Unit of Anatomic Pathology, "A. Gemelli" University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, Roma, Italy
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4
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Grover S, Jha M, Sharma B, Kapoor S, Mittal K, Parakkat NK, Shivappa AB, Kaur R. Verrucous Hyperplasia: Case report and differential diagnosis. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2017; 17:e98-e102. [PMID: 28417036 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2016.17.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Verrucous hyperplasia (VH) is a rare exophytic oral mucosal lesion which can transform into verrucous carcinoma (VC), its malignant but clinically similar counterpart. These entities can be distinguished by the lack of invasive growth in VH cases; as such, it is essential to include a margin with adequate depth when performing a biopsy of the epithelium of the lesion. We report an 80-year-old male patient who presented to the Bapuji Dental College & Hospital, Davangere, Karanataka, India, in 2011 with a warty whitish-pink growth on the inside of his cheek. The patient was treated with wide surgical excision of the lesion and a diagnosis of VH was made based on histopathological features. There was no evidence of recurrence at a five-year follow-up. This report highlights the histological variations, pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of VH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Grover
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Christian Dental College & Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Mihir Jha
- Department of Pediatric & Preventive Dentistry, Mahatma Gandhi Mission Dental College & Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bhushan Sharma
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Christian Dental College & Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Shekhar Kapoor
- Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, Christian Dental College & Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Kumud Mittal
- Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Shaheed Kartar Singh Sarabha Dental College & Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Nithin K Parakkat
- Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Asan Memorial Dental College & Hospital, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anil B Shivappa
- Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Anil Neerukonda Institute of Dental Sciences, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ravleen Kaur
- Department of Periodontics, Christian Dental College & Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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5
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Peng Q, Wang Y, Quan H, Li Y, Tang Z. Oral verrucous carcinoma: From multifactorial etiology to diverse treatment regimens (Review). Int J Oncol 2016; 49:59-73. [PMID: 27121637 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral verrucous carcinoma (OVC) is a verrucous variant of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which accounts for 2-12% of all oral carcinomas with a 5-year survival rate of only approximately 50%. Enormous effort has been dedicated to this cancer, and the past decades have witnessed significant advances in relevant diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Currently, there exist three challenges from primary sub-fields of research and clinical practice of the cancer, namely multifactorial etiology, complex molecular mechanism, and deficient treatment. This study reviews the existing literature on the cancer, encompassing its etiology, clinical manifestations and pathology, molecular mechanism, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, and treatment. For improved treatment of OVC, multifactorial etiology analysis, incorporation of effective biomarkers for mechanism illustration, and integration of multidisciplinary modalities are expounded, in an attempt to resolve the challenges and to provide a useful guide for future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Peng
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yuehong Wang
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Hongzhi Quan
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yiping Li
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhangui Tang
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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6
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Rysman B, Mouawad F, Gros A, Lansiaux A, Chevalier D, Meignan S. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Head Neck 2016; 38 Suppl 1:E2412-8. [PMID: 26835877 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) is a member of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family. The main characteristic of HER3 is that it does not possess tyrosine kinase activity, unlike other HERs. The role of HER3 in tumorigenesis has now been recognized, particularly in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). Despite conflicting studies, HER3 was found to be overexpressed in HNSCC samples, and correlates with disease progression and poor survival, especially when it is coexpressed with other HERs. HER3 is a significant factor in HNSCC treatment resistance. Indeed, HER3 is a major mechanism described for cetuximab resistance because of modification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) internalization and by phosphotidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway activation. HER3 also affects resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and thereby promotes treatment escape and radiotherapy resistance by activation of the survival signaling pathway. To counteract this, pharmacologic inhibitors of HER3 are currently in development and could significantly improve HNSCC treatment. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2412-E2418, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Rysman
- ENT and Head and Neck Surgery Department, Huriez Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France.,Tumorigenesis and Resistance to Treatment Unit, Centre Oscar Lambret, Inserm U908, IRCL, Lille, France
| | - François Mouawad
- ENT and Head and Neck Surgery Department, Huriez Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France.,Tumorigenesis and Resistance to Treatment Unit, Centre Oscar Lambret, Inserm U908, IRCL, Lille, France
| | - Abigaëlle Gros
- Tumorigenesis and Resistance to Treatment Unit, Centre Oscar Lambret, Inserm U908, IRCL, Lille, France
| | - Amélie Lansiaux
- Tumorigenesis and Resistance to Treatment Unit, Centre Oscar Lambret, Inserm U908, IRCL, Lille, France
| | - Dominique Chevalier
- ENT and Head and Neck Surgery Department, Huriez Hospital, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Samuel Meignan
- Tumorigenesis and Resistance to Treatment Unit, Centre Oscar Lambret, Inserm U908, IRCL, Lille, France
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7
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Angiogenesis, Proliferative Activity and DNA Ploidy in Oral Verrucous Carcinoma: A Comparative Study Including Verrucous Hyperplasia and Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 21:1249-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-014-9856-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Shah AA, Jeffus SK, Stelow EB. Squamous cell carcinoma variants of the upper aerodigestive tract: a comprehensive review with a focus on genetic alterations. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 138:731-44. [PMID: 24878013 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2013-0070-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract is a heterogenous entity. Although conventional squamous cell carcinomas are easily recognized, the morphologic variants of squamous cell carcinoma can present a diagnostic challenge. Familiarity with these variants is necessary because many are associated with unique risk factors and are characterized by specific molecular alterations (eg, nuclear protein in testis midline carcinomas). Perhaps the most important distinction is in identifying viral-related from nonviral-related carcinomas. The accurate diagnosis of these variants is necessary for prognostic and therapeutic reasons. OBJECTIVES To provide a clinicopathologic overview and summary of the molecular alterations of the common squamous cell carcinoma variants, including verrucous, spindle cell, acantholytic, adenosquamous, basaloid, and papillary squamous cell carcinoma, as well as nuclear protein in testis midline carcinoma, and to discuss the distinguishing features of human papillomavirus- and Epstein-Barr virus-related squamous cell carcinomas. DATA SOURCES Published peer-reviewed literature. CONCLUSIONS Familiarity with squamous cell carcinoma variants is essential for proper diagnosis and to guide appropriate clinical management. Further insight into the molecular alterations underlying those variants may lead to alterations in existing treatment approaches and to evolution of novel treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akeesha A Shah
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville
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9
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Tulalamba W, Larbcharoensub N, Janvilisri T. ERBB3 as an independent prognostic marker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 2014; 67:667-72. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2013-202154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AimAlthough the ERBB proteins have been shown to be associated in many types of human tumours and serve as important cancer therapeutic targets, however, data regarding the expression and clinical relevance of ERBBs in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) are still conflicting. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression pattern of all ERBB members simultaneously in NPC tissues using immunohistochemistry and determine their clinical relevance.MethodsThe expression of all members of ERBB proteins was evaluated using immunohistochemistry on 82 NPC tissue samples. Relationship between the ERBB protein expression, clinicopathological parameters and patient outcome was assessed using univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsWe found that ERBB1, ERBB2 and ERBB3 were strongly expressed in the normal nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. A marked reduction of ERBB1 and ERBB2 expression in NPC was observed compared with the non-cancerous tissues. 76 of 82 (92.7%) cases were ERBB3-positive, while ERBB4 was not expressed in both normal and NPC. The univariate log-rank analysis showed that regional lymph node metastasis, systemic metastasis, recurrence and ERBB3 expression were associated with patient survival. The ERBB3 expression was not correlated to other clinicopathological factors. Furthermore, multivariate analysis revealed that ERBB3 expression was an independent prognostic factor influencing patient survival.ConclusionsOur results suggested that the expression of ERBB3 is associated with patient survival and could serve as a novel and valuable predictor for prognostic evaluation of patients with NPC.
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10
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Abstract
Context: Oral verrucous hyperplasia (OVH) is a premalignant lesion that may transform into an oral cancer. Aims: The present retrospective study was carried out to analyze the clinico-pathological features of verrucous hyperplasia (VH). Materials and Methods: Total 19 diagnosed cases of verrucous hyperplasia were retrospectively analyzed for demographic, clinical and histopathological features including dysplasia. Results: Average age of occurrence of lesion was 4 th decade of life, with male predominance (2:1) and common site of occurrence being buccal mucosa. Clinically it present as verrucous exophytic growth with sharp or blunt projections on surface, which corresponds histologically. Tobacco lime quid placement in buccal vestibule was key etiologic factor. Histopathologicaly 68% cases showed dysplasia out of which moderate dysplasia predominates (42%). Moderately dysplastic cases were found to be associated with mixed habit pattern. Maximum cases were treated with excision. Conclusion: Biopsy specimen comprising of adjacent normal epithelium is key in distinguishing verrucous hyperplasia from verrucous carcinoma. Clinical behavior and recurrence potential needs to be assessed with long term follow up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay K Hazarey
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Government Dental College and Hospital, Medical Campus, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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11
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Del Sordo R, Angiero F, Bellezza G, Cavaliere A, Mameli MG, Stefani M, Dessy E, Sidoni A. HER family receptors expression in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue: study of the possible prognostic and biological significance. J Oral Pathol Med 2009; 39:79-86. [PMID: 19691460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCCT) is biologically and epidemiologically distinct from other oral cavity cancers and is associated with lower overall survival rates. The role of HER family members (HER-1, HER-2/neu, HER-3 and HER-4) in the pathogenesis and progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas has been demonstrated but no report have focused on SCCT. This study investigated, the expression of all members of the HER family, in a series of SCCT and studied the possible prognostic value and correlation with various clinico-pathological parameters. METHODS HER-1, HER-2/neu, HER-3 and HER-4 expression was analysed by semi-quantitative immunohistochemical staining on paraffin embedded tissue specimens from 40 patients who underwent surgery for SCCT between 1996 and 2006. RESULTS HER-1 was overexpressed in 26 cases (65%), HER-2/neu in two (5%), HER-3 in 19 (48%) and HER-4 in three cases (8%). No significant correlation was found between clinicopathological variables and expression of HER-1 and HER-2/neu. HER-3 overexpression was significantly related to nodal stage, age (>or=64 years) and decreased overall survival (P <or= 0.05). HER-4 overexpression was significantly associated with low histological grade including when it was coexpressed with HER-3 but in this case the prognosis was worse (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that HER-1 and HER-2/neu when determined with stringent criteria are not useful indicators of prognosis in SCCT. Only HER-3 overexpression may help in identifying SCCT with greater malignant potential also when it is coexpressed with HER-4. Instead, as in other malignancies, HER-4 could play a protective role in SCCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Del Sordo
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy and Histology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia.
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12
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Sithanandam G, Anderson LM. The ERBB3 receptor in cancer and cancer gene therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2008; 15:413-48. [PMID: 18404164 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2008.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
ERBB3, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, is unique in that its tyrosine kinase domain is functionally defective. It is activated by neuregulins, by other ERBB and nonERBB receptors as well as by other kinases, and by novel mechanisms. Downstream it interacts prominently with the phosphoinositol 3-kinase/AKT survival/mitogenic pathway, but also with GRB, SHC, SRC, ABL, rasGAP, SYK and the transcription regulator EBP1. There are likely important but poorly understood roles for nuclear localization and for secreted isoforms. Studies of ERBB3 expression in primary cancers and of its mechanistic contributions in cultured cells have implicated it, with varying degrees of certainty, with causation or sustenance of cancers of the breast, ovary, prostate, certain brain cells, retina, melanocytes, colon, pancreas, stomach, oral cavity and lung. Recent results link high ERBB3 activity with escape from therapy targeting other ERBBs in lung and breast cancers. Thus a wide and centrally important role for ERBB3 in cancer is becoming increasingly apparent. Several approaches for targeting ERBB3 in cancers have been tested or proposed. Small inhibitory RNA (siRNA) to ERBB3 or AKT is showing promise as a therapeutic approach to treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.
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13
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Jones RJ, Boyce T, Fennell M, Jacobs V, Pinto F, Duffield E, Clack G, Green T, Kelly J, Robertson J. The impact of delay in cryo-fixation on biomarkers of Src tyrosine kinase activity in human breast and bladder cancers. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 61:23-32. [PMID: 17909809 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-007-0440-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Demonstration of pharmacodynamic activity of new, targeted cancer drugs in tumour tissue is potentially important in guiding early drug development. However, delays between tumour sampling and sample fixation may result in variability of pharmacodynamic biomarkers. The aim of this study, was to assess the impact of delays in fixation on biomarkers of Src kinase activity. A total of 20 patients with locally advanced breast cancer and 5 with early bladder cancer had multiple tissue samples taken which were fixed at documented time points up to 60 min after biopsy. These were examined to determine if the amount of Paxillin, phospho-Paxillin, phospho-focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and total phospho-Tyrosine changed over time, using a quantitative lysate immunoassay. In breast cancer, there was an increase in the amount of phospho-Paxillin (60% per h; P = 0.019) up to 60 min after biopsy. The amount of total Paxillin decreased (28% per h; P = 0.034) over the same time course. In early bladder cancer, no changes were noted in any endpoints up to 45 min. Standardisation of the time taken between biopsy and fixation may be critical, particularly in studies using phosphorylated protein biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob J Jones
- Beatson Oncology Centre, Western Infirmary of Glasgow, Glasgow, G11 6NT, UK.
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14
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Strojan P, Soba E, Gale N, Auersperg M. Verrucous carcinoma of the temporal bone and maxillary antrum: two unusual presentations of a rare tumor. Oncol Res Treat 2006; 29:463-8. [PMID: 17028455 DOI: 10.1159/000095379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Verrucous carcinoma (VC) is a low-grade variant of squamous cell carcinoma. The involvement of the temporal bone and maxillary antrum is very rare. PATIENTS AND METHODS The clinicopathologic features of 2 such tumors are reported, and the pertinent literature is reviewed. RESULTS In the 2 patients, the diagnostic procedure was complicated due to initial inconclusive histology. Both were treated with concomitant radiochemotherapy. They were free of disease for 5.8 and 11 years after diagnosis. An additional 15 cases of VC of the temporal bone and 10 cases of maxillary antrum tumors have been reported in the literature. In 10 patients, multiple biopsies were required, and in 7 patients, a definitive histological diagnosis was not obtained before surgery. The disease reappeared in 8 out of 15 patients treated solely with surgery. Only 2 of them were salvaged by reoperation. Radiochemotherapy only (without any surgery) was successfully used in 4 patients. CONCLUSIONS VC of the temporal bone or maxillary antrum is an extremely rare tumor. For reliable histological diagnosis, multiple biopsies of deep and ample tissue samples are mandatory. Surgery is a mainstay of therapy; however, radiochemotherapy also represents a viable treatment option with curative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Primoz Strojan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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15
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Koumakpayi IH, Diallo JS, Le Page C, Lessard L, Gleave M, Bégin LR, Mes-Masson AM, Saad F. Expression and nuclear localization of ErbB3 in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:2730-7. [PMID: 16675564 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ErbB1 and ErbB2 receptors have been implicated in prostate cancer progression, but less is known about the role and biology of other ErbB receptor family members in prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression and localization of ErbB3 in prostate tissues and prostate cancer cell lines. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Immunohistochemistry of ErbB3 was done on prostate cancer tissue sections from 143 patients and on a tissue microarray containing 390 cores of radical prostatectomy-derived specimens representing normal, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and malignant tissues from 81 patients. ErbB3 subcellular localization was studied by Western blot analysis in LNCaP, 22Rv1, PC-3, and DU145 prostate cancer cell lines. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry analysis of prostate cancer tissues revealed that >90% of prostate cancer tissues displayed cytoplasmic ErbB3 staining. Minimal ErbB3 nuclear staining was observed in normal prostate tissues and benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues; in contrast, ErbB3 was frequently localized in the nucleus of cancerous tissues. This nuclear localization was more frequent (P < 0.001) in hormone-refractory tissues (17 of 17, 100%) compared with hormone-sensitive samples (37 of 92, 40.2%). Additionally, in the tissue microarray, increased nuclear ErbB3 was associated with increasing Gleason grade. Interestingly, Western blot analysis of cytoplasmic and nuclear subcellular fractions showed that ErbB3 nuclear localization was more prevalent in hormone-sensitive prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP and 22Rv1) compared with hormone-insensitive cell lines (PC-3 and DU145). CONCLUSIONS ErbB3 nuclear localization discriminates normal from malignant prostate tissues and between tumors from hormone-sensitive versus hormone-refractory prostate cancer. ErbB3 nuclear staining seems to be associated with risk of disease progression. The high frequency of ErbB3 nuclear localization in hormone-refractory tissues indicates that ErbB3 warrants further study to understand its association with prostate cancer disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaël Hervé Koumakpayi
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and Institut du cancer de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Rogers SJ, Harrington KJ, Rhys-Evans P, O-Charoenrat P, Eccles SA. Biological significance of c-erbB family oncogenes in head and neck cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2005; 24:47-69. [PMID: 15785872 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-005-5047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) tends to run an aggressive course and the prognosis has remained virtually unchanged in recent decades. The development of novel therapeutic strategies to improve patient outcome centres on the biology of the disease, namely the pivotal c-erbB family of growth factor receptors. c-erbB1 (or epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR), is key to the pathogenesis of SCCHN and plays a central role in a complex network of downstream integrated signalling pathways. EGFR overexpression, detected in up to 90% of SCCHN, correlates with an increased risk of locoregional tumour relapse following primary therapy and relative resistance to treatment. The biological sequelae of erbB receptor activation are not simply cell proliferation, but also inhibition of apoptosis, enhanced migration, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis: the 'hallmarks of cancer' [1]. As EGFR overexpression is associated with a poor clinical outcome in SCCHN, this receptor is attractive as a therapeutic target and the successful development of targeted therapies represents a paradigm shift in the medical approach to head and neck cancer. However, the extensive cross talk between signalling pathways, the multiple molecular aberrations and genetic plasticity in SCCHN all contribute to inherent and acquired resistance to both conventional and novel therapies. Understanding the cancer cell biology, in particular the significance of co-expression of c-erbB (and other) receptors, and the cell survival stimuli from (for example) activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) cascade is fundamental to overcome current limitations in biologically targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne J Rogers
- Tumour Biology and Metastasis Team, CRUK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, McElwain Laboratories, Institute for Cancer Research, Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
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Kobayashi H, Koike T, Nakatsuka A, Kurita H, Sagara J, Taniguchi S, Kurashina K. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase expression predicts survival outcome and chemosensitivity to 5-fluorouracil in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2005; 41:38-47. [PMID: 15598584 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2004.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2004] [Accepted: 06/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is the rate-limiting enzyme of 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) catabolism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of DPD expression and the correlation between DPD expression and efficacy of 5-Fu. Retrospective analysis of DPD expression was performed immunohistochemically in 103 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), in which staining intensity of DPD expression and degree of heterogeneity of DPD expression were categorized. Expression of DPD correlated with lymph node metastasis, mode of invasion and differentiation. Expression of DPD was an independent significant factor for survival outcome and was more predictive than conventional clinical factors. Furthermore, heterogeneous expression of DPD was more effective than homogeneous expression of DPD in neoplastic cells when evaluated in patients treated with chemotherapy including tegafur/uracil (UFT). Expression of DPD is an independent predictor for clinical outcome. Furthermore, heterogeneity of DPD expression may be a clue for predicting sensitivity to 5-Fu in patients with OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroichi Kobayashi
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Japan.
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Ogawa A, Fukuta Y, Nakajima T, Kanno SM, Obara A, Nakamura K, Mizuki H, Takeda Y, Satoh M. Treatment results of oral verrucous carcinoma and its biological behavior. Oral Oncol 2004; 40:793-7. [PMID: 15288833 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2004.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2003] [Accepted: 12/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The biologic behavior of and optimal treatment for oral verrucous carcinoma (VC) remain controversial. We analyzed the clinicopathological characteristics of 12 patients with oral VC. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to evaluate p53 protein, CD44 variant 9, and proliferating cell nucleus antigen. The TNM classification (UICC, 1997) was T1 in 1 patient, T2 in 3, T3 in 4, and T4 in 4. All patients were classified as N0M0. Four patients were treated by surgery alone and 8 by surgery after chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both. After surgery, two patients had primary recurrence of disease. Immunohistochemically, the proliferative activity of tumor cells as evaluated by proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index and p53 protein expression was similar in VC and well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. However, CD44 varient 9 expression was positive in 8 of 10 VC, suggesting that oral VC is associated with a low risk of lymph node metastasis. Positive CD44 variant 9 expression by most oral VCs, indicating a low risk of cervical lymph node metastasis, suggests that most cases can be controlled by surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ogawa
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, 1-3-27 Chuo-dori, Morioka 020-8505, Japan.
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Pich A, Chiusa L, Navone R. Prognostic relevance of cell proliferation in head and neck tumors. Ann Oncol 2004; 15:1319-29. [PMID: 15319236 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdh299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell proliferative activity has been extensively investigated in head and neck tumors. Ki67/MIB-1 immunostaining, tritiated thymidine or bromodeoxyuridine labeling indices, DNA S-phase fraction, proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression, potential doubling time and analysis of the nucleolar organizer region associated proteins (AgNORs) have shown significant correlation with prognosis in 4806 cases of tumors of the oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx and larynx. However, this was not observed in 2968 other reported cases. Discrepancies may depend on various factors: the heterogeneity of the series, which include tumors from various anatomic sites and patients treated with different therapy, and the lack of standardization of methods for assessing cell proliferation. Furthermore, none of the methods currently applied can by themselves define the actual proliferative activity, as it depends both on the proportion of cells committed to the cycle (growth fraction) and the speed of the cell cycle. Indeed, the actual proliferative activity of a tumor could well be measured by the equation [PA = Ki67 or MIB-1 scores x AgNORs], as we did in pharyngeal carcinoma. Provided that large and homogeneous series are evaluated by standardized methods, cell proliferative activity can still be regarded as an inexpensive and reliable prognostic factor in head and neck tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Pathology, University of Turin, Italy.
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Schliephake H. Prognostic relevance of molecular markers of oral cancer--a review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003; 32:233-45. [PMID: 12767868 DOI: 10.1054/ijom.2002.0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present article was to review the current knowledge on the prognostic value of tumour marker in the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The literature of the past 5 years (1997-August 2002) was screened. One hundred and sixty-nine articles were included in this review, twenty-nine molecular markers of relevance were identified. Tumour markers were allocated to four groups according to their function: (i) Enhancement of Tumour Growth: Cell cycle acceleration and proliferation, (ii) Tumour Suppression and Anti-Tumour Defence: Immune response and apoptosis, (iii) Angiogenesis, (iv) Tumour Invasion and Metastatic Potential: Adhesion molecules and matrix degradation. Data showed that the prognostic relevance of most tumour markers is still not quite clear. Only 12 of 23 reports on the prognostic relevance of markers for cell cycle acceleration and proliferation indicated a significant association with prognosis while 20 of 29 studies on markers for tumour suppression and anti-tumour response showed prognostic relevance. Markers of angiogenesis exhibited only minor importance for the prognosis and treatment of OSCC. Results on markers of tumour invasion and metastatic potential appeared to be too premature for a statement regarding their prognostic value. In general, the location of markers within the tumour and not their quantitative assessment as such is emphasized. Particularly, the analysis of the invasive front of the tumour with regard to the occurrence of molecular markers is supposed to be of great importance for prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schliephake
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, George Augusta University, Göttingen, Germany
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