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Luo W, Liang P, Zhao T, Cheng Q, Liu H, He L, Zhang L, Huang B, Zhang Y, He T, Yang D. Reversely immortalized mouse salivary gland cells presented a promising metabolic and fibrotic response upon BMP9/Gdf2 stimulation. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:46. [PMID: 35690719 PMCID: PMC9188258 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The submandibular gland (SMG) and the sublingual gland (SLG) are two of the three major salivary glands in mammals. In mice, they are adjacent to each other and open into the oral cavity, producing saliva to lubricate the mouth and aid in food digestion. Though salivary gland dysfunction accompanied with fibrosis and metabolic disturbance is common in clinic, in-depth mechanistic research is lacking. Currently, research on how to rescue salivary function is challenging, as it must resort to using terminally differentiated acinar cells or precursor acinar cells with unknown differentiation. In this study, we established reversely immortalized mouse primary SMG cells (iSMGCs) and SLG cells (iSLGCs) on the first postnatal day (P0). The iSMGCs and iSLGCs grew well, exhibited many salivary gland characteristics, and retained the metabolism-related genes derived from the original tissue as demonstrated using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways of these two cell lines, which overlapped with those of the SMG and SLG, were enriched in cysteine and methionine metabolism. Furthermore, we investigated the role of bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), also known as growth differentiation factor 2(Gdf2), on metabolic and fibrotic functions in the SMG and SLG. We demonstrated that iSMGCs and iSLGCs presented promising adipogenic and fibrotic responses upon BMP9/Gdf2 stimulation. Thus, our findings indicate that iSMGCs and iSLGCs faithfully reproduce characteristics of SMG and SLG cells and present a promising prospect for use in future study of salivary gland metabolism and fibrosis upon BMP9/Gdf2 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, China.,Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue MC6035, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Panpan Liang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, China.,Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Tianyu Zhao
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Qianyu Cheng
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Huikai Liu
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Liwen He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, China.,Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue MC6035, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Linghuan Zhang
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 Min De Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Tongchuan He
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue MC6035, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Deqin Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, China. .,Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 426 Songshi North Road, Yubei District, Chongqing, 401147, China.
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress affects mouse salivary protein secretion induced by chronic administration of an α 1-adrenergic agonist. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 157:443-457. [PMID: 35037129 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-02047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Stress stimulates both the sympathetic-adrenomedullary and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axes. Activation of these axes results in the release of catecholamines, which in turn affects salivary secretion. Thus, repetitive stimulation of the α1-adrenergic receptor could be useful for studying the effects of chronic stress on the salivary gland. Salivary protein concentration and kallikrein activity were significantly lower in mice following chronic phenylephrine (PHE) administration. Chronic PHE administration led to significantly increased expression of the 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein, activating transcription factor 4, and activating transcription factor 6. Histological analyses revealed a decrease in the size of the serous cell and apical cytoplasm. These results suggest that repetitive pharmacological stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system elicits ER stress and translational suppression. In addition, PHE-treated mice exhibited a decrease in intracellular Ca2+ influx elicited by carbachol, a muscarine receptor agonist in the submandibular gland. The present findings suggest that chronic psychological, social, and physical stress could adversely affect Ca2+ regulation.
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McCall AD, Nelson JW, Leigh NJ, Duffey ME, Lei P, Andreadis ST, Baker OJ. Growth factors polymerized within fibrin hydrogel promote amylase production in parotid cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:2215-25. [PMID: 23594102 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland cell differentiation has been a recurring challenge for researchers as primary salivary cells show a loss of phenotype in culture. Particularly, parotid cells show a marked decrease in amylase expression, the loss of tight junction organization and proper cell function. Previously, Matrigel has been used successfully as an extracellular matrix; however, it is not practical for in vivo applications as it is tumorigenic. An alternative method could rely on the use of fibrin hydrogel (FH), which has been used extensively in biomedical engineering applications ranging from cardiovascular tissue engineering to wound-healing experiments. Although several groups have examined the effects of a three-dimensional (3D) environment on salivary cell cultures, little is known about the effects of FH on salivary cell cultures. The current study developed a 3D cell culture model to support parotid gland cell differentiation using a combination of FH and growth factor-reduced Matrigel (GFR-MG). Furthermore, FH polymerized with a combination of EGF and IGF-1 induced formation of 3D spheroids capable of amylase expression and an agonist-induced increase in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) in salivary cells. These studies represent an initial step toward the construction of an artificial salivary gland to restore salivary gland dysfunction. This is necessary to reduce xerostomia in patients with compromised salivary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D McCall
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo-The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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4
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Dang H, Lin AL, Zhang B, Zhang HM, Katz MS, Yeh CK. Role for Notch signaling in salivary acinar cell growth and differentiation. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:724-31. [PMID: 19235730 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch pathway is crucial for stem/progenitor cell maintenance, growth and differentiation in a variety of tissues. The Notch signaling is essential for Drosophila salivary gland development but its role in mammalian salivary gland remains unclear. The human salivary epithelial cell line, HSG, was studied to determine the role of Notch signaling in salivary epithelial cell differentiation. HSG expressed Notch 1 to 4, and the Notch ligands Jagged 1 and 2 and Delta 1. Treatment of HSG cells with inhibitors of gamma-secretase, which is required for Notch cleavage and activation, blocked vimentin and cystatin S expression, an indicator of HSG differentiation. HSG differentiation was also associated with Notch downstream signal Hes-1 expression, and Hes-1 expression was inhibited by gamma-secretase inhibitors. siRNA corresponding to Notch 1 to 4 was used to show that silencing of all four Notch receptors was required to inhibit HSG differentiation. Normal human submandibular gland expressed Notch 1 to 4, Jagged 1 and 2, and Delta 1, with nuclear localization indicating Notch signaling in vivo. Hes-1 was also expressed in the human tissue, with staining predominantly in the ductal cells. In salivary tissue from rats undergoing and recovering from ductal obstruction, we found that Notch receptors and ligands were expressed in the nucleus of the regenerating epithelial cells. Taken together, these data suggest that Notch signaling is critical for normal salivary gland cell growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Dang
- The University of Texas Health Science Center, Department of Community Dentistry, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Poduval P, Sillat T, Virtanen I, Porola P, Konttinen YT. Abnormal basement membrane type IV collagen α-chain composition in labial salivary glands in Sjögren's syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:938-45. [DOI: 10.1002/art.24388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Nagy K, Szlávik V, Rácz G, Óvári G, Vág J, Varga G. Human submandibular gland (HSG) cell line as a model for studying salivary gland Ca2+signalling mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 94:301-13. [DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.94.2007.4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bruchas MR, Toews ML, Bockman CS, Abel PW. Characterization of the alpha1-adrenoceptor subtype activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase in submandibular gland acinar cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 578:349-58. [PMID: 17936747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Revised: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alpha(1)-Adrenoceptors and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) regulate salivary secretion. However, whether alpha(1)-adrenoceptors couple to ERK1/2 activation and the specific alpha(1)-adrenoceptor subtypes involved in salivary glands is unknown. Western blotting of ERK1/2 phosphorylation showed phenylephrine activated ERK1/2 by 2-3-fold in submandibular gland slices and 3-4-fold in submandibular acinar (SMG-C10) cells with an EC(50) of 2.7+/-2 microM. ERK1/2 activation was blocked by either prazosin or HEAT, indicating alpha(1)-adrenoceptors stimulate ERK1/2 in native glands and SMG-C10 cells. Inhibition of [(125)I]HEAT binding by 5-methylurapidil (selective for alpha(1A) over alpha(1B/)alpha(1D)), but not BMY 7378 (selective for alpha(1D) over alpha(1A/)alpha(1B)), was biphasic and best-fit by a two-site binding model with K(i)(H) and K(i)(L) values for 5-methylurapidil of 0.64+/-0.3 and 91+/-7 nM, respectively, in SMG-C10 membranes. From these binding data, we obtained subtype-selective concentrations of 5-methylurapidil to determine the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor subtype/s activating ERK1/2 in SMG-C10 cells. 5-methylurapidil (20 nM) did not affect phenylephrine- or A-61603- (alpha(1A)-selective agonist) induced ERK1/2 activation; whereas, 30 microM chloroethylclonidine (alpha(1B)-selective antagonist) inhibited ERK1/2 activation by phenylephrine, indicating alpha(1B)-adrenoceptors, but not alpha(1A)-adrenoceptors, activate ERK1/2 in submandibular cells. We also examined alpha(1)-adrenoceptor location and dependence on cholesterol-rich microdomains for activating ERK1/2. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation showed 71+/-3% of alpha(1)-adrenoceptor binding sites were in plasma membranes. Cholesterol-disrupting agents filipin and methyl-beta-cyclodextrin inhibited phenylephrine-stimulated ERK1/2. These results show only alpha(1B)-adrenoceptors activate ERK1/2 and suggest subtype-specific ERK1/2 signaling by alpha(1B)-adrenoceptors may be determined by localization to cholesterol-rich microdomains in submandibular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Bruchas
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University School of Medicine, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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Vag J, Byrne EM, Hughes DH, Hoffman M, Ambudkar I, Maguire P, O'Connell BC. Morphological and functional differentiation of HSG cells: role of extracellular matrix and trpc 1. J Cell Physiol 2007; 212:416-23. [PMID: 17348017 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A human salivary intercalated duct cell line (HSG) is capable of morphological change to acinar-type cells, and of salivary amylase (AMY1) expression, by culturing on basement membrane extracts (BME). The aim of this study was to determine the critical conditions for functional and morphological differentiation of HSG cells and to establish if the processes are related. Cells were grown on BMEs that had different protein concentrations and growth factor content, and then examined with respect to morphology and AMY1 expression. To investigate the role of intracellular calcium in amylase expression, a pcDNA3.1-TRPC1alpha construct was used to overexpress htrp1alpha, which mediates the store-operated calcium entry in HSG cells. Expression of the AMY1, TRPC1alpha and beta genes was quantified by means of real time RT-PCR. Growth factor-reduced BME (12.8 mg/ml) induced multicellular acinar structures with lumen formation but without stimulation of either AMY1 or TRPC1. HSG cells cultured on higher concentration BME (17.5 or 16.4 mg/ml) formed reticular networks. AMY1 expression increased both on growth factor-reduced BME (17.5 mg/ml: 3.0-fold, P < 0.001) and on regular BME (16.4 mg/ml: 3.7-fold, P < 0.001) accompanied by a slight increase in expression of TRPC1alpha and TRPC1beta. Overexpression of htrp1alpha did not cause any significant changes in AMY expression, though it attenuated the BME (17.5 mg/ml)-induced AMY1 upregulation. Overall, the higher protein concentration BME favors amylase expression in HSG cells, whereas the lower concentration causes marked morphological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Vag
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Dublin Dental School and Hospital, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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Szlávik V, Vág J, Markó K, Demeter K, Madarász E, Oláh I, Zelles T, O'Connell BC, Varga G. Matrigel-induced acinar differentiation is followed by apoptosis in HSG cells. J Cell Biochem 2007; 103:284-95. [PMID: 17541949 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that a human salivary gland cell line (HSG) is capable of differentiation into gland-like structures, though little is known of how morphological features are formed or controlled. Here we investigated the changes in cell proliferation and apoptosis upon terminal differentiation of HSG cells in Matrigel, an extracellular matrix derivative. Changes in the expression of survivin, a prominent anti-apoptotic factor, and caspase-3, a key apoptotic factor were also measured. In order to better understand the involvement of key signal transduction pathways in this system we pharmacologically blocked the activity of tyrosine kinase, nuclear factor kappa B(NF kappa B), protein kinase C (PKC), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and matrix metalloproteases (MMP). Results of these studies demonstrate that cytodifferentiation of HSG cells to an acinar phenotype is accompanied first by a decrease of cell proliferation and then by a massive programmed cell death, affected by multiple signal transduction pathways. Thus, Matrigel alone is insufficient for the full maturation and long term survival of the newly formed acini: the presence of other factors is necessary to complete the acinar differentiation of HSG cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanda Szlávik
- Molecular Oral Biology Research Group, Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University and Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Wang J, Wang N, Xie J, Walton SC, McKown RL, Raab RW, Ma P, Beck SL, Coffman GL, Hussaini IM, Laurie GW. Restricted epithelial proliferation by lacritin via PKCalpha-dependent NFAT and mTOR pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 174:689-700. [PMID: 16923831 PMCID: PMC1761701 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200605140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Renewal of nongermative epithelia is poorly understood. The novel mitogen "lacritin" is apically secreted by several nongermative epithelia. We tested 17 different cell types and discovered that lacritin is preferentially mitogenic or prosecretory for those types that normally contact lacritin during its glandular outward flow. Mitogenesis is dependent on lacritin's C-terminal domain, which can form an alpha-helix with a hydrophobic face, as per VEGF's and PTHLP's respective dimerization or receptor-binding domain. Lacritin targets downstream NFATC1 and mTOR. The use of inhibitors or siRNA suggests that lacritin mitogenic signaling involves Galpha(i) or Galpha(o)-PKCalpha-PLC-Ca2+-calcineurin-NFATC1 and Galpha(i) or Galpha(o)-PKCalpha-PLC-phospholipase D (PLD)-mTOR in a bell-shaped, dose-dependent manner requiring the Ca2+ sensor STIM1, but not TRPC1. This pathway suggests the placement of transiently dephosphorylated and perinuclear Golgi-translocated PKCalpha upstream of both Ca2+ mobilization and PLD activation in a complex with PLCgamma2. Outward flow of lacritin from secretory cells through ducts may generate a proliferative/secretory field as a different unit of cellular renewal in nongermative epithelia where luminal structures predominate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahu Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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Andersson SV, Hamm-Alvarez SF, Gierow JP. Integrin adhesion in regulation of lacrimal gland acinar cell secretion. Exp Eye Res 2006; 83:543-53. [PMID: 16631165 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2005] [Revised: 01/18/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular microenvironment regulates lacrimal gland acinar cell secretion. Culturing isolated rabbit lacrimal gland acinar cells on different extracellular matrix proteins revealed that laminin enhances carbachol-stimulated secretion to a greater extent than other extracellular matrix proteins investigated. Furthermore, immunofluorescence indicated that integrin subunits, potentially functioning as laminin receptors are present in acinar cells. Among these, the integrin alpha6 and beta1 subunit mRNA expression was also confirmed by RT-PCR and sequence analysis. Secretion assays, which measured beta-hexosaminidase activity released in the culture media, demonstrated that function-blocking integrin alpha6 and beta1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) induce a rapid, transient and dose-dependent secretory response in cultured cells. To determine the intracellular pathways by which integrin alpha6 and beta1 mAbs could induce secretion, selected second messenger molecules were inhibited. Although inhibitors of protein kinase C and IP(3)-induced Ca(2+) mobilization attenuated carbachol-stimulated secretion, no effect on integrin mAb-induced release was observed. In addition, protein tyrosine kinases do not appear to have a role in transducing signals arising from mAb interactions. Our data clearly demonstrate, though, that cell adhesion through integrins regulates secretion from lacrimal gland acinar cells. The fact that the integrin mAbs affect the cholinergic response differently and that the integrin beta1 mAb secretion, but not the alpha6, was attenuated by the phosphatase inhibitor, sodium orthovanadate, suggests that each subunit utilizes separate intracellular signaling pathways to induce exocytosis. The results also indicate that the secretory response triggered by the beta1 integrin mAb is generated through dephosphorylation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia V Andersson
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
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Barka T, Gresik ES, Miyazaki Y. Differentiation of a mouse submandibular gland-derived cell line (SCA) grown on matrigel. Exp Cell Res 2005; 308:394-406. [PMID: 15922327 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Revised: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
SCA-9 cell line was developed from an induced tumor of mouse submandibular gland. We have studied some of the phenotypic characteristics of SCA cells cultured on different matrices. On plastic surface, the cells grow as a monolayer; on matrigel, they form branching structures and tubes, a phenomenon termed branching morphogenesis. EGF and HGF promoted cellular growth and branching morphogenesis which was inhibited by anti-EGF antibodies. We have performed RT-PCR and real-time quantitative RT-PCR of cells grown on plastic surface or on matrigel. Grown on plastic, the cells express EGF and renin 2, but no or only trace amounts of NGF. Growth on matrigel for 24 h resulted in a transient 21-fold increase in EGF mRNA and a 3371-fold increase in renin 2 mRNA. There was no change in NGF mRNA level. SCA-9 cells express mRNAs for receptors for the EGF family of ligands. On plastic, mainly ErbB1 and ErbB2 are expressed. Culture on matrigel resulted in 11-fold increase in mRNA levels for ErbB1 and ErbB2, and a 221-fold and 85-fold increase in the mRNA levels for ErbB3 and ErbB4, respectively. Small interfering RNAs siErbB3 and siErbB4 inhibited the growth of the cells grown on plastic or matrigel. Significant growth inhibition was seen also with siErbB1+siErbB3 and siErbB2+siErbB3. siErbB1 and siErbB2 also inhibited branching morphogenesis. Since SCA cells express EGF and receptors for EGF, EGF acts an autocrine regulator in promoting growth and branching morphogenesis. We conclude that SCA cells provide a useful model to analyze the mechanism of branching morphogenesis and the role of matrix in regulating expression of phenotypic characteristics of cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Barka
- Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology and Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1007, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Gorr SU, Venkatesh S, Darling D. Parotid secretory granules: crossroads of secretory pathways and protein storage. J Dent Res 2005; 84:500-9. [PMID: 15914585 PMCID: PMC1939692 DOI: 10.1177/154405910508400604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva plays an important role in digestion, host defense, and lubrication. The parotid gland contributes a variety of secretory proteins-including amylase, proline-rich proteins, and parotid secretory protein (PSP)-to these functions. The regulated secretion of salivary proteins ensures the availability of the correct mix of salivary proteins when needed. In addition, the major salivary glands are targets for gene therapy protocols aimed at targeting therapeutic proteins either to the oral cavity or to circulation. To be successful, such protocols must be based on a solid understanding of protein trafficking in salivary gland cells. In this paper, model systems available to study the secretion of salivary proteins are reviewed. Parotid secretory proteins are stored in large dense-core secretory granules that undergo stimulated secretion in response to extracellular stimulation. Secretory proteins that are not stored in large secretory granules are secreted by either the minor regulated secretory pathway, constitutive secretory pathways (apical or basolateral), or the constitutive-like secretory pathway. It is proposed that the maturing secretory granules act as a distribution center for secretory proteins in salivary acinar cells. Protein distribution or sorting is thought to involve their selective retention during secretory granule maturation. Unlike regulated secretory proteins in other cell types, salivary proteins do not exhibit calcium-induced aggregation. Instead, sulfated proteoglycans play a role in the storage of secretory proteins in parotid acinar cells. This work suggests that unique sorting and retention mechanisms are responsible for the distribution of secretory proteins to different secretory pathways from the maturing secretory granules in parotid acinar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.-U. Gorr
- Department of Periodontics, Endodontics and Dental Hygiene and Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - S.G. Venkatesh
- Department of Periodontics, Endodontics and Dental Hygiene and Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - D.S. Darling
- Department of Periodontics, Endodontics and Dental Hygiene and Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Lam K, Zhang L, Bewick M, Lafrenie RM. HSG cells differentiated by culture on extracellular matrix involves induction of S-adenosylmethione decarboxylase and ornithine decarboxylase. J Cell Physiol 2005; 203:353-61. [PMID: 15521072 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The human salivary gland (HSG) epithelial cell line can differentiate when cultured on extracellular matrix preparations. We previously identified >30 genes upregulated by adhesion of HSG cells to extracellular matrix. In the current studies, we examined the role of one of these genes, the polyamine pathway biosynthetic enzyme S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAM-DC) and the related enzyme, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), on HSG cell differentiation during culture on extracellular matrix. HSG cells cultured on fibronectin-, collagen I gel-, and Matrigel-coated substrates for 12-24 h upregulated SAM-DC and ODC mRNA expression and enzyme activity compared to cells cultured on non-precoated substrates. After 3-5 days, HSG cells grown on Matrigel- or collagen I gel-coated substrates acquired a differentiated phenotype: the cells showed changes in culture morphology and increased expression of salivary gland differentiation markers (vimentin, SN-cystatin, and alpha-amylase). Further, culturing the cells on substrates precoated with an anti-beta1-integrin-antibody promoted differentiation-like changes. HSG cells cultured on collagen I- or Matrigel-coated substrates rapidly entered the cell cycle but showed decreased cell proliferation at longer times. In contrast, cell proliferation was enhanced on fibronectin-coated substrates compared to cells on non-precoated substrates. Treatment with the polyamine synthesis inhibitors, difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), and methylglyoxal bis-(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG), inhibited cell proliferation and delayed (3)H-thymidine incorporation in HSG cells cultured on all of the substrates. Further, inclusion of DFMO and MGBG inhibited or delayed acquisition of the differentiated phenotype in HSG cells cultured on Matrigel- or collagen I gel-coated substrates. This suggests that the adhesion-dependent expression of SAM-DC and ODC contributes to extracellular matrix-dependent HSG cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirby Lam
- Division of Tumour Biology, Northeastern Ontario Regional Cancer Centre, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 5J1
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Koyama N, Kashimata M, Sakashita H, Sakagami H, Gresik EW. EGF-stimulated signaling by means of PI3K, PLCgamma1, and PKC isozymes regulates branching morphogenesis of the fetal mouse submandibular gland. Dev Dyn 2003; 227:216-26. [PMID: 12761849 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.10309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis of fetal mouse submandibular glands (SMGs) partly depends on the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor that triggers at least three intracellular signaling pathways involving (1) the mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK-1/2, (2) phospholipase Cgamma1 (PLCgamma1), and (3) phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K). PLCgamma1 directly activates protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes; PI3K stimulates protein kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt), which ultimately activates PKCs and other proteins. We reported that the pattern of phosphorylation of ERK-1/2 in response to EGF in SMGs varies with fetal age and that blockade of EGF-stimulated ERK-1/2 signaling partially inhibits branching (Kashimata et al. [2000] Dev. Biol. 220:183-196). Here, we report on components of the PLCgamma1, PI3K, and PKC families of signaling molecules in fetal SMGs from the 13th day of gestation to postnatal ages. Western blotting revealed that (1) PLCgamma1 is present from E13 to E18 but drops off precipitously to negligible levels on the day of birth and thereafter, and (2) PI3K, PKB(Akt), and several PKC isozymes are expressed from E13 onward through adult life. Both PLCgamma1 and PI3K are phosphorylated in response to EGF. Inhibition of PI3K by LY294002 inhibited EGF-stimulated branching, but inhibition of PLCgamma1 by U73122 had no effect. Western blotting showed that the concentrations of 8 PKC isozymes vary with age in the fetal and postnatal SMG. However, general inhibition of PKCs by Calphostin C or specific inhibition of PKCalpha or of PKCepsilon by Gö6976 or Ro-32-0432, respectively, increased EGF-stimulated branching. Calphostin C also increased EGF-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK-1/2. These findings indicate that signaling from the EGF receptor in the fetal mouse SMG varies with development and triggers stimulatory effects by means of ERK-1/2 and PI3K but inhibitory effects by means of PKC isozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Koyama
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomical Sciences, The Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, The City University of New York Medical School, New York, New York 10031, USA
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