1
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Van Duong T, Ni Z, Taylor LS. Phase Behavior and Crystallization Kinetics of a Poorly Water-Soluble Weakly Basic Drug as a Function of Supersaturation and Media Composition. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1146-1159. [PMID: 35319221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the supersaturation and precipitation behavior of poorly water-soluble compounds in vivo and the impact on oral absorption is critical to design consistently performing products with optimized bioavailability. Weakly basic compounds are of particular importance in this context since they have an inherent tendency to undergo supersaturation in vivo upon exit from the stomach and entry into the small intestine because of their pH-dependent solubility. To understand and probe potential in vivo variability of supersaturating systems, rigorous understanding of compound physical properties and phase behavior landscape is essential. Herein, we extensively characterize the solution phase behavior of a model, poorly soluble and weakly basic compound, posaconazole. Phase boundaries for crystal-solution and amorphous-solution were established as a function of pH, allowing possible phase transformations, namely, crystallization or liquid-liquid phase separation, to be mapped for different initial doses and fluid volumes. Endogenous surfactants including sodium taurocholate, lecithin, glycerol monooleate, and sodium oleate in biorelevant media significantly extended the phase boundaries due to solubilization, to an extent that was dependent on the concentration of the surface-active agents. The nucleation induction time of posaconazole was much shorter in biorelevant media in comparison to the corresponding buffer solution, with two distinct regions observed in all media that could be attributed to a change in the nucleation mechanism at high and low supersaturation. The presence of undissolved nanocrystals accelerated the desupersaturation. This work enhances our understanding of biorelevant factors impacting precipitation kinetics, which might affect absorption in vivo. It is expected that findings from this study with posaconazole could be broadly applicable to other weakly basic compounds, after taking into consideration differences in pKa, solubility, and molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Van Duong
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Zhanglin Ni
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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2
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Kassem AA, Abd El-Alim SH. Vesicular Nanocarriers: A Potential Platform for Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery. NANOPHARMACEUTICALS: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS VOL. 2 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-44921-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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3
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Ciríaco SL, Carvalho IPS, Alves Terceiro Neto J, de Sousa Lima Neto J, de Oliveira DHB, Cunha APGP, Cavalcante YTD, da Silva DTC, da Silva JA, Mineiro ALBB, de Lima Chagas Moreno Fernandes MZ, Carvalho ALM. Development of microemulsion of tamsulosin and dutasteride for benign prostatic hyperplasia therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 185:110573. [PMID: 31675643 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a condition characterized by a benign enlargement of the prostate that interferes with the normal flow of urine. This disease is treated with the oral administration of combination therapy comprising α-blockers (tamsulosin) and 5α-reductase inhibitors (dutasteride). However, these compounds have low bioavailability. Thus, transdermal microemulsions aimed at promoting permeation and efficient targeted drug delivery through the skin are used. The objectives of this study were to obtain microemulsions of the combined doses of dutasteride and tamsulosin and evaluate their anti-hyperplastic activity in vivo. A phase diagram (4:1) was obtained for the choice of microemulsions. The microemulsions were characterized in terms of the droplet size, rheology, pH, conductivity, refractive index, in vitro release profile, and antihyperplastic effect in vivo. A method for the simultaneous quantification of drugs was developed using UV-vis spectroscopy. The microemulsions had an average size less than 116 nm, an acidic pH and low viscosity. The conductivity ranged from 6.18 to 185.2 μS/cm. The in vitro release profile was sustained for 6 h. Microemulsions promoted the reduction in the size of testosterone-dependent organs (prostate and seminal vesicles). Transdermal formulations for the treatment of BPH were obtained as a therapeutic alternative to conventional treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayara Lopes Ciríaco
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | | | - José Alves Terceiro Neto
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - José Alexsandro da Silva
- Department of Agrarian and Extract Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Agroindustry Systems, Federal University of Campina Grande, Pombal, PB, Brazil
| | | | | | - André Luis Menezes Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
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4
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Dias SFL, Pereira LCA, Oliveira APD, Santos RFD, Nunes LCC. Scientific and technological prospection on transdermal formulations and complementary therapies for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:115-126. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1562547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sávia Francisca Lopes Dias
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology – RENORBIO, Focal Point - Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Lívio César Cunha Nunes
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology – RENORBIO, Focal Point - Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
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5
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Edwards A, Qi S, Liu F, Brown M, McAuley W. Rationalising polymer selection for supersaturated film forming systems produced by an aerosol spray for the transdermal delivery of methylphenidate. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 114:164-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Gopi SP, Ganguly S, Desiraju GR. A Drug-Drug Salt Hydrate of Norfloxacin and Sulfathiazole: Enhancement of in Vitro Biological Properties via Improved Physicochemical Properties. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3590-3594. [PMID: 27580175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A new multicomponent solid consisting of an antibacterial (norfloxacin) and an antimicrobial (sulfathiazole) was made and characterized with single crystal X-ray diffraction, PXRD, FTIR, and DSC. The title salt shows enhanced solubility in different pH buffers and improved diffusion as well as release and inhibition of bacterial and fungal species relative to the parent drugs. The enhanced in vitro biological properties of the drug-drug salt hydrate may be attributed to the higher extent of its supersaturation with respect to the individual components, which leads to higher diffusion rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmukha Prasad Gopi
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Somnath Ganguly
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Gautam R Desiraju
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560 012, India
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7
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Taylor LS, Zhang GG. Physical chemistry of supersaturated solutions and implications for oral absorption. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 101:122-142. [PMID: 27013254 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulations are widely used for delivery of poorly soluble drugs for dissolution enhancement and bioavailability improvement. When administered, ASDs often exhibit fast dissolution to yield supersaturated solutions. The physical chemistry of these supersaturated solutions is not well understood. This review will discuss the concepts of solubility, supersaturation, and the connection to membrane transport rate. Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), which occurs when the amorphous solubility is exceeded, leading to solutions with interesting properties is extensively discussed as a phenomenon that is relevant to all enabling formulations. The multiple physical processes occurring during dissolution of the ASD and during oral absorption are analyzed. The beneficial reservoir effect of a system that has undergone LLPS is demonstrated, both experimentally and conceptually. It is believed that formulations that rapidly supersaturate and subsequently undergo LLPS, with maintenance of the supersaturation at this maximum value throughout the absorption process, i.e. those that exhibit "spring and plateau" behavior, will give superior performance in terms of absorption.
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8
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Frederiksen K, Guy RH, Petersson K. Formulation considerations in the design of topical, polymeric film-forming systems for sustained drug delivery to the skin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 91:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Badawy MA, Kamel AO, Sammour OA. Use of biorelevant media for assessment of a poorly soluble weakly basic drug in the form of liquisolid compacts: in vitro and in vivo study. Drug Deliv 2014; 23:818-27. [PMID: 24892630 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.917442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to use biorelevant media to evaluate the robustness of a poorly water soluble weakly basic drug to variations along the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) after incorporation in liquisolid compacts and to assess the success of these models in predicting the in vivo performance. Liquisolid tablets were prepared using mosapride citrate as a model drug. A factorial design experiment was used to study the effect of three factors, namely: drug concentration at two levels (5% and 10%), carriers at three levels (avicel, mannitol and lactose) and powder excipients ratio (R) of the coating material at two levels (25 and 30). The in vitro dissolution media utilized were 0.1 N HCl, hypoacidic stomach model and a transfer model simulating the transfer from the stomach to the intestine. All compacts released above 95% of drug after 10 min in 0.1 N HCl. In the hypoacidic model, the compacts with R 30 were superior compared to R 25, where they released >90% of drug after 10 min compared to 80% for R 25. After the transfer of the optimum compacts from Simulated gastric fluid fast (SGFfast) to fasted state simulated intestinal fluid, slight turbidity appeared after 30 min, and the amount of drug dissolved slightly decreased from 96.91% to 90.59%. However, after the transfer from SGFfast to fed state simulated intestinal fluid, no turbidity or precipitation occurred throughout time of the test (60 min). In vivo pharmacokinetic study in human volunteers proved the success of the in vitro models with enhancement of the oral bioavailability (121.20%) compared to the commercial product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Badawy
- a Research and Development Department , Pharmed Healthcare for Pharmaceutical Industries , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Amany O Kamel
- b Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ain University , Cairo , Egypt , and.,c School of Pharmacy , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON , Canada
| | - Omaima A Sammour
- b Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ain University , Cairo , Egypt , and
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10
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Reid ML, Brown MB, Moss GP, Jones SA. An investigation into solvent-membrane interactions when assessing drug release from organic vehicles using regenerated cellulose membranes. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:1139-47. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.9.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The influence of organic solvents on artificial membranes when assessing drug release from topical formulations is, generally, poorly characterised yet current guidelines require no characterisation of the membrane before, during or after an experiment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of solvent-membrane interactions when using in-vitro Franz cell methods for the assessment of corticosteroid release and to assess compliance or otherwise with Higuchi's equation. The rate of beclometasone dipropionate monohydrate (BDP) and betamethasone 17-valerate (BMV) release across a regenerated cellulose membrane (RCM), from both saturated solutions and commercial formulations, was determined. Increasing the ratio of organic solvent, compared with aqueous phase, in the donor fluid (DF) resulted in up to a 416-fold increase in steady-state flux. Further, alterations in the receiver fluid (RF) composition caused, in some cases, 337-fold increases in flux. Analysis indicated that the RCM remained chemically unchanged, that its pore size remained constant and that no drug partitioned into the membrane, regardless of the DF or RF employed. However, it was observed that the organic solvents had a thinning effect on the RCM, resulting in enhanced flux, which was potentially due to the variation in the diffusional path length. Such findings raise issues of the veracity of data produced from any membrane release study involving a comparison of formulations with differing solvent content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Reid
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King's College, London, 150 Stamford St, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Marc B Brown
- School of Pharmacy, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Gary P Moss
- School of Pharmacy, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Stuart A Jones
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King's College, London, 150 Stamford St, London SE1 9NH, UK
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11
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Abstract
Topical drug application is less prone to severe systemic side-effects than systemic application. Starting with the liposomes, various types of nanosized and microsized drug carriers have been developed to increase the notoriously low penetration of active agents into the skin, which limits not only the topical therapy of skin disease but also transdermal therapy. Today, liposome- and microsponge-based preparations are approved for dermatomycosis, acne and actinic keratosis. Under investigation are drug carriers such as lipid nanoparticles, polymeric particles, dendrimers, and dendritic-core multi-shell nanotransporters. According to the rapidly increasing research in this field, both in academia and industry, a breakthrough appears likely, once stability problems (nanoparticles) and safety concerns (dendrimers) are overcome. Technical approaches and results of in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo testing are described, taking into account pharmacokinetic, efficacy and safety aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Christian Korting
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Frauenlobstrasse 9-11, 80337 München, Germany.
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12
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Simultaneous monitoring of drug and solvent diffusion across a model membrane using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 38:378-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 06/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Jones SA, Reid ML, Brown MB. Determining degree of saturation after application of transiently supersaturated metered dose aerosols for topical delivery of corticosteroids. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:543-54. [PMID: 18548616 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A transiently supersaturated drug delivery system has the potential to enhance topical drug delivery via heightened thermodynamic activity. The aim of this work was to quantify the degree of saturation (DS) for transiently supersaturated formulations using three traditional and one novel in vitro assessment methods. Metered dose aerosols (MDA) were formulated containing saturated levels of beclomethasone dipropionate monohydrate (BDP) or betamethasone 17-valerate (BMV) within a pressurised canister, and included ethanol (EtOH), hydrofluoroalkane 134a propellant and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone). Attempts to determine the DS via the measurement of drug flux through synthetic membranes did not correlate and was shown to be dependent on the EtOH concentration. The inability of these methods to accurately assess the drug DS may be due to the transient nature of the formulation and the volatile solvents dehydrating the membrane. A mathematical equation that used the evaporation rate of the formulation was derived to determine the theoretical DS at various time points after MDA actuation. It was shown that the MDAs became supersaturated with a high DS, this enhanced drug release from the formulation and therefore these preparations have the potential to increase the amount of drug delivered into the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Jones
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King's College, London, London, UK.
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14
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Leichtnam ML, Rolland H, Wüthrich P, Guy RH. Enhancement of Transdermal Testosterone Delivery By Supersaturation. J Pharm Sci 2006; 95:2373-9. [PMID: 16886189 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate supersaturation in the development of a spray formulation for transdermal testosterone delivery. The method of cosolvents was used to prepare supersaturated testosterone vehicles, the stability of which was evaluated. Drug delivery from selected formulations, and from a simpler spray, was then assessed across hairless rat skin in vitro. Supersaturated drug solutions were formed either by rapidly adding water to a drug-saturated 4:1:1 ethanol/propylene glycol (PG)/water mixture, or by maintaining the proportion of water constant, while varying the relative amounts of ethanol and PG. In the former case, only small degrees of saturation (DS) could be maintained, and drug flux was increased only modestly. The latter approach produced more stable formulations with DS = 2 to 4. A 1:1 ethanol/PG spray containing saturated testosterone delivered drug as efficiently as a supersaturated vehicle with DS = 2.5. Preparation of supersaturated testosterone formulations is possible, therefore, but significant amounts of water lead to rapid drug crystallization. As percentage PG increases, better stability results, but the practicality of using such vehicles in sprays and aerosols may be questioned. Nevertheless, a simple 1:1 ethanol/PG spray apparently induces supersaturation in situ, and further work to optimize the approach is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Leichtnam
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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15
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Hou H, Siegel RA. Enhanced permeation of diazepam through artificial membranes from supersaturated solutions. J Pharm Sci 2006; 95:896-905. [PMID: 16493587 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present work consists of studies of saturated and supersaturated solutions of diazepam (DZP) in [glycofurol (GF)/water] cosolvent systems, which are a potential dosage form for intranasal administration of DZP in rapid response to epileptic seizure emergencies. Equilibrium solubility of DZP increased in a convex manner with GF content, and also increased with temperature. Rapidly mixed supersaturated 40 mg/mL solutions displayed temporal stability, with long periods before onset of crystallization. Permeation of supersaturated DZP across polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes, chosen as an in vitro model for nasal mucosa, was shown to be well described by Theeuwes's transference equation, when DZP was formulated up to three times its solubility in a particular cosolvent vehicle. Transference and time lag were independent of vehicle composition, indicating that permeation enhancement was due virtually exclusively to enhanced driving force due to supersaturation. Implications of these results on potential intranasal DZP delivery systems based on supersaturation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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16
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Kumprakob U, Kawakami J, Adachi I. Permeation Enhancement of Ketoprofen Using a Supersaturated System with Antinucleant Polymers. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:1684-8. [PMID: 16141540 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Permeation enhancement of ketoprofen (KP) from supersaturated systems and the effects of antinucleant polymers on both stability and permeation of supersaturated KP were investigated using silicone membrane as a skin model. The supersaturation was prepared by the cosolvent technique with water and propylene glycol (PG). Saturated solubility of KP in water/PG cosolvent increased markedly with an increase in PG percentage. The time-profiles of the cumulative amount of released KP from supersaturated solutions through the membrane increased linearly, and this KP flux had a significant correlation with the degree of saturation (DS) in 80 : 20, 60 : 40, 50 : 50, and 40 : 60 (v/v) water/PG cosolvent systems. The influence of 1% solutions of antinucleant polymers, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) on the DS and the stability of supersaturated KP was examined in 60 : 40 (v/v) water/PG cosolvent. The remaining DS for 24 h after mixing the solvents increased in the presence of HPMC and SCMC but not PVP. In the presence of SCMC, the physical stability of supersaturated KP was higher, however, the KP flux was lower than that in the control and in the presence of the other polymers. In conclusion, the supersaturation system can be applied to achieve higher transmembrane permeation of KP, and appropriate antinucleant polymers such as HPMC can optimize the physical stability and permeability of KP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usanee Kumprakob
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama, Japan
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17
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Valiveti S, Hammell DC, Earles DC, Stinchcomb AL. In vitro/in vivo correlation studies for transdermal delta 8-THC development. J Pharm Sci 2004; 93:1154-64. [PMID: 15067692 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out in order to develop a transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) for Delta(8)-THC. The in vitro permeability studies of Delta(8)-THC in human skin and hairless guinea pig skin with and without a rate-controlling membrane were conducted in flow-through diffusion cells. Delta(8)-THC pharmacokinetic parameters were determined after topical application of transdermal patches and intravenous administration in guinea pigs. The in vitro results indicated that there was no significant difference in the mean flux or in the permeability coefficient of Delta(8)-THC in human skin versus hairless guinea pig skin. The flux of Delta(8)-THC through the human skin/membrane composite was not significantly lower than that through the hairless guinea pig skin/membrane composite; and the skin controlled the Delta(8)-THC delivery rate. Intravenous doses of Delta(8)-THC followed a two-compartment model with a significant distribution phase. On application of the TTS patch, the plasma concentration of Delta(8)-THC reached a mean steady-state level of 4.4 ng/mL within 1.4 h and was maintained for at least 48 h. Significant amounts of metabolites were observed in the plasma after topical application. The in vitro-study predicted plasma concentration following application of the transdermal patch was in agreement with the observed guinea pig plasma concentrations of Delta(8)-THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyanarayana Valiveti
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0082, USA
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18
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Kushner J, Blankschtein D, Langer R. Experimental demonstration of the existence of highly permeable localized transport regions in low‐frequency sonophoresis. J Pharm Sci 2004; 93:2733-45. [PMID: 15389675 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in low-frequency sonophoresis have focused on the existence of hypothesized localized transport regions (LTRs). However, there has been no actual experimental demonstration that the hypothesized LTRs are, in fact, localized regions of high permeability. Through a series of low-frequency sonophoresis experiments conducted with full-thickness pig skin, in the presence of the surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), in which we have separately measured the transport of calcein through the LTRs, which have areas ranging from 10 to 40 mm(2), and the surrounding regions of the skin (the non-LTRs) by means of a novel masking technique, we demonstrate that the calcein permeability through the LTRs is approximately 80-fold higher than the calcein permeability through the non-LTRs, suggesting that the LTRs are structurally perturbed to a greater extent than the non-LTRs from the exposure to the ultrasound/SLS system. In addition, we propose basic models to predict the total skin transdermal permeability from the transdermal permeabilities of the LTRs and the non-LTRs, and then compare the predictions to the experimental data obtained from the masking experiments. We also demonstrate that both the LTRs and the non-LTRs exhibit significant decreases in skin electrical resistivity relative to untreated skin ( approximately 5000-fold and approximately 170-fold, respectively), suggesting the existence of two levels of significant skin structural perturbation due to ultrasound exposure in the presence of SLS. Finally, an analysis of the porosity/tortuosity ratio (epsilon/tau) values suggests that trans-cellular transdermal transport pathways are present within the highly permeable, and highly structurally perturbed, LTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kushner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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19
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Maeda H, Ohashi E, Sano A, Kawasaki H, Kurosaki Y. Investigation of the release behavior of a covered-rod-type formulation using silicone. J Control Release 2003; 90:59-70. [PMID: 12767707 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(03)00158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the properties of a drug on its release behavior in a cylindrical sustained-release formulation having a two-component structure, with a silicone matrix containing drug powder as the inner layer component, and with its lateral side covered with an silicone outer layer (CR silicone formulation). In this study, the release profile of a drug from "the lateral side covered with silicone" and from "the cross-sections where the inner layer is exposed to the surface" was examined using a newly designed bi-directional elution cell. The relationships between the release profile and solubility of the drug and its permeability through silicone were also studied. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), antipyrine (ANP), indometacin (IDM) and ketoprofen (KP) were used as model drugs. Each CR silicone formulation containing drug powder consisting of a drug and sucrose (SUC) was investigated, and a satisfactory relationship was observed between drug release from the cross-sections and drug solubility, and between drug release from the lateral side and permeability of the drug through a silicone membrane. For CR silicone formulations containing IDM, the addition of deoxycholate sodium (DOC) improved the solubility of IDM; however, release from the lateral side of the formulation remained unchanged, and IDM release from the cross-sections of the formulation increased. In this study it was found that, for controlled release of a drug from CR silicone formulations, control of drug solubility is effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo Maeda
- Formulation Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., 3-45 Kurakakiuchi 1-Chome, Ibaraki-shi, 567-0878, Osaka, Japan.
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Wang Q, Hikima T, Tojo K. Effect of Supersaturated Dissolution and Crystallization on In Vitro Skin Penetration of 17-.BETA.-Estradiol from Acrylic Pressure Sensitive Adhesives. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2002. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.35.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Science, Kyushu Institute of Technology
| | - Tomohiro Hikima
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Science, Kyushu Institute of Technology
| | - Kakuji Tojo
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Science, Kyushu Institute of Technology
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Moser K, Kriwet K, Froehlich C, Kalia YN, Guy RH. Supersaturation: enhancement of skin penetration and permeation of a lipophilic drug. Pharm Res 2001; 18:1006-11. [PMID: 11496937 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010948630296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To increase the dermal delivery of a lipophilic model compound (LAP), and to deduce the underlying mechanism of enhanced absorption. METHODS Penetration of LAP from mixtures of up to four degrees of saturation into the stratum corneum was evaluated using a tape-stripping method; epidermal permeation of the drug was measured in Franz diffusion cells. The relative diffusion and stratum corneum-vehicle partition coefficients of LAP were determined by fitting the results to the appropriate solutions to Fick's second law of diffusion. RESULTS Both the skin permeation rate and the amount of LAP in the stratum corneum increased linearly with increasing degree of saturation. The apparent diffusivity and its partition coefficient deduced from the penetration experiments were independent of the degree of saturation of the drug in the applied formulation, and consistent with corresponding parameters derived from the permeation experiments. CONCLUSIONS Supersaturation can increase the skin penetration and permeation of lipophilic drugs. The diffusion and partition parameters deduced for LAP indicate that supersaturation acts exclusively via increased thermodynamic activity without apparent effect on the barrier function of the skin per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Moser
- Novartis Pharma AG, Technical R&D/PHAD, Basel, Switzerland
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