1
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Wheeler JI, Schaefer AJ, Ess DH. Trajectory-Based Time-Resolved Mechanism for Benzene Reductive Elimination from Cyclopentadienyl Mo/W Phenyl Hydride Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:4775-4786. [PMID: 38836889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Calculated potential energy structures and landscapes are very often used to define the sequence of reaction steps in an organometallic reaction mechanism and interpret kinetic isotope effect (KIE) measurements. Underlying most of this structure-to-mechanism translation is the use of statistical rate theories without consideration of atomic/molecular motion. Here we report direct dynamics simulations for an organometallic benzene reductive elimination reaction, where nonstatistical intermediates and dynamic-controlled pathways were identified. Specifically, we report single spin state as well as mixed spin state quasiclassical direct dynamics trajectories in the gas phase and explicit solvent for benzene reductive elimination from Mo and W bridged cyclopentadienyl phenyl hydride complexes ([Me2Si(C5Me4)2]M(H)(Ph), M = Mo and W). Different from the energy landscape mechanistic sequence, the dynamics trajectories revealed that after the benzene C-H bond forming transition state (often called reductive coupling), σ-coordination and π-coordination intermediates are either skipped or circumvented and that there is a direct pathway to forming a spin flipped solvent caged intermediate, which occurs in just a few hundred femtoseconds. Classical molecular dynamics simulations were then used to estimate the lifetime of the caged intermediate, which is between 200 and 400 picoseconds. This indicates that when the η2-π-coordination intermediate is formed, it occurs only after the first formation of the solvent-caged intermediate. This dynamic mechanism intriguingly suggests the possibility that the solvent-caged intermediate rather than a coordination intermediate is responsible (or partially responsible) for the inverse KIE value experimentally measured for W. Additionally, this dynamic mechanism prompted us to calculate the kH/kD KIE value for the C-H bonding forming transition states of Mo and W. Surprisingly, Mo gave a normal value, while W gave an inverse value, albeit small, due to a much later transition state position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604, United States
| | - Anthony J Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604, United States
| | - Daniel H Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604, United States
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2
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Cheng YH, Ho YS, Yang CJ, Chen CY, Hsieh CT, Cheng MJ. Electron Dynamics in Alkane C-H Activation Mediated by Transition Metal Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:4638-4650. [PMID: 38832757 PMCID: PMC11182348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Alkanes, ideal raw materials for industrial chemical production, typically exhibit limited reactivity due to their robust and weakly polarized C-H bonds. The challenge lies in selectively activating these C-H bonds under mild conditions. To address this challenge, various C-H activation mechanisms have been developed. Yet, classifying these mechanisms depends on the overall stoichiometry, which can be ambiguous and sometimes problematic. In this study, we utilized density functional theory calculations combined with intrinsic bond orbital (IBO) analysis to examine electron flow in the four primary alkane C-H activation mechanisms: oxidative addition, σ-bond metathesis, 1,2-addition, and electrophilic activation. Methane was selected as the representative alkane molecule to undergo C-H heterolytic cleavage in these reactions. Across all mechanisms studied, we find that the CH3 moiety in methane consistently uses an electron pair from the cleaved C-H bond to form a σ-bond with the metal. Yet, the electron pair that accepts the proton differs with each mechanism: in oxidative addition, it is derived from the d-orbitals; in σ-bond metathesis, it resulted from the metal-ligand σ-bonds; in 1,2-addition, it arose from the π-orbital of the metal-ligand multiple bonds; and in electrophilic activation, it came from the lone pairs on ligands. This detailed analysis not only provides a clear visual understanding of these reactions but also showcases the ability of the IBO method to differentiate between mechanisms. The electron flow discerned from IBO analysis is further corroborated by results from absolutely localized molecular orbital energy decomposition analysis, which also helps to quantify the two predominant interactions in each process. Our findings offer profound insights into the electron dynamics at play in alkane C-H activation, enhancing our understanding of these critical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chia-Jung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tien Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Jeng Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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3
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Gorgas N, Stadler B, White AJP, Crimmin MR. Vinylic C-H Activation of Styrenes by an Iron-Aluminum Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4252-4259. [PMID: 38303600 PMCID: PMC10870711 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The oxidative addition of sp2 C-H bonds of alkenes to single-site transition-metal complexes is complicated by the competing π-coordination of the C═C double bond, limiting the examples of this type of reactivity and onward applications. Here, we report the C-H activation of styrenes by a well-defined bimetallic Fe-Al complex. These reactions are highly selective, resulting in the (E)-β-metalation of the alkene. For this bimetallic system, alkene binding appears to be essential for the reaction to occur. Experimental and computational insights suggest an unusual reaction pathway in which a (2 + 2) cycloaddition intermediate is directly converted into the hydrido vinyl product via an intramolecular sp2 C-H bond activation across the two metals. The key C-H cleavage step proceeds through a highly asynchronous transition state near the boundary between a concerted and a stepwise mechanism influenced by the resonance stabilization ability of the aryl substituent. The metalated alkenes can be further functionalized, which has been demonstrated by the (E)-selective phosphination of the employed styrenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Gorgas
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University
of Technology, Getreidemarkt
9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedek Stadler
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Mark R. Crimmin
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
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4
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Davenport MT, Kirkland JK, Ess DH. Dynamic-dependent selectivity in a bisphosphine iron spin crossover C-H insertion/π-coordination reaction. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9400-9408. [PMID: 37712027 PMCID: PMC10498510 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02078a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Reaction pathway selectivity is generally controlled by competitive transition states. Organometallic reactions are complicated by the possibility that electronic spin state changes rather than transition states can control the relative rates of pathways, which can be modeled as minimum energy crossing points (MECPs). Here we show that in the reaction between bisphosphine Fe and ethylene involving spin state crossover (singlet and triplet spin states) that neither transition states nor MECPs model pathway selectivity consistent with experiment. Instead, single spin state and mixed spin state quasiclassical trajectories demonstrate nonstatistical intermediates and that C-H insertion versus π-coordination pathway selectivity is determined by the dynamic motion during reactive collisions. This example of dynamic-dependent product outcome provides a new selectivity model for organometallic reactions with spin crossover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Davenport
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA 84604
| | - Justin K Kirkland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA 84604
| | - Daniel H Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA 84604
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5
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Evans KJ, Morton PA, Luz C, Miller C, Raine O, Lynam JM, Mansell SM. Rhodium Indenyl NHC and Fluorenyl-Tethered NHC Half-Sandwich Complexes: Synthesis, Structures and Applications in the Catalytic C-H Borylation of Arenes and Alkanes. Chemistry 2021; 27:17824-17833. [PMID: 34653269 PMCID: PMC9299238 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Indenyl (Ind) rhodium N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes [Rh(η5 -Ind)(NHC)(L)] were synthesised for 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene (SIPr) with L=C2 H4 (1), CO (2 a) and cyclooctene (COE; 3), for 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene (SIMes) with L=CO (2 b) and COE (4), and 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (IMes) with L=CO (2 c) and COE (5). Reaction of SIPr with [Rh(Cp*)(C2 H4 )2 ] did not give the desired SIPr complex, thus demonstrating the "indenyl effect" in the synthesis of 1. Oxidative addition of HSi(OEt)3 to 3 proceeded under mild conditions to give the Rh silyl hydride complex [Rh(Ind){Si(OEt)3 }(H)(SIPr)] (6) with loss of COE. Tethered-fluorenyl NHC rhodium complexes [Rh{(η5 -C13 H8 )C2 H4 N(C)C2 Hx NR}(L)] (x=4, R=Dipp, L=C2 H4 : 11; L=COE: 12; L=CO: 13; R=Mes, L=COE: 14; L=CO: 15; x=2, R=Me, L=COE: 16; L=CO: 17) were synthesised in low yields (5-31 %) in comparison to good yields for the monodentate complexes (49-79 %). Compounds 3 and 1, which contain labile alkene ligands, were successful catalysts for the catalytic borylation of benzene with B2 pin2 (Bpin=pinacolboronate, 97 and 93 % PhBpin respectively with 5 mol % catalyst, 24 h, 80 °C), with SIPr giving a more active catalyst than SIMes or IMes. Fluorenyl-tethered NHC complexes were much less active as borylation catalysts, and the carbonyl complexes were inactive. The borylation of toluene, biphenyl, anisole and diphenyl ether proceeded to give meta substitutions as the major product, with smaller amounts of para substitution and almost no ortho product. The borylation of octane and decane with B2 pin2 at 120 and 140 °C, respectively, was monitored by 11 B NMR spectroscopy, which showed high conversions into octyl and decylBpin over 4-7 days, thus demonstrating catalysed sp3 C-H borylation with new piano stool rhodium indenyl complexes. Irradiation of the monodentate complexes with 400 or 420 nm light confirmed the ready dissociation of C2 H4 and COE ligands, whereas CO complexes were inert. Evidence for C-H bond activation in the alkyl groups of the NHC ligands was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieren J. Evans
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghEH14 4ASUK
| | - Paul A. Morton
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghEH14 4ASUK
| | - Christian Luz
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghEH14 4ASUK
| | - Callum Miller
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghEH14 4ASUK
| | - Olivia Raine
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghEH14 4ASUK
| | - Jason M. Lynam
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslington, YorkYO10 5DDUK
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6
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Yang B, Gagliardi L, Truhlar DG. Transition states of spin-forbidden reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:4129-4136. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07227a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New approximation method for locating stationary points on lowest spin-coupled potential energy surface (PES) using density functional calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
- Chemical Theory Center and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
- Chemical Theory Center and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute
| | - Donald G. Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
- Chemical Theory Center and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute
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7
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Marshak MP, Rosenfeld DC, Morris WD, Wolczanski PT, Lobkovsky EB, Cundari TR. Lewis Bases Trigger Intramolecular CH-Bond Activation: (tBu3SiO)2W=NtBu [rlhar2] (tBu3SiO)(κO,κC-tBu2SiOCMe2CH2)HW=NtBu. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Si Y, Zhang W, Zhao Y. Theoretical Investigations of Spin–Orbit Coupling and Kinetics in Reaction W + NH3 → N≡WH3. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:2583-90. [PMID: 22356227 DOI: 10.1021/jp212319p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Si
- State Key
Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid
Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Theoretical and Computational
Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- State Key
Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid
Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Theoretical and Computational
Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Yi Zhao
- State Key
Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid
Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Theoretical and Computational
Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic
of China
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9
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Lamsabhi AM, Corral I, Pérez P, Tapia O, Yáñez M. Oxygenation of the phenylhalocarbenes. Are they spin-allowed or spin-forbidden reactions? J Mol Model 2011; 18:2813-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1283-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Meiners J, Scheibel MG, Lemée-Cailleau MH, Mason SA, Boeddinghaus MB, Fässler TF, Herdtweck E, Khusniyarov MM, Schneider S. Quadratisch-planare Iridium(II)- und Iridium(III)-Amidokomplexe mit einem PNP-Pinzettenliganden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Meiners J, Scheibel MG, Lemée-Cailleau MH, Mason SA, Boeddinghaus MB, Fässler TF, Herdtweck E, Khusniyarov MM, Schneider S. Square-planar iridium(II) and iridium(III) amido complexes stabilized by a PNP pincer ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:8184-7. [PMID: 21744449 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Squaring the circle: the novel dienamido pincer ligand N(CHCHPtBu(2))(2)(-) affords the isolation of the unusual square-planar iridium(II) and iridium(III) amido complexes [IrCl{N(CHCHPtBu(2))(2)}](n) (n=0 (1), +1 (2)). In contrast, the corresponding iridium(I) complex of the redox series (n=-1) is surprisingly unstable. The diamagnetism of 2 is attributed to strong N→Ir π donation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Meiners
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen, Germany
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12
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Gómez-Gallego M, Sierra MA. Kinetic isotope effects in the study of organometallic reaction mechanisms. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4857-963. [PMID: 21545118 DOI: 10.1021/cr100436k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mar Gómez-Gallego
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Fooladi E, Krapp A, Sekiguchi O, Tilset M, Uggerud E. Mechanism for C-H bond activation in ethylene in the gas phase vs. in solution - vinylic or agostic? Revisiting the case of protonated Cp*Rh(C(2)H(4))(2). Dalton Trans 2010; 39:6317-26. [PMID: 20523951 DOI: 10.1039/b926542b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
When Cp*Rh(C(2)H(4))(2)H(+) (2) is exposed to C(2)H(4) in the gas phase, inside the cell of an FT-ICR mass spectrometer, the most notable feature is the lack of any bimolecular reactivity. Collisional activation of 2 leads to ethylene loss and formation of Cp*Rh(C(2)H(4)-mu-H)(+) (3). In contrast to the reactivity of 2 in solution, ethylene dimerisation is negligible in the gas phase. Coordinatively unsaturated 3, rather than 2, is the major species in which reactivity is observed to occur. Compound 3 reacts with ethylene in three parallel processes: (a) Slow addition of ethylene to give 2; (b) rapid, intermolecular hydrogen atom exchange (monitored in separate reactions with free C(2)D(4) to give 3-d(1-5)); (c) ligand substitution of ethylene in 3. DFT calculations reproduce these observations, showing low barriers for hydrogen scrambling, high barrier to ligand loss in 2, and even higher barriers to elimination of either H(2) or ethane. Mechanistic models for the elimination and scrambling processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Fooladi
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Roithová J, Schröder D. Selective activation of alkanes by gas-phase metal ions. Chem Rev 2010; 110:1170-211. [PMID: 20041696 DOI: 10.1021/cr900183p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Roithová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Sciences, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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15
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Balcells D, Clot E, Eisenstein O. C—H Bond Activation in Transition Metal Species from a Computational Perspective. Chem Rev 2010; 110:749-823. [PMID: 20067255 DOI: 10.1021/cr900315k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 843] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Balcells
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS 5253, cc 1501, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Clot
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS 5253, cc 1501, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Odile Eisenstein
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS 5253, cc 1501, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34000 Montpellier, France
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16
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Cheng L, Wang J, Wang M, Wu Z. Theoretical studies on the reaction mechanism of alcohol oxidation by high-valent iron-oxo complex of non-heme ligand. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:4092-103. [DOI: 10.1039/b917906b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Volpe EC, Wolczanski PT, Lobkovsky EB. Aryl-Containing Pyridine-Imine and Azaallyl Chelates of Iron toward Strong Field Coordination Compounds. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om900793c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Volpe
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Peter T. Wolczanski
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Emil B. Lobkovsky
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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18
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Meiners J, Friedrich A, Herdtweck E, Schneider S. Facile Double C−H Activation of Tetrahydrofuran by an Iridium PNP Pincer Complex. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om9006906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Meiners
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Anja Friedrich
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Eberhardt Herdtweck
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Sven Schneider
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
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19
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Frazier BA, Wolczanski PT, Lobkovsky EB. Aryl-Containing Chelates and Amine Debenzylation to Afford 1,3-Di-2-pyridyl-2-azaallyl (smif): Structures of {κ-C,N,Npy2-(2-pyridylmethyl)2N(CH2(4-tBu-phenyl-2-yl))}FeBr and (smif)CrN(TMS)2. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:11576-85. [DOI: 10.1021/ic901329z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda A. Frazier
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Peter T. Wolczanski
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Emil B. Lobkovsky
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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20
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Gandon V, Agenet N, Vollhardt KPC, Malacria M, Aubert C. Silicon−Hydrogen Bond Activation and Hydrosilylation of Alkenes Mediated by CpCo Complexes: A Theoretical Study. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:3007-15. [DOI: 10.1021/ja809100t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Gandon
- UPMC Paris 06, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique (UMR CNRS 7611), Institut de Chimie Moléculaire (FR 2769), case 229, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris cedex 05, France, and Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, and the Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Nicolas Agenet
- UPMC Paris 06, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique (UMR CNRS 7611), Institut de Chimie Moléculaire (FR 2769), case 229, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris cedex 05, France, and Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, and the Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - K. Peter C. Vollhardt
- UPMC Paris 06, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique (UMR CNRS 7611), Institut de Chimie Moléculaire (FR 2769), case 229, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris cedex 05, France, and Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, and the Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Max Malacria
- UPMC Paris 06, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique (UMR CNRS 7611), Institut de Chimie Moléculaire (FR 2769), case 229, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris cedex 05, France, and Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, and the Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Corinne Aubert
- UPMC Paris 06, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique (UMR CNRS 7611), Institut de Chimie Moléculaire (FR 2769), case 229, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris cedex 05, France, and Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, and the Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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21
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Friedrich A, Ghosh R, Kolb R, Herdtweck E, Schneider S. Iridium Olefin Complexes Bearing Dialkylamino/amido PNP Pincer Ligands: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Solution Dynamics. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om800423u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Friedrich
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Rajshekhar Ghosh
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Roman Kolb
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Eberhardt Herdtweck
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Sven Schneider
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching b. München, Germany
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Besora M, Carreón-Macedo JL, Cimas Á, Harvey JN. Spin-state changes and reactivity in transition metal chemistry: Reactivity of iron tetracarbonyl. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0898-8838(09)00210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Cheng L, Wang J, Wang M, Wu Z. Theoretical studies on the reaction mechanism of oxidation of primary alcohols by Zn/Cu(ii)-phenoxyl radical catalyst. Dalton Trans 2009:3286-97. [DOI: 10.1039/b817985a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Ess DH, Bischof SM, Oxgaard J, Periana RA, Goddard WA. Transition State Energy Decomposition Study of Acetate-Assisted and Internal Electrophilic Substitution C−H Bond Activation by (acac-O,O)2Ir(X) Complexes (X = CH3COO, OH). Organometallics 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/om8006568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Ess
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (MC 139-74), Beckman Institute, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, and The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Steven M. Bischof
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (MC 139-74), Beckman Institute, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, and The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Jonas Oxgaard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (MC 139-74), Beckman Institute, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, and The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Roy A. Periana
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (MC 139-74), Beckman Institute, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, and The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (MC 139-74), Beckman Institute, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, and The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458
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Kuiper DS, Douthwaite RE, Mayol AR, Wolczanski PT, Lobkovsky EB, Cundari TR, Lam OP, Meyer K. Molybdenum and tungsten structural differences are dependent on ndz(2)/(n + 1)s mixing: comparisons of (silox)3MX/R (M = Mo, W; silox = (t)Bu3SiO). Inorg Chem 2008; 47:7139-53. [PMID: 18624403 DOI: 10.1021/ic800139c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of trans-(Et 2O) 2MoCl 4 with 2 or 3 equiv of Na(silox) (i.e., NaOSi (t) Bu 3) afforded (silox) 3MoCl 2 ( 1-Mo) or (silox) 3MoCl ( 2-Mo). Purification of 2-Mo was accomplished via addition of PMe 3 to precipitate (silox) 3ClMoPMe 3 ( 2-MoPMe 3), followed by thermolysis to remove phosphine. Use of MoCl 3(THF) 3 with various amounts of Na(silox) produced (silox) 2ClMoMoCl(silox) 2 ( 3-Mo). Alkylation of 2-Mo with MeMgBr or EtMgBr afforded (silox) 3MoR (R = Me, 2-MoMe; Et, 2-MoEt). 2-MoEt was also synthesized from C 2H 4 and (silox) 3MoH, which was prepared from 2-Mo and NaBEt 3H. Thermolysis of WCl 6 with HOSi ( t )Bu 3 afforded (silox) 2WCl 4 ( 4-W), and sequential treatment of 4-W with Na/Hg and Na(silox) provided (silox) 3WCl 2 ( 1-W, tbp, X-ray), which was alternatively prepared from trans-(Et 2S) 2WCl 4 and 3 equiv of Tl(silox). Na/Hg reduction of 1-W generated (silox) 3WCl ( 2-W). Alkylation of 2-W with MeMgBr produced (silox) 3WMe ( 2-WMe), which dehydrogenated to (silox) 3WCH ( 6-W) with Delta H (double dagger) = 14.9(9) kcal/mol and Delta S (double dagger) = -26(2) eu. Magnetism and structural studies revealed that 2-Mo and 2-MoEt have triplet ground states (GS) and distorted trigonal monopyramid (tmp) and tmp structures, respectively. In contrast, 2-W and 2-WMe possess squashed-T d (distorted square planar) structures, and the former has a singlet GS. Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics studies of the S = 0 and S = 1 states for full models of 2-Mo, 2-MoEt, 2-W, and 2-WMe corroborate the experimental findings and are consistent with the greater nd z (2) /( n + 1)s mixing in the third-row transition-metal species being the dominant feature in determining the structural disparity between molybdenum and tungsten.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Kuiper
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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26
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Hirsekorn KF, Hulley EB, Wolczanski PT, Cundari TR. Olefin Substitution in (silox)3M(olefin) (silox = tBu3SiO; M = Nb, Ta): The Role of Density of States in Second vs Third Row Transition Metal Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:1183-96. [DOI: 10.1021/ja074972j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt F. Hirsekorn
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Box 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5070
| | - Elliott B. Hulley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Box 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5070
| | - Peter T. Wolczanski
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Box 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5070
| | - Thomas R. Cundari
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Box 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5070
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27
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Blake AJ, George MW, Hall MB, McMaster J, Portius P, Sun XZ, Towrie M, Webster CE, Wilson C, Zarić SD. Probing the Mechanism of Carbon−Hydrogen Bond Activation by Photochemically Generated Hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borato Carbonyl Rhodium Complexes: New Experimental and Theoretical Investigations. Organometallics 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/om7008217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Blake
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, U.K., Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, Central Laser Facility, CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K., Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3550, and Department of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 158, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Michael W. George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, U.K., Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, Central Laser Facility, CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K., Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3550, and Department of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 158, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Michael B. Hall
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, U.K., Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, Central Laser Facility, CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K., Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3550, and Department of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 158, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jonathan McMaster
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, U.K., Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, Central Laser Facility, CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K., Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3550, and Department of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 158, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Peter Portius
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, U.K., Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, Central Laser Facility, CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K., Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3550, and Department of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 158, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Xue Z. Sun
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, U.K., Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, Central Laser Facility, CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K., Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3550, and Department of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 158, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Michael Towrie
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, U.K., Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, Central Laser Facility, CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K., Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3550, and Department of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 158, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Charles Edwin Webster
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, U.K., Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, Central Laser Facility, CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K., Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3550, and Department of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 158, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Claire Wilson
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, U.K., Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, Central Laser Facility, CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K., Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3550, and Department of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 158, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snežana D. Zarić
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, U.K., Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, Central Laser Facility, CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K., Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3550, and Department of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 158, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
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28
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Rosenfeld DC, Wolczanski PT, Barakat KA, Buda C, Cundari TR, Schroeder FC, Lobkovsky EB. Synthesis and Reactivity of [(silox)2MoNR]2Hg (R = tBu, tAmyl; silox = OSitBu3): Unusual Thermal Stability and Ready Nucleophilic Cleavage Rationalized by Electronic Factors. Inorg Chem 2007; 46:9715-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ic7010953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devon C. Rosenfeld
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Box 305070, Denton, Texas 76203
| | - Peter T. Wolczanski
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Box 305070, Denton, Texas 76203
| | - Khaldoon A. Barakat
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Box 305070, Denton, Texas 76203
| | - Corneliu Buda
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Box 305070, Denton, Texas 76203
| | - Thomas R. Cundari
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Box 305070, Denton, Texas 76203
| | - Frank C. Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Box 305070, Denton, Texas 76203
| | - Emil B. Lobkovsky
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Box 305070, Denton, Texas 76203
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29
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Polymer synthesis in the presence of bis(cyclopentadienyl) derivatives of Group IV–VI transition metal dichlorides: a quantum chemical study of particular reaction stages. Russ Chem Bull 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-007-0272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Keith JM, Goddard WA, Oxgaard J. Pd-Mediated Activation of Molecular Oxygen: Pd(0) versus Direct Insertion. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:10361-9. [PMID: 17676735 DOI: 10.1021/ja070462d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In developing environmentally benign chemistries, it is most important to use dioxygen directly in lieu of toxic and/or corrosive stoichiometric oxidants. Unfortunately, for many processes such direct oxidations have not yet become practical. To help develop such processes, we elucidate here the mechanism for the reaction of molecular oxygen with toluene-solvated palladium-hydride complex using quantum mechanics (B3LYP/LACVP** with the PBF polarizable continuum solvent model) for Pd(II-)((-)sparteine)(H)(Cl) in the presence of base, specifically focusing on the pathways proceeding through Pd(0). The lowest barrier Pd(0) pathway proceeds through a rate-determining base-assisted deprotonation of the palladium, followed by the association of molecular oxygen and the subsequent loss of chloride, forming the corresponding eta(2)-peroxo-palladium complex. We also examine the spin transition and the completion of the reaction to form PdCl(2) and H2O2. Together with our previously published Pd-H/O2 direct insertion mechanism, these reports provide a complete mapping of the possible pathways for reoxidation of palladium hydride with molecular oxygen. For this particular system, we conclude that direct insertion is preferred (DeltaDeltaH++ = 6.2 kcal/mol, DeltaDeltaG++ = 7.5 kcal/mol) and trace this preference to the bidentate character of sparteine and the lack of pi-accepting ligands. Suggestions are included for how this preference can be switched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Keith
- Materials Process and Simulation Center, MC (139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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31
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Guerra D, Andrés J, Chamorro E, Pérez P. Understanding the chemical reactivity of phenylhalocarbene systems: an analysis based on the spin-polarized density functional theory. Theor Chem Acc 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-007-0263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Strickland N, Harvey JN. Spin-Forbidden Ligand Binding to the Ferrous−Heme Group: Ab Initio and DFT Studies. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:841-52. [PMID: 17249828 DOI: 10.1021/jp064091j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The potential energy surfaces (PESs) and associated energy barriers that characterize the spin-forbidden recombination reactions of the gas-phase ferrous deoxy-heme group with CO, NO, and H2O ligands have been calculated using density functional theory (DFT). The bond energy for binding of O2 has also been calculated. Extensive large basis set CCSD(T) calculations on two small models of the heme group have been used to calibrate the accuracy of different DFT functionals for treating these systems. Pure functionals are shown to overestimate the stability of the low-spin forms of the deoxy-heme model, and to overestimate the binding energy of H2O and CO, whereas hybrid functionals such as B3PW91 and B3LYP yield accurate results. Accordingly, the latter functionals have been used to explore the PESs for binding. CO binding is found to involve a significant barrier of ca. 3 kcal mol-1 due to the need to change from the deoxy-heme quintet ground state to the bound singlet state. Binding of water does not involve a barrier, but the resulting bond is weak and may be further weakened in the protein environment, which should explain why water binding is not usually observed in heme proteins such as myoglobin. NO binding involves a low barrier, which is consistent with observed rapid geminate recombination. The calculated bond energies are in good agreement with previous reported values and in fair agreement with experiment for CO and O2. The value for NO is significantly lower than the experimentally derived bond energy, suggesting that B3LYP is less accurate in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Strickland
- Centre for Computational Chemistry and School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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33
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Keith JM, Muller RP, Kemp RA, Goldberg KI, Goddard WA, Oxgaard J. Mechanism of Direct Molecular Oxygen Insertion in a Palladium(II)−Hydride Bond. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:9631-3. [PMID: 17112254 DOI: 10.1021/ic061392z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the direct insertion of molecular oxygen into a palladium hydride bond has been elucidated using quantum mechanics (B3LYP/LACVP** with the PBF continuum solvent model). The key step is found to be the abstraction of the hydrogen atom resulting in the formation of a PdI/HO2 (triplet) radical pair, which then proceeds to form a singlet palladium hydroperoxo species. Potential palladium(0) pathways were explored and were found to be inaccessible. The results are in agreement with recent experimental results and are consistent with our previously predicted mechanism for an analogue system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Keith
- Materials Process and Simulations Center, Beckman Institute (139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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Kuznetsov VF, Abdur-Rashid K, Lough AJ, Gusev DG. Carbene vs Olefin Products of C−H Activation on Ruthenium via Competing α- and β-H Elimination. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:14388-96. [PMID: 17076513 DOI: 10.1021/ja065249g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bulky pincer complexes of ruthenium are capable of C-H activation and H-elimination from the pincer ligand backbone to produce mixtures of olefin and carbene products. To characterize the products and determine the mechanisms of the C-H cleavage, reactions of [RuCl(2)(p-cymene)](2) with N,N'-bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)-1,3-diaminopropane (L1) and 1,3-bis(di-tert-butylphosphinomethyl)cyclohexane (L2) were studied using a combination of X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and DFT computational techniques. The reaction of L1 afforded a mixture of an alkylidene, a Fischer carbene, and two olefin isomers of the 16-e monohydride RuHCl[(t)Bu(2)PNHC(3)H(4)NHPBu(t)(2)] (2), whereas the reaction of L2 gave two olefin and two alkylidene isomers of 16-e RuHCl[2,6-(CH(2)PBu(t)(2))(2)C(6)H(8)] (3), all resulting from dehydrogenations of the ligand backbone of L1 and L2. The key intermediates implicated in the C-H activation reactions were identified as 14-electron paramagnetic species RuCl(PCP), where PCP = cyclometalated L1 or L2. Thus the alpha- and beta-H elimination reactions of RuCl(PCP) involved spin change and were formally spin-forbidden. Hydrogenation of 2 and 3 afforded 16-electron dihydrides RuH(2)Cl(PCP) distinguished by a large quantum exchange coupling between the hydrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir F Kuznetsov
- Department of Chemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5 Canada
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Petit A, Richard P, Cacelli I, Poli R. A Two-State Computational Investigation of Methane CH and Ethane CC Oxidative Addition to [CpM(PH3)]n+ (M=Co, Rh, Ir;n=0, 1). Chemistry 2006; 12:813-23. [PMID: 16331716 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Reductive elimination of methane from methyl hydride half-sandwich phosphane complexes of the Group 9 metals has been investigated by DFT calculations on the model system [CpM(PH(3))(CH(3))(H)] (M = Co, Rh, Ir). For each metal, the unsaturated product has a triplet ground state; thus, spin crossover occurs during the reaction. All relevant stationary points on the two potential energy surfaces (PES) and the minimum energy crossing point (MECP) were optimized. Spin crossover occurs very near the sigma-CH(4) complex local minimum for the Co system, whereas the heavier Rh and Ir systems remain in the singlet state until the CH(4) molecule is almost completely expelled from the metal coordination sphere. No local sigma-CH(4) minimum was found for the Ir system. The energetic profiles agree with the nonexistence of the Co(III) methyl hydride complex and with the greater thermal stability of the Ir complex relative to the Rh complex. Reductive elimination of methane from the related oxidized complexes [CpM(PH(3))(CH(3))(H)](+) (M = Rh, Ir) proceeds entirely on the spin doublet PES, because the 15-electron [CpM(PH(3))](+) products have a doublet ground state. This process is thermodynamically favored by about 25 kcal mol(-1) relative to the corresponding neutral system. It is essentially barrierless for the Rh system and has a relatively small barrier (ca. 7.5 kcal mol(-1)) for the Ir system. In both cases, the reaction involves a sigma-CH(4) intermediate. Reductive elimination of ethane from [CpM(PH(3))(CH(3))(2)](+) (M = Rh, Ir) shows a similar thermodynamic profile, but is kinetically quite different from methane elimination from [CpM(PH(3))(CH(3))(H)](+): the reductive elimination barrier is much greater and does not involve a sigma-complex intermediate. The large difference in the calculated activation barriers (ca. 12.0 and ca. 30.5 kcal mol(-1) for the Rh and Ir systems, respectively) agrees with the experimental observation, for related systems, of oxidatively induced ethane elimination when M = Rh, whereas the related Ir systems prefer to decompose by alternative pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alban Petit
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et d'Electrosynthèse Organométalliques, Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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36
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Poli R, Baya M, Meunier-Prest R, Raveau S. Electrochemical and DFT studies of the oxidative decomposition of the trihydride complexes Cp*M(dppe)H3 (M = Mo, W) in acetonitrile. NEW J CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b518343j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Carreón-Macedo JL, Harvey JN. Computational study of the energetics of3Fe(CO)4,1Fe(CO)4and1Fe(CO)4(L), L = Xe, CH4, H2and CO. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:93-100. [PMID: 16482248 DOI: 10.1039/b513325d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Large basis CCSD(T) calculations are used to calculate the energetics of 3Fe(CO)4, 1Fe(CO)4 and 1Fe(CO)4(L), L = Xe, CH4, H2 and CO. . The relative energy of the excited singlet state of Fe(CO)4 with respect to the ground triplet state is not known experimentally, and various lower levels of theory predict very different results. Upon extrapolating to the infinite basis set limit, and including corrections for core-core and core-valence correlation, scalar relativity, and multi-reference character of the wavefunction, the best CCSD(T) estimate for the spin-state splitting in iron tetracarbonyl is 2 kcal mol(-1). Calculation of the dissociation energy of 1Fe(CO)4(L) into singlet fragments, taken together with known experimental behaviour of triplet Fe(CO)4, provides independent evidence for the fact that the spin-state splitting is smaller than 3 kcal mol(-1). These calculations highlight some of the challenges involved in benchmark calculations on transition metal containing systems.
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38
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Martín M, Torres O, Oñate E, Sola E, Oro LA. C−H Activations at Iridium(I) Square-Planar Complexes Promoted by a Fifth Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:18074-84. [PMID: 16366559 DOI: 10.1021/ja0557233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the presence of ligands such as acetonitrile, ethylene, or propylene, the Ir(I) complex [Ir(1,2,5,6-eta-C8H12)(NCMe)(PMe3)]BF4 (1) transforms into the Ir(III) derivatives [Ir(1-kappa-4,5,6-eta-C8H12)(NCMe)(L)(PMe3)]BF4 (L = NCMe, 2; eta2-C2H4, 3; eta2-C3H6, 4), respectively, through a sequence of C-H oxidative addition and insertion elementary steps. The rate of this transformation depends on the nature of L and, in the case of NCMe, the pseudo-first-order rate constants display a dependence upon ligand concentration suggesting the formation of five-coordinate reaction intermediates. A similar reaction between 1 and vinyl acetate affords the Ir(III) complex [Ir(1-kappa-4,5,6-eta-C8H12){kappa-O-eta2-OC(Me)OC2H3}(PMe3)]BF4 (7) via the isolable five-coordinate Ir(I) compound [Ir(1,2,5,6-eta-C8H12){kappa-O-eta2-OC(Me)OC2H3}(PMe3)]BF4 (6). DFT (B3LYP) calculations in model complexes show that reactions initiated by acetonitrile or ethylene five-coordinate adducts involve C-H oxidative addition transition states of lower energy than that found in the absence of these ligands. Key species in these ligand-assisted transformations are the distorted (nonsquare-planar) intermediates preceding the intramolecular C-H oxidative addition step, which are generated after release of one cyclooctadiene double bond from the five-coordinate species. The feasibility of this mechanism is also investigated for complexes [IrCl(L)(PiPr3)2] (L = eta2-C2H4, 27; eta2-C3H6, 28). In the presence of NCMe, these complexes afford the C-H activation products [IrClH(CH=CHR)(NCMe)(PiPr3)2] (R = H, 29; Me, 30) via the common cyclometalated intermediate [IrClH{kappa-P,C-P(iPr)2CH(CH3)CH2}(NCMe)(PiPr3)] (31). The most effective C-H oxidative addition mechanism seems to involve three-coordinate intermediates generated by photochemical release of the alkene ligand. However, in the absence of light, the reaction rates display dependences upon NCMe concentration again indicating the intermediacy of five-coordinate acetonitrile adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martín
- Departamento de Compuestos de Coordinación y Catálisis Homogénea, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC and Instituto Universitario de Catálisis Homogénea, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
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Poli R, Cacelli I. Orbital Splitting and Pairing Energy in Open-Shell Organometallics: A Study of Two Families of 16-Electron Complexes [Cp2M] (M = Cr, Mo, W) and [CpM(PH3)] (M = Co, Rh, Ir). Eur J Inorg Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200400839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Lundberg M, Siegbahn PEM. Optimized Spin Crossings and Transition States for Short-range Electron Transfer in Transition Metal Dimers. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:10513-20. [PMID: 16852273 DOI: 10.1021/jp051116q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electron-transfer reactions in eight mixed-valence manganese dimers are studied using B3LYP. One of the dimers is a model of the active site of manganese catalase, while another represents a basic building block of the oxygen-evolving complex in photosystem II. The adiabatic reactions are characterized by fully optimized transition states where the single imaginary frequency represents the electron-transfer coordinate. When there is antiferromagnetic coupling between different high-spin centers, electron transfer must be accompanied by a spin transition. Spin transitions are characterized by minimum-energy crossing points between spin surfaces. Three reaction mechanisms have been investigated. First, a single-step reaction where spin flip is concerted with electron transfer. Second, an initial transition to a center with intermediate spin that can be followed by electron transfer. Third, an initial transition to a ferromagnetic state from which the electron can be transferred adiabatically. The complexes prefer the third route with rate-determining barriers ranging from 5.7 kcal/mol to 17.2 kcal/mol for different complexes. The origins of these differences are discussed in terms of oxidation states and ligand environments. Many DFT functionals overestimate charge-transfer interactions, but for the present complexes, the error should be limited because of short Mn-Mn distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lundberg
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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41
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Pérez P, Andrés J, Safont VS, Contreras R, Tapia O. Exploring Two-State Reactivity Pathways in the Cycloaddition Reactions of Triplet Methylene. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:4178-84. [PMID: 16833743 DOI: 10.1021/jp044701k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spin forbidden 1,2-cycloadditions of triplet methylene to alkenes have been theoretically studied as an example of the two-state reactivity paradigm in organic chemistry. The cycloadditions of triplet methylene to ethylene and the (E)- and (Z)-2-butene isomers show spin inversion after the transition state and therefore with no effect on the reaction rate. A local analysis shows that while triplet methylene addition to alkenes leading to the formation of a biradical intermediate is driven by spin polarization, the ring closure step to yield cyclopropane is a pericyclic process. We have found that at the regions in the potential energy surface where the spin crossover is likely to occur, the spin potential in the direction of increasing spin multiplicity, mu(+)(s), tends to equalize the one in the direction of decreasing spin multiplicity, mu(-)(s). This equalization facilitates the spin transfer process driven by changes in the spin density of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 275, Santiago, Chile
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42
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43
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Poli R. Open shell organometallics: a general analysis of their electronic structure and reactivity. J Organomet Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mazet C, Smidt SP, Meuwly M, Pfaltz A. A Combined Experimental and Computational Study of Dihydrido(phosphinooxazoline)iridium Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:14176-81. [PMID: 15506783 DOI: 10.1021/ja046318z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of a [(PHOX)Ir(COD)](+) complex (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) with dihydrogen was studied by NMR spectroscopy (PHOX = chiral phosphinooxazoline ligand). A single [(PHOX)Ir(H)(2)(COD)](+) isomer was formed as the primary product at -40 degrees C in THF. Subsequent reaction with H(2) at -40 to 0 degrees C led to a mixture of two diastereomeric [(PHOX)Ir(H)(2)(solvent)(2)](+) complexes with concomitant loss of cyclooctane. The stereochemistry of the three hydride complexes could be assigned from the NMR data. The structures and energies of the observed hydride complexes and the possible stereoisomers were calculated using density functional theory. The substantial energy differences (up to 39 kcal/mol) between the various stereoisomers demonstrate the strong influence of the chiral ligand. The observed stereoselective formation of dihydride complexes can be explained by steric effects of the PHOX ligand combined with a strong electronic influence of the coordinating N and P atoms, favoring addition of a hydride trans to the Ir-N bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Mazet
- Departments of Organic Chemistry, St. Johanns Ring 19, and Physical Chemistry, Klingelbergstrasse 80, Basel University, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Gracia L, Andrés J, Safont VS, Beltrán A, Sambrano JR. DFT Study of the Reaction between VO2+ and C2H6. Organometallics 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/om0342098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Gracia
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Box 224, 12080 Castelló, Spain
| | - J. Andrés
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Box 224, 12080 Castelló, Spain
| | - V. S. Safont
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Box 224, 12080 Castelló, Spain
| | - A. Beltrán
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Box 224, 12080 Castelló, Spain
| | - J. R. Sambrano
- Laboratório de Simulação Molecular, DM, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Box 473, 17033-360 Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Veige AS, Slaughter LM, Lobkovsky EB, Wolczanski PT, Matsunaga N, Decker SA, Cundari TR. Symmetry and Geometry Considerations of Atom Transfer: Deoxygenation of (silox)3WNO and R3PO (R = Me, Ph, tBu) by (silox)3M (M = V, NbL (L = PMe3, 4-Picoline), Ta; silox = tBu3SiO). Inorg Chem 2003; 42:6204-24. [PMID: 14514296 DOI: 10.1021/ic0300114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Deoxygenations of (silox)(3)WNO (12) and R(3)PO (R = Me, Ph, (t)Bu) by M(silox)(3) (1-M; M = V, NbL (L = PMe(3), 4-picoline), Ta; silox = (t)Bu(3)SiO) reflect the consequences of electronic effects enforced by a limiting steric environment. 1-Ta rapidly deoxygenated R(3)PO (23 degrees C; R = Me (DeltaG degrees (rxn)(calcd) = -47 kcal/mol), Ph) but not (t)Bu(3)PO (85 degrees, >2 days), and cyclometalation competed with deoxygenation of 12 to (silox)(3)WN (11) and (silox)(3)TaO (3-Ta; DeltaG degrees (rxn)(calcd) = -100 kcal/mol). 1-V deoxygenated 12 slowly and formed stable adducts (silox)(3)V-OPR(3) (3-OPR(3)) with OPR(3). 1-Nb(4-picoline) (S = 0) and 1-NbPMe(3) (S = 1) deoxygenated R(3)PO (23 degrees C; R = Me (DeltaG degrees (rxn)(calcd from 1-Nb) = -47 kcal/mol), Ph) rapidly and 12 slowly (DeltaG degrees (rxn)(calcd) = -100 kcal/mol), and failed to deoxygenate (t)Bu(3)PO. Access to a triplet state is critical for substrate (EO) binding, and the S --> T barrier of approximately 17 kcal/mol (calcd) hinders deoxygenations by 1-Ta, while 1-V (S = 1) and 1-Nb (S --> T barrier approximately 2 kcal/mol) are competent. Once binding occurs, significant mixing with an (1)A(1) excited state derived from population of a sigma-orbital is needed to ensure a low-energy intersystem crossing of the (3)A(2) (reactant) and (1)A(1) (product) states. Correlation of a reactant sigma-orbital with a product sigma-orbital is required, and the greater the degree of bending in the (silox)(3)M-O-E angle, the more mixing energetically lowers the intersystem crossing point. The inability of substrates EO = 12 and (t)Bu(3)PO to attain a bent 90 degree angle M-O-E due to sterics explains their slow or negligible deoxygenations. Syntheses of relevant compounds and ramifications of the results are discussed. X-ray structural details are provided for 3-OPMe(3) (90 degree angle V-O-P = 157.61(9) degrees), 3-OP(t)Bu(3) ( 90 degree angle V-O-P = 180 degrees ), 1-NbPMe(3), and (silox)(3)ClWO (9).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Veige
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Jensen VR, Poli R. Theoretical Investigation of the Low-Energy States of CpMoCl(PMe3)2 and Their Role in the Spin-Forbidden Addition of N2 and CO. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp027212y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vidar R. Jensen
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et d'Electrosynthèse Organométalliques, Faculté des Sciences “Gabriel”, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Rinaldo Poli
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et d'Electrosynthèse Organométalliques, Faculté des Sciences “Gabriel”, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, F-21000, Dijon, France
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Harvey JN, Poli R. Computational study of the spin-forbidden H2oxidative addition to 16-electron Fe(0) complexes. Dalton Trans 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b302916f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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49
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Green JC, Harvey JN, Poli R. Theoretical investigation of the spin crossover transition states of the addition of methane to a series of Group 6 metallocenes using minimum energy crossing points. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1039/b111257k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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