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Tran TPN, Thakur A, Nguyen TN, Mohan P, Wada T, Chammingkwan P, Taniike T. Understanding chemiluminescence in catalytic oxidation of CO and hydrocarbons. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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2
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Wei Y, Wang A, Lv L, Xu F, Yang J, Cai M, Cheng Q, Chen J, Bao J, Gao C, Sun S. Synchrotron infrared spectroscopic high-throughput screening of multi-composite photocatalyst films for air purification. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy02223c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Synchrotron-based infrared microscope was used for the high-throughput screening of Fe3+/Nb5+ doped TiO2 photocatalysts for air purification.
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Clayson IG, Hewitt D, Hutereau M, Pope T, Slater B. High Throughput Methods in the Synthesis, Characterization, and Optimization of Porous Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002780. [PMID: 32954550 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Porous materials are widely employed in a large range of applications, in particular, for storage, separation, and catalysis of fine chemicals. Synthesis, characterization, and pre- and post-synthetic computer simulations are mostly carried out in a piecemeal and ad hoc manner. Whilst high throughput approaches have been used for more than 30 years in the porous material fields, routine integration of experimental and computational processes is only now becoming more established. Herein, important developments are highlighted and emerging challenges for the community identified, including the need to work toward more integrated workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan G Clayson
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Daniel Hewitt
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Martin Hutereau
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tom Pope
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ben Slater
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Coley CW, Eyke NS, Jensen KF. Autonomous Discovery in the Chemical Sciences Part I: Progress. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22858-22893. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Connor W. Coley
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Natalie S. Eyke
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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5
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Coley CW, Eyke NS, Jensen KF. Autonome Entdeckung in den chemischen Wissenschaften, Teil I: Fortschritt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Connor W. Coley
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Natalie S. Eyke
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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McCullough K, Williams T, Mingle K, Jamshidi P, Lauterbach J. High-throughput experimentation meets artificial intelligence: a new pathway to catalyst discovery. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11174-11196. [PMID: 32393932 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00972e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High throughput experimentation in heterogeneous catalysis provides an efficient solution to the generation of large datasets under reproducible conditions. Knowledge extraction from these datasets has mostly been performed using statistical methods, targeting the optimization of catalyst formulations. The combination of advanced machine learning methodologies with high-throughput experimentation has enormous potential to accelerate the predictive discovery of novel catalyst formulations that do not exist with current statistical design of experiments. This perspective describes selective examples ranging from statistical design of experiments for catalyst synthesis to genetic algorithms applied to catalyst optimization, and finally random forest machine learning using experimental data for the discovery of novel catalysts. Lastly, this perspective also provides an outlook on advanced machine learning methodologies as applied to experimental data for materials discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine McCullough
- College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Mingle K, Lauterbach J. Synthesis-Structure-Activity Relationships in Co 3O 4 Catalyzed CO Oxidation. Front Chem 2018; 6:185. [PMID: 29888222 PMCID: PMC5982682 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a statistical design and analysis platform was used to develop cobalt oxide based oxidation catalysts prepared via one pot metal salt reduction. An emphasis was placed upon understanding the effects of synthesis conditions, such as heating regimen and Co2+ concentration on the metal salt reduction mechanism, the resultant nanomaterial properties (i.e., size, crystal structure, and crystal faceting), and the catalytic activity in CO oxidation. This was accomplished by carrying out XRD, TEM, and FTIR studies on synthesis intermediates and products. Additionally, high-throughput experimentation was employed to study the performance of Co3O4 oxidation catalysts over a wide range of reaction conditions using a 16-channel fixed bed reactor equipped with a parallel infrared imaging system. Specifically, Co3O4 nanomaterials of varying properties were evaluated for their performance as CO oxidation catalysts. Figure-of-merits including light-off temperatures and activation energies were measured and mapped back to the catalyst properties and synthesis conditions. Statistical analysis methods were used to elucidate significant property-activity relationships as well as the design rules relevant in the synthesis of active catalysts. It was found that the degree of grain boundary consolidation and anisotropic growth in fcc and hcp CoO intermediates significantly influenced the catalytic activity. By utilizing the discovered synthesis-structure-activity relationships, CO oxidation light off temperatures were decreased to <90°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Mingle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Jochen Lauterbach
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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8
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Kitchin JR, Gellman AJ. High‐throughput methods using composition and structure spread libraries. AIChE J 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Kitchin
- Dept. of Chemical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburgh PA15213
| | - Andrew J. Gellman
- Dept. of Chemical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburgh PA15213
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9
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Spatially and temporally resolved gas distributions around heterogeneous catalysts using infrared planar laser-induced fluorescence. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7076. [PMID: 25953006 PMCID: PMC4432634 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Visualizing and measuring the gas distribution in close proximity to a working catalyst is crucial for understanding how the catalytic activity depends on the structure of the catalyst. However, existing methods are not able to fully determine the gas distribution during a catalytic process. Here we report on how the distribution of a gas during a catalytic reaction can be imaged in situ with high spatial (400 μm) and temporal (15 μs) resolution using infrared planar laser-induced fluorescence. The technique is demonstrated by monitoring, in real-time, the distribution of carbon dioxide during catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide above powder catalysts. Furthermore, we demonstrate the versatility and potential of the technique in catalysis research by providing a proof-of-principle demonstration of how the activity of several catalysts can be measured simultaneously, either in the same reactor chamber, or in parallel, in different reactor tubes. Visualization of the gas distribution around working catalyst is crucial for understanding structure–activity relationships. Here, the authors show that gas distribution can be imaged in situ with high spatial and temporal resolution using infrared planar laser-induced fluorescence.
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10
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The Materials Super Highway: Integrating High-Throughput Experimentation into Mapping the Catalysis Materials Genome. Catal Letters 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-014-1442-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Sun S, Zhang F, Qi Z, Ding J, Bao J, Gao C. Rapid Discovery of a Photocatalyst for Air Purification by High-Throughput Screening. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Peela NR, Lee IC, Vlachos DG. Design and Fabrication of a High-Throughput Microreactor and Its Evaluation for Highly Exothermic Reactions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie302093u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nageswara Rao Peela
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, and Catalysis
Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Ivan C. Lee
- Sensors and Electron Devices
Directorate, US Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, and Catalysis
Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Grunwaldt JD, Wagner JB, Dunin-Borkowski RE. Imaging Catalysts at Work: A Hierarchical Approach from the Macro- to the Meso- and Nano-scale. ChemCatChem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201200356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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15
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Stavitski E, Weckhuysen BM. Infrared and Raman imaging of heterogeneous catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:4615-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00064g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Snively CM, Chase DB, Rabolt JF. Parallel spectroscopic method for examining dynamic phenomena on the millisecond time scale. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:345-9. [PMID: 19239197 DOI: 10.1021/cc800142p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An infrared spectroscopic technique based on planar array infrared (PAIR) spectroscopy has been developed that allows the acquisition of spectra from multiple samples simultaneously. Using this technique, it is possible to acquire spectra over a spectral range of 950-1900 cm(-1) with a temporal resolution of 2.2 ms. The performance of this system was demonstrated by determining the shear-induced orientational response of several low molecular weight liquid crystals. Five different liquid crystals were examined in combination with five different alignment layers, and both primary and secondary screens were demonstrated. Implementation of this high-throughput PAIR technique resulted in a reduction in acquisition time as compared to both step-scan and ultra-rapid-scanning FTIR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Snively
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
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18
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Pyrz W, Vijay R, Binz J, Lauterbach J, Buttrey DJ. Characterization of K-Promoted Ru Catalysts for Ammonia Decomposition Discovered Using High-Throughput Experimentation. Top Catal 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-008-9095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Olejnik S, Baltes C, Muhler M, Schüth F. Parallelized N2O Frontal Chromatography for the Fast Determination of Copper Surface Areas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:387-90. [DOI: 10.1021/cc700144y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Olejnik
- MPI für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim, Germany, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie, NBCF04/690, Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Baltes
- MPI für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim, Germany, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie, NBCF04/690, Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin Muhler
- MPI für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim, Germany, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie, NBCF04/690, Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ferdi Schüth
- MPI für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim, Germany, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie, NBCF04/690, Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum, Germany
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20
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Maier WF, Stöwe K, Sieg S. Combinatorial and High-Throughput Materials Science. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:6016-67. [PMID: 17640024 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing acceptance of high-throughput technologies for the discovery, development, and optimization of materials and catalysts in industry. Over the years, the relative synchronous development of technologies for parallel synthesis and characterization has been accompanied by developments in associated software and information technologies. This Review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the state of the art of the field by selected examples. Technologies developed to aid research on complex materials are covered as well as databases, design of experiment, data-mining technologies, modeling approaches, and evolutionary strategies for development. Different methods for parallel synthesis provide single sample libraries, gradient libraries for electronic or optical materials, similar to polymers and catalysts, and products produced through formulation strategies. Many examples illustrate the variety of isolated solutions and document the barely recognized variety of new methods for the synthesis and analysis of almost any material. The Review ends with a summary of success stories and statements on still-present problems and future tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm F Maier
- Technische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Gebäude C4.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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21
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Maier W, Stöwe K, Sieg S. Kombinatorische und Hochdurchsatz-Techniken in der Materialforschung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Kazarian SG. Enhancing high-throughput technology and microfluidics with FTIR spectroscopic imaging. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:529-32. [PMID: 17333141 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 02/03/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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23
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Vijay R, Lauterbach J. Chapter 11 Design of experiments combined with high-throughput experimentation for the optimization of DeNOx catalysts. STUDIES IN SURFACE SCIENCE AND CATALYSIS 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2991(07)80212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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24
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Fenniri H, Terreau O, Chun S, Oh SJ, Finney WF, Morris MD. Classification of spectroscopically encoded resins by Raman mapping and infrared hyperspectral imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:192-8. [PMID: 16529514 DOI: 10.1021/cc050128i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Barcoded resins (BCRs) were recently introduced as a potential platform for pre-encoded multiplexed synthesis, screening, and biomedical diagnostics. A key step toward the development of this strategy is the ability to rapidly interrogate and classify the BCRs in a high-throughput, noninvasive manner. Here, we describe a one-step strategy based on Raman mapping and Fourier transform infrared imaging to classify and spatially resolve randomly distributed BCRs. To illustrate this methodology, mixtures of up to 25 different BCRs were imaged and classified with 100% confidence. This strategy can be readily extended to a larger pool of resins, provided each BCR features a unique vibrational fingerprint (spectroscopic barcode). We have also established that reliable single-bead Raman spectra can be recorded in 10 ms, thus confirming that Raman mapping, in particular, could be a very fast method to classify the BCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Fenniri
- National Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (NINT-NRC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, ECERF: 9107-116 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2V4, Canada.
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25
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Chan KLA, Kazarian SG. ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging with expanded field of view to study formulations and dissolution. LAB ON A CHIP 2006; 6:864-70. [PMID: 16804590 DOI: 10.1039/b516271h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging in combination with a novel attenuated total reflection (ATR) accessory with an expanded field of view has been applied to simultaneously obtain infrared spectra of more than 150 miniature samples, and to study the dissolution process of several different formulations in separate mini-channels simultaneously. This is the first time FTIR spectroscopic imaging using such an ATR accessory with an expanded field of view has been reported. The resultant imaging area with this approach was found to be ca. 15.4 x 21.4 mm(2) (6 x expansion). The potential of this approach includes imaging up to 440 samples simultaneously. The same accessory was used to prepare mini-channels (4 mm wide, 15 mm long and 0.5 mm deep) which were made of a PDMS grid that was self-adhered to the surface of the ATR crystal. Different molecular weights of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), with or without the addition of ibuprofen, have been used as model pharmaceutical formulations and chemical imaging of the simultaneous dissolution of five different formulations of PEG/ibuprofen has been demonstrated. Direct comparison between these different formulations under identical conditions was possible due to this imaging approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Andrew Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, United Kingdom SW7 2AZ
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26
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High-throughput study of the performance of NOx storage and reduction catalysts as a function of cycling conditions and catalyst composition. Chem Eng Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2006.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Aiouache F, Oyama H, Kitagawa K. Spatial near-infrared imaging of hydroxyl band coverage on ceria-based catalysts. AIChE J 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.10731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Chan KLA, Kazarian SG. High-Throughput Study of Poly(ethylene glycol)/Ibuprofen Formulations under Controlled Environment Using FTIR Imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 8:26-31. [PMID: 16398550 DOI: 10.1021/cc050041x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous analysis of many samples under identical conditions improves the effectiveness of research and accelerates product design. A novel spectroscopic imaging approach using a multichannel detector has been developed for parallel analysis of pharmaceutical formulations under controlled environments. Samples of formulations of ibuprofen in poly(ethylene glycol) have been prepared with ibuprofen concentrations ranging from 0 to 100% using a microdroplet deposition approach. The concentration of ibuprofen in PEG at which dimerization of ibuprofen molecules can be avoided has been determined via simultaneous measurement of all samples using in situ FTIR spectroscopic imaging. FTIR spectra from all samples have been analyzed to assess the molecular state of the drug and the degree of polymer swelling as a function of drug concentration. The effect of elevated temperature on the stability of all formulations was also studied. This high-throughput approach identified the concentration range for stable formulations and provided evidence that hydrogen bonding between ibuprofen and the polymer is responsible for enhanced stability at higher temperatures. This high-throughput imaging approach, based on a miniature sampling system, significantly reduces the experimental time by allowing many (potentially a few thousand) experiments to be run in parallel and increases the accuracy by minimizing variations between experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Andrew Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ UK
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29
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Chan KLA, Kazarian SG. Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging for High-Throughput Analysis of Pharmaceutical Formulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 7:185-9. [PMID: 15762745 DOI: 10.1021/cc049840q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging with infrared array detectors has recently emerged as a powerful materials characterization tool. We report a novel application of FTIR imaging for high-throughput analysis of materials under controlled environment. This approach combines the use of spectroscopic imaging with an attenuated total reflection (ATR)-IR cell, microdroplet sample deposition system, and a device that controls humidity inside the cell. By this approach, it was possible to obtain "chemical snapshots" from a spatially defined array of many different polymer/drug formulations (more than 100) under identical conditions. This method provides direct measurement of materials properties for high-throughput formulation design and optimization. Simultaneous response (water sorption, crystallization, etc.) of the array of formulations to the environmental parameters was studied. Implications of the presented approach range from studies of smart polymeric materials and sensors to screening of pharmaceuticals and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Andrew Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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30
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Noble metal free NO storage catalysts using cobalt discovered via high-throughput experimentation. CATAL COMMUN 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2004.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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31
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Chan KLA, Kazarian SG, Mavraki A, Williams DR. Fourier transform infrared imaging of human hair with a high spatial resolution without the use of a synchrotron. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2005; 59:149-155. [PMID: 15720754 DOI: 10.1366/0003702053085070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The cross-section of a human hair has been imaged for the first time using the micro attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) method in combination with a focal plane array (FPA) detector. A rigorous approach was applied to determine the spatial resolution, namely, measuring the distance over which the band absorbance changes from 95 to 5% of the maximum absorbance when passing through a sharp interface. The measured value for IR transmission was approximately 16 microm, while the value obtained using ATR imaging was approximately 5 microm. The enhanced spatial resolution achieved by this method allows the medulla of the hair (approximately 8 microm in diameter) to be imaged clearly without the need for a synchrotron source. The spatial resolution of transmission and ATR imaging is compared, and advantages of ATR imaging are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L A Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Hendershot RJ, Snively CM, Lauterbach J. High-Throughput Heterogeneous Catalytic Science. Chemistry 2005; 11:806-14. [PMID: 15515064 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput experimentation in heterogeneous catalysis has recently experienced nearly exponential growth. Initial qualitative screening has evolved into quantitative high-throughput experimentation, characterization, and analysis. This allows high-throughput catalysis now to rise above simple screening to the level of fundamental understanding of reaction mechanisms, which will lead on a faster path to the Holy Grail of catalysis: rational catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed J Hendershot
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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33
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Schüth F. High-throughput experiments for synthesis and applications of zeolites. STUDIES IN SURFACE SCIENCE AND CATALYSIS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2991(05)80010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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34
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Hendershot RJ, Rogers WB, Snively CM, Ogunnaike BA, Lauterbach J. Development and optimization of NOx storage and reduction catalysts using statistically guided high-throughput experimentation. Catal Today 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Burford N, Conroy KD, Landry JC, Ragogna PJ, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R. Gallium Halide Induced Heterocycle Expansion of Dihalodiphosphadiaryldiazanes [(XPNR)2] to the Corresponding Triphosphatriazanes [(XPNR)3]. Inorg Chem 2004; 43:8245-51. [PMID: 15606170 DOI: 10.1021/ic049217a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of the cyclic diphosphadiazanes (XPNR)(2) (X = Cl, Br; R = 2,6-dimethylphenyl = Dmp, 2,6-diisopropylphenyl = Dipp) with GaX(3) followed by 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) give the corresponding trimers (XPNR)(3). An unusual cyclophosphazanium tetrachlorogallate salt [(DippN)(3)P(3)Cl(2)][GaCl(4)] has been isolated from the reaction of (ClPNDipp)(2) with GaCl(3) and represents an intermediate in the disproportionation process. Dissociation of the gallate ion on reaction of [(DippN)(3)P(3)Cl(2)][GaCl(4)] with DMAP releases a halide ion, which associates with the dicoordinate phosphenium center to give (ClPNDipp)(3). The observations indicate that the presence of medium-sized substituents at nitrogen (R) thermodynamically destabilize the dimer with respect to the trimer, without offering sufficient stabilization of the monomer, as observed for MesNPX (Mes* = 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl) (Mes* > Dipp > Dmp). Nevertheless, lability of the N-P bond in these derivatives of (XPNR)(2) allows for transformations between dimer and trimer that may include transient existence of the corresponding monomer. Manipulation of substituent steric strain to modify the relative stability of phosphazane oligomers provides a new methodology for diversification of phosphazane chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Burford
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4J3, Canada.
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Kubanek P, Busch O, Thomson S, Schmidt HW, Schüth F. Imaging Reflection IR Spectroscopy as a Tool to Achieve Higher Integration for High-Throughput Experimentation in Catalysis Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 6:420-5. [PMID: 15132603 DOI: 10.1021/cc049957e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
FTIR spectroscopy in reflection mode combined with a focal plane array (FPA) detector was employed for high-throughput screening of activity of catalysts in n-pentane hydroisomerization. The reactor system was evaluated using reference catalysts Pt-MOR and gamma-alumina of known catalytic activity. By using the reflection setup, a higher degree of parallelization was possible, as compared to previous reports, in which transmission cells had been used. The 49-channel parallel reactor in combination with the FPA-IR optical setup was able to provide reliable information about the activity of different catalysts with relative data error of less than +/-20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kubanek
- Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser Wilhelm Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim, Germany
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37
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Busch OM, Brijoux W, Thomson S, Schüth F. Spatially resolving infrared spectroscopy for parallelized characterization of acid sites of catalysts via pyridine sorption: Possibilities and limitations. J Catal 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2003.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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38
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Potyrailo RA, Lemmon JP, Leib TK. High-Throughput Screening of Selectivity of Melt Polymerization Catalysts Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Two-Wavelength Fluorescence Imaging. Anal Chem 2003; 75:4676-81. [PMID: 14632080 DOI: 10.1021/ac034296d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new general approach for rapid assessment of polymerization catalysts is introduced. Native fluorescence emission of solid polymers is measured directly in combinatorial 96-microreactor arrays and polymers produced in a laboratory-scale validation reactor. Fluorescence features collected with a CCD-based spectrofluorometer are correlated with chemical properties of interest such as polymer molecular weight, amount of branching, and catalyst selectivity. The approach is illustrated by screening of selectivity of melt polymerization catalysts used in synthesis of an aromatic bisphenol A polycarbonate. Selectivity of catalysts correlated with the ratio of fluorescence intensities at 400 and 500 nm at 340-nm excitation. The relative standard deviation (RSD) in spectroscopic serial measurements was 1-12.5%. This spread included instrument variability (< or = 1% RSD) and sample inhomogeneity. Parallel quantitative screening of catalyst selectivity in combinatorial 96-microreactor arrays was performed as a two-wavelength ratiometric fluorescence imaging through 400- and 500-nm interference filters and showed a good correlation (R2 = 0.994) with serial screening. Our approach is an attractive alternative to traditional separation-based techniques if speed and nondestructive nature of analysis are critical and when the high cross-linking or solvent resistance of polymers complicates traditional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radislav A Potyrailo
- Global Research Center, Combinatorial Chemistry and Characterization Technologies, General Electric Company, Schenectady, New York 12301, USA.
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39
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Li W, Gracia FJ, Wolf EE. Selective combinatorial catalysis; challenges and opportunities: the preferential oxidation of carbon monoxide. Catal Today 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0920-5861(03)00143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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40
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Potyrailo RA. Analytical spectroscopic tools for high-throughput screening of combinatorial materials libraries. Trends Analyt Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(03)00608-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Jayaraman S, Hillier AC. Screening the Reactivity of PtxRuy and PtxRuyMoz Catalysts toward the Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction with the Scanning Electrochemical Microscope. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0274886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - A. C. Hillier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
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42
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Leugers A, Neithamer DR, Sun LS, Hetzner JE, Hilty S, Hong S, Krause M, Beyerlein K. High-throughput analysis in catalysis research using novel approaches to transmission infrared spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2003; 5:238-44. [PMID: 12739939 DOI: 10.1021/cc0200944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study has demonstrated that high-throughput FTIR transmission measurements using a newly designed array-based support formed using silicon wells and a silicon wafer is a very useful and robust tool for the characterization of polymer composition for combinatorial materials research. The comonomer content in copolymers can be measured accurately with a fully automated throughput of >300 samples/day (8 h). The transmission measurement is more robust, reliable, and easier to automate than other spectroscopic methods. The support itself provides excellent resistance to aggressive organic solvents at elevated temperatures and allows the unattended deposition and preparation of polymer films for infrared analysis. Because of the excellent durability of the support with respect to the solvent, the support can be rinsed and reused many times. This high-throughput approach to infrared transmission spectroscopy can be used for measuring a wide array of polymer characteristics: vinyl content, geometrical isomers, crystallinity, and tacticity. As well, this IR approach can be used to predict the oxidative stability of the antioxidant packages. Because the support provides a means of containing hot polymer solutions while the solvent evaporates, the support is also suitable for high-throughput nanoindentation methods for the determination of modulus and other physical properties of the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Leugers
- Analytical Sciences, Corporate R & D, 1897 Building, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, USA.
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43
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Caruthers J, Lauterbach J, Thomson K, Venkatasubramanian V, Snively C, Bhan A, Katare S, Oskarsdottir G. Catalyst design: knowledge extraction from high-throughput experimentation. J Catal 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9517(02)00036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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44
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High-throughput screening under demanding conditions: Cu/ZnO catalysts in high pressure methanol synthesis as an example. J Catal 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9517(02)00134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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