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Grandoni F, Scatà MC, Martucciello A, De Carlo E, De Matteis G, Hussen J. Comprehensive phenotyping of peripheral blood monocytes in healthy bovine. Cytometry A 2021; 101:122-130. [PMID: 34382742 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes are bone marrow derived innate myeloid cells that circulate in the blood and play important roles in infection and inflammation. As part of the mononuclear phagocytic system, monocytes provide innate effector functions, support the adaptive immune response, and play a role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. In addition to their role in sensing pathogen-associated molecular patterns using several pattern recognition receptors, monocytes are characterized by their ability to ingest and kill microbes, to produce cytokines and chemokines, and to present antigens to T cells. For a long time, monocytes have been considered as a homogenous cell population, characterized by the expression of CD14, the receptor of lipopolysaccharide. Studies in several species have shown that the monocyte population consists of phenotypically and functionally different cell subsets. In this review, we report a comprehensive phenotyping of monocyte subsets in cattle. In addition, the most characterizing cell markers and gating strategies for detailed immunophenotyping of bovine monocyte subsets are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Grandoni
- Centro di ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura (Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture), CREA-Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Scatà
- Centro di ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura (Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture), CREA-Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Martucciello
- National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technologies of Water Buffalo Farming and Productions, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Esterina De Carlo
- National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technologies of Water Buffalo Farming and Productions, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Matteis
- Centro di ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura (Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture), CREA-Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, King Faisal University College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Proteomic analysis of lipopolysaccharide activated human monocytes. Mol Immunol 2018; 103:257-269. [PMID: 30326359 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes are key mediators of innate immunity and comprise an important cellular defence against invading pathogens. However, exaggerated or dysregulated monocyte activation can lead to severe immune-mediated pathology such as sepsis or chronic inflammatory diseases. Thus, detailed insight into the molecular mechanisms of monocyte activation is essential to understand monocyte-driven inflammatory pathologies. We therefore investigated the global protein changes in human monocytes during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation to mimic bacterial activation. Purified human monocytes were stimulated with LPS for 17 h and analyzed by state-of-the-art liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The label-free quantitative proteome analysis identified 2746 quantifiable proteins of which 101 had a statistically significantly different abundance between LPS-stimulated cells and unstimulated controls. Additionally, 143 proteins were exclusively identified in either LPS stimulated cells or unstimulated controls. Functional annotation clustering demonstrated that LPS, most significantly, regulates proteasomal- and lysosomal proteins but in opposite directions. Thus, seven proteasome subunits were upregulated by LPS while 11 lysosomal proteins were downregulated. Both systems are critically involved in processing of proteins for antigen-presentation and together with LPS-induced regulation of CD74 and tapasin, our data suggest that LPS can skew monocytic antigen-presentation towards MHC class I rather than MHC class II. In summary, this study provides a sensitive high throughput protein analysis of LPS-induced monocyte activation and identifies several LPS-regulated proteins not previously described in the literature which can be used as a source for future studies.
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3
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Hussen J, Schuberth HJ. Heterogeneity of Bovine Peripheral Blood Monocytes. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1875. [PMID: 29312348 PMCID: PMC5742132 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood monocytes of several species can be divided into different subpopulations with distinct phenotypic and functional properties. Herein, we aim at reviewing published work regarding the heterogeneity of the recently characterized bovine monocyte subsets. As the heterogeneity of human blood monocytes was widely studied and reviewed, this work focuses on comparing bovine monocyte subsets with their human counterparts regarding their phenotype, adhesion and migration properties, inflammatory and antimicrobial functions, and their ability to interact with neutrophilic granulocytes. In addition, the differentiation of monocyte subsets into functionally polarized macrophages is discussed. Regarding phenotype and distribution in blood, bovine monocyte subsets share similarities with their human counterparts. However, many functional differences exist between monocyte subsets from the two species. In contrast to their pro-inflammatory functions in human, bovine non-classical monocytes show the lowest phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species generation capacity, an absent ability to produce the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β after inflammasome activation, and do not have a role in the early recruitment of neutrophils into inflamed tissues. Classical and intermediate monocytes of both species also differ in their response toward major monocyte-attracting chemokines (CCL2 and CCL5) and neutrophil degranulation products (DGP) in vitro. Such differences between homologous monocyte subsets also extend to the development of monocyte-derived macrophages under the influence of chemokines like CCL5 and neutrophil DGP. Whereas the latter induce the differentiation of M1-polarized macrophages in human, bovine monocyte-derived macrophages develop a mixed M1/M2 macrophage phenotype. Although only a few bovine clinical trials analyzed the correlation between changes in monocyte composition and disease, they suggest that functional differences between human and bovine monocyte subsets are also reflected in their different clinical relevance for distinct diseases. In opposite to the human system, where higher blood cell number of non-classical monocytes was widely correlated with several human infectious and non-infectious diseases, higher counts of bovine intermediate monocytes are suggested as a potential biomarker for inflammatory responses postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia.,Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Nandi A, Bishayi B. A novel CCR-2/TLR-2 triggered signaling in murine peritoneal macrophages intensifies bacterial ( Staphylococcus aureus ) killing by reactive oxygen species through TNF-R1. Immunol Lett 2017; 190:93-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Møller ASW, Øvstebø R, Westvik ÅB, Joø GB, Haug KBF, Kierulf P. Effects of bacterial cell wall components (PAMPs) on the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) and the chemokine receptor CCR2 by purified human blood monocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519030090060801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of chemokine production and the expression of chemokine receptors play an important role during inflammation and infectious diseases. The present study was designed to study the effects of five different bacterial cell wall components (PAMPs) on the production of MCP-1 and MIP-1α and the expression of CCR2 by highly purified human blood monocytes. All five PAMPs induced high expression of mRNA and protein synthesis of both chemokines. Generally, MCP-1 mRNA and protein levels were higher than MIP-1α levels. Expression of MCP-1 and MIP-1α differed both at the mRNA and at the protein levels, MIP-1α always showing a more rapid initial increase, attaining lower protein levels than MCP-1. Antibodies against CD14 significantly inhibited the inducing effects of all the PAMPs used. Antibody against TLR2 inhibited the chemokine production induced by LTA and AraLAM by more than 36% ( P < 0.05) while chemokine production induced by Escherichia coli-LPS, purified E. coli-LPS and Neisseria meningitidis-LPS was inhibited by more than 60% by antibody against TLR4 ( P < 0.05). The inducing effects of all five PAMPs could be inhibited by rIL-4, rIL-10 and rIL-13. rIL-4 was the most effective. Generally, IC50 of these anti-inflammatory cytokines were lower for the MIP-1α than for the MCP-1 production. The cell surface expression of CCR2 was significantly down-regulated by all five PAMPs in addition to a decrease in cytosolic free calcium and binding of rMCP-1. We conclude that MCP-1 and MIP-1α as well as the MCP-1 receptor CCR2 will be substantially regulated upon monocyte contact with various cell wall components (PAMPs) from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as from mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie W. Møller
- The Research and Development Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,
| | - Reidun Øvstebø
- The Research and Development Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Åse-Brit Westvik
- The Research and Development Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gun Britt Joø
- The Research and Development Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari-Bente F. Haug
- The Research and Development Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Kierulf
- The Research and Development Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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6
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Kumase F, Takeuchi K, Morizane Y, Suzuki J, Matsumoto H, Kataoka K, Al-Moujahed A, Maidana DE, Miller JW, Vavvas DG. AMPK-Activated Protein Kinase Suppresses Ccr2 Expression by Inhibiting the NF-κB Pathway in RAW264.7 Macrophages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147279. [PMID: 26799633 PMCID: PMC4723067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
C-C chemokine receptor 2 (Ccr2) is a key pro-inflammatory marker of classic (M1) macrophage activation. Although Ccr2 is known to be expressed both constitutively and inductively, the full regulatory mechanism of its expression remains unclear. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is not only a master regulator of energy homeostasis but also a central regulator of inflammation. In this study, we sought to assess AMPK's role in regulating RAW264.7 macrophage Ccr2 protein levels in resting (M0) or LPS-induced M1 states. In both M0 and M1 RAW264.7 macrophages, knockdown of the AMPKα1 subunit by siRNA led to increased Ccr2 levels whereas pharmacologic (A769662) activation of AMPK, attenuated LPS-induced increases in Ccr2 expression in an AMPK dependent fashion. The increases in Ccr2 levels by AMPK downregulation were partially reversed by NF-κB inhibition whereas TNF-a inhibition had minimal effects. Our results indicate that AMPK is a negative regulator of Ccr2 expression in RAW264.7 macrophages, and that the mechanism of action of AMPK inhibition of Ccr2 is mediated, in part, through the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Kumase
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kimio Takeuchi
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yuki Morizane
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jun Suzuki
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Matsumoto
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Keiko Kataoka
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ahmad Al-Moujahed
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Maidana
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joan W. Miller
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Demetrios G. Vavvas
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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7
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Hussen J, Frank C, Düvel A, Koy M, Schuberth HJ. The chemokine CCL5 induces selective migration of bovine classical monocytes and drives their differentiation into LPS-hyporesponsive macrophages in vitro. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 47:169-177. [PMID: 25064684 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Human and mouse studies indicate distinct roles of selected chemokines for monocyte subset attraction. We therefore analyzed the still unknown sensitivity and response of bovine monocyte subsets toward two monocyte-attracting chemokines (CCL2, CCL5). Only CCL5 induced a significant Ca(2+)influx and migration response in bovine monocytes, with classical and intermediate monocytes being significantly stimulated and attracted compared to nonclassical monocytes. The presence of CCL5 during in vitro macrophage differentiation did not alter their capacity to phagocytize or to generate reactive oxygen species upon stimulation with E. coli. However, macrophages differentiated in the presence of CCL5 displayed an altered phenotype with significantly less expressed CD14 and MHC class II molecules, whereas CD16 was upregulated. Moreover, CCL5-differentiated macrophages displayed a reduced upregulation of CXCL8, ARG1, IL6 and IL10 mRNA. Taken together, CCL5 but not CCL2 mainly attract bovine classical monocytes and promote their differentiation into LPS-hypo-responsive macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hussen
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Constanze Frank
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Düvel
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany; HIPRA Deutschland GmbH, Feldstraße 21, D-40479 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mirja Koy
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Schuberth
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany.
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8
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Wezel A, van der Velden D, Maassen JM, Lagraauw HM, de Vries MR, Karper JC, Kuiper J, Bot I, Quax PHA. RP105 deficiency attenuates early atherosclerosis via decreased monocyte influx in a CCR2 dependent manner. Atherosclerosis 2014; 238:132-9. [PMID: 25484103 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a key role in inflammation and previously it was established that TLR4 deficiency attenuates atherosclerosis. RadioProtective 105 (RP105) is a structural homolog of TLR4 and an important regulator of TLR4 signaling, suggesting that RP105 may also be an important effector in atherosclerosis. We thus aimed to determine the role of RP105 in atherosclerotic lesion development using RP105 deficient mice on an atherosclerotic background. METHODS AND RESULTS Atherosclerosis was induced in Western-type diet fed low density lipoprotein receptor deficient (LDLr(-/-)) and LDLr/RP105 double knockout (LDLr(-/-)/RP105(-/-)) mice by means of perivascular carotid artery collar placement. Lesion size was significantly reduced by 58% in LDLr(-/-)/RP105(-/-) mice, and moreover, plaque macrophage content was markedly reduced by 40%. In a model of acute peritonitis, monocyte influx was almost 3-fold reduced in LDLr(-/-)/RP105(-/-) mice (P = 0.001), while neutrophil influx remained unaltered, suggestive of an altered migratory capacity of monocytes upon deletion of RP105. Interestingly, in vitro stimulation of monocytes with LPS induced a downregulation of CCR2, a chemokine receptor crucially involved in monocyte influx to atherosclerotic lesions, which was more pronounced in LDLr(-/-)/RP105(-/-) monocytes as compared to LDLr(-/-) monocytes. CONCLUSION We here show that RP105 deficiency results in reduced early atherosclerotic plaque development with a marked decrease in lesional macrophage content, which may be due to disturbed migration of RP105 deficient monocytes resulting from CCR2 downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Wezel
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël van der Velden
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna M Maassen
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H Maxime Lagraauw
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet R de Vries
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacco C Karper
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H A Quax
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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9
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Bishayi B, Bandyopadhyay D, Majhi A, Adhikary R. Effect of exogenous MCP-1 on TLR-2 neutralized murine macrophages and possible mechanisms of CCR-2/TLR-2 and MCP-1 signalling during Staphylococcus aureus infection. Immunobiology 2014; 220:350-62. [PMID: 25454805 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that Staphylococcus aureus survives within macrophages by hijacking host cell surface Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2). Moreover, S. aureus infection induced activation of TLR-2 has been reported to downregulate the expression of CC-chemokine receptor-2 (CCR-2), a receptor essential for binding of chemokines to propagate phagocytosis. Thus, we hypothesized that prior blocking of TLR-2 may help normal expression of CCR-2 on cell surface; thereby, administration of exogenous MCP-1 (a CCR-2 ligand) to bind to its free receptors might result in activation of downstream inflammatory signalling cascade. In order to address this, we compared the ability of S. aureus to modulate CCR-2 expression in TLR-2 free or neutralized macrophages in presence or absence of exogenous MCP-1 and associated downstream signalling. Exogenous MCP-1 by interacting CCR-2 leads to the release of nitric oxide and ROS that are important for bacterial clearance. In this experimental setup, the possible molecular pathway connecting an increase in proinflammatory cytokine levels with increased ROS/NO production, and therefore increased killing activity, possibly by involving either MyD88 dependent or RhoA GTPases dependent NF-κB activation or endogenous synthesis of MCP-1, independent of TLR-2-MyD88 pathway. Thus, induction of CCR-2/MCP-1 signalling by macrophages depending on the availability of MCP-1 during S. aureus infection may be important for regulation of septic shock by induction of reactive oxygen species and various cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswadev Bishayi
- Department of Physiology, Immunology laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta 700009, West Bengal, India.
| | - Debasish Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Physiology, Oxidative Stress and Free Radical Biology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Arnab Majhi
- Department of Physiology, Immunology laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Rana Adhikary
- Department of Physiology, Immunology laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta 700009, West Bengal, India
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10
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Rowley SM, Kuriakose T, Dockery LM, Tran-Nguyen T, Gingerich AD, Wei L, Watford WT. Tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2) kinase promotes chemokine receptor expression and macrophage migration during acute inflammation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15788-97. [PMID: 24713702 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.559344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In autoimmune diseases, the accumulation of activated leukocytes correlates with inflammation and disease progression, and, therefore, the disruption of leukocyte trafficking is an active area of research. The serine/threonine protein kinase Tpl2 (MAP3K8) regulates leukocyte inflammatory responses and is also being investigated for therapeutic inhibition during autoimmunity. Here we addressed the contribution of Tpl2 to the regulation of macrophage chemokine receptor expression and migration in vivo using a mouse model of Tpl2 ablation. LPS stimulation of bone marrow-derived macrophages induced early CCR1 chemokine receptor expression but repressed CCR2 and CCR5 expression. Notably, early induction of CCR1 expression by LPS was dependent upon a signaling pathway involving Tpl2, PI3K, and ERK. On the contrary, Tpl2 was required to maintain the basal expression of CCR2 and CCR5 as well as to stabilize CCR5 mRNA expression. Consistent with impairments in chemokine receptor expression, tpl2(-/-) macrophages were defective in trafficking to the peritoneal cavity following thioglycollate-induced inflammation. Overall, this study demonstrates a Tpl2-dependent mechanism for macrophage expression of select chemokine receptors and provides further insight into how Tpl2 inhibition may be used therapeutically to disrupt inflammatory networks in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Rowley
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia 30602 and
| | - Teneema Kuriakose
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia 30602 and
| | - Lee M Dockery
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia 30602 and
| | - Thi Tran-Nguyen
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia 30602 and
| | - Aaron D Gingerich
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia 30602 and
| | - Lai Wei
- the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wendy T Watford
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia 30602 and
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11
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Mikami N, Sueda K, Ogitani Y, Otani I, Takatsuji M, Wada Y, Watanabe K, Yoshikawa R, Nishioka S, Hashimoto N, Miyagi Y, Fukada SI, Yamamoto H, Tsujikawa K. Calcitonin gene-related peptide regulates type IV hypersensitivity through dendritic cell functions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86367. [PMID: 24466057 PMCID: PMC3897726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play essential roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition, mutual regulation of the nervous system and immune system is well studied. One of neuropeptides, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), is a potent regulator in immune responses; in particular, it has anti-inflammatory effects in innate immunity. For instance, a deficiency of the CGRP receptor component RAMP 1 (receptor activity-modifying protein 1) results in higher cytokine production in response to LPS (lipopolysaccharide). On the other hand, how CGRP affects DCs in adaptive immunity is largely unknown. In this study, we show that CGRP suppressed Th1 cell differentiation via inhibition of IL-12 production in DCs using an in vitro co-culture system and an in vivo ovalbumin-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) model. CGRP also down-regulated the expressions of chemokine receptor CCR2 and its ligands CCL2 and CCL12 in DCs. Intriguingly, the frequency of migrating CCR2+ DCs in draining lymph nodes of RAMP1-deficient mice was higher after DTH immunization. Moreover, these CCR2+ DCs highly expressed IL-12 and CD80, resulting in more effective induction of Th1 differentiation compared with CCR2− DCs. These results indicate that CGRP regulates Th1 type reactions by regulating expression of cytokines, chemokines, and chemokine receptors in DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Mikami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaori Sueda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ogitani
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ippei Otani
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miku Takatsuji
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuko Wada
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiko Watanabe
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rintaro Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nishioka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nagisa Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yayoi Miyagi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - So-ichiro Fukada
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazutake Tsujikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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12
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Bachelerie F, Ben-Baruch A, Burkhardt AM, Combadiere C, Farber JM, Graham GJ, Horuk R, Sparre-Ulrich AH, Locati M, Luster AD, Mantovani A, Matsushima K, Murphy PM, Nibbs R, Nomiyama H, Power CA, Proudfoot AEI, Rosenkilde MM, Rot A, Sozzani S, Thelen M, Yoshie O, Zlotnik A. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. [corrected]. LXXXIX. Update on the extended family of chemokine receptors and introducing a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:1-79. [PMID: 24218476 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.007724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 636] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixteen years ago, the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology approved a system for naming human seven-transmembrane (7TM) G protein-coupled chemokine receptors, the large family of leukocyte chemoattractant receptors that regulates immune system development and function, in large part by mediating leukocyte trafficking. This was announced in Pharmacological Reviews in a major overview of the first decade of research in this field [Murphy PM, Baggiolini M, Charo IF, Hébert CA, Horuk R, Matsushima K, Miller LH, Oppenheim JJ, and Power CA (2000) Pharmacol Rev 52:145-176]. Since then, several new receptors have been discovered, and major advances have been made for the others in many areas, including structural biology, signal transduction mechanisms, biology, and pharmacology. New and diverse roles have been identified in infection, immunity, inflammation, development, cancer, and other areas. The first two drugs acting at chemokine receptors have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), maraviroc targeting CCR5 in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, and plerixafor targeting CXCR4 for stem cell mobilization for transplantation in cancer, and other candidates are now undergoing pivotal clinical trials for diverse disease indications. In addition, a subfamily of atypical chemokine receptors has emerged that may signal through arrestins instead of G proteins to act as chemokine scavengers, and many microbial and invertebrate G protein-coupled chemokine receptors and soluble chemokine-binding proteins have been described. Here, we review this extended family of chemokine receptors and chemokine-binding proteins at the basic, translational, and clinical levels, including an update on drug development. We also introduce a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors with the stem ACKR (atypical chemokine receptor) approved by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology and the Human Genome Nomenclature Committee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francoise Bachelerie
- Chair, Subcommittee on Chemokine Receptors, Nomenclature Committee-International Union of Pharmacology, Bldg. 10, Room 11N113, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892.
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13
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Nieto JC, Cantó E, Zamora C, Ortiz MA, Juárez C, Vidal S. Selective loss of chemokine receptor expression on leukocytes after cell isolation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31297. [PMID: 22403612 PMCID: PMC3293867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are distinctively exposed on cells to characterize their migration pattern. However, little is known about factors that may regulate their expression. To determine the optimal conditions for an accurate analysis of chemokine receptors, we compared the expression of CCR2, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6, CXCR3 and CXCR4 on different leukocyte subsets using whole blood (WB) plus erythrocyte lysis and density gradient isolation (Ficoll). Most WB monocytes were CCR2+ (93.5 ± 2.9%) whereas 32.8 ± 6.0% of monocytes from Ficoll-PBMC expressed CCR2 (p<0.001). Significant reductions of CCR6 and CXCR3 on monocytes were also observed after Ficoll isolation (WB: 46.4 ± 7.5% and 57.1 ± 5.5%; Ficoll: 29.5 ± 2.2% and 5.4 ± 4.3% respectively) (p<0.01). Although comparable percentages of WB and Ficoll-PBMC monocytes expressed CCR4, CCR5 and CXCR4, Ficoll isolation significantly reduced the levels of CXCR4 (WB: MFI 5 ± 0.4 and Ficoll: MFI 3.3 ± 0.1) (p<0.05). Similarly to monocytes, CCR2, CXCR3 and CXCR4 were also reduced on lymphocytes. In addition, Ficoll isolation significantly reduced the percentage of CCR4 positive lymphocytes (WB: 90.2 ± 4.5% and Ficoll: 55 ± 4.1%) (p<0.01). The loss of expression of chemokine receptors after isolation of monocytes was not dependent on either the anticoagulant or the density gradient method. It was irreversible and could not be restored by LPS activation or in vitro macrophage differentiation. Experiments tagged with anti-CCR2 antibodies prior to density gradient isolation demonstrated that Ficoll internalized chemokine receptors. The method for cell isolation may alter not only the expression of certain chemokine receptors but also the respective functional migration assay. The final choice to analyze their expression should therefore depend on the receptor to be measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Nieto
- Department of Immunology, Institut Recerca Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Cantó
- Department of Immunology, Institut Recerca Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Zamora
- Department of Immunology, Institut Recerca Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Angels Ortiz
- Department of Immunology, Institut Recerca Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Vidal
- Department of Immunology, Institut Recerca Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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14
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Gama L, Shirk EN, Russell JN, Carvalho KI, Li M, Queen SE, Kalil J, Zink MC, Clements JE, Kallas EG. Expansion of a subset of CD14highCD16negCCR2low/neg monocytes functionally similar to myeloid-derived suppressor cells during SIV and HIV infection. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 91:803-16. [PMID: 22368280 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1111579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes have been categorized in three main subpopulations based on CD14 and CD16 surface expression. Classical monocytes express the CD14(++)CD16(-)CCR2(+) phenotype and migrate to inflammatory sites by quickly responding to CCL2 signaling. Here, we identified and characterized the expansion of a novel monocyte subset during HIV and SIV infection, which were undistinguishable from classical monocytes, based on CD14 and CD16 expression, but expressed significantly lower surface CCR2. Transcriptome analysis of sorted cells demonstrated that the CCR2(low/neg) cells are a distinct subpopulation and express lower levels of inflammatory cytokines and activation markers than their CCR2(high) counterparts. They exhibited impaired phagocytosis and greatly diminished chemotaxis in response to CCL2 and CCL7. In addition, these monocytes are refractory to SIV infection and suppress CD8(+) T cell proliferation in vitro. These cells express higher levels of STAT3 and NOS2, suggesting a phenotype similar to monocytic myeloid-derived cells, which suppress expansion of CD8(+) T cells in vivo. They may reflect an antiproliferative response against the extreme immune activation observed during HIV and SIV infections. In addition, they may suppress antiviral responses and thus, have a role in AIDS pathogenesis. Antiretroviral therapy in infected macaque and human subjects caused this population to decline, suggesting that this atypical phenotype is linked to viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Gama
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, BRB 831, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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15
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TLR signaling paralyzes monocyte chemotaxis through synergized effects of p38 MAPK and global Rap-1 activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30404. [PMID: 22347375 PMCID: PMC3276499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns and chemoattractant receptors (CKRs) that orchestrate leukocyte migration to infected tissue are two arms of host innate immunity. Although TLR signaling induces synthesis and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which recruit leukocytes, many studies have reported the paradoxical observation that TLR stimulation inhibits leukocyte chemotaxis in vitro and impairs their recruitment to tissues during sepsis. There is consensus that physical loss of chemokine receptor (CKR) at the RNA or protein level or receptor usage switching are the mechanisms underlying this effect. We show here that a brief (<15 min) stimulation with LPS (lipopolysaccharide) at ~0.2 ng/ml inhibited chemotactic response from CCR2, CXCR4 and FPR receptors in monocytes without downmodulation of receptors. A 3 min LPS pre-treatment abolished the polarized accumulation of F-actin, integrins and PIP(3) (phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate) in response to chemokines in monocytes, but not in polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). If chemoattractants were added before or simultaneously with LPS, chemotactic polarization was preserved. LPS did not alter the initial G-protein signaling, or endocytosis kinetics of agonist-occupied chemoattractant receptors (CKRs). The chemotaxis arrest did not result from downmodulation of receptors or from inordinate increase in adhesion. LPS induced rapid p38 MAPK activation, global redistribution of activated Rap1 (Ras-proximate-1 or Ras-related protein 1) GTPase and Rap1GEF (guanylate exchange factor) Epac1 (exchange proteins activated by cyclic AMP) and disruption of intracellular gradient. Co-inhibition of p38 MAPK and Rap1 GTPase reversed the LPS induced breakdown of chemotaxis suggesting that LPS effect requires the combined function of p38 MAPK and Rap1 GTPase.
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16
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Neumeier M, Bauer S, Brühl H, Eisinger K, Kopp A, Abke S, Walter R, Schäffler A, Buechler C. Adiponectin stimulates release of CCL2, -3, -4 and -5 while the surface abundance of CCR2 and -5 is simultaneously reduced in primary human monocytes. Cytokine 2011; 56:573-80. [PMID: 21890375 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The adipokine adiponectin is well known to affect the function of immune cells and upregulation of CCL2 by adiponectin in monocytes/macrophages has already been reported. In the current study the effect of adiponectin on CCL2, -3, -4, and -5 and their corresponding receptors CCR1, CCR2, and CCR5 has been analyzed. Adiponectin elevates mRNA and protein of the CC chemokines in primary human monocytes. Simultaneously the surface abundance of CCR2 and CCR5 is reduced while CCR1 is not affected. Downregulation of CCR2 by adiponectin is blocked by a CCR2 antagonist although expression of the CCL2 regulated genes CCR2 and TGF-beta 1 is not altered in the adiponectin-incubated monocytes. CCL2, -3, and -5 concentrations measured in supernatants of monocytes of normal-weight (NW), overweight (OW), and type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients positively correlate with BMI and are increased in obesity and T2D. In contrast CCL4 is similarly abundant in the supernatants of all of these monocytes. The degree of adiponectin-mediated induction of the chemokines CCL3, -4, and -5 negatively correlates with their basal levels and upregulation of CCL3 and CCL5 is significantly impaired in OW and T2D cells. Serum concentrations of these chemokines are almost equal in the three groups and do not correlate with the levels in monocyte supernatants. In conclusion these data demonstrate that adiponectin stimulates release of CCL2 to CCL5 in primary human monocytes, and induction in cells of overweight probands is partly impaired. Adiponectin also lowers surface abundance of CCR2 and CCR5 and downregulation of CCR2 seems to depend on autocrine/paracrine effects of CCL2.
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MESH Headings
- Adiponectin/pharmacology
- Adult
- Aged
- Body Weight/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/blood
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Chemokine CCL3/blood
- Chemokine CCL3/genetics
- Chemokine CCL3/metabolism
- Chemokine CCL4/blood
- Chemokine CCL4/genetics
- Chemokine CCL4/metabolism
- Chemokine CCL5/blood
- Chemokine CCL5/genetics
- Chemokine CCL5/metabolism
- Chemokines, CC/blood
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Monocytes/cytology
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Overweight/blood
- Overweight/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR2/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR5/metabolism
- Subcellular Fractions/drug effects
- Subcellular Fractions/immunology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Neumeier
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
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17
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Mikami N, Matsushita H, Kato T, Kawasaki R, Sawazaki T, Kishimoto T, Ogitani Y, Watanabe K, Miyagi Y, Sueda K, Fukada SI, Yamamoto H, Tsujikawa K. Calcitonin gene-related peptide is an important regulator of cutaneous immunity: effect on dendritic cell and T cell functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6886-93. [PMID: 21551361 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Some cutaneous inflammations are induced by percutaneous exposure to foreign Ags, and many chemical mediators regulate this inflammation process. One of these mediators, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), is a neuropeptide released from nerve endings in the skin. CGRP binds to its receptors composed of receptor activity-modifying protein 1 and calcitonin receptor-like receptor to modulate immune cell function. We show that CGRP regulates skin inflammation under physiological conditions, using contact hypersensitivity (CHS) models of receptor activity-modifying protein 1-deficient mice. CGRP has different functions in CHS responses mediated by Th1 or Th2 cells; it inhibits Th1-type CHS, such as 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene-induced CHS, but promotes Th2-type CHS, such as FITC-induced CHS. CGRP inhibits the migration of Langerin(+) dermal dendritic cells to the lymph nodes in 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene-induced CHS, and upregulates IL-4 production of T cells in the draining lymph nodes in FITC-CHS. These findings suggest that CGRP regulates several types of CHS reactions under physiological conditions and plays an important role in cutaneous immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Mikami
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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18
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A TLR2 ligand suppresses inflammation by modulation of chemokine receptors and redirection of leukocyte migration. Blood 2009; 113:4224-31. [PMID: 19202130 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-08-174698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors orchestrate rapid local protective innate-immune responses to invading pathogens and optimize leukocyte priming of subsequent adaptive responses. Paradoxically, systemic excess of the TLR2 ligand, bacterial lipoprotein (BLP), suppresses peripheral inflammatory responses. Here, we demonstrate that this phenomenon is regulated via the TLR2-dependent, cell-autonomous down-regulation of inflammatory chemokine receptor expression on a variety of leukocyte subsets. Remarkably, BLP mediated no effect on constitutive chemokine receptor expression. By tracking adoptively transferred wild-type and TLR2(-/-) leukocytes in vivo, we observed that BLP mediated chemokine receptor switching directed leukocytes away from inflamed sites toward secondary lymphoid organs. These data highlight a novel role for TLR ligands, such as BLP, in regulating leukocyte retention and migration away from innate immune lesions via discrete constitutive and inflammatory chemokine receptor regulation.
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19
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Kim HK, Kim JE, Chung J, Han KS, Cho HI. Surface expression of neutrophil CXCR4 is down-modulated by bacterial endotoxin. Int J Hematol 2007; 85:390-6. [PMID: 17562613 DOI: 10.1532/ijh97.a30613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its unique ligand, stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), play critical roles in the retention of hematopoietic cells within bone marrow and in their mobilization into the circulation. Surface CXCR4 down-regulation in hematopoietic cells is associated with a loss of retention of the cells in bone marrow. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), commonly referred to as endotoxin, induces neutrophilia in vivo, but the mechanism of mobilization related to neutrophilia has not been fully clarified. We show that LPS reduces CXCR4 surface expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner in neutrophils and monocytes, but not in lymphocytes. Polymyxin B neutralization of LPS in culture supernatants still induced this down-modulation, and LPS-stimulated neutrophils released interferon gamma and interleukin 1beta. These results provide evidence that CXCR4 down-regulation can be attributed to soluble factors released by neutrophils upon LPS treatment. Moreover, LPS treatment increased CXCR4 messenger RNA in neutrophils, suggesting that the down-regulation of surface CXCR4 is caused by a posttranslational mechanism, and the chemotactic migration of neutrophils in response to SDF-1 was reduced by LPS pretreatment. Thus, the present study has shown that by down-regulating neutrophil CXCR4 expression and attenuating neutrophil responsiveness to SDF-1, LPS can mobilize neutrophils from bone marrow to the peripheral blood through reducing neutrophil retention in bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Giunti
- Baker Medical Research Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, Prahran VIC 3181, Melbourne, Australia
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21
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Giunti S, Pinach S, Arnaldi L, Viberti G, Perin PC, Camussi G, Gruden G. The MCP-1/CCR2 system has direct proinflammatory effects in human mesangial cells. Kidney Int 2006; 69:856-63. [PMID: 16518346 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Both inflammatory and haemodynamic factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic and other progressive glomerulopathies. Mesangial cell exposure to mechanical stretch induces both intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression. CC Chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), the cognate MCP-1 receptor, has been recently demonstrated in human mesangial cells (HMCs). We tested whether MCP-1 binding to CCR2 affects ICAM-1 expression in HMCs and, secondly, if stretch-induced ICAM-1 is mediated by MCP-1 via an autocrine mechanism. Serum-deprived HMCs were exposed to either rh-MCP-1 (0.1-1-10-50-100 ng/ml) or mechanical stretch in the presence and in the absence of RS102895, a specific CCR2 inhibitor. ICAM-1 expression was assessed both by immunofluorescence and cytofluorimetry. Monocyte-HMC interaction was tested by adhesion assay. CCR2 expression was studied by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and flow cytometry. HMCs exposure to rh-MCP-1 induced a significant twofold increase in ICAM-1 expression at 24 h, leading to enhanced monocyte adhesion. This effect occurred via the CCR2 receptor as CCR2 was expressed in HMCs and CCR2 blockade prevented ICAM-1 upregulation. Stretch-induced ICAM-1 expression was not altered by CCR2 blockade and stretch significantly reduced CCR2 mRNA and protein expression via an MCP-1-independent mechanism. In conclusion, stretch and MCP-1 independently induce ICAM-1 expression in HMCs. Stretch-induced CCR2 downregulation may favour MCP-1 paracrine activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Giunti
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, 14 Corso AM Dogliotti, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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22
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Heesen M, Renckens R, de Vos AF, Kunz D, van der Poll T. Human endotoxemia induces down-regulation of monocyte CC chemokine receptor 2. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2006; 13:156-9. [PMID: 16426015 PMCID: PMC1356613 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.13.1.156-159.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Upon injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide into human volunteers, the monocyte density of CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) decreased. Minimal CCR2 density was observed 4 h after injection. Peak plasma concentrations of the CCR2 ligand monocyte chemotactic protein 1 and of tumor necrosis factor alpha were reached after 4 h and 2 h, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heesen
- Department of Anesthesia, Bamberg Hospital and University Hospital Aachen, Bamberg, Germany.
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23
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Parker LC, Whyte MKB, Vogel SN, Dower SK, Sabroe I. Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 Agonists Regulate CCR Expression in Human Monocytic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:4977-86. [PMID: 15067079 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.8.4977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between proinflammatory and cell maturation signals, and the pathways that regulate leukocyte migration, are of fundamental importance in controlling trafficking and recruitment of leukocytes during the processes of innate and adaptive immunity. We have investigated the molecular mechanisms by which selective Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 agonists regulate expression of CCR1 and CCR2 on primary human monocytes and THP-1 cells, a human monocytic cell line. We found that activation of either TLR2 (by Pam(3)CysSerLys(4)) or TLR4 (by purified LPS) resulted in down-modulation of both CCR1 and CCR2. Further investigation of TLR-induced down-modulation of CCR1 revealed differences in the signaling pathways activated, and chemokines generated, via the two TLR agonists. TLR2 activation caused slower induction of the NF-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways and yet a much enhanced and prolonged macrophage-inflammatory protein 1 alpha (CC chemokine ligand 3) protein production, when compared with TLR4 stimulation. Enhanced macrophage-inflammatory protein 1 alpha production may contribute to the prolonged down-regulation of CCR1 cell surface expression observed in response to the TLR2 agonist, as preventing chemokine generation with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, or CCR1 signaling with the receptor antagonist UCB35625, abolished TLR2- and TLR4-induced CCR1 down-modulation. This result suggests an autocrine pathway, whereby TLR activation can induce chemokine production, which then leads to homologous down-regulation of the cognate receptors. This work provides further insights into the mechanisms that regulate leukocyte recruitment and trafficking during TLR-induced inflammatory responses.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Chemokine CCL3
- Chemokine CCL4
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Cycloheximide/pharmacology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- Humans
- Lipopolysaccharides/isolation & purification
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Lipoproteins/pharmacology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/immunology
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/agonists
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CCR1
- Receptors, CCR2
- Receptors, Cell Surface/agonists
- Receptors, Cell Surface/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, Chemokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Toll-Like Receptor 2
- Toll-Like Receptor 4
- Toll-Like Receptors
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Parker
- Section of Functional Genomics, Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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24
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Sabroe I, Prince LR, Jones EC, Horsburgh MJ, Foster SJ, Vogel SN, Dower SK, Whyte MKB. Selective roles for Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 in the regulation of neutrophil activation and life span. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:5268-75. [PMID: 12734376 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.10.5268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil responses to commercial LPS, a dual Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 activator, are regulated by TLR expression, but are amplified by contaminating monocytes in routine cell preparations. Therefore, we investigated the individual roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in highly purified, monocyte-depleted neutrophil preparations, using selective ligands (TLR2, Pam(3)CysSerLys(4) and Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan; TLR4, purified LPS). Activation of either TLR2 or TLR4 caused changes in adhesion molecule expression, respiratory burst (alone, and synergistically with fMLP), and IL-8 generation, which was, in part, dependent upon p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Neutrophils also responded to Pam(3)CysSerLys(4) and purified LPS with down-regulation of the chemokine receptor CXCR2 and, to a lesser extent, down-regulation of CXCR1. TLR4 was the principal regulator of neutrophil survival, and TLR2 signals showed relatively less efficacy in preventing constitutive apoptosis over short time courses. TLR4-mediated neutrophil survival depended upon signaling via NF-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. Prolonged neutrophil survival required both TLR4 activation and the presence of monocytes. TLR4 activation of monocytes was associated with the release of neutrophil survival factors, which was not evident with TLR2 activation, and TLR2 activation in monocyte/neutrophil cocultures did not prevent late neutrophil apoptosis. Thus, TLRs are important regulators of neutrophil activation and survival, with distinct and separate roles for TLR2 and TLR4 in neutrophil responses. TLR4 signaling presents itself as a pharmacological target that may allow therapeutic modulation of neutrophil survival by direct and indirect mechanisms at sites of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Sabroe
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Section of Functional Genomics, Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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25
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Janssen U, Sowa E, Marchand P, Floege J, Phillips AO, Radeke HH. Differential expression of MCP-1 and its receptor CCR2 in glucose primed human mesangial cells. Nephron Clin Pract 2002; 92:797-806. [PMID: 12399623 DOI: 10.1159/000065448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glomerular mononuclear cell infiltration is associated with the development of a diffuse glomerulosclerosis in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) plays an important role in the recruitment and accumulation of monocytes and lymphocytes within the glomerulus. In the present study, we examined whether the ambient glucose concentration alters the expression of MCP-1 and its receptor CCR2 in primary human mesangial cells (HMC). METHODS MCP-1 mRNA expression was assessed by Northern blot and CCR2 mRNA expression by RT-PCR analysis. MCP-1 protein production was determined by ELISA. Migration studies were performed to assess functional MCP-1 receptor expression. RESULTS Exposure of HMC to 30 mM D-glucose led to a 30% increase in MCP-1 mRNA expression as compared to 5 mM D-glucose and osmotic controls while there was no difference in MCP-1 protein production. Simultaneously, CCR2 mRNA expression was down-regulated in HMC exposed to 30 mM D-glucose. 5 mM D-glucose primed HMC showed a dose-dependent migration towards MCP-1 that was dose-dependently inhibited by pertussis toxin, the broad-spectrum chemokine antagonist vMIP-II as well as the CCR2 receptor antagonist (1-8del)MCP-1--demonstrating functional activity of MCP-1 receptor expression in primary HMC. In accordance with the downregulatory effects of 30 mM D-glucose on CCR2 mRNA expression no migratory response towards MCP-1 was observed under these conditions. The additional proinflammatory stimulus TNFalpha increased MCP-1 protein production in 30 as compared to 5 mM D-glucose primed HMC (2,194 +/- 568 vs. 1,422 +/- 379 pg MCP-1/10(4) cells x ml in 30 vs. 5 mM D-glucose primed HMC +24 h TNFalpha 500 U/ml, p = 0.002). However, this was not associated with an increased MCP-1 mRNA transcription. The 30 mM D-glucose induced downregulation of CCR2 mRNA expression was prevented in the presence of TNFalpha. CONCLUSION High ambient glucose does not affect mesangial MCP-1 release and decreases its CCR2 receptor expression. However, in the presence of an inflammatory stimulus these effects of high glucose are reversed and an autocrine pathway of MCP-1 develops in mesangial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Janssen
- Division of Nephrology, University of Aachen, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover, Germany
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Menten P, Saccani A, Dillen C, Wuyts A, Struyf S, Proost P, Mantovani A, Wang JM, Van Damme J. Role of the autocrine chemokines MIP‐1α and MIP‐1β in the metastatic behavior of murine T cell lymphoma. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.72.4.780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Menten
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alessandra Saccani
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Dillen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anja Wuyts
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Ji Ming Wang
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jo Van Damme
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
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Verani A, Sironi F, Siccardi AG, Lusso P, Vercelli D. Inhibition of CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 infection by lipopolysaccharide: evidence of different mechanisms in macrophages and T lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:6388-95. [PMID: 12055257 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial LPS protects primary human macrophages from infection by CCR5-tropic HIV-1 isolates through the release of the CC chemokines RANTES and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha and -1 beta. Here, we show that LPS also suppresses infection of macrophages by CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 isolates. A marked down-regulation of both CD4 and CXCR4 expression was associated with this effect. Furthermore, a soluble factor(s) released by macrophages upon LPS treatment inhibited infection with CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 isolate viruses in both macrophages and T lymphocytes. Infection of both cell types appeared to be blocked at the level of viral entry and was independent of stromal cell-derived factor-1, the only known natural ligand of CXCR4. Moreover, the suppressive effect of LPS was unrelated to the release of IFN-alpha and -beta, macrophage-derived chemokine, leukemia inhibitory factor, or TNF-alpha. These results suggest the existence of potent HIV-1 inhibitory factor(s), uncharacterized to date, released by activated cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology
- CCR5 Receptor Antagonists
- CD4 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- Cell-Free System/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL22
- Chemokines, CC/physiology
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/prevention & control
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/immunology
- HIV-1/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Immune Sera/pharmacology
- Interferon-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-alpha/metabolism
- Interferon-alpha/physiology
- Interleukin-6
- Leukemia Inhibitory Factor
- Lipopolysaccharides/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/virology
- Molecular Chaperones/physiology
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Monocytes/virology
- Proteins
- Receptors, CCR5/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CXCR4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CXCR4/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CXCR4/physiology
- Solubility
- Suppressor Factors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Suppressor Factors, Immunologic/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Verani
- Human Virology Unit, DIBIT, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Katschke KJ, Rottman JB, Ruth JH, Qin S, Wu L, LaRosa G, Ponath P, Park CC, Pope RM, Koch AE. Differential expression of chemokine receptors on peripheral blood, synovial fluid, and synovial tissue monocytes/macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 44:1022-32. [PMID: 11352233 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200105)44:5<1022::aid-anr181>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since it is likely that monocytes utilize chemokines to migrate to the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) joint, we investigated the expression of C-C chemokine receptors (CCR) 1-6 and C-X-C receptor 3 (CXCR3) in the peripheral blood (PB), synovial fluid (SF), and synovial tissue of patients with RA as well as in the PB of normal subjects. METHODS We compared chemokine receptor expression on CD14+ monocytes from normal PB, RA PB, and RA SF using 2-color flow cytometry. Correlations with patient clinical data were determined. Chemokine and receptor expression were investigated in RA synovial tissue by immunohistochemistry and 2-color immunofluorescence to identify CD68+ macrophages. RESULTS Most normal PB monocytes expressed CCR1 (87%) and CCR2 (84%), but not CCRs 3, 4, 5, or 6 or CXCR3. RA PB monocytes expressed CCR1 (56%) and CCR2 (76%), with significantly more expressing CCR3 (18%), CCR4 (38%), and CCR5 (17%) compared with normal PB monocytes. Significantly fewer SF monocytes from RA patients expressed CCR1 (17%), CCR2 (24%), and CCR4 (6%) while significantly more expressed CCR3 (35%) and CCR5 (47%) compared with RA and normal PB monocytes; CCR6 and CXCR3 were rarely detected. Clinically, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was inversely correlated with the expression of CCR1 and CCR4 by RA PB, and CCR5 expression by RA SF was correlated with the SF white blood cell count. CCR1-, CCR2-, and CCR5-immunoreactive cells were found in RA synovial tissue and colocalized with CD68+ macrophages. RA synovial tissue RANTES (regulated upon activation, normally T cell expressed and secreted chemokine)- and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1-immunoreactive cells colocalized with CCR1 and CCR2, respectively, on serial sections. Macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha) was principally restricted to vascular endothelium, and MIP-1beta+ macrophages were found throughout the sections. CONCLUSION Monocytes mainly express CCR1 and CCR2 in normal and RA PB, CCR3 and CCR5 in RA PB and RA SF, and CCR4 in RA PB. The differential expression of chemokine receptors suggests that certain receptors aid in monocyte recruitment from the circulation while others are important in monocyte retention in the joint.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Chemokine CCL2/immunology
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Chemokine CCL5/immunology
- Chemokine CCL5/metabolism
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR6
- Receptors, CXCR3
- Receptors, CXCR4/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CXCR4/immunology
- Receptors, CXCR5
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Cytokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytokine/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-8A/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-8A/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/immunology
- Synovial Fluid/cytology
- Synovial Fluid/immunology
- Synovial Fluid/metabolism
- Synovial Membrane/cytology
- Synovial Membrane/immunology
- Synovial Membrane/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Katschke
- Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Abstract
Macrophages accumulate in areas of inflammation and necrosis that are likely to be hypoxic. Chemotaxis of monocytes and macrophages towards chemokines is rapidly (within 60-90 min) inhibited by hypoxia. Exposure to the inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha has a similar effect on monocyte migration. We report here that neither changes in mitochondrial respiration nor intracellular pH are involved in migration arrest. However, hypoxic inhibition of migration was mimicked using chemical activators of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and reversed by transcriptional inhibition. We used RNA arbitrarily primed PCR, a differential display technique, to investigate which genes were up-regulated within 90-min exposure to hypoxia. Of several thousand mRNA screened, only one was consistently up-regulated by hypoxia and this was identified as MAPK phosphatase 1 (MKP-1), which modulates MAPK activity. Levels of MKP-1 mRNA and protein were rapidly elevated in monocytic cells and primary macrophages after hypoxia or TNF-alpha treatment. The functional significance of MKP-1 was illustrated by hypoxia-induced decreases in phosphorylated MAPK in these cells and arrest of chemotaxis by MAPK inhibitors. We suggest that one of the important events in an 'emergency stop' response in monocytic cells and macrophages may be inhibition of the chemoattractant signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Grimshaw
- Biological Therapies Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, UK.
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