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de Koster N, Clark CP, Kohler I. Past, present, and future developments in enantioselective analysis using capillary electromigration techniques. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:38-57. [PMID: 32914880 PMCID: PMC7821218 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enantioseparation of chiral products has become increasingly important in a large diversity of academic and industrial applications. The separation of chiral compounds is inherently challenging and thus requires a suitable analytical technique that can achieve high resolution and sensitivity. In this context, CE has shown remarkable results so far. Chiral CE offers an orthogonal enantioselectivity and is typically considered less costly than chromatographic techniques, since only minute amounts of chiral selectors are needed. Several CE approaches have been developed for chiral analysis, including chiral EKC and chiral CEC. Enantioseparations by EKC benefit from the wide variety of possible pseudostationary phases that can be employed. Chiral CEC, on the other hand, combines chromatographic separation principles with the bulk fluid movement of CE, benefitting from reduced band broadening as compared to pressure-driven systems. Although UV detection is conventionally used for these approaches, MS can also be considered. CE-MS represents a promising alternative due to the increased sensitivity and selectivity, enabling the chiral analysis of complex samples. The potential contamination of the MS ion source in EKC-MS can be overcome using partial-filling and counter-migration techniques. However, chiral analysis using monolithic and open-tubular CEC-MS awaits additional method validation and a dedicated commercial interface. Further efforts in chiral CE are expected toward the improvement of existing techniques, the development of novel pseudostationary phases, and establishing the use of chiral ionic liquids, molecular imprinted polymers, and metal-organic frameworks. These developments will certainly foster the adoption of CE(-MS) as a well-established technique in routine chiral analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky de Koster
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Systems Biomedicine and PharmacologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Charles P. Clark
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Systems Biomedicine and PharmacologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Kohler
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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2
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D'Orazio G, Fanali C, Gentili A, Tagliaro F, Fanali S. Nano-liquid chromatography for enantiomers separation of baclofen by using vancomycin silica stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1605:360358. [PMID: 31337499 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The chiral separation of baclofen (Bac) was obtained by nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS/MS) using a 100 μm I.D. fused silica capillary column packed with silica particles chemically modified with vancomycin. Various experimental parameters, such as composition (buffer concentration, water content, organic modifier) and pH of the mobile phase and sample solvent were investigated for method optimization. In order to increase the sensitivity an on-column focusing procedure was applied. Acceptable separation of Bac enantiomers was obtained in less than 11 min eluting in isocratic mode, with 90:10 MeOH/water (v/v) containing 10 mM ammonium acetate at pH 4.5. These optimized experimental conditions were applied to the analysis of human plasma samples spiked with racemic mixture of Bac. The use of a Buckypaper disc as sorbent membrane allows one to recover both enantiomers with yields ≥ 65%. The method was fully validated, following the identification criteria of the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni D'Orazio
- Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB), CNR-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Fanali
- Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Franco Tagliaro
- Unit of Forensic Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomics Laboratory of the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Teaching Committee of Ph.D. School in Natural Science and Engineering, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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3
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Ostovan A, Ghaedi M, Arabi M. Fabrication of water-compatible superparamagnetic molecularly imprinted biopolymer for clean separation of baclofen from bio-fluid samples: A mild and green approach. Talanta 2018; 179:760-768. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Chen J, Fu F, Wu S, Wang J, Wang Z. Simultaneous detection of zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate and zinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate in cabbage leaves by capillary electrophoresis with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3898-3904. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfa Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health; Universities and Colleges in Fujian, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Fengfu Fu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety; Department of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Siying Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health; Universities and Colleges in Fujian, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health; Universities and Colleges in Fujian, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Zongwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou P. R. China
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5
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Batra S, Bhushan R. Enantioresolution of (RS)-baclofen by liquid chromatography: A review. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonika Batra
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences; GD Goenka University; Gurgaon India
| | - Ravi Bhushan
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Roorkee India
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Kim TH, Shin S, Shin JC, Choi JH, Seo WS, Park GY, Kwon DR, Yoo SD, Lee AR, Joo SH, Min BS, Yoo WY, Shin BS. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry determination of baclofen in various biological samples and application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 938:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Enhancing Fluorescence LC Analysis of Biogenic Amines in Fish Tissues by Precolumn Derivatization with Naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-012-9409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Řezanka M, Řezanka P, Sýkora D, Jindřich J, Král V. Impact of substituent position in monosubstituted α-cyclodextrins on enantioselectivity in capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:811-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201101034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Řezanka
- Department of Organic and Nuclear Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Řezanka
- Institute of Chemical Technology; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Prague Czech Republic
| | - David Sýkora
- Institute of Chemical Technology; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Jindřich
- Department of Organic and Nuclear Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Král
- Institute of Chemical Technology; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Prague Czech Republic
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9
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Caslavska J, Thormann W. Stereoselective determination of drugs and metabolites in body fluids, tissues and microsomal preparations by capillary electrophoresis (2000–2010). J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:588-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Szökő É, Tábi T. Analysis of biological samples by capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:1180-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Suntornsuk L, Ployngam S. Simultaneous determination of R-(−)-, S-(+)-baclofen and impurity A by electrokinetic chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:541-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Mikus P, Maráková K. Advanced CE for chiral analysis of drugs, metabolites, and biomarkers in biological samples. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:2773-802. [PMID: 19653234 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of recent trends indicates that CE can show real advantages over chromatographic methods in ultratrace enantioselective determination of biologically active compounds in complex biological matrices. It is due to high separation efficiency and many applicable in-capillary electromigration effects in CE (countercurrent migration, stacking effects) enhancing significantly (enantio)separability and enabling effective sample preparation (preconcentration, purification, analyte derivatization). Other possible on-line combinations of CE, such as column coupled CE-CE techniques and implementation of nonelectrophoretic techniques (extraction, membrane filtration, flow injection) into CE, offer additional approaches for highly effective sample preparation and separation. CE matured to a highly flexible and compatible technique enabling its hyphenation with powerful detection systems allowing extremely sensitive detection (e.g. LIF) and/or structural characterization of analytes (e.g. MS). Within the last decade, more as well as less conventional analytical on-line approaches have been effectively utilized in this field and their practical potentialities are demonstrated on many new application examples in this article. Here, three basic areas of (enantioselective) drug bioanalysis are highlighted and supported by a brief theoretical description of each individual approach in a compact review structure (to create integrated view on the topic), including (i) progressive enantioseparation approaches and new enantioselective agents, (ii) in-capillary sample preparation (preconcentration, purification, derivatization), and (iii) detection possibilities related to enhanced sensitivity and structural characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mikus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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13
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Goodarzi M, Freitas MP. Prediction of electrophoretic enantioseparation of aromatic amino acids/esters through MIA-QSPR. Sep Purif Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Shpigun OA, Ananieva IA, Budanova NY, Shapovalova EN. Use of cyclodextrins for separation of enantiomers. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2003v072n12abeh000817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Rammouz G, Lacroix M, Garrigues JC, Poinsot V, Couderc F. The use of naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde for the analysis of primary amines using high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:1223-39. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Kavran-Belin G, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. Enantioseparation of baclofen with highly sulfated β-cyclodextrin by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:2187-92. [PMID: 16318216 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The enantioseparation of baclofen (4-amino-3-p-chlorophenylbutyric acid) was achieved by CE-LIF with highly sulfated beta-CD (HS-beta-CD) as chiral selector. Naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde was used for the derivatization of nonfluorescent baclofen. HS-beta-CD (2%) containing 50 mM borate buffer at pH 9.5 was chosen as the optimal running electrolyte and applied to the analysis of baclofen enantiomers in human plasma. The linearity of calibration curves (R2 > or = 0.998) for R-(-) and S-(+)-baclofen was in the 0.1-2.0 microM concentration range. After a simple ACN-protein precipitation, the LOD of baclofen in plasma sample was found as low as 50 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Kavran-Belin
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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17
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Balss KM, Vreeland WN, Phinney KW, Ross D. Simultaneous Concentration and Separation of Enantiomers with Chiral Temperature Gradient Focusing. Anal Chem 2004; 76:7243-9. [PMID: 15595865 DOI: 10.1021/ac049046r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new technique is demonstrated for the simultaneous concentration and high-resolution separation of chiral compounds. With temperature gradient focusing, a combination of a temperature gradient, an applied electric field, and a buffer with a temperature-dependent ionic strength is used to cause analytes to move to equilibrium, zero-velocity points along a microchannel or capillary. Different analytes are thus separated spatially and concentrated in a manner that resembles isoelectric focusing but that is applicable to a greater variety of analytes including small chiral drug molecules. Chiral separations are accomplished by the addition of a chiral selector, which causes the different enantiomers of an analyte to focus at different positions along a microchannel or capillary. This new technique is demonstrated to provide high performance in a number of areas desirable for chiral separations including rapid separation optimization and method development, facile reversal of peak order (desirable for analysis of trace enantiomeric impurities), and high resolving power (comparable to capillary electrophoresis) in combination with greater than 1000-fold concentration enhancement enabling improved detection limits. In addition, chiral temperature gradient focusing allows for real-time monitoring of the interaction of chiral analyte molecules with chiral selectors that could potentially be applied to the study of other molecular interactions. Finally, unlike CE, which requires long channels or capillaries for high-resolution separations, separations of equivalent resolution can be performed with TGF in very short microchannels (mm); thus, TGF is inherently much more suited to miniaturization and integration into lab-on-a-chip-devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M Balss
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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18
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Goda R, Murayama N, Fujimaki Y, Sudo K. Simple and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of the S(+)- and R(−)-enantiomers of baclofen in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 801:257-64. [PMID: 14751794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method to determine the enantiomers of the muscle relaxant baclofen in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been developed. A commercially available ultrafiltration membrane is used to prepare the sample. A chiral CROWNPAK CR(+) stationary phase column is then used to perform complete resolution of the S(+)- and R(-)-enantiomers of baclofen. This method was used to analyze human plasma and CSF spiked with baclofen, and the calibration curves for both biologic samples were linear over a concentration range of 0.15-150 ng enantiomer/ml. The lower limit of quantification was 0.15 ng enantiomer/ml in both fluids. Finally, the method was tested with an artificial CSF as an alternative to authentic human CSF. The results showed that no matrix effects and no interfering peaks were observed using this artificial CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Goda
- Drug Metabolism and Physicochemical Property Research Laboratory, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 16-13 Kita-Kasai 1-Chome, Edogawa-ku, 134-8630 Tokyo, Japan.
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Ali I, Aboul-Enein HY. Optimization of the chiral resolution of baclofen by capillary electrophoresis using beta-cyclodextrin as the chiral selector. Electrophoresis 2003; 24:2064-2069. [PMID: 12858376 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200305439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The chiral resolution of baclofen was achieved by capillary electrophoresis using a fused-silica capillary (60 cm x 75 microm ID). The background electrolyte (BGE) was phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, 50 mM)-acetonitrile (95:5 v/v) containing 10 mM beta-cyclodextrin. The applied voltage was 15 kV. The values of alpha and R(s) were 1.06 and 1.00, respectively. The electrophoretic conditions were optimized varying the pH and the ionic strength of the BGE, concentrations of beta-cyclodextrin and acetonitrile and the applied voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Department (MBC-03), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Chang S, Yang H. Determination of baclofen by derivatization with anthracene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde followed by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Chromatographia 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schmitt U, Branch SK, Holzgrabe U. Chiral separations by cyclodextrin-modified capillary electrophoresis - Determination of the enantiomeric excess. J Sep Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20021101)25:15/17<959::aid-jssc959>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Gu YS, Whang CW. Capillary electrophoresis of baclofen with argon-ion laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2002; 972:289-93. [PMID: 12416888 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoretic method with laser-induced fluorescence detection for baclofen (4-amino-3-p-chlorophenylbutyric acid) has been developed. 6-Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester was used for precolumn derivatization of the non-fluorescent drug. Optimal separation and detection were obtained with an electrophoretic buffer of 50 mM sodium borate (pH 9.5) and an air-cooled argon-ion laser (excitation at 488 nm, emission at 520 nm). Linearity (r > or = 0.99) over three orders of magnitude was generally obtained and the lowest derivatizable concentration limit for baclofen in aqueous solution was 10 nM (2 ng baclofen/ml). Coupled with a simple clean up procedure, the method can be applied to the analysis of baclofen in human plasma at micromolar level. Recovery of spiked baclofen in plasma was 95%. The relative standard deviation values on peak size (0.5 microM level) and migration time were 8.2 and 1.0% (n=7), respectively. The limit of detection of baclofen in plasma was 0.1 microM (21 ng/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sheng Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Scriba GKE. Selected fundamental aspects of chiral electromigration techniques and their application to pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 27:373-99. [PMID: 11755740 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
While capillary electrophoresis has been established as a major enantioseparation technique within the last decade, the potential of capillary electrochromatography is still studied extensively. This review summarizes recent applications of electromigration techniques with regard to the enantioseparation of chiral drugs. The first part discusses the general aspects of migration models and the enantiomer migration order. The application of capillary electrophoresis to chiral pharmaceutical analysis considers recent literature on: (1) chiral resolutions of non-racemic mixtures of enantiomers for the development of assays and the determination of the stereochemical purity of the drugs, (2) chiral separations of compounds in pharmaceutical formulations and products, and (3) enantioseparations of drugs in biological samples. A shorter section devoted to chiral electrochromatography discusses some fundamental aspects as well as the application to the chiral analysis of drugs including bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard K E Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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Amini A. Recent developments in chiral capillary electrophoresis and applications of this technique to pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:3107-30. [PMID: 11589272 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200109)22:15<3107::aid-elps3107>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the current status of chiral capillary electrophoresis (CE). The emphasis is placed on the application of CE in chiral separation of various racemic compounds. During the last two years about 280 papers, several review articles, and two entire issues, edited by S. Fanali (Electrophoresis 1999, 20, 2577-2798, and H. Nishi and S. Terabe (J. Chromatogr. A 2000, 879, 1-471.) have been devoted to chiral CE. Enantiomeric separations of various compounds, e.g., pharmaceuticals, drug candidates, drugs and related metabolites in biological fluids, amino acids, di- and tri peptides, pesticides and fungicides, have been performed using different chiral selectors. Native and derivatized cyclodextrins continue to be the most widely used chiral selectors. Other chiral selectors such as natural and synthetic chiral micelles, crown ethers, chiral ligands, proteins, oligo- and polysaccharides, and macrocyclic antibiotics have also been applied to chiral CE separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Amini
- Medical Product Agency, Division of Biotechnology, Uppsala, Sweden.
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