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Moezinia C, Wong V, Watson J, Nagib L, Lopez Garces S, Zhang S, Ahmed Abdi B, Newton F, Abraham D, Stratton R. Autoantibodies Which Bind to and Activate Keratinocytes in Systemic Sclerosis. Cells 2023; 12:2490. [PMID: 37887334 PMCID: PMC10605821 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multisystem connective tissue disease characterised by pathological processes involving autoimmunity, vasculopathy and resultant extensive skin and organ fibrosis. Recent studies have demonstrated activation and aberrant wound healing responses in the epithelial layer of the skin in this disease, implicating the epithelial keratinocytes as a source of pro-fibrotic and inflammatory mediators. In this paper, we investigated the role of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies directed against epithelial cells, as potential initiators and propagators of pathological keratocyte activation and the ensuing SSc fibrotic cascade. A keratinocyte cell-based ELISA is used to evaluate the binding of SSc IgG. SSc skin biopsies were stained by immunofluorescence for the presence of IgG in the keratinocyte layer. Moreover, IgG purified from SSc sera was evaluated for the potential to activate keratinocytes in tissue culture and to induce TLR2 and 3 signalling in reporter cell lines. We demonstrate enhanced binding of SSc IgG to keratinocytes and the activation of these cells leading to the release of IL-1α, representing a potential initiating pathway in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard Stratton
- UCL Centre for Rheumatology, Royal Free Hospital, UCL Division of Medicine, London NW3 2QG, UK (V.W.); (J.W.); (L.N.); (F.N.)
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2
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Miller-Archie SA, Izmirly PM, Berman JR, Brite J, Walker DJ, Dasilva RC, Petrsoric LJ, Cone JE. Systemic Autoimmune Disease Among Adults Exposed to the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:849-859. [PMID: 31762219 PMCID: PMC7216890 DOI: 10.1002/art.41175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Autoimmune disease is an emerging condition among persons exposed to the September 11, 2001 attack on the World Trade Center (WTC). Components of the dust cloud resulting from the collapse of the WTC have been associated with development of a systemic autoimmune disease, as has posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We undertook this study to determine whether dust exposure and PTSD were associated with an increased risk of systemic autoimmune disease in a 9/11‐exposed cohort. Methods Among 43,133 WTC Health Registry enrollees, 2,786 self‐reported having a post‐9/11 systemic autoimmune disease. We obtained informed consent to review medical records to validate systemic autoimmune disease diagnoses for 1,041 enrollees. Diagnoses of systemic autoimmune diseases were confirmed by classification criteria, rheumatologist diagnosis, or having been prescribed systemic autoimmune disease medication. Controls were enrollees who denied having an autoimmune disease diagnosis (n = 37,017). We used multivariable log‐binomial regression to examine the association between multiple 9/11 exposures and risk of post‐9/11 systemic autoimmune disease, stratifying by responders (rescue, recovery, and clean‐up workers) and community members (e.g., residents, area workers). Results We identified 118 persons with systemic autoimmune disease. Rheumatoid arthritis was most frequent (n = 71), followed by Sjӧgren's syndrome (n = 22), systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 20), myositis (n = 9), mixed connective tissue disease (n = 7), and scleroderma (n = 4). Among 9/11 responders, those with intense dust cloud exposure had almost twice the risk of systemic autoimmune disease (adjusted risk ratio 1.86 [95% confidence interval 1.02–3.40]). Community members with PTSD had a nearly 3‐fold increased risk of systemic autoimmune disease. Conclusion Intense dust cloud exposure among responders and PTSD among community members were associated with a statistically significant increased risk of new‐onset systemic autoimmune disease. Clinicians treating 9/11 survivors should be aware of the potential increased risk of systemic autoimmune disease in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jessica R Berman
- Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Jennifer Brite
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York
| | - Deborah J Walker
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York
| | - Renato C Dasilva
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York
| | - Lysa J Petrsoric
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York
| | - James E Cone
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York
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Mar S, Liang S, Waltz M, Casper TC, Goyal M, Greenberg B, Weinstock-Guttman B, Rodriguez M, Aaen G, Belman A, Barcellos LF, Rose J, Gorman M, Benson L, Candee M, Chitnis T, Harris Y, Kahn I, Roalsted S, Hart J, Lotze T, Moodley M, Ness J, Rensel M, Rubin J, Schreiner T, Tillema JM, Waldman A, Krupp L, Graves JS, Waubant E. Several household chemical exposures are associated with pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:1513-1521. [PMID: 30564618 PMCID: PMC6292189 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is limited information about the potential associations of multiple sclerosis (MS) and commonly used household chemicals. Methods We performed a case‐control study of exposures to common household chemicals during childhood in children with MS and healthy pediatric controls. Exposures to household products were collected from a comprehensive questionnaire (http://www.usnpmsc.org/Documents/EnvironmentalAssessment.pdf) completed by parents at the time of enrollment in the study. Cases included children diagnosed with MS or clinically isolated syndrome with at least two silent T2 bright lesions on MRI, recruited within 4 years of disease onset from 16 pediatric MS clinics in the USA. Multivariate analyses using logistic regression were adjusted for possible confounders including age, sex, race, ethnicity, mother's highest level of education, and urban versus rural living. Results Questionnaire responses to household chemicals were available for 312 eligible cases (median age 15.7 years, 63% girls) and 490 healthy controls (median age 15.0, 57% girls). Exposure to rodenticides (odds ratio [OR] 2.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35–3.26, P ≤ 0.001), weed control agents (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.36–2.92, P ≤ 0.001) and products for plant/tree disease control (OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.54–4.82, P ≤ 0.001) anytime during childhood were associated with an increased risk for pediatric‐onset MS in adjusted and multiple comparisons analyses. Conclusions Our findings suggest that exposure to specific household chemicals during early childhood is associated with the risk of developing pediatric‐onset MS. Future studies are needed to elucidate a causal relationship and the exact agents involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soe Mar
- Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and other Demyelinating Disease Center Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri
| | - Shannon Liang
- Department of Neurology UC Davis Children's Hospital Sacramento California
| | - Michael Waltz
- Data Coordinating and Analysis Center University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah
| | - T Charles Casper
- Data Coordinating and Analysis Center University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Manu Goyal
- Department of Radiology Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri
| | | | - Bianca Weinstock-Guttman
- Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center State University of New York at Buffalo Buffalo New York
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota
| | - Gregory Aaen
- Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center Loma Linda University Children's Hospital Loma Linda California
| | - Anita Belman
- Lourie Center for Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Stony Brook University Hospital New York New York
| | - Lisa F Barcellos
- Depatment of Epidemiology University of California Berkeley Northern California
| | - John Rose
- Department of Neurology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Mark Gorman
- Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program Boston Children's Hospital Boston Massachusetts
| | - Leslie Benson
- Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program Boston Children's Hospital Boston Massachusetts
| | - Meghan Candee
- Primary Children's Hospital University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Tanjua Chitnis
- Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts
| | - Yolanda Harris
- Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease Children's Hospital of Alabama University of Alabama Birmingham Alabama
| | - Ilana Kahn
- Children's National Medical Center Washington DC
| | - Shelly Roalsted
- Data Coordinating and Analysis Center University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Janace Hart
- Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center University of California San Francisco San Francisco California
| | - Timothy Lotze
- The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis Texas Children's Hospital Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - Manikum Moodley
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio
| | - Jayne Ness
- Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease Children's Hospital of Alabama University of Alabama Birmingham Alabama
| | - Mary Rensel
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio
| | | | - Teri Schreiner
- Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center Children's Hospital Colorado University of Colorado at Denver Aurora Colorado
| | - Jan-Mendelt Tillema
- Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota
| | - Amy Waldman
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Lauren Krupp
- Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center New York University New York New York
| | - Jennifer S Graves
- Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center University of California San Francisco San Francisco California
| | - Emmanuelle Waubant
- Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center University of California San Francisco San Francisco California
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Barańska M, Rychlik-Sych M, Kaszuba A, Dziankowska-Bartkowiak B, Skrętkowicz J, Waszczykowska E. Genetic polymorphism of CYP2D6 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis. Autoimmunity 2016; 49:166-171. [PMID: 26789496 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2015.1134508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human organism is constantly exposed to harmful exogenous factors (xenobiotics) including drugs and carcinogenic compounds that can induce development of a large number of diseases. The processes of biotransformation in the organism are multidirectional and xenobiotics can be transformed into active or inactive metabolites via the oxidative route. The knowledge of oxidation polymorphism in the course of systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis may be helpful in choosing more efficient and safer therapy, particularly in the case of a disease involving various organs and treated with drugs belonging to diverse therapeutic groups. The aim of the study was to evaluate the CYP2D6 polymorphism in the SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) and SSc (systemic sclerosis) patients and to investigate a possible correlation with disease susceptibility. The study was carried out in 296 patients: 65 patients with SLE, 81 patients with SSc, and 150 healthy volunteers. The CYP2D6 genotypes were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The relative risk of developing SSc, expressed by the odds ratio, was three-fold higher for persons with the CYP2D6*1/CYP2D6*4 genotype (OR = 2.9; statistically significant difference, p = 0.0002). A statistically significant correlation between the CYP2D6*4 allele prevalence and the risk for developing SSc was found (OR = 1.53; p = 0.047). No effect of the CYP2D6 gene mutations on the incidence of SLE was noted. The obtained results may suggest the influence of CYP2D6*4 gene variants alleles on increased incidence of systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Barańska
- Department of Pharmacogenetics, Chair of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland and
| | - Mariola Rychlik-Sych
- Department of Pharmacogenetics, Chair of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland and
| | - Andrzej Kaszuba
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology and Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland, and
| | | | - Jadwiga Skrętkowicz
- Department of Pharmacogenetics, Chair of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland and
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Rusyn I, Chiu WA, Lash LH, Kromhout H, Hansen J, Guyton KZ. Trichloroethylene: Mechanistic, epidemiologic and other supporting evidence of carcinogenic hazard. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 141:55-68. [PMID: 23973663 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The chlorinated solvent trichloroethylene (TCE) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant. The carcinogenic hazard of TCE was the subject of a 2012 evaluation by a Working Group of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Information on exposures, relevant data from epidemiologic studies, bioassays in experimental animals, and toxicity and mechanism of action studies was used to conclude that TCE is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). This article summarizes the key evidence forming the scientific bases for the IARC classification. Exposure to TCE from environmental sources (including hazardous waste sites and contaminated water) is common throughout the world. While workplace use of TCE has been declining, occupational exposures remain of concern, especially in developing countries. The strongest human evidence is from studies of occupational TCE exposure and kidney cancer. Positive, although less consistent, associations were reported for liver cancer and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. TCE is carcinogenic at multiple sites in multiple species and strains of experimental animals. The mechanistic evidence includes extensive data on the toxicokinetics and genotoxicity of TCE and its metabolites. Together, available evidence provided a cohesive database supporting the human cancer hazard of TCE, particularly in the kidney. For other target sites of carcinogenicity, mechanistic and other data were found to be more limited. Important sources of susceptibility to TCE toxicity and carcinogenicity were also reviewed by the Working Group. In all, consideration of the multiple evidence streams presented herein informed the IARC conclusions regarding the carcinogenicity of TCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rusyn
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Johnni Hansen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Barragán-Martínez C, Speck-Hernández CA, Montoya-Ortiz G, Mantilla RD, Anaya JM, Rojas-Villarraga A. Organic solvents as risk factor for autoimmune diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51506. [PMID: 23284705 PMCID: PMC3526640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic and epigenetic factors interacting with the environment over time are the main causes of complex diseases such as autoimmune diseases (ADs). Among the environmental factors are organic solvents (OSs), which are chemical compounds used routinely in commercial industries. Since controversy exists over whether ADs are caused by OSs, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to assess the association between OSs and ADs. METHODS AND FINDINGS The systematic search was done in the PubMed, SCOPUS, SciELO and LILACS databases up to February 2012. Any type of study that used accepted classification criteria for ADs and had information about exposure to OSs was selected. Out of a total of 103 articles retrieved, 33 were finally included in the meta-analysis. The final odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained by the random effect model. A sensitivity analysis confirmed results were not sensitive to restrictions on the data included. Publication bias was trivial. Exposure to OSs was associated to systemic sclerosis, primary systemic vasculitis and multiple sclerosis individually and also to all the ADs evaluated and taken together as a single trait (OR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.25-1.92; p-value<0.001). CONCLUSION Exposure to OSs is a risk factor for developing ADs. As a corollary, individuals with non-modifiable risk factors (i.e., familial autoimmunity or carrying genetic factors) should avoid any exposure to OSs in order to avoid increasing their risk of ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Barragán-Martínez
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Cesar A. Speck-Hernández
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Gladis Montoya-Ortiz
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Rubén D. Mantilla
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Adriana Rojas-Villarraga
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
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Significance of genetic polymorphism of CYP2D6 in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 64:336-42. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70773-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6 oxidation in patients with systemic sclerosis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 65:971-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-009-0662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tursen U, Tamer L, Api H, Yildirim H, Baz K, Ikizoglu G, Atik U. Cytochrome P450 polymorphisms in patients with Behcet's disease. Int J Dermatol 2007; 46:153-6. [PMID: 17269966 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.02957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although the etiopathogenesis of Behcet's disease (BD) remains unknown, increased neutrophil functions such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis and excessive production of reactive oxygen species, including superoxide anion, may be responsible for the oxidative tissue damage observed in BD. Cytochrome P-450 are a multigene family of enzymes involved in the detoxification and occasional activation of a wide variety of chemicals. Our aim was to investigate CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 polymorphisms in patients with BD. METHODS Sixty-two subjects with BD and 107 healthy control subjects were enrolled in the study. Polymorphisms of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 were performed by real-time PCR with a LightCycler instrument. We researched associations between CYP polymorphisms and BD. RESULTS The frequencies of wild-type and heterozygous CYP2C19*2 genotypes were 66.1% and 33.9% in the patients and 83.2% and 16.8% in the controls, respectively. There was a 2.53-fold increased risk of Behcet's disease in individuals with the CYP2C19*2 heterozygous genotype (OR = 2.53; 95% CI, 1.22-5.25) when compared with the control group. But the CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3 and CYP2C19*3 gene polymorphisms were not related to an increased risk of developing BD. CONCLUSIONS We observed that patients with BD presented with a higher prevalence of the heterozygous CYP2C19*2 genotype. Hereditary deficiencies of this enzyme activity may lead to an imbalance between pro- and antioxidant systems, resulting in the formation of excessive reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umit Tursen
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey.
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Skretkowicz K, Skretkowicz J, Gawrońska-Szklarz B, Górnik W, Rychlik-Sych M, Sysa-Jedrzejowska A. Lack of association between arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) polymorphism and systemic sclerosis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 60:773-8. [PMID: 15565348 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-004-0837-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2003] [Accepted: 09/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It has been shown that exposure to some environmental toxins may induce scleroderma-like illness in predisposed individuals, but the etiopathogenesis of the idiopathic form of systemic sclerosis (SSc) remains obscure. The genetic background of this illness has been confirmed in multiple studies. We investigated whether patients with SSc differ from healthy subjects with regard to the enzymatic activity of polymorphic N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2). METHODS The study was carried out in 39 patients with SSc; 15 fulfilled the criteria of diffuse SSc (dSSc) and 24 of limited SSc (lSSc); an ethnically matched control group consisted of 100 healthy volunteers. Acetylation phenotype was estimated using the isoniazid as a model drug. The most common mutations in the Caucasian population at positions 481T, 803G, 590A and 857A on the NAT2 gene were determined using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from peripheral blood. RESULTS In the group of patients with SSc, the frequency of fast acetylator genotypes was 38.5% (95% CI 23.4-55.4), while that for the genotypes coding slow acetylator status was 51.3% (95% CI 34.8-67.6). There was a strong correlation between NAT2 phenotype and NAT2 genotype with a concordance of 97%. We did not observe a preponderance of slow acetylators among patients with SSc and in two subsets of SSc. With the sample size analyzed in the present study, there is a 90% probability of detecting significant differences in distribution of slow, fast, and intermediate phenotypes between patients with SSc and controls, there is a difference of at least 30.3, 28.7 and 21.9% in the distribution of these phenotypes in the general population, respectively. CONCLUSION Acetylator status does not seem to be the significant factor in the development of SSc in patients with both subsets of this autoimmune disease, but further studies are required to confirm this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Skretkowicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology , Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
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Chernajovsky Y, Winyard PG, Kabouridis PS. Advances in understanding the genetic basis of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: implications for therapy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGENOMICS : GENOMICS-RELATED RESEARCH IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2003; 2:223-34. [PMID: 12421093 DOI: 10.2165/00129785-200202040-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) are polygenic diseases. Polymorphisms in candidate genes have been studied for possible association with susceptibility to disease development. Aside from HLA polymorphisms, of particular interest are those in genes encoding cytokines, signaling molecules, and enzymes involved in the production and catabolism of oxygen and nitrogen radicals. Cytokines are involved in the modulation of the pathological process and have been the target for novel therapeutic interventions. Evidence for their involvement in RA and OA has been provided from genetic analyses in patient populations as well as from animal models of disease. Intracellular signaling cascades control cellular responses and thus regulate many aspects of the pathology manifested in rheumatic diseases. Deciphering the organization and activity of such signaling pathways in disease is underway. Polymorphisms have been identified in gene promoter regions regulating efficient binding of transcription factors, and in coding regions of genes whose products are involved in signal cascades relevant to RA. Among these are the NF-kappaB pathway, steroid receptors and the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) have also been implicated in rheumatic diseases. It is thought that excess, damaging, ROS/RNS may arise from an imbalance between the production and removal of these chemical species. Polymorphisms in genes that encode enzymes involved in either generating or degrading ROS/RNS may contribute to such an imbalance. In the last few years, polymorphisms in such genes have indeed been identified as risk factors for rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuti Chernajovsky
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, Barts and The London, University of London, London, UK.
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Abstract
It is becoming evident that several genetic factors participate in modulating susceptibility to SSc and its clinical manifestations. Some genes that specifically affect ECM metabolism and vascular function may be unique to SSc and scleroderma-related disorders; others, such as those genes involved in regulating immune tolerance, are likely shared with other autoimmune diseases. The effect of genetic variations (or polymorphisms) that are found in most of these genes taken individually will likely have only a small or modest effect on disease risk; only a few genetic variations are expected to be highly penetrant. Moreover, genetic studies in SSc have to deal with the additional issues of heterogeneous phenotypes, low disease prevalence in the general population, and an even greater paucity of multiplex families that makes traditional linkage studies difficult, if not impossible. Alternative approaches include allelic association studies, but conventional case-controls designs may be subject to selection bias and will require large sample sizes if the genes that are under investigation confer only modest (OR = 1.5-2.0) disease risk (Fig. 2). The simultaneous examination of several genes that are biologically relevant to a specific disease process to attain higher aggregate ORs, is one approach that was used in several reports that were cited in this review. The use of family-based controls, such as in the transmission-disequilibrium test (based on assessment of the transmitted or nontransmitted alleles that are associated with disease from heterozygous parents to affected offspring), would provide more robustness to spurious associations from population stratification, but is actually less powerful and efficient than case-control designs. Furthermore, for many late adult-onset diseases the effort required to obtain samples from living parents are for a variety of reasons not trivial. The success of these allelic association-based approaches depends on the identification of likely candidate disease genes (or at least markers in disequilibrium with disease genes), careful definition/ascertainment of disease phenotypes to minimize genetic heterogeneity, and for case-control designs, strategies to account for population stratification or admixture. The identification of candidate genes will be aided by rapid progress in the Human Genome Project and other genome efforts that will eventually identify all human genetic variations. Although this will lead to better understanding of the genes that might be involved in complex diseases, much work is required to understand the basic biology of how disease genotypes become clinical phenotypes. This is especially daunting in complex diseases, such as SSc, where the phenotype (including disease susceptibility and clinical presentation) is influenced by dynamic interactions between genetic variations and environment. Multi-center collaborative efforts with research paradigms that integrate genetic and environmental factors (including sociodemographic variables) will be required to elucidate the contribution of environment and genetics in the pathogenesis of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filemon K Tan
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
Rapid developments in genomic and proteomic testing promise to impact the way in which clinicians assess disease risk and drug selection in their patients. Because most diseases result from host-environment interactions, however, primary care providers will need to avoid the trap of biological determinism by examining the important role of environmental factors in their clinical assessments and interventions. This article discusses the application of host-environment concepts to recent developments in the areas of genomics and proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Rabinowitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn 06510, USA.
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Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc) is unclear. With no definitive evidence supporting an environmental cause, recent attention has focused on genetic factors. Familial clustering and ethnic influences have been demonstrated. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) associations exist but are more related to the presence of particular autoantibodies rather than to the disease. In addition, no single major histocompatibility complex (MHC) allele predisposes to SSc in all ethnic groups. The role of microchimerism in SSc is a novel yet unproven hypothesis that may be related to intergenerational HLA compatibility. Recent studies investigating polymorphisms in genes coding for extracellular matrix proteins and cell-signaling molecules implicate non-MHC areas in SSc pathogenesis. The data reviewed suggest that SSc is a multigenic complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall W Johnson
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Department of Internal Medicine, 6431 Fannin MSB 5.260, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Pandey JP, Nietert PJ, Silver RM. Cytochrome P2 polymorphisms and susceptibility to scleroderma: comment on the article by Povey et al. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2001; 44:2705-6. [PMID: 11710729 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200111)44:11<2705::aid-art453>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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