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Talvitie EM, Liljeroos L, Vilhonen H, Orte K, Leivo I, Kallajoki M, Taimen P. Comprehensive genomic profiling of Finnish lung adenocarcinoma cohort reveals high clinical actionability and SMARCA4 altered tumors with variable histology and poor prognosis. Neoplasia 2022; 32:100832. [PMID: 35964518 PMCID: PMC9391575 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer and typically carries a high number of mutations. However, the genetic background of the tumors varies according to patients' ethnic background and smoking status. Little data is available on the mutational landscape and the frequency of actionable genomic alterations in lung adenocarcinoma in the Finnish population. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the gene alteration frequencies of 135 stage I-IV lung adenocarcinomas operated at Turku University Hospital between 2004 and 2017 with a large commercial comprehensive genomic profiling panel. Additionally, we correlated the alterations in selected genes with disease outcomes in 115 stage I-III patients with comprehensive follow-up data. The genomic alterations in a sub-cohort of 30 never-smokers were assessed separately. RESULTS Seventy percent of patients in the overall cohort and 77% in the never-smoker sub-cohort harbored an alteration or a genomic signature targetable by FDA and/or EMA approved drug for non-small cell carcinoma, respectively. In multivariable analysis for disease-specific survival, any alteration in SMARCA4 (DSS; HR 3.911, 95%CI 1.561-9.795, P=0.004) exhibited independent prognostic significance along with stage, tumor mutation burden, and predominant histological subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Over two thirds of our overall cohort, and especially never-smokers had an actionable genomic alteration or signature. SMARCA4 alterations, detected in 7.4% of the tumors, independently predicted a shortened overall and disease-specific survival regardless of the alteration type. Most SMARCA4 alterations in our cohort were missense mutations associated with differentiated predominant histological subtypes and immunohistochemical SMARCA4/BRG1 and TTF-1 positive status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Talvitie
- Department of Genomics, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | | | - Heikki Vilhonen
- University of Turku, Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Clinical Allergology and Division of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Katri Orte
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Ilmo Leivo
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Markku Kallajoki
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Taimen
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Functional Drug Screening of Small Molecule Inhibitors of Epigenetic Modifiers in Refractory AML Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174094. [PMID: 36077629 PMCID: PMC9455071 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of inhibitors of epigenetic modifiers in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has become increasingly appealing due to the highly epigenetic nature of the disease. We evaluated a library of 164 epigenetic compounds in a cohort of 9 heterogeneous AML patients using an ex vivo drug screen. AML blasts were isolated from bone marrow biopsies according to established protocols and treatment response to the epigenetic library was evaluated. We find that 11 histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, which act upon mechanisms of cell cycle arrest and apoptotic pathways through inhibition of zinc-dependent classes of HDACs, showed efficacy in all patient-derived samples. Other compounds, including bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) protein inhibitors, showed efficacy in most samples. Specifically, HDAC inhibitors are already clinically available and can be repurposed for use in AML. Results in this cohort of AML patient-derived samples reveal several epigenetic compounds with high anti-blast activity in all samples, despite the molecular diversity of the disease. These results further enforce the notion that AML is a predominantly epigenetic disease and that similar epigenetic mechanisms may underlie disease development and progression in all patients, despite differences in genetic mutations.
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Hu N, Zou L, Wang C, Song G. RUNX1T1 function in cell fate. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:369. [PMID: 35902872 PMCID: PMC9330642 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03074-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RUNX1T1 (Runt-related transcription factor 1, translocated to 1), a myeloid translocation gene (MTG) family member, is usually investigated as part of the fusion protein RUNX1-RUNX1T1 for its role in acute myeloid leukemia. In the main, by recruiting histone deacetylases, RUNX1T1 negatively influences transcription, enabling it to regulate the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors. Moreover, the formation of blood vessels, neuronal differentiation, microglial activation following injury, and intestinal development all relate closely to the expression of RUNX1T1. Furthermore, through alternative splicing of RUNX1T1, short and long isoforms have been noted to mediate adipogenesis by balancing the differentiation and proliferation of adipocytes. In addition, RUNX1T1 plays wide-ranging and diverse roles in carcinoma as a biomarker, suppressor, or positive regulator of carcinogenesis, closely correlated to specific organs and dominant signaling pathways. The aim of this work was to investigate the structure of RUNX1T1, which contains four conserved nervy homolog domains, and to demonstrate crosstalk with the Notch signaling pathway. Moreover, we endeavored to illustrate the effects of RUNX1T1 on cell fate from multiple aspects, including its influence on hematopoiesis, neuronal differentiation, microglial activation, intestinal development, adipogenesis, angiogenesis, and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital and Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linqing Zou
- Department of Human Anatomy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoqi Song
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital and Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Mogenet A, Barlesi F, Besse B, Michiels S, Karimi M, Tran-Dien A, Girard N, Mazieres J, Audigier-Valette C, Locatelli-Sanchez M, Kamal M, Gestraud P, Hamza A, Jacquet A, Jimenez M, Yara S, Greillier L, Bertucci F, Planchard D, Soria JC, Bieche I, Tomasini P. Molecular profiling of non-small-cell lung cancer patients with or without brain metastases included in the randomized SAFIR02-LUNG trial and association with intracranial outcome. Lung Cancer 2022; 169:31-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hong D, Knelson EH, Li Y, Durmaz YT, Gao W, Walton E, Vajdi A, Thai T, Sticco-Ivins M, Sabet AH, Jones KL, Schinzel AC, Bronson RT, Nguyen QD, Tolstorukov MY, Vivero M, Signoretti S, Barbie DA, Oser MG. Plasticity in the Absence of NOTCH Uncovers a RUNX2-Dependent Pathway in Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Res 2022; 82:248-263. [PMID: 34810201 PMCID: PMC8770597 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine to nonneuroendocrine plasticity supports small cell lung cancer (SCLC) tumorigenesis and promotes immunogenicity. Approximately 20% to 25% of SCLCs harbor loss-of-function (LOF) NOTCH mutations. Previous studies demonstrated that NOTCH functions as a SCLC tumor suppressor, but can also drive nonneuroendocrine plasticity to support SCLC growth. Given the dual functionality of NOTCH, it is not understood why SCLCs select for LOF NOTCH mutations and how these mutations affect SCLC tumorigenesis. In a CRISPR-based genetically engineered mouse model of SCLC, genetic loss of Notch1 or Notch2 modestly accelerated SCLC tumorigenesis. Interestingly, Notch-mutant SCLCs still formed nonneuroendocrine subpopulations, and these Notch-independent, nonneuroendocrine subpopulations were driven by Runx2-mediated regulation of Rest. Notch2-mutant nonneuroendocrine cells highly express innate immune signaling genes including stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and were sensitive to STING agonists. This work identifies a Notch-independent mechanism to promote nonneuroendocrine plasticity and suggests that therapeutic approaches to activate STING could be selectively beneficial for SCLCs with NOTCH2 mutations. SIGNIFICANCE: A genetically engineered mouse model of NOTCH-mutant SCLC reveals that nonneuroendocrine plasticity persists in the absence of NOTCH, driven by a RUNX2-REST-dependent pathway and innate immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deli Hong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erik H Knelson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yixiang Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yavuz T Durmaz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wenhua Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emily Walton
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amir Vajdi
- Department of Informatics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tran Thai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maura Sticco-Ivins
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amin H Sabet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kristen L Jones
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Center for Biomedical Imaging in Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anna C Schinzel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rod T Bronson
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Quang-De Nguyen
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Center for Biomedical Imaging in Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Y Tolstorukov
- Department of Informatics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marina Vivero
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sabina Signoretti
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David A Barbie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew G Oser
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Long X, Liu L, Zhao Q, Xu X, Liu P, Zhang G, Lin J. Comprehensive Analysis of Tripterine Anti-Ovarian Cancer Effects Using Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis and Molecular Docking. Med Sci Monit 2022; 28:e932139. [PMID: 35022380 PMCID: PMC8764872 DOI: 10.12659/msm.932139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality of gynecological cancers worldwide. The aim of this study was to identify the role of tripterine against ovarian cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS GSE18520 and GSE12470 data sets were downloaded from the GEO database. WGCNA was used to analyze gene modules and hub genes related to ovarian cancer. These hub genes were intersected with tripterine targets, and GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed. HPA and GEPIA determined the expression of tripterine anti-ovarian hub genes in tumor tissues. Kaplan-Meier plotter was used to explore the role of hub genes in ovarian cancer prognosis. AutoDock was used to conduct molecular docking of tripterine and hub genes to observe whether the combination was stable. RESULTS By differential analysis of gene expression and the construction of WGCNA co-expression network, 5 hub genes, ARHGAP11A, MUC1, HBB, RUNX1T1, and FUT8, were screened by module gene screening. Seven biological processes and 20 KEGG-related pathways were obtained by gene enrichment. The expression of tripterine anti-ovarian hub genes ARHGAP11A, MUC1, and FUT8 were obtained by HPA and GEPIA. Using Kaplan-Meier plotter, the survival of ovarian cancer was negatively correlated with ARHGAP11A, MUC1, and FUT8. Molecular docking showed the combination of tripterine and FUT8 was most stable, having the greatest potential role. CONCLUSIONS Tripterine may be involved in megakaryocyte development and platelet production through potential genes ARHGAP11A, MUC1, HBB, RUNX1T1, and FUT8 and may have an anti-ovarian cancer effect in immune factors signaling, transporting and exchanging oxygen pathways, and autophagy pathways, through these 5 key genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Long
- College of Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Leping Liu
- College of Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Qinyu Zhao
- College of Engineering & Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Xinyi Xu
- College of Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Pingan Liu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Guoming Zhang
- College of Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
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Saikia S, Pal U, Kalita DJ, Rai AK, Sarma A, Kataki AC, Limaye AM. RUNX1T1, a potential prognostic marker in breast cancer, is co-ordinately expressed with ERα, and regulated by estrogen receptor signalling in breast cancer cells. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:5399-5409. [PMID: 34264479 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06542-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RUNX1T1 is extensively studied in the context of AML1-RUNX1T1 fusion protein in acute myeloid leukemia. Little is known about the function of RUNX1T1 itself, although data on its function and regulation have begun to emerge from clinical, and in vitro studies. It is a putative tumor suppressor, whose expression is altered in a variety of solid tumors. Recently, reduced expression of RUNX1T1 in triple-negative breast tumors, and its influence on prognosis was reported. METHODS AND RESULTS The Kaplan-Meier Plotter online tool was used to study the relationship between RUNX1T1 expression and survival of breast cancer patients. High RUNX1T1 expression was associated with longer overall survival (OS), relapse-free survival (RFS) and distant metastasis free survival (DMFS). RUNX1T1 expression positively and negatively influenced OS of patients with ERα-positive and ERα-negative breast tumors, respectively. It was also associated with prolonged RFS, and DMFS in tamoxifen-treated patients. Expression of RUNX1T1 and ERα mRNA was analyzed in 40 breast tumor samples, and breast cancer cell lines using RT-PCR. TCGA-BRCA data was mined to study the relationship between RUNX1T1 and ERα mRNA expression. ERα-positive breast tumors showed significantly higher RUNX1T1 mRNA expression compared to ERα-negative tumors. RUNX1T1 mRNA expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR in MCF-7 or T47D cells, which were treated with 17β-estradiol, or the ERα agonist PPT, alone or in combination with 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Effect of ERα knockdown was also investigated. Results indicate that estrogen downmodulated RUNX1T1 mRNA expression via ERα. CONCLUSION Higher expression of RUNX1T1 in breast tumors is associated with favourable prognosis. RUNX1T1 and ERα show co-ordinated expression in breast tumors, and breast cancer cell lines. Estrogen-ERα signalling downmodulates the expression of RUNX1T1 mRNA in ERα-positive breast cancer cells. In-depth investigations on the interaction between RUNX1T1 and ERα are warranted to unravel the role and relevance of RUNX1T1 in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Saikia
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Uttariya Pal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Deep Jyoti Kalita
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Dr. Bhubaneswar Borooah Cancer Institute, Guwahati, Assam, 781016, India
| | - Avdhesh Kumar Rai
- DBT Centre for Molecular Biology and Cancer Research, Dr. Bhubaneswar Borooah Cancer Institute, Guwahati, Assam, 781016, India
| | - Anupam Sarma
- Department of Oncopathology, Dr. Bhubaneswar Borooah Cancer Institute, Guwahati, Assam, 781016, India
| | - Amal Chandra Kataki
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Dr. Bhubaneswar Borooah Cancer Institute, Guwahati, Assam, 781016, India
| | - Anil Mukund Limaye
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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Khan P, Siddiqui JA, Maurya SK, Lakshmanan I, Jain M, Ganti AK, Salgia R, Batra SK, Nasser MW. Epigenetic landscape of small cell lung cancer: small image of a giant recalcitrant disease. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 83:57-76. [PMID: 33220460 PMCID: PMC8218609 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a particular subtype of lung cancer with high mortality. Recent advances in understanding SCLC genomics and breakthroughs of immunotherapy have substantially expanded existing knowledge and treatment modalities. However, challenges associated with SCLC remain enigmatic and elusive. Most of the conventional drug discovery approaches targeting altered signaling pathways in SCLC end up in the 'grave-yard of drug discovery', which mandates exploring novel approaches beyond inhibiting cell signaling pathways. Epigenetic modifications have long been documented as the key contributors to the tumorigenesis of almost all types of cancer, including SCLC. The last decade witnessed an exponential increase in our understanding of epigenetic modifications for SCLC. The present review highlights the central role of epigenetic regulations in acquiring neoplastic phenotype, metastasis, aggressiveness, resistance to chemotherapy, and immunotherapeutic approaches of SCLC. Different types of epigenetic modifications (DNA/histone methylation or acetylation) that can serve as predictive biomarkers for prognostication, treatment stratification, neuroendocrine lineage determination, and development of potential SCLC therapies are also discussed. We also review the utility of epigenetic targets/epidrugs in combination with first-line chemotherapy and immunotherapy that are currently under investigation in preclinical and clinical studies. Altogether, the information presents the inclusive landscape of SCLC epigenetics and epidrugs that will help to improve SCLC outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvez Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Jawed Akhtar Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Shailendra Kumar Maurya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Imayavaramban Lakshmanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Apar Kishor Ganti
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Division of Oncology-Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, VA-Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA; Division of Oncology-Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte 91010, CA, USA
| | - Surinder Kumar Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Mohd Wasim Nasser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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