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Chang CY, Wang JL, Chen YC, Chen WN, Wang SH, Chuang MT, Lin NH, Chou CCK, Huang WS, Ke LJ, Pan XX, Ho YJ, Chen YY, Chang CC. Spatiotemporal characterization of PM 2.5, O 3, and trace gases associated with East Asian continental outflows via drone sounding. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172732. [PMID: 38663609 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
East Asian continental outflows with PM2.5, O3, and other species may determine the baseline conditions and affect the air quality in downwind areas via long-range transport (LRT). To gain insight into the impact and spatiotemporal characteristics of airborne pollutants in East Asian continental outflows, a versatile multicopter drone sounding platform was used to simultaneously observe PM2.5, O3, CO2, and meteorological variables (temperature, specific humidity, pressure, and wind vector) above the northern tip of Taiwan, Cape Fuiguei, which often encounters continental outflows during winter monsoon periods. By coordinating hourly high-spatial-resolution profiles provided by drone soundings, WRF/CMAQ model air quality predictions, HYSPLIT-simulated backward trajectories, and MERRA-2 reanalysis data, we analyzed two prominent phenomena of airborne pollutants in continental outflows to better understand their physical/chemical characteristics. First, we found that pollutants were well mixed within a sounding height of 500 m when continental outflows passed through and completely enveloped Cape Fuiguei. Eddies induced by significant fluctuations in wind speeds coupled with minimal temperature inversion and LRT facilitated vertical mixing, possibly resulting in high homogeneity of pollutants within the outflow layer. Second, the drone soundings indicated exceptionally high O3 concentrations (70-100 ppbv) but relatively low concentrations of PM2.5 (10-20 μg/m3), CO2 (420-425 ppmv), and VOCs in some air masses. The low levels of PM2.5, CO2, and VOCs ruled out photochemistry as the cause of the formation of high-level O3. Further coordination of spatiotemporal data with air mass trajectories and O3 cross sections provided by MERRA-2 suggested that the high O3 concentrations could be attributed to stratospheric intrusion and advection via continental outflows. High-level O3 concentrations persisted in the lower troposphere, even reaching the surface, suggesting that stratospheric intrusion O3 may be involved in the rising trend in O3 concentrations in parts of East Asia in recent years in addition to surface photochemical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Chang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chungli 320, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chen Chen
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Nai Chen
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsiang Wang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tung Chuang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Neng-Huei Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Charles C-K Chou
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Syun Huang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jin Ke
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Xiang-Xu Pan
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jui Ho
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Chen
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Chang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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Chen Z, Xie Y, Liu J, Shen L, Cheng X, Han H, Yang M, Shen Y, Zhao T, Hu J. Distinct seasonality in vertical variations of tropospheric ozone over coastal regions of southern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162423. [PMID: 36858237 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The surface ozone pollution is strongly coupled with ozone variations above the ground. Using sufficient airborne ozone profiles during 2012-2018, this study reveals the tropospheric ozone distributions over four cities located in coastal regions of southern China. The 7-year mean tropospheric ozone profiles in the four cities consistently show a double-maxima profile, with a local maximum at 1 km altitude and the other in the middle-to-upper troposphere. Seasonally, springtime ozone is larger than the annual mean throughout the troposphere, while ozone in summer is high in the middle-to-upper troposphere, leading to largest vertical variations among seasons. Ozone in the middle-to-upper troposphere is lower in autumn than in spring and summer. The winter ozone is characterized with a minimum in the lower troposphere, and low values in the middle-to-upper troposphere, leading to least vertical variations among seasons. We untangle the causes for these complicated vertical ozone variations using the GEOS-Chem model. The tropospheric ozone over southern China is partitioned into locally produced ozone, regionally transported native ozone, imported ozone from outside of China (foreign ozone) and natural stratospheric ozone. The results suggest that the springtime ozone abundance is due to the enhanced import of foreign and stratospheric ozone and the intensified regional transport processes of native ozone. In summer, local ozone production is enhanced and regional transport of ozone in the middle-to-upper troposphere is strengthened due to upward air motions, while such transport becomes weaker in autumn leaving low ozone in the middle-to-upper troposphere. In winter, the intensive westerly jets promote foreign and stratospheric ozone again in the middle-to-upper troposphere, but the local ozone production and regional transport are sharply reduced, resulting in low ozone near the surface. This study provides new insights into regional ozone profiles and reveals the significance of vertical ozone variations on surface ozone prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yangcheng Xie
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jane Liu
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Lijuan Shen
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of the China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xugeng Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Han Han
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mengmiao Yang
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yukun Shen
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tianliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of the China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Fujian Academy of Environmental Sciences, Fuzhou, China
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Knowland KE, Keller CA, Wales PA, Wargan K, Coy L, Johnson MS, Liu J, Lucchesi RA, Eastham SD, Fleming E, Liang Q, Leblanc T, Livesey NJ, Walker KA, Ott LE, Pawson S. NASA GEOS Composition Forecast Modeling System GEOS-CF v1.0: Stratospheric Composition. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2022; 14:e2021MS002852. [PMID: 35864944 PMCID: PMC9287101 DOI: 10.1029/2021ms002852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) Composition Forecast (GEOS-CF) provides recent estimates and 5-day forecasts of atmospheric composition to the public in near-real time. To do this, the GEOS Earth system model is coupled with the GEOS-Chem tropospheric-stratospheric unified chemistry extension (UCX) to represent composition from the surface to the top of the GEOS atmosphere (0.01 hPa). The GEOS-CF system is described, including updates made to the GEOS-Chem UCX mechanism within GEOS-CF for improved representation of stratospheric chemistry. Comparisons are made against balloon, lidar, and satellite observations for stratospheric composition, including measurements of ozone (O3) and important nitrogen and chlorine species related to stratospheric O3 recovery. The GEOS-CF nudges the stratospheric O3 toward the GEOS Forward Processing (GEOS FP) assimilated O3 product; as a result the stratospheric O3 in the GEOS-CF historical estimate agrees well with observations. During abnormal dynamical and chemical environments such as the 2020 polar vortexes, the GEOS-CF O3 forecasts are more realistic than GEOS FP O3 forecasts because of the inclusion of the complex GEOS-Chem UCX stratospheric chemistry. Overall, the spatial patterns of the GEOS-CF simulated concentrations of stratospheric composition agree well with satellite observations. However, there are notable biases-such as low NO x and HNO3 in the polar regions and generally low HCl throughout the stratosphere-and future improvements to the chemistry mechanism and emissions are discussed. GEOS-CF is a new tool for the research community and instrument teams observing trace gases in the stratosphere and troposphere, providing near-real-time three-dimensional gridded information on atmospheric composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. E. Knowland
- Universities Space Research Association (USRA)/GESTARColumbiaMDUSA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
- Now Morgan State University (MSU)/GESTAR‐IIBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - C. A. Keller
- Universities Space Research Association (USRA)/GESTARColumbiaMDUSA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
- Now Morgan State University (MSU)/GESTAR‐IIBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - P. A. Wales
- Universities Space Research Association (USRA)/GESTARColumbiaMDUSA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
- Now Morgan State University (MSU)/GESTAR‐IIBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - K. Wargan
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
- Science Systems and Applications (SSAI), Inc.LanhamMDUSA
| | - L. Coy
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
- Science Systems and Applications (SSAI), Inc.LanhamMDUSA
| | - M. S. Johnson
- Earth Science DivisionNASA Ames Research CenterMoffett FieldCAUSA
| | - J. Liu
- Universities Space Research Association (USRA)/GESTARColumbiaMDUSA
- Now Morgan State University (MSU)/GESTAR‐IIBaltimoreMDUSA
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA GSFCGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - R. A. Lucchesi
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
- Science Systems and Applications (SSAI), Inc.LanhamMDUSA
| | - S. D. Eastham
- Laboratory for Aviation and the EnvironmentDepartment of Aeronautics and AstronauticsMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global ChangeMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - E. Fleming
- Science Systems and Applications (SSAI), Inc.LanhamMDUSA
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA GSFCGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Q. Liang
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA GSFCGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - T. Leblanc
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyWrightwoodCAUSA
| | - N. J. Livesey
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - K. A. Walker
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - L. E. Ott
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
| | - S. Pawson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)GreenbeltMDUSA
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Agustí-Panareda A, McNorton J, Balsamo G, Baier BC, Bousserez N, Boussetta S, Brunner D, Chevallier F, Choulga M, Diamantakis M, Engelen R, Flemming J, Granier C, Guevara M, Denier van der Gon H, Elguindi N, Haussaire JM, Jung M, Janssens-Maenhout G, Kivi R, Massart S, Papale D, Parrington M, Razinger M, Sweeney C, Vermeulen A, Walther S. Global nature run data with realistic high-resolution carbon weather for the year of the Paris Agreement. Sci Data 2022; 9:160. [PMID: 35410420 PMCID: PMC9001646 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The CO2 Human Emissions project has generated realistic high-resolution 9 km global simulations for atmospheric carbon tracers referred to as nature runs to foster carbon-cycle research applications with current and planned satellite missions, as well as the surge of in situ observations. Realistic atmospheric CO2, CH4 and CO fields can provide a reference for assessing the impact of proposed designs of new satellites and in situ networks and to study atmospheric variability of the tracers modulated by the weather. The simulations spanning 2015 are based on the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service forecasts at the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, with improvements in various model components and input data such as anthropogenic emissions, in preparation of a CO2 Monitoring and Verification Support system. The relative contribution of different emissions and natural fluxes towards observed atmospheric variability is diagnosed by additional tagged tracers in the simulations. The evaluation of such high-resolution model simulations can be used to identify model deficiencies and guide further model improvements. Measurement(s) | atmospheric carbon dioxide, methane and carbon monoxide | Technology Type(s) | numerical simulation | Factor Type(s) | None | Sample Characteristic - Organism | long-lived greenhouse gases | Sample Characteristic - Environment | atmosphere | Sample Characteristic - Location | global atmosphere |
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5
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Duncan BN, Malings CA, Knowland KE, Anderson DC, Prados AI, Keller CA, Cromar KR, Pawson S, Ensz H. Augmenting the Standard Operating Procedures of Health and Air Quality Stakeholders With NASA Resources. GEOHEALTH 2021; 5:e2021GH000451. [PMID: 34585034 PMCID: PMC8456713 DOI: 10.1029/2021gh000451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The combination of air quality (AQ) data from satellites and low-cost sensor systems, along with output from AQ models, have the potential to augment high-quality, regulatory-grade data in countries with in situ monitoring networks and provide much needed AQ information in countries without them, including Low and Moderate Income Countries (LMICs). We demonstrate the potential of free and publicly available USA National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) resources, which include capacity building activities, satellite data, and global AQ forecasts, to provide cost-effective, and reliable AQ information to health and AQ professionals around the world. We provide illustrative case studies that highlight how global AQ forecasts along with satellite data may be used to characterize AQ on urban to regional scales, including to quantify pollution concentrations, identify pollution sources, and track the long-range transport of pollution. We also provide recommendations to data product developers to facilitate and broaden usage of NASA resources by health and AQ stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carl A. Malings
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | - K. Emma Knowland
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | - Daniel C. Anderson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | - Ana I. Prados
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- University of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Christoph A. Keller
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | | | | | - Holli Ensz
- Bureau of Ocean Energy ManagementSterlingVAUSA
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6
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Herrera SA, Diskin GS, Harward C, Sachse G, De Wekker SFJ, Yang M, Choi Y, Wisthaler A, Mallia DV, Pusede SE. Wintertime Nitrous Oxide Emissions in the San Joaquin Valley of California Estimated from Aircraft Observations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4462-4473. [PMID: 33759511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a long-lived greenhouse gas that also destroys stratospheric ozone. N2O emissions are uncertain and characterized by high spatiotemporal variability, making individual observations difficult to upscale, especially in mixed land use source regions like the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California. Here, we calculate spatially integrated N2O emission rates using nocturnal and convective boundary-layer budgeting methods. We utilize vertical profile measurements from the NASA DISCOVER-AQ (Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from COlumn and VERtically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality) campaign, which took place January-February, 2013. For empirical constraints on N2O source identity, we analyze N2O enhancement ratios with methane, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide separately in the nocturnal boundary layer, nocturnal residual layer, and convective boundary layer. We find that an established inventory (EDGAR v4.3.2) underestimates N2O emissions by at least a factor of 2.5, that wintertime emissions from animal agriculture are important to annual totals, and that there is evidence for higher N2O emissions during the daytime than at night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solianna A Herrera
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Glenn S Diskin
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Charles Harward
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Glen Sachse
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Stephan F J De Wekker
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Melissa Yang
- National Suborbital Research Center, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Yonghoon Choi
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - Derek V Mallia
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84054, United States
| | - Sally E Pusede
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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7
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Stauffer RM, Thompson AM, Witte JC. Characterizing Global Ozonesonde Profile Variability from Surface to the UT/LS with a Clustering Technique and MERRA-2 Reanalysis. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2018; 123:6213-6229. [PMID: 33101823 PMCID: PMC7580826 DOI: 10.1029/2018jd028465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies employing the self-organizing map (SOM) clustering technique to ozonesonde data have found significant links among meteorological and chemical regimes, and the shape of the ozone (O3) profile from the troposphere to the lower stratosphere. These studies, which focused on specific northern hemisphere mid-latitude geographical regions, demonstrated the advantages of SOM clustering by quantifying O3 profile variability and the O3/meteorological correspondence. We expand SOM to a global set of ozonesonde profiles spanning 1980-present from 30 sites to summarize the connections among O3 profiles, meteorology, and chemistry, using the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis and other ancillary data. Four clusters of O3 mixing ratio profiles from the surface to the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UT/LS) are generated for each site, which show dominant profile shapes and typical seasonality (or lack thereof) that generally correspond to latitude (i.e. Tropical, Subtropical, Mid-Latitude, Polar). Examination of MERRA-2 output reveals a clear relationship among SOM clusters and covarying meteorological fields (geopotential height, potential vorticity, and tropopause height) for Polar and Mid-latitude sites. However, these relationships break down within ±30° latitude. Carbon monoxide satellite data, along with velocity potential, a proxy for convection, calculated from MERRA-2 wind fields assist characterization of the Tropical and Subtropical sites, where biomass burning and convective transport linked to the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) dominate O3 variability. In addition to geophysical characterization of O3 profile variability, these results can be used to evaluate chemical transport model output and satellite measurements of O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Stauffer
- Universities Space Research Association c/o Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Lab, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
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8
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Influence of Cold Fronts on Variability of Daily Surface O3 over the Houston-Galveston-Brazoria Area in Texas USA during 2003–2016. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9050159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Simon H, Valin LC, Baker KR, Henderson BH, Crawford JH, Pusede SE, Kelly JT, Foley KM, Owen RC, Cohen RC, Timin B, Weinheimer AJ, Possiel N, Misenis C, Diskin GS, Fried A. Characterizing CO and NO y Sources and Relative Ambient Ratios in the Baltimore Area Using Ambient Measurements and Source Attribution Modeling. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2018; 123:3304-3320. [PMID: 35958736 PMCID: PMC9364951 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd027688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Modeled source attribution information from the Community Multiscale Air Quality model was coupled with ambient data from the 2011 Deriving Information on Surface conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality Baltimore field study. We assess source contributions and evaluate the utility of using aircraft measured CO and NO y relationships to constrain emission inventories. We derive ambient and modeled ΔCO:ΔNO y ratios that have previously been interpreted to represent CO:NO y ratios in emissions from local sources. Modeled and measured ΔCO:ΔNO y are similar; however, measured ΔCO:ΔNO y has much more daily variability than modeled values. Sector-based tagging shows that regional transport, on-road gasoline vehicles, and nonroad equipment are the major contributors to modeled CO mixing ratios in the Baltimore area. In addition to those sources, on-road diesel vehicles, soil emissions, and power plants also contribute substantially to modeled NO y in the area. The sector mix is important because emitted CO:NO x ratios vary by several orders of magnitude among the emission sources. The model-predicted gasoline/diesel split remains constant across all measurement locations in this study. Comparison of ΔCO:ΔNO y to emitted CO:NO y is challenged by ambient and modeled evidence that free tropospheric entrainment, and atmospheric processing elevates ambient ΔCO:ΔNO y above emitted ratios. Specifically, modeled ΔCO:ΔNO y from tagged mobile source emissions is enhanced 5-50% above the emitted ratios at times and locations of aircraft measurements. We also find a correlation between ambient formaldehyde concentrations and measured ΔCO:ΔNO y suggesting that secondary CO formation plays a role in these elevated ratios. This analysis suggests that ambient urban daytime ΔCO:ΔNO y values are not reflective of emitted ratios from individual sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Simon
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Luke C Valin
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kirk R Baker
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Barron H Henderson
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Sally E Pusede
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - James T Kelly
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kristen M Foley
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - R Chris Owen
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Ronald C Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Brian Timin
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Norm Possiel
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Chris Misenis
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Alan Fried
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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10
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Jaff DA, Cooper OR, Fiore AM, Henderson BH, Tonnesen GS, Russell AG, Henze DK, Langford AO, Lin M, Moore T. Scientific assessment of background ozone over the U.S.: Implications for air quality management. ELEMENTA (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2018; 6:56. [PMID: 30364819 PMCID: PMC6198683 DOI: 10.1525/elementa.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is a key air pollutant that is produced from precursor emissions and has adverse impacts on human health and ecosystems. In the U.S., the Clean Air Act (CAA) regulates O3 levels to protect public health and welfare, but unraveling the origins of surface O3 is complicated by the presence of contributions from multiple sources including background sources like stratospheric transport, wildfies, biogenic precursors, and international anthropogenic pollution, in addition to U.S. anthropogenic sources. In this report, we consider more than 100 published studies and assess current knowledge on the spatial and temporal distribution, trends, and sources of background O3 over the continental U.S., and evaluate how it inflattainment of the air quality standards. We conclude that spring and summer seasonal mean U.S. background O3 (USB O3), or O3 formed from natural sources plus anthropogenic sources in countries outside the U.S., is greatest at high elevation locations in the western U.S., with monthly mean maximum daily 8-hour average (MDA8) mole fractions approaching 50 parts per billion (ppb) and annual 4th highest MDA8s exceeding 60 ppb, at some locations. At lower elevation sites, e.g., along the West and East Coasts, seasonal mean MDA8 USB O3 is in the range of 20-40 ppb, with generally smaller contributions on the highest O3 days. The uncertainty in U.S. background O3 is around ±10 ppb for seasonal mean values and higher for individual days. Noncontrollable O3 sources, such as stratospheric intrusions or precursors from wildfires, can make significant contributions to O3 on some days, but it is challenging to quantify accurately these contributions. We recommend enhanced routine observations, focused fi studies, process-oriented modeling studies, and greater emphasis on the complex photochemistry in smoke plumes as key steps to reduce the uncertainty associated with background O3 in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Jaff
- University of Washington, School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Bothell, Washington, US
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, US
| | - Owen R Cooper
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, US
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, Colorado, US
| | - Arlene M Fiore
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, New York, US
| | | | | | - Armistead G Russell
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, US
| | - Daven K Henze
- University of Colorado, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boulder, Colorado, US
| | - Andrew O Langford
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, Colorado, US
| | - Meiyun Lin
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, US
| | - Tom Moore
- Western States Air Resources (WESTAR) Council and Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP), Fort Collins, Colorado, US
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11
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Jaeglé L, Wood R, Wargan K. Multi-year composite view of ozone enhancements and stratosphere-to-troposphere transport in dry intrusions of northern hemisphere extratropical cyclones. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2017; 122:13436-13457. [PMID: 29479506 PMCID: PMC5823518 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd027656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We examine the role of extratropical cyclones in stratosphere-to-troposphere (STT) exchange with cyclone-centric composites of O3 retrievals from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), contrasting them to composites obtained with the Modern-Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA and MERRA-2) reanalyses and the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. We identify 15,978 extratropical cyclones in the northern hemisphere (NH) for 2005-2012. The lowermost stratosphere (261 hPa) and middle troposphere (424 hPa) composites feature a 1,000 km-wide O3 enhancement in the dry intrusion (DI) airstream to the southwest of the cyclone center, coinciding with a lowered tropopause, enhanced potential vorticity, and decreased H2O. MLS composites at 261 hPa show that the DI O3 enhancements reach a 210 ppbv maximum in April. At 424 hPa, TES composites display maximum O3 enhancements of 27 ppbv in May. The magnitude and seasonality of these enhancements are captured by MERRA and MERRA-2, but GEOS-Chem is a factor of two too low. The MERRA-2 composites show that the O3-rich DI forms a vertically aligned structure between 300 and 800 hPa, wrapping cyclonically with the warm conveyor belt. In winter and spring DIs, O3 is enhanced by 100 ppbv or 100-130% at 300 hPa, with significant enhancements below 500 hPa (6-20 ppbv or 15-30%). We estimate that extratropical cyclones result in a STT flux of 119±56 Tg O3 yr-1, accounting for 42±20 % of the NH extratropical O3 STT flux. The STT flux in cyclones displays a strong dependence on westerly 300 hPa wind speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyatt Jaeglé
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert Wood
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Krzysztof Wargan
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, Maryland, USA
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
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12
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Nielsen JE, Pawson S, Molod A, Auer B, da Silva AM, Douglass AR, Duncan B, Liang Q, Manyin M, Oman LD, Putman W, Strahan SE, Wargan K. Chemical Mechanisms and Their Applications in the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) Earth System Model. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2017; 9:3019-3044. [PMID: 29497478 PMCID: PMC5815385 DOI: 10.1002/2017ms001011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
NASA's Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) Earth System Model (ESM) is a modular, general circulation model (GCM), and data assimilation system (DAS) that is used to simulate and study the coupled dynamics, physics, chemistry, and biology of our planet. GEOS is developed by the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. It generates near-real-time analyzed data products, reanalyses, and weather and seasonal forecasts to support research targeted to understanding interactions among Earth System processes. For chemistry, our efforts are focused on ozone and its influence on the state of the atmosphere and oceans, and on trace gas data assimilation and global forecasting at mesoscale discretization. Several chemistry and aerosol modules are coupled to the GCM, which enables GEOS to address topics pertinent to NASA's Earth Science Mission. This paper describes the atmospheric chemistry components of GEOS and provides an overview of its Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF)-based software infrastructure, which promotes a rich spectrum of feedbacks that influence circulation and climate, and impact human and ecosystem health. We detail how GEOS allows model users to select chemical mechanisms and emission scenarios at run time, establish the extent to which the aerosol and chemical components communicate, and decide whether either or both influence the radiative transfer calculations. A variety of resolutions facilitates research on spatial and temporal scales relevant to problems ranging from hourly changes in air quality to trace gas trends in a changing climate. Samples of recent GEOS chemistry applications are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Eric Nielsen
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.LanhamMDUSA
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Steven Pawson
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Andrea Molod
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Benjamin Auer
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.LanhamMDUSA
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Arlindo M. da Silva
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Anne R. Douglass
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Bryan Duncan
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Qing Liang
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Goddard Earth Science and Technology Center, Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | - Michael Manyin
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.LanhamMDUSA
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Luke D. Oman
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - William Putman
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Susan E. Strahan
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics LaboratoryNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Goddard Earth Science and Technology Center, Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | - Krzysztof Wargan
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.LanhamMDUSA
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
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13
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Kuang S, Newchurch MJ, Thompson AM, Stauffer RM, Johnson BJ, Wang L. Ozone Variability and Anomalies Observed during SENEX and SEAC 4RS Campaigns in 2013. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2017; 122:11227-11241. [PMID: 30057866 PMCID: PMC6058320 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd027139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone variability occurs because of multiple forcing factors including surface emission of ozone precursors, stratosphere-to-troposphere transport (STT), and meteorological conditions. Analyses of ozonesonde observations made in Huntsville, AL, during the peak ozone season (May to September) in 2013 indicate that ozone in the planetary boundary layer was significantly lower than the climatological average, especially in July and August when the Southeastern United States (SEUS) experienced unusually cool and wet weather. Because of a large influence of the lower stratosphere, however, upper-tropospheric ozone was mostly higher than climatology, especially from May to July. Tropospheric ozone anomalies were strongly anti-correlated (or correlated) with water vapor (or temperature) anomalies with a correlation coefficient mostly about 0.6 throughout the entire troposphere. The regression slopes between ozone and temperature anomalies for surface up to mid-troposphere are within 3.0-4.1 ppbv·K-1. The occurrence rates of tropospheric ozone laminae due to STT are ≥50% in May and June and about 30% in July, August and September suggesting that the stratospheric influence on free-tropospheric ozone could be significant during early summer. These STT laminae have a mean maximum ozone enhancement over the climatology of 52±33% (35±24 ppbv) with a mean minimum relative humidity of 2.3±1.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Kuang
- Earth System Science Center, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA
| | - Michael J Newchurch
- Atmospheric Science Department, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA
| | - Anne M Thompson
- Earth Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Ryan M Stauffer
- Earth Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - Bryan J Johnson
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Lihua Wang
- Earth System Science Center, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA
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14
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Knowland KE, Doherty RM, Hodges KI, Ott LE. The influence of mid-latitude cyclones on European background surface ozone. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2017; 17:12421-12447. [PMID: 32714379 PMCID: PMC7380074 DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-12421-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between springtime mid-latitude cyclones and background ozone (O3) is explored using a combination of observational and reanalysis data sets. First, the relationship between surface O3 observations at two rural monitoring sites on the west coast of Europe - Mace Head, Ireland and Monte Velho, Portugal - and cyclone track frequency in the surrounding regions is examined. Second, detailed case study examination of four individual mid-latitude cyclones and the influence of the associated frontal passage on surface O3 is performed. Cyclone tracks have a greater influence on the O3 measurements at the more northern coastal European station, Mace Head, located within the main North Atlantic (NA) storm track. In particular, when cyclones track north of 53° N, there is a significant relationship with high levels of surface O3 (> 75th percentile). The further away a cyclone is from the NA storm track, the more likely it will be associated with both high and low (< 25th percentile) levels of O3 at the observation site during the cyclone's life cycle. The results of the four case studies demonstrate a) the importance of the passage of a cyclone's cold front in relation to surface O3 measurements, b) the ability of mid-latitude cyclones to bring down high levels of O3 from the stratosphere and c) that accompanying surface high pressure systems and their associated transport pathways play an important role in the temporal variability of surface O3. The main source of high O3 to these two sites in springtime is from the stratosphere, either from direct injection into the cyclone or associated with aged airstreams from decaying downstream cyclones that can become entrained and descend toward the surface within new cyclones over the NA region.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Emma Knowland
- Universities Space Research Association (USRA)/Goddard Earth Science Technology & Research (GESTAR)
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruth M. Doherty
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Lesley E. Ott
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
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15
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Knowland KE, Ott LE, Duncan BN, Wargan K. Stratospheric intrusion-influenced ozone air quality exceedances investigated in the NASA MERRA-2 Reanalysis. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2017; 44:10691-10701. [PMID: 32692318 PMCID: PMC7370994 DOI: 10.1002/2017gl074532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Stratospheric intrusions have been the interest of decades of research for their ability to bring stratospheric ozone (O3) into the troposphere with the potential to enhance surface O3 concentrations. However, these intrusions have been misrepresented in models and reanalyses until recently, as the features of a stratospheric intrusion are best identified in horizontal resolutions of 50 km or smaller. NASA's Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications Version-2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis is a publicly-available high-resolution dataset (~50 km) with assimilated O3 that characterizes O3 on the same spatiotemporal resolution as the meteorology. We demonstrate the science capabilities of the MERRA-2 reanalysis when applied to the evaluation of stratospheric intrusions that impact surface air quality. This is demonstrated through a case study analysis of stratospheric intrusion-influenced O3 exceedences in spring 2012 in Colorado, using a combination of observations, the MERRA-2 reanalysis and the Goddard Earth Observing System Model, Version 5 (GEOS-5) simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Knowland
- Universities Space Research Association (USRA)/Goddard Earth Science Technology & Research (GESTAR)
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - L E Ott
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - B N Duncan
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - K Wargan
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc. (SSAI), Lanham, Maryland, USA
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16
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Huang M, Carmichael GR, Pierce RB, Jo DS, Park RJ, Flemming J, Emmons LK, Bowman KW, Henze DK, Davila Y, Sudo K, Jonson JE, Lund MT, Janssens-Maenhout G, Dentener FJ, Keating TJ, Oetjen H, Payne VH. Impact of intercontinental pollution transport on North American ozone air pollution: an HTAP phase 2 multi-model study. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2017; 17:5721-5750. [PMID: 29780406 PMCID: PMC5954439 DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-5721-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The recent update on the US National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of the ground-level ozone (O3/ can benefit from a better understanding of its source contributions in different US regions during recent years. In the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution experiment phase 1 (HTAP1), various global models were used to determine the O3 source-receptor (SR) relationships among three continents in the Northern Hemisphere in 2001. In support of the HTAP phase 2 (HTAP2) experiment that studies more recent years and involves higher-resolution global models and regional models' participation, we conduct a number of regional-scale Sulfur Transport and dEposition Model (STEM) air quality base and sensitivity simulations over North America during May-June 2010. STEM's top and lateral chemical boundary conditions were downscaled from three global chemical transport models' (i.e., GEOS-Chem, RAQMS, and ECMWF C-IFS) base and sensitivity simulations in which the East Asian (EAS) anthropogenic emissions were reduced by 20 %. The mean differences between STEM surface O3 sensitivities to the emission changes and its corresponding boundary condition model's are smaller than those among its boundary condition models, in terms of the regional/period-mean (<10 %) and the spatial distributions. An additional STEM simulation was performed in which the boundary conditions were downscaled from a RAQMS (Realtime Air Quality Modeling System) simulation without EAS anthropogenic emissions. The scalability of O3 sensitivities to the size of the emission perturbation is spatially varying, and the full (i.e., based on a 100% emission reduction) source contribution obtained from linearly scaling the North American mean O3 sensitivities to a 20% reduction in the EAS anthropogenic emissions may be underestimated by at least 10 %. The three boundary condition models' mean O3 sensitivities to the 20% EAS emission perturbations are ~8% (May-June 2010)/~11% (2010 annual) lower than those estimated by eight global models, and the multi-model ensemble estimates are higher than the HTAP1 reported 2001 conditions. GEOS-Chem sensitivities indicate that the EAS anthropogenic NO x emissions matter more than the other EAS O3 precursors to the North American O3, qualitatively consistent with previous adjoint sensitivity calculations. In addition to the analyses on large spatial-temporal scales relative to the HTAP1, we also show results on subcontinental and event scales that are more relevant to the US air quality management. The EAS pollution impacts are weaker during observed O3 exceedances than on all days in most US regions except over some high-terrain western US rural/remote areas. Satellite O3 (TES, JPL-IASI, and AIRS) and carbon monoxide (TES and AIRS) products, along with surface measurements and model calculations, show that during certain episodes stratospheric O3 intrusions and the transported EAS pollution influenced O3 in the western and the eastern US differently. Free-running (i.e., without chemical data assimilation) global models underpredicted the transported background O3 during these episodes, posing difficulties for STEM to accurately simulate the surface O3 and its source contribution. Although we effectively improved the modeled O3 by incorporating satellite O3 (OMI and MLS) and evaluated the quality of the HTAP2 emission inventory with the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute-Ozone Monitoring Instrument (KNMI-OMI) nitrogen dioxide, using observations to evaluate and improve O3 source attribution still remains to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - R. Bradley Pierce
- NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kevin W. Bowman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Yanko Davila
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kengo Sudo
- Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hilke Oetjen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Vivienne H. Payne
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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17
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Stauffer RM, Thompson AM, Oltmans SJ, Johnson BJ. Tropospheric ozonesonde profiles at long-term U.S. monitoring sites: 2. Links between Trinidad Head, CA, profile clusters and inland surface ozone measurements. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2017; 122:1261-1280. [PMID: 29619290 PMCID: PMC5880040 DOI: 10.1002/2016jd025254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Much attention has been focused on the transport of ozone (O3) to the Western U.S., particularly given the latest revision of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) to 70 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) of O3. This makes defining a "background" O3 amount essential so that the effects of stratosphere-to-troposphere exchange and pollution transport to this region can be quantified. To evaluate free-tropospheric and surface O3 in the Western U.S., we use self-organizing maps to cluster 18 years of ozonesonde profiles (940 samples) from Trinidad Head, CA. Two of nine O3 mixing ratio profile clusters exhibit thin laminae of high O3 above Trinidad Head. A third, consisting of background (~20 - 40 ppbv) O3, occurs in ~10% of profiles. The high O3 layers are located between 1 and 4 km amsl, and reside above a subsidence inversion associated with a northern location of the semi-permanent Pacific subtropical high. Several ancillary data sets are examined to identify the high O3 sources (reanalyses, trajectories, remotely-sensed carbon monoxide), but distinguishing chemical and stratospheric influences of the elevated O3 is difficult. There is marked and long-lasting impact of the elevated tropospheric O3 on high-altitude surface O3 monitors at Lassen Volcanic and Yosemite National Parks, and Truckee, CA. Days corresponding to the high O3 clusters exhibit hourly surface O3 anomalies of +5 - 10 ppbv compared to a climatology; the anomalies can last up to four days. The profile and surface O3 links demonstrate the importance of regular ozonesonde profiling at Trinidad Head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Stauffer
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center (ESSIC), University of Maryland - College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne M Thompson
- Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Samuel J Oltmans
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Bryan J Johnson
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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18
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Zhang Y, Wang Y. Climate-driven ground-level ozone extreme in the fall over the Southeast United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10025-30. [PMID: 27551089 PMCID: PMC5018760 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1602563113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ground-level ozone is adverse to human and vegetation health. High ground-level ozone concentrations usually occur over the United States in the summer, often referred to as the ozone season. However, observed monthly mean ozone concentrations in the southeastern United States were higher in October than July in 2010. The October ozone average in 2010 reached that of July in the past three decades (1980-2010). Our analysis shows that this extreme October ozone in 2010 over the Southeast is due in part to a dry and warm weather condition, which enhances photochemical production, air stagnation, and fire emissions. Observational evidence and modeling analysis also indicate that another significant contributor is enhanced emissions of biogenic isoprene, a major ozone precursor, from water-stressed plants under a dry and warm condition. The latter finding is corroborated by recent laboratory and field studies. This climate-induced biogenic control also explains the puzzling fact that the two extremes of high October ozone both occurred in the 2000s when anthropogenic emissions were lower than the 1980s and 1990s, in contrast to the observed decreasing trend of July ozone in the region. The occurrences of a drying and warming fall, projected by climate models, will likely lead to more active photochemistry, enhanced biogenic isoprene and fire emissions, an extension of the ozone season from summer to fall, and an increase of secondary organic aerosols in the Southeast, posing challenges to regional air quality management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhong Zhang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
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19
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Evaluating Summer-Time Ozone Enhancement Events in the Southeast United States. ATMOSPHERE 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos7080108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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