|
1
|
Nguyen KD, Amerio A, Aguglia A, Magnani L, Parise A, Conio B, Serafini G, Amore M, Costanza A. Microglia and Other Cellular Mediators of Immunological Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: A Narrative Synthesis of Clinical Findings. Cells 2023; 12:2099. [PMID: 37626909 PMCID: PMC10453550 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric condition that may involve immune system dysregulation. Since most putative disease mechanisms in schizophrenia have been derived from genetic association studies and fluid-based molecular analyses, this review aims to summarize the emerging evidence on clinical correlates to immune system dysfunction in this psychiatric disorder. We conclude this review by attempting to develop a unifying hypothesis regarding the relative contributions of microglia and various immune cell populations to the development of schizophrenia. This may provide important translational insights that can become useful for addressing the multifaceted clinical presentation of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khoa D. Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA;
- Tranquis Therapeutics, Palo Alto, CA 94065, USA
| | - Andrea Amerio
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (A.A.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (G.S.); (M.A.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Aguglia
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (A.A.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (G.S.); (M.A.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Magnani
- Department of Psychiatry, San Maurizio Hospital of Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy;
| | - Alberto Parise
- Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Benedetta Conio
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (A.A.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (G.S.); (M.A.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Serafini
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (A.A.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (G.S.); (M.A.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Amore
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (A.A.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (G.S.); (M.A.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Costanza
- Department of Psychiatry, Adult Psychiatry Service, University Hospitals of Geneva (HUG), 1207 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Italian Switzerland (USI), 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva (UNIGE), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Khlidj Y, Haireche MA. Schizophrenia as autoimmune disease: Involvement of Anti-NCAM antibodies. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 161:333-341. [PMID: 37001338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia has always been an unsolved puzzle for modern medicine. This seems to be due to both disease complexity and lack of sufficient knowledge regarding the biological and non-biological anomalies that exhibit schizophrenia subjects. However, dysregulated immunity is a commonly identified feature in affected individuals. Thus, recently, a hallmark study showed causality relationship between anti-NCAM antibodies and schizophrenia-related behaviors in mice. NCAM plays crucial role in neurodevelopment during early life and neuroplasticity against different stressors during adulthood, and its dysfunction in schizophrenia is increasingly proven. The present review provides the main evidence that support the contribution of autoimmunity and NCAM abnormalities in the development of schizophrenia. Furthermore, it introduces five hypotheses that may explain the mechanism by which anti-NCAM antibodies are produced in the context of schizophrenia: (i) molecular mimicry, (ii) gut dysbiosis, (iii) viral infection, (iv) exposure to environmental pollutants, (v) and NCAM production anomalies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yehya Khlidj
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Algiers 1, Algeria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Liu X, Liang C, Meng Q, Qu Y, He Z, Dong R, Qin L, Mao M, Hu Y. Inhibitory effects of circulating natural autoantibodies to CD47-derived peptides on OSCC cells. Oral Dis 2023; 29:445-457. [PMID: 34028935 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Natural autoantibodies serve as an important anti-tumorigenic component in the body. This study was thus designed to investigate whether circulating natural IgG autoantibodies against a cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47) could exert inhibitory effects on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). SUBJECTS AND METHODS The expression levels of 13 tumor-targeted genes in three OSCC cell lines were analyzed by qPCR, and CD47 expression in OSCC tissues was also verified with IHC staining. An in-house ELISA was performed to analyze circulating anti-CD47 IgG levels in control subjects, oral benign tumor, and OSCC patients, and to detect anti-CD47 IgG-abundant plasma. Three OSCC cell lines were treated with anti-CD47 IgG-abundant and -deficient plasma, respectively, followed by the analysis of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion/metastasis. RESULTS The CD47 gene showed the highest expression among 13 genes detected in three OSCC cell lines; its expression was significantly higher in OSCC tissues than adjacent tissues. Plasma anti-CD47 IgG levels showed the differences between control subjects, oral benign tumor, and OSCC patients. Anti-CD47 IgG-abundant plasma could evidently reduce cell viability via suppressing p-AKT expression and inducing cell apoptosis and inhibit the invasion of all three OSCC cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Natural autoantibodies against CD47 may be a potential agent for OSCC immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Liu
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Department of Dental Implant Center, School of Stomatology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyong Meng
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyi He
- Department of Transfusion Research, Dongguan Blood Center, Dongguan, China
| | - Rui Dong
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lizheng Qin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Mao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Santos S, Ferreira H, Martins J, Gonçalves J, Castelo-branco M. Male sex bias in early and late onset neurodevelopmental disorders: shared aspects and differences in autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
|
5
|
Liu S, Zhang X, Wang J, Yang H, Jiang Y, Qiu C, Meng Q. Analysis of plasma autoantibodies for inflammatory cytokines in patients with first-episode schizophrenia among a Chinese population. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 341:577165. [PMID: 32007786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been considered to be involved in the development of schizophrenia. This study aimed to study circulating autoantibodies for inflammatory cytokines in first-episode schizophrenia. A total of 181 patients and 197 controls were recruited for detection of plasma IgG antibodies against peptide antigens derived from interleukin 1α (IL1α), IL1ß, IL6, IL8 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). The major finding was that patients with schizophrenia had significantly higher levels of anti-IL1ß IgG, anti-IL6 IgG and anti-IL8 IgG, and a significantly lower level of anti-IL1α IgG. This study suggests that inflammatory response may contribute to the development of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Liu
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Laboratory for Nursing Science & Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yaling Jiang
- The Third People's Hospital of Jiangmen, Jiangmen 52900, China
| | - Chaosen Qiu
- The Third People's Hospital of Jiangmen, Jiangmen 52900, China
| | - Qingyong Meng
- Laboratory for Nursing Science & Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| |
Collapse
|