1
|
Panara V, Varaliová Z, Wilting J, Koltowska K, Jeltsch M. The relationship between the secondary vascular system and the lymphatic vascular system in fish. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38940420 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
New technologies have resulted in a better understanding of blood and lymphatic vascular heterogeneity at the cellular and molecular levels. However, we still need to learn more about the heterogeneity of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems among different species at the anatomical and functional levels. Even the deceptively simple question of the functions of fish lymphatic vessels has yet to be conclusively answered. The most common interpretation assumes a similar dual setup of the vasculature in zebrafish and mammals: a cardiovascular circulatory system, and a lymphatic vascular system (LVS), in which the unidirectional flow is derived from surplus interstitial fluid and returned into the cardiovascular system. A competing interpretation questions the identity of the lymphatic vessels in fish as at least some of them receive their flow from arteries via specialised anastomoses, neither requiring an interstitial source for the lymphatic flow nor stipulating unidirectionality. In this alternative view, the 'fish lymphatics' are a specialised subcompartment of the cardiovascular system, called the secondary vascular system (SVS). Many of the contradictions found in the literature appear to stem from the fact that the SVS develops in part or completely from an embryonic LVS by transdifferentiation. Future research needs to establish the extent of embryonic transdifferentiation of lymphatics into SVS blood vessels. Similarly, more insight is needed into the molecular regulation of vascular development in fish. Most fish possess more than the five vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) genes and three VEGF receptor genes that we know from mice or humans, and the relative tolerance of fish to whole-genome and gene duplications could underlie the evolutionary diversification of the vasculature. This review discusses the key elements of the fish lymphatics versus the SVS and attempts to draw a picture coherent with the existing data, including phylogenetic knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Panara
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden
- Beijer Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden
- Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 A, Uppsala, 752 36, Sweden
| | - Zuzana Varaliová
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden
- Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | - Jörg Wilting
- Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical School Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 36, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Koltowska
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden
- Beijer Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
- Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
- Helsinki One Health, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 4, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Yliopistonkatu 3, Helsinki, 00100, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Castranova D, Samasa B, Venero Galanternik M, Jung HM, Pham VN, Weinstein BM. Live Imaging of Intracranial Lymphatics in the Zebrafish. Circ Res 2021; 128:42-58. [PMID: 33135960 PMCID: PMC7790877 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.317372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The recent discovery of meningeal lymphatics in mammals is reshaping our understanding of fluid homeostasis and cellular waste management in the brain, but visualization and experimental analysis of these vessels is challenging in mammals. Although the optical clarity and experimental advantages of zebrafish have made this an essential model organism for studying lymphatic development, the existence of meningeal lymphatics has not yet been reported in this species. OBJECTIVE Examine the intracranial space of larval, juvenile, and adult zebrafish to determine whether and where intracranial lymphatic vessels are present. METHODS AND RESULTS Using high-resolution optical imaging of the meninges in living animals, we show that zebrafish possess a meningeal lymphatic network comparable to that found in mammals. We confirm that this network is separate from the blood vascular network and that it drains interstitial fluid from the brain. We document the developmental origins and growth of these vessels into a distinct network separated from the external lymphatics. Finally, we show that these vessels contain immune cells and perform live imaging of immune cell trafficking and transmigration in meningeal lymphatics. CONCLUSIONS This discovery establishes the zebrafish as a important new model for experimental analysis of meningeal lymphatic development and opens up new avenues for probing meningeal lymphatic function in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Castranova
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Bakary Samasa
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Marina Venero Galanternik
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Hyun Min Jung
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Van N Pham
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Brant M Weinstein
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jung HM, Castranova D, Swift MR, Pham VN, Venero Galanternik M, Isogai S, Butler MG, Mulligan TS, Weinstein BM. Development of the larval lymphatic system in zebrafish. Development 2017; 144:2070-2081. [PMID: 28506987 PMCID: PMC5482986 DOI: 10.1242/dev.145755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vascular system is a hierarchically organized complex network essential for tissue fluid homeostasis, immune trafficking and absorption of dietary fats in the human body. Despite its importance, the assembly of the lymphatic network is still not fully understood. The zebrafish is a powerful model organism that enables study of lymphatic vessel development using high-resolution imaging and sophisticated genetic and experimental manipulation. Although several studies have described early lymphatic development in the fish, lymphatic development at later stages has not been completely elucidated. In this study, we generated a new Tg(mrc1a:egfp)y251 transgenic zebrafish that uses a mannose receptor, C type 1 (mrc1a) promoter to drive strong EGFP expression in lymphatic vessels at all stages of development and in adult zebrafish. We used this line to describe the assembly of the major vessels of the trunk lymphatic vascular network, including the later-developing collateral cardinal, spinal, superficial lateral and superficial intersegmental lymphatics. Our results show that major trunk lymphatic vessels are conserved in the zebrafish, and provide a thorough and complete description of trunk lymphatic vessel assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Min Jung
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel Castranova
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew R Swift
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Van N Pham
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marina Venero Galanternik
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sumio Isogai
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka 020-8505, Japan
| | - Matthew G Butler
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Timothy S Mulligan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brant M Weinstein
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cao J, Chen Q, Lu M, Hu X, Wang M. Histology and ultrastructure of the thymus during development in tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. J Anat 2017; 230:720-733. [PMID: 28233306 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The thymus in teleost fishes plays an important role in producing functionally competent T-lymphocytes. However, the thymus in tilapia is not well known, which greatly hampers investigations into the immune responses of tilapia infected by aquatic pathogens. The histological structure and ultrastructure of the thymus in Oreochromis niloticus, including embryos and larvae at different developmental stages, juveniles, and adult fish, were systematically investigated using whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH), and light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The position of the thymus primordium was first labeled in the embryo at 2 days post-fertilization (dpf) with the thymus marker gene recombination activating gene 1 (Rag1), when the water temperature was 27 °C. Obvious structures of the thymus were easily observed in 4-dpf embryos. At this stage, the thymus was filled with stem cells. At 6 dpf, the thymus differentiated into the cortex and medulla. The shape of the thymus was 'broad bean'-like during the early stages from 4 to 10 dpf, and became wedge-shaped in fish larvae at 20 dpf. At 6 months post-fertilization (mpf), the thymus differentiated into the peripheral zone, central zone, and inner zone. During this stage, myoid cells and adipocytes appeared in the inner zone following thymus degeneration. Then, the thymus displayed more advanced degeneration by 1 year post-fertilization (ypf), and the separation of cortex and medulla was not observed at this stage. The thymic trabecula and lobule were absent during the entire course of development. However, the typical Hassall's corpuscle was present and underwent degeneration. Additionally, TEM showed that the thymic tissues contained a wide variety of cell types, namely lymphocytes, macrophages, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and mastocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmeng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Maixin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|