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Sadeghian Dehkord E, De Carvalho B, Ernst M, Albert A, Lambert F, Geris L. Influence of physicochemical characteristics of calcium phosphate-based biomaterials in cranio-maxillofacial bone regeneration. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of preclinical models. Mater Today Bio 2024; 26:101100. [PMID: 38854953 PMCID: PMC11157282 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Calcium phosphate-based biomaterials (CaP) are the most widely used biomaterials to enhance bone regeneration in the treatment of alveolar bone deficiencies, cranio-maxillofacial and periodontal infrabony defects, with positive preclinical and clinical results reported. This systematic review aimed to assess the influence of the physicochemical properties of CaP biomaterials on the performance of bone regeneration in preclinical animal models. Methods The PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science databases were searched to retrieve the preclinical studies investigating physicochemical characteristics of CaP biomaterials. The studies were screened for inclusion based on intervention (physicochemical characterization and in vivo evaluation) and reported measurable outcomes. Results A total of 1532 articles were retrieved and 58 studies were ultimately included in the systematic review. A wide range of physicochemical characteristics of CaP biomaterials was found to be assessed in the included studies. Despite a high degree of heterogeneity, the meta-analysis was performed on 39 studies and evidenced significant effects of biomaterial characteristics on their bone regeneration outcomes. The study specifically showed that macropore size, Ca/P ratio, and compressive strength exerted significant influence on the formation of newly regenerated bone. Moreover, factors such as particle size, Ca/P ratio, and surface area were found to impact bone-to-material contact during the regeneration process. In terms of biodegradability, the amount of residual graft was determined by macropore size, particle size, and compressive strength. Conclusion The systematic review showed that the physicochemical characteristics of CaP biomaterials are highly determining for scaffold's performance, emphasizing its usefulness in designing the next generation of bone scaffolds to target higher rates of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Sadeghian Dehkord
- GIGA In Silico Medicine, Biomechanics Research Unit (Biomech), University of Liège, Belgium
- Prometheus, The R&D Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bruno De Carvalho
- Department of Periodontology, Oral-Dental and Implant Surgery, CHU of Liège, Belgium
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit (d-BRU), University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Marie Ernst
- Biostatistics and Research Method Center (B-STAT), CHU of Liège and University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Adelin Albert
- Biostatistics and Research Method Center (B-STAT), CHU of Liège and University of Liège, Belgium
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - France Lambert
- Department of Periodontology, Oral-Dental and Implant Surgery, CHU of Liège, Belgium
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit (d-BRU), University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- GIGA In Silico Medicine, Biomechanics Research Unit (Biomech), University of Liège, Belgium
- Prometheus, The R&D Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomechanics Section (BMe), KU Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Hakim LK, Yari A, Nikparto N, Mehraban SH, Cheperli S, Asadi A, Darehdor AA, Nezaminia S, Dortaj D, Nazari Y, Dehghan M, Hojjat P, Mohajeri M, Hasani Jebelli MS. The current applications of nano and biomaterials in drug delivery of dental implant. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:126. [PMID: 38267933 PMCID: PMC10809618 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-03911-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Dental implantology has revolutionized oral rehabilitation, offering a sophisticated solution for restoring missing teeth. Despite advancements, issues like infection, inflammation, and osseointegration persist. Nano and biomaterials, with their unique properties, present promising opportunities for enhancing dental implant therapies by improving drug delivery systems. This review discussed the current applications of nano and biomaterials in drug delivery for dental implants. METHOD A literature review examined recent studies and advancements in nano and biomaterials for drug delivery in dental implantology. Various materials, including nanoparticles, biocompatible polymers, and bioactive coatings, were reviewed for their efficacy in controlled drug release, antimicrobial properties, and promotion of osseointegration. RESULTS Nano and biomaterials exhibit considerable potential in improving drug delivery for dental implants. Nanostructured drug carriers demonstrate enhanced therapeutic efficacy, sustained release profiles, and improved biocompatibility. Furthermore, bioactive coatings contribute to better osseointegration and reduced risks of infections. CONCLUSION Integrating current nano and biomaterials in drug delivery for dental implants holds promise for advancing clinical outcomes. Enhanced drug delivery systems can mitigate complications associated with dental implant procedures, offering improved infection control, reduced inflammation, and optimized osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amir Yari
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Nariman Nikparto
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon (OMFS), Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Masters in Public Health (MPH), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Saeed Hasani Mehraban
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amirali Asadi
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sayna Nezaminia
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dorara Dortaj
- Operative Department, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasin Nazari
- General Dentist, Masters in Engineering, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Dehghan
- Specialist in Prosthodontics, Independent Researcher, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pardis Hojjat
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahsa Mohajeri
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Li Q, He W, Li W, Luo S, Zhou M, Wu D, Li Y, Wu S. Band-Aid-Like Self-Fixed Barrier Membranes Enable Superior Bone Augmentation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206981. [PMID: 37029705 PMCID: PMC10238180 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In guided bone regeneration surgery, a barrier membrane is usually used to inhibit soft tissue from interfering with osteogenesis. However, current barrier membranes usually fail to resist the impact of external forces on bone-augmented region, thus causing severe displacement of membranes and their underlying bone graft materials, eventually leading to unsatisfied bone augmentation. Herein, a new class of local double-layered adhesive barrier membranes (ABMs) is developed to successfully immobilize bone graft materials. The air-dried adhesive hydrogel layers with suction-adhesion properties enable ABMs to firmly adhere to the wet bone surface through a "stick-and-use" band-aid-like strategy and effectively prevent the displacement of membranes and the leakage of bone grafts in uncontained bone defect treatment. Furthermore, the strategy is versatile for preparing diverse adhesive barrier membranes and immobilizing different bone graft materials for various surgical regions. By establishing such a continuous barrier for the bone graft material, this strategy may open a novel avenue for designing the next-generation barrier membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Li
- Hospital of StomatologyGuanghua School of StomatologyGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510055P. R. China
| | - Wenyi He
- PCFM LabSchool of ChemistrySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Weiran Li
- Hospital of StomatologyGuanghua School of StomatologyGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510055P. R. China
| | - Shulu Luo
- Hospital of StomatologyGuanghua School of StomatologyGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510055P. R. China
| | - Minghong Zhou
- Medical Research InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080P. R. China
| | - Dingcai Wu
- PCFM LabSchool of ChemistrySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Hospital of StomatologyGuanghua School of StomatologyGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510055P. R. China
| | - Shuyi Wu
- Hospital of StomatologyGuanghua School of StomatologyGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510055P. R. China
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Dorozhkin SV. Calcium Orthophosphate (CaPO4)-Based Bioceramics: Preparation, Properties, and Applications. COATINGS 2022; 12:1380. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12101380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Various types of materials have been traditionally used to restore damaged bones. In the late 1960s, a strong interest was raised in studying ceramics as potential bone grafts due to their biomechanical properties. A short time later, such synthetic biomaterials were called bioceramics. Bioceramics can be prepared from diverse inorganic substances, but this review is limited to calcium orthophosphate (CaPO4)-based formulations only, due to its chemical similarity to mammalian bones and teeth. During the past 50 years, there have been a number of important achievements in this field. Namely, after the initial development of bioceramics that was just tolerated in the physiological environment, an emphasis was shifted towards the formulations able to form direct chemical bonds with the adjacent bones. Afterwards, by the structural and compositional controls, it became possible to choose whether the CaPO4-based implants would remain biologically stable once incorporated into the skeletal structure or whether they would be resorbed over time. At the turn of the millennium, a new concept of regenerative bioceramics was developed, and such formulations became an integrated part of the tissue engineering approach. Now, CaPO4-based scaffolds are designed to induce bone formation and vascularization. These scaffolds are usually porous and harbor various biomolecules and/or cells. Therefore, current biomedical applications of CaPO4-based bioceramics include artificial bone grafts, bone augmentations, maxillofacial reconstruction, spinal fusion, and periodontal disease repairs, as well as bone fillers after tumor surgery. Prospective future applications comprise drug delivery and tissue engineering purposes because CaPO4 appear to be promising carriers of growth factors, bioactive peptides, and various types of cells.
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Rothweiler R, Gross C, Bortel E, Früh S, Gerber J, Boller E, Wüster J, Stricker A, Fretwurst T, Iglhaut G, Nahles S, Schmelzeisen R, Hesse B, Nelson K. Comparison of the 3D-Microstructure Between Alveolar and Iliac Bone for Enhanced Bioinspired Bone Graft Substitutes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:862395. [PMID: 35782504 PMCID: PMC9248932 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.862395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In oral- and maxillofacial bone augmentation surgery, non-vascularized grafts from the iliac crest demonstrate better clinical performance than alveolar bone grafts. The underlying mechanisms are not fully understood but are essential for the enhancement of bone regeneration scaffolds. Synchrotron Radiation µ-CT at a pixel size of 2.3 μm was used to characterize the gross morphology and the vascular and osteocyte lacuna porosity of patient-matched iliac crest/alveolar bone samples. The results suggest a difference in the spatial distribution of the vascular pore system. Fluid simulations reveal the permeability tensor to be more homogeneous in the iliac crest, indicating a more unidirectional fluid flow in alveolar bone. The average distance between bone mineral and the closest vessel pore boundary was found to be higher in alveolar bone. At the same time, osteocyte lacunae density is higher in alveolar bone, potentially compensating for the longer average distance between the bone mineral and vessel pores. The present study comprehensively quantified and compared the 3D microarchitecture of intraindividual human alveolar and iliac bone. The identified difference in pore network architecture may allow a bone graft from the iliac crest to exhibit higher regeneration potential due to an increased capacity to connect with the surrounding pore network of the residual bone. The results may contribute to understanding the difference in clinical performance when used as bone grafts and are essential for optimization of future scaffold materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Rothweiler
- Department of Oral- and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Gross
- Department of Oral- and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Elodie Boller
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Jonas Wüster
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andres Stricker
- Department of Oral- and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Fretwurst
- Department of Oral- and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Iglhaut
- Department of Oral- and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Nahles
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Schmelzeisen
- Department of Oral- and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hesse
- Xploraytion GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
- *Correspondence: Bernhard Hesse, ; Katja Nelson,
| | - Katja Nelson
- Department of Oral- and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Bernhard Hesse, ; Katja Nelson,
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6
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Hayashi K, Shimabukuro M, Kishida R, Tsuchiya A, Ishikawa K. Structurally optimized honeycomb scaffolds with outstanding ability for vertical bone augmentation. J Adv Res 2022; 41:101-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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7
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Zhang Z, Gan Y, Guo Y, Lu X, Li X. Animal models of vertical bone augmentation (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:919. [PMID: 34335880 PMCID: PMC8290405 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertical bone augmentation is an important challenge in dental implantology. Existing vertical bone augmentation techniques, along with bone grafting materials, have achieved certain clinical progress but continue to have numerous limitations. In order to evaluate the possibility of using biomaterials to develop bone substitutes, medical devices and/or new bone grafting techniques for vertical bone augmentation, it is essential to establish clinically relevant animal models to investigate their biocompatibility, mechanical properties, applicability and safety. The present review discusses recent animal experiments related to vertical bone augmentation. In addition, surgical protocols for establishing relevant preclinical models with various animal species were reviewed. The present study aims to provide guidance for selecting experimental animal models of vertical bone augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Yaxin Gan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Yarong Guo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Xuguang Lu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Xianqi Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
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8
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Zhou H, Yang L, Gbureck U, Bhaduri SB, Sikder P. Monetite, an important calcium phosphate compound-Its synthesis, properties and applications in orthopedics. Acta Biomater 2021; 127:41-55. [PMID: 33812072 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review recognizes a unique calcium phosphate (CaP) phase known as monetite or dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA, CaHPO4), and presents an overview of its properties, processing, and applications in orthopedics. The motivation for the present effort is to highlight the state-of-the-art research and development of monetite and propel the research community to explore more of its potentials in orthopedics. After a brief introduction of monetite, we provide a summary of its various synthesis routes like dehydration, solvent-based, energy-assisted processes and also discuss the formation of different crystal structures with respect to the synthesis conditions. Subsequently, we discuss the material's noteworthy physico-chemical properties including the crystal structure, vibrational spectra, solubility, thermal decomposition, and conversion to other phases. Of note, we focus on the biological (in vitro and in vivo) properties of monetite, given its ever-increasing popularity as a biomaterial for medical implants. Appropriately, we discuss various orthopedic applications of monetite as bone cement, implant coatings, granules for defect fillers, and scaffolds. Many in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed the favorable osteointegration and osteoconduction properties of monetite products, along with a better balance between implant resorption and new bone formation as compared to other CaP phases. The review ends with translational aspects of monetite and presents thoughts about its possible future research directions. Further research may explore but not limited to improvements in mechanical strength of monetite-based scaffolds, using monetite particles as a therapeutic agent delivery, and tissue engineering strategies where monetite serves as the biomaterial. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first review that focusses on the favorable potential of monetite for hard tissue repair and regeneration. The article accurately covers the "Synthesis-Structure-Property-Applications" correlations elaborating on monetite's diverse material properties. Special focus is put on the in vitro and in vivo properties of the material highlighting monetite as an orthopedic material-of-choice. The synthesis techniques are discussed which provide important information about the different fabrication routes for monetite. Most importantly, the review provides comprehensive knowledge about the diverse biomedical applications of monetite as granules, defect--specific scaffolds, bone cements and implant coatings. This review will help to highlight monetite's potential as an effective regenerative medicine and catalyze the continuing translation of this bioceramic from the laboratory to clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhou
- Center for Health Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China; International Research Center for Translational Orthopaedics (IRCTO), Jiangsu, China
| | - L Yang
- Center for Health Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China; International Research Center for Translational Orthopaedics (IRCTO), Jiangsu, China
| | - U Gbureck
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - S B Bhaduri
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA; ENG-EEC Division, The National Science Foundation (NSF), Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - P Sikder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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9
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Moussa H, El Hadad A, Sarrigiannidis S, Saad A, Wang M, Taqi D, Al-Hamed FS, Salmerón-Sánchez M, Cerruti M, Tamimi F. High toughness resorbable brushite-gypsum fiber-reinforced cements. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 127:112205. [PMID: 34225857 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The ideal bone substitute material should be mechanically strong, biocompatible with a resorption rate matching the rate of new bone formation. Brushite (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate) cement is a promising bone substitute material but with limited resorbability and mechanical properties. To improve the resorbability and mechanical performance of brushite cements, we incorporated gypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate) and diazonium-treated polyglactin fibers which are well-known for their biocompatibility and bioresorbability. Here we show that by combining brushite and gypsum, we were able to fabricate biocompatible composite cements with high fracture toughness (0.47 MPa·m1/2) and a resorption rate that matched the rate of new bone formation. Adding functionalized polyglactin fibers to this composite cement further improved the fracture toughness up to 1.00 MPa·m1/2. XPS and SEM revealed that the improvement in fracture toughness is due to the strong interfacial bonding between the functionalized fibers and the cement matrix. This study shows that adding gypsum and functionalized polyglactin fibers to brushite cements results in composite biomaterials that combine high fracture toughness, resorbability, and biocompatibility, and have great potential for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Moussa
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, Benghazi University, Benghazi 9504, Libya
| | - Amir El Hadad
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed Saad
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Min Wang
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Doaa Taqi
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | | | | | - Marta Cerruti
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Faleh Tamimi
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar.
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10
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Zhao F, Yang Z, Liu L, Chen D, Shao L, Chen X, Fz, Ls, Fz, Zy, Ll, Xc, Dc, Xc, Ls, Fz, Xc. Design and evaluation of a novel sub-scaffold dental implant system based on the osteoinduction of micro-nano bioactive glass. BIOMATERIALS TRANSLATIONAL 2020; 1:82-88. [PMID: 35837658 PMCID: PMC9255813 DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2096-112x.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar ridge atrophy brings great challenges for endosteal implantation due to the lack of adequate vertical bone mass to hold the implants. To overcome this limitation, we developed a novel dental implant design: sub-scaffold dental implant system (SDIS), which is composed of a metal implant and a micro-nano bioactive glass scaffold. This implant system can be directly implanted under mucous membranes without adding any biomolecules or destroying the alveolar ridge. To evaluate the performance of the novel implant system in vivo, SDISs were implanted into the sub-epicranial aponeurosis space of Sprague-Dawley rats. After 6 weeks, the SDIS and surrounding tissues were collected and analysed by micro-CT, scanning electron microscopy and histology. Our results showed that SDISs implanted into the sub-epicranial aponeurosis had integrated with the skull without any mobility and could stably support a denture. Moreover, this design achieved alveolar ridge augmentation, as active osteogenesis could be observed outside the cortical bone. Considering that the microenvironment of the sub-epicranial aponeurosis space is similar to that of the alveolar ridge, SDISs have great potential for clinical applications in the treatment of atrophic alveolar ridges. The study was approved by the Animal Care Committee of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University (approval No. 2017370).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujian Zhao
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dafu Chen
- Laboratory of Bone Tissue Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Research Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Longquan Shao
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China,Corresponding authors: Xiaofeng Chen, ; Longquan Shao,
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China,Corresponding authors: Xiaofeng Chen, ; Longquan Shao,
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11
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Liu W, Du B, Tan S, Wang Q, Li Y, Zhou L. Vertical Guided Bone Regeneration in the Rabbit Calvarium Using Porous Nanohydroxyapatite Block Grafts Coated with rhVEGF 165 and Cortical Perforation. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:10059-10073. [PMID: 33335394 PMCID: PMC7737884 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s268182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vertical bone augmentation without osseous walls to support the stability of clots and bone grafts remains a challenge in dental implantology. The objectives of this study were to confirm that cortical perforation of the recipient bed is necessary and to evaluate whether nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) block grafts coated with recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor165 (rhVEGF165) and cortical perforation can improve vertical bone regeneration. Materials and Methods We prepared nHA blocks coated with or without rhVEGF165 on the rabbit calvarium through cortical perforation, and designated the animals as the nonperforated group (N-nHA), rhVEGF165 group (NV-nHA), perforated group (P-nHA) and rhVEGF165 on perforated group (PV-nHA). Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and fluorescence microscopy were selected to evaluate parameters of vertical bone regeneration at 4 and 6 weeks. Results The ratio of the newly formed bone volume to the titanium dome volume (BV/TV) and the bone mineral density (BMD) were significantly higher in the PV-nHA group than in the N-nHA group at 4 and 6 weeks, as determined using micro-CT. The fluorescence analysis showed slightly greater increases in new bone regeneration (NB%) and vertical height (VH%) gains in the P-nHA group than in the N-nHA group. Greater increases in NB% and VH% were observed in groups treated with rhVEGF165 and perforation than in the blank groups, with significant differences detected at 4 and 6 weeks (N-nHA compared with PV-nHA, p<0.05). A greater VH% that was observed at the midline of the block in the PV-nHA group than in the other three groups at both time points (0.75±0.53% at 4 weeks and 0.83±0.42% at 6 weeks). Conclusion According to the present study, cortical perforation is necessary and nHA blocks coated with rhVEGF165 and decoration could work synergistically to improve vertical bone regeneration by directly affecting primary osteoblasts and promoting angiogenesis and osteoinduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Liu
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Du
- Center of Stomatology, The Second People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyi Tan
- Center of Stomatology, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Center of Oral Implantology, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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12
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Sheikh Z, Abdallah MN, Al-Jaf F, Chen G, Hamdan N, Young RN, Grynpas MD, Glogauer M. Achieving enhanced bone regeneration using monetite granules with bone anabolic drug conjugates (C3 and C6) in rat mandibular defects. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 108:2670-2680. [PMID: 32159274 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bone grafting procedures are commonly used to manage bone defects in the craniofacial region. Monetite is an excellent biomaterial option for bone grafting, however, it is limited by lack of osteoinduction. Several molecules can be incorporated within the monetite matrix to promote bone regeneration. The aim was to investigate whether incorporating bone forming drug conjugates (C3 and C6) within monetite can improve their ability to regenerate bone in bone defects. Bilateral bone defects were created in the mandible of 24 Sprague-Dawley rats and were then packed with monetite control, monetite+C3 or monetite+C6. After 2 and 4 weeks, post-mortem samples were analyzed using microcomputed tomography, histology and back-scattered electron microscopy to calculate the percentages of bone formation and remaining graft material. At 2 and 4 weeks, monetite with C3 and C6 demonstrated higher bone formation than monetite control, while monetite+C6 had the highest bone formation percentage at 4 weeks. There were no significant differences in the remaining graft material between the groups at 2 or 4 weeks. Incorporating these anabolic drug conjugates within the degradable matrix of monetite present a promising bone graft alternative for bone regeneration and repair in orthopedic as well as oral and maxillofacial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Sheikh
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mohamed-Nur Abdallah
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faik Al-Jaf
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nader Hamdan
- Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robert N Young
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marc D Grynpas
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Dental Oncology and Maxillofacial Prosthetics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Charbonnier B, Abdulla M, Gorgy A, Shash H, Zhang Z, Gbureck U, Harvey E, Makhoul N, Gilardino M, Barralet J. Treatment of Critical-Sized Calvarial Defects in Rats with Preimplanted Transplants. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900722. [PMID: 31414583 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The local environment and the defect features have made the skull one of the most difficult regions to repair. Finding alternative strategies to repair large cranial defects, thereby avoiding the current limitations of autograft or polymeric and ceramic prostheses constitute an unmet need. In this study, the regeneration of an 8 mm critical-sized calvarial defect treated by autograft or by a monetite scaffold directly placed in the defect or preimplanted (either cranial bone transplant or subcutaneous pocket) and then transplanted within the bone defect is compared. The data reveal that transplantation of preimplanted monetite transplant scaffolds greatly improves the skull vault closure compared to subcutaneously preimplanted or directly placed materials. Autografts, while clearly filling the defect volume with bone appear effective since bone volume inside the defect volume is obviously high, but are not well fused to the skull. The preimplantation site has a large influence on the regeneration of the defect. Transplantation of induced bone inside materials has the potential to reduce the need for autograft harvest without damaging the skeleton. This first demonstration indicates that cranial repair may be possible without recourse to bioactives or cultured cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Charbonnier
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringMcGill University 817 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal H3G 1C3 Quebec Canada
| | - Mohamed Abdulla
- Department of SurgeryFaculty of MedicineMontreal General HospitalMcGill University Montreal H3G 1A4 Canada
| | - Andrew Gorgy
- Department of SurgeryFaculty of MedicineMontreal General HospitalMcGill University Montreal H3G 1A4 Canada
| | - Hani Shash
- Department of SurgeryFaculty of MedicineMontreal General HospitalMcGill University Montreal H3G 1A4 Canada
| | - Zishuai Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry 3640 University St. Montreal H3A 0C7 Canada
| | - Uwe Gbureck
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and DentistryUniversity Hospital of Würzburg Pleicherwall 2 Würzburg 97070 Germany
| | - Ed Harvey
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringMcGill University 817 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal H3G 1C3 Quebec Canada
| | - Nicholas Makhoul
- Department of SurgeryFaculty of MedicineMontreal General HospitalMcGill University Montreal H3G 1A4 Canada
| | - Mirko Gilardino
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringMcGill University 817 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal H3G 1C3 Quebec Canada
| | - Jake Barralet
- Department of SurgeryFaculty of MedicineMontreal General HospitalMcGill University Montreal H3G 1A4 Canada
- Faculty of Dentistry 3640 University St. Montreal H3A 0C7 Canada
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14
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Fine N, Sheikh Z, Al‐Jaf F, Oveisi M, Borenstein A, Hu Y, Pilliar R, Grynpas M, Glogauer M. Differential response of human blood leukocytes to brushite, monetite, and calcium polyphosphate biomaterials. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:253-262. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noah Fine
- Faculty of DentistryUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Zeeshan Sheikh
- Faculty of DentistryUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Lunenfeld‐Tanenbaum Research Institute (LTRI), Mount Sinai Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (LMP)University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Faik Al‐Jaf
- Faculty of DentistryUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Morvarid Oveisi
- Faculty of DentistryUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Alon Borenstein
- Faculty of DentistryUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Youxin Hu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Robert Pilliar
- Faculty of DentistryUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Marc Grynpas
- Lunenfeld‐Tanenbaum Research Institute (LTRI), Mount Sinai Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (LMP)University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of DentistryUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Department of Dental Oncology and Maxillofacial Prosthetics Toronto Ontario Canada
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15
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Bighetti ACC, Cestari TM, Santos PS, Arantes RVN, Paini S, Assis GF, Costa BC, de Oliveira FA, Tokuhara CK, de Oliveira RC, Taga R. In vitro and in vivo assessment of CaP materials for bone regenerative therapy. The role of multinucleated giant cells/osteoclasts in bone regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:282-297. [PMID: 31009176 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this work, bone formation/remodeling/maturation was correlated with the presence of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs)/osteoclasts (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase [TRAP]-positive cells) on the surface of beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), sintered deproteinized bovine bone (sDBB), and carbonated deproteinized bovine bone (cDBB) using a maxillary sinus augmentation (MSA) in a New Zealand rabbit model. Microtomographic, histomorphometric, and immunolabeling for TRAP-cells analyses were made at 15, 30, and 60 days after surgery. In all treatments, a faster bone formation/remodeling/maturation and TRAP-positive cells activity occurred in the osteotomy region of the MSA than in the middle and submucosa regions. In the β-TCP, the granules were rapidly reabsorbed by TRAP-positive cells and replaced by bone tissue. β-TCP enabled quick bone regeneration/remodeling and full bone and marrow restoration until 60 days, but with a significant reduction in MSA volume. In cDBB and sDBB, the quantity of TRAP-positive cells was smaller than in β-TCP, and these cells were associated with granule surface preparation for osteoblast-mediated bone formation. After 30 days, more than 80% of granule surfaces were surrounded and integrated by bone tissue without signs of degradation, preserving the MSA volume. Overall, the materials tested in a standardized preclinical model led to different bone formation/remodeling/maturation within the same repair process influenced by different microenvironments and MGCs/osteoclasts. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 108B:282-297, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Cestari Bighetti
- Laboratory of Histology of Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Tania Mary Cestari
- Laboratory of Histology of Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Paula Sanches Santos
- Laboratory of Histology of Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Vinicius Nunes Arantes
- Laboratory of Histology of Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Suelen Paini
- Laboratory of Histology of Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Gerson Francisco Assis
- Laboratory of Histology of Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Bruna Carolina Costa
- Physics Department, Advanced Materials Laboratory, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Avenue Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube 14-01, Bauru, São Paulo, 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Flávia Amadeu de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Cintia Kazuko Tokuhara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cardoso de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Rumio Taga
- Laboratory of Histology of Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
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16
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Mansour A, Abu-Nada L, Al-Waeli H, Mezour MA, Abdallah MN, Kinsella JM, Kort-Mascort J, Henderson JE, Ramirez-Garcialuna JL, Tran SD, Elkashty OA, Mousa A, El-Hadad AA, Taqi D, Al-Hamad F, Alageel O, Kaartinen MT, Tamimi F. Bone extracts immunomodulate and enhance the regenerative performance of dicalcium phosphates bioceramics. Acta Biomater 2019; 89:343-358. [PMID: 30853609 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunomodulation strategies are believed to improve the integration and clinical performance of synthetic bone substitutes. One potential approach is the modification of biomaterial surface chemistry to mimic bone extracellular matrix (ECM). In this sense, we hypothesized that coating synthetic dicalcium phosphate (DCP) bioceramics with bone ECM proteins would modulate the host immune reactions and improve their regenerative performance. To test this, we evaluated the in vitro proteomic surface interactions and the in vivo performance of ECM-coated bioceramic scaffolds. Our results demonstrated that coating DCP scaffolds with bone extracts, specifically those containing calcium-binding proteins, dramatically modulated their interaction with plasma proteins in vitro, especially those relating to the innate immune response. In vivo, we observed an attenuated inflammatory response against the bioceramic scaffolds and enhanced peri-scaffold new bone formation supported by the increased osteoblastogenesis and reduced osteoclastogenesis. Furthermore, the bone extract rich in calcium-binding proteins can be 3D-printed to produce customized hydrogels with improved regeneration capabilities. In summary, bone extracts containing calcium-binding proteins can enhance the integration of synthetic biomaterials and improve their ability to regenerate bone probably by modulating the host immune reaction. This finding helps understand how bone allografts regenerate bone and opens the door for new advances in tissue engineering and bone regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Foreign-body reaction is an important determinant of in vivo biomaterial integration, as an undesired host immune response can compromise the performance of an implanted biomaterial. For this reason, applying immunomodulation strategies to enhance biomaterial engraftment is of great interest in the field of regenerative medicine. In this article, we illustrated that coating dicalcium phosphate bioceramic scaffolds with bone-ECM extracts, especially those rich in calcium-binding proteins, is a promising approach to improve their surface proteomic interactions and modulate the immune responses towards such biomaterials in a way that improves their bone regeneration performance. Collectively, the results of this study may provide a conceivable explanation for the mechanisms involved in presenting the excellent regenerative efficacy of natural bone grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Mansour
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Lina Abu-Nada
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Haider Al-Waeli
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | | | | | - Joseph M Kinsella
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Jacqueline Kort-Mascort
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Janet E Henderson
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; The Bone Engineering Labs, Research Institute McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Jose Luis Ramirez-Garcialuna
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; The Bone Engineering Labs, Research Institute McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Simon D Tran
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Osama A Elkashty
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Aisha Mousa
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Amir A El-Hadad
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Doaa Taqi
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Faez Al-Hamad
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Omar Alageel
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Faleh Tamimi
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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17
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Zhao F, Xie W, Zhang W, Fu X, Gao W, Lei B, Chen X. 3D Printing Nanoscale Bioactive Glass Scaffolds Enhance Osteoblast Migration and Extramembranous Osteogenesis through Stimulating Immunomodulation. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800361. [PMID: 29952135 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive glass (BG) can repair bone defects, however, it is not clear whether BG has the ability for bone augmentation without making any bone defect. Unlike the intramembranous osteogenesis in bone defect repair, the extramembranous osteogenesis occurs outside the cortical bone and the osteoprogenitor cells show the reversed migration. Herein, nanoscale bioactive glass scaffolds (BGSs) are fabricated, and their role and immunomodulation-related mechanism in the extramembranous osteogenesis are investigated. The in vitro migration and differentiation of calvaria preosteoblasts are studied by culturing with peripheral macrophage-conditioned medium after stimulating with BGSs. The results indicate that the proinflammatory environment significantly promotes preosteoblast migration, but has limited effect on osteogenic differentiation. However, the anti-inflammatory environment and BGSs significantly increase the osteogenic differentiation of preosteoblasts. The in vivo extramembranous osteogenesis evaluation shows that the active osteogenesis is observed near the skull. The osteoblasts derived from the reverse migration of cranial cells can be confirmed by comparing with the scaffolds implanted in back subcutaneous which is just colonized by fibrous tissue. This study may bring a fresh perspective for BG in bone regeneration and explore the osteogenic immunomodulation of peripheral macrophages in a nonosteogenic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujian Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; School of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering; Ministry of Education; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Weihan Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; School of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering; Ministry of Education; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; School of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering; Ministry of Education; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Xiaoling Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; School of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering; Ministry of Education; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Wendong Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; School of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering; Ministry of Education; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Bo Lei
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710000 China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; School of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering; Ministry of Education; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
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18
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Trbakovic A, Hedenqvist P, Mellgren T, Ley C, Hilborn J, Ossipov D, Ekman S, Johansson CB, Jensen-Waern M, Thor A. A new synthetic granular calcium phosphate compound induces new bone in a sinus lift rabbit model. J Dent 2018; 70:31-39. [PMID: 29258851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate if a synthetic granular calcium phosphate compound (CPC) and a composite bisphosphonate-linked hyaluronic acid-calcium phosphate hydrogel (HABP·CaP) induced similar or more amount of bone as bovine mineral in a modified sinus lift rabbit model. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighteen adult male New Zeeland White rabbits, received randomly one of the two test materials on a random side of the face, and bovine mineral as control on the contralateral side. In a sinus lift, the sinus mucosa was elevated and a titanium mini-implant was placed in the alveolar bone. Augmentation material (CPC, HABP·CaP or bovine bone) was applied in the space around the implant. The rabbits were euthanized three months after surgery and qualitative and histomorphometric evaluation were conducted. Histomorphometric evaluation included three different regions of interest (ROIs) and the bone to implant contact on each installed implant. RESULTS Qualitative assessment (p = <.05), histomorphometric evaluations (p = < .01), and implant incorporation (p = <.05) showed that CPC and bovine mineral induced similar amount of bone and more than the HABP·CaP hydrogel. CONCLUSION CPC induced similar amount of bone as bovine mineral and both materials induced more bone than HABP·CaP hydrogel. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The CPC is suggested as a synthetic alternative for augmentations in the maxillofacial area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amela Trbakovic
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Plastic & Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Patricia Hedenqvist
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, PO Box 7054, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Torbjörn Mellgren
- Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Ångströms Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Cecilia Ley
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pathology, PO Box 7028, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jöns Hilborn
- Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Ångströms Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dmitri Ossipov
- Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Ångströms Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stina Ekman
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pathology, PO Box 7028, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Carina B Johansson
- University of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Odontology, Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Materials Science, P.O. Box 450, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Marianne Jensen-Waern
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, PO Box 7054, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Andreas Thor
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Plastic & Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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19
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Hydrophilicity, Viscoelastic, and Physicochemical Properties Variations in Dental Bone Grafting Substitutes. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11020215. [PMID: 29385747 PMCID: PMC5848912 DOI: 10.3390/ma11020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The indication-oriented Dental Bone Graft Substitutes (DBGS) selection, the correct bone defects classification, and appropriate treatment planning are very crucial for obtaining successful clinical results. However, hydrophilic, viscoelastic, and physicochemical properties’ influence on the DBGS regenerative potential has poorly been studied. For that reason, we investigated the dimensional changes and molecular mobility by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) of xenograft (cerabone®), synthetic (maxresorb®), and allograft (maxgraft®, Puros®) blocks in a wet and dry state. While no significant differences could be seen in dry state, cerabone® and maxresorb® blocks showed a slight height decrease in wet state, whereas both maxgraft® and Puros® had an almost identical height increase. In addition, cerabone® and maxresorb® blocks remained highly rigid and their damping behaviour was not influenced by the water. On the other hand, both maxgraft® and Puros® had a strong increase in their molecular mobility with different damping behaviour profiles during the wet state. A high-speed microscopical imaging system was used to analyze the hydrophilicity in several naturally derived (cerabone®, Bio-Oss®, NuOss®, SIC® nature graft) and synthetic DBGS granules (maxresorb®, BoneCeramic®, NanoBone®, Ceros®). The highest level of hydrophilicity was detected in cerabone® and maxresorb®, while Bio-Oss® and BoneCeramic® had the lowest level of hydrophilicity among both naturally derived and synthetic DBGS groups. Deviations among the DBGS were also addressed via physicochemical differences recorded by Micro Computed Tomography, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray powder Diffractometry, and Thermogravimetric Analysis. Such DBGS variations could influence the volume stability at the grafting site, handling as well as the speed of vascularization and bone regeneration. Therefore, this study initiates a new insight into the DBGS differences and their importance for successful clinical results.
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Roskies MG, Fang D, Abdallah MN, Charbonneau AM, Cohen N, Jordan JO, Hier MP, Mlynarek A, Tamimi F, Tran SD. Three-dimensionally printed polyetherketoneketone scaffolds with mesenchymal stem cells for the reconstruction of critical-sized mandibular defects. Laryngoscope 2017; 127:E392-E398. [PMID: 28776691 DOI: 10.1002/lary.26781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Additive manufacturing offers a tailored approach to tissue engineering by providing anatomically precise scaffolds onto which stem cells and growth factors can be supplied. Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), an ideal candidate biomaterial, is limited by a poor implant-bone interface but can be functionalized with adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) to promote integration. This in vivo study examined the interaction of a three-dimensional printed PEKK/ADSC implant within the critical-sized mandibular defect in a rabbit model. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS Trapezoidal porous scaffolds with dimensions of 1.5 × 1.0 × 0.5 cm were printed using selective laser sintering. ADSCs were seeded on the scaffolds that were then implanted in marginal defects created in New Zealand rabbits. Rabbits were euthanized at 10- and 20-week intervals. Microcomputed tomography was used to characterize bone ingrowth and was correlated with histological analysis. Stress testing was performed on the scaffolds before and after implantation. RESULTS All scaffolds were well integrated into adjacent bone. Bone-to-tissue volume increased from 30.34% ( ± 12.46) to 61.27% ( ± 8.24), and trabecular thickness increased from 0.178 mm ( ± 0.069) to 0.331 mm ( ± 0.0306) in the 10- and 20-week groups, respectively, compared to no bone regrowth on the control side (P < 0.05). Histology confirmed integration at the bone-implant interface. Biomechanical testing revealed a compressive resistance 15 times that of bone alone (P < 0.05) CONCLUSION: 3D-printed PEKK scaffolds combined with ADSCs present a promising solution to improve the bone-implant interface and increase the resistance to forces of mastication after mandibular reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA. Laryngoscope, 127:E392-E398, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Roskies
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Craniofacial Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dongdong Fang
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Craniofacial Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Andre M Charbonneau
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Craniofacial Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Navi Cohen
- Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jack O Jordan
- Craniofacial Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael P Hier
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alex Mlynarek
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Faleh Tamimi
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon D Tran
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Craniofacial Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Schamel M, Barralet JE, Groll J, Gbureck U. In vitro ion adsorption and cytocompatibility of dicalcium phosphate ceramics. Biomater Res 2017; 21:10. [PMID: 28616254 PMCID: PMC5465584 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-017-0096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro cell testing of degradable bioceramics such as brushite or monetite is often challenging due to the ion release into or adsorption from the culture medium. These ionic changes are then mostly responsible for cell proliferation and activity, which prohibits the investigation of effects originating from surface topography or further material modifications. METHODS Here, we aimed to solve this problem by developing a pre-conditioning regime following the repeated immersion of brushite and monetite samples in various Ca2+, Mg2+ and PO43- containing electrolytes, followed by studying ion adsorption / release as well as changes in phase composition and in vitro cytocompatibility with MG63 cells. RESULTS The results demonstrated that by using DMEM cell culture medium in a ratio of 10 ml/sample was sufficient to minimize changes of ionic composition after 7 d with a daily change of the medium. This leads to changes of the surface composition with dissolution of the brushite phase. In turn, this also positively influences the in vitro cytocompatibility with a 2-3 fold higher cell number and cell activity on the DMEM pretreated surfaces. CONCLUSIONS Controlled sample washing prior to cell testing using DMEM medium seems to be a valuable procedure not only to stabilize the pH during cell culture but also to maintain ion concentrations within a cell friendly range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Schamel
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jake E. Barralet
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B2 Canada
| | - Jürgen Groll
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Gbureck
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
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Sheikh Z, Hamdan N, Ikeda Y, Grynpas M, Ganss B, Glogauer M. Natural graft tissues and synthetic biomaterials for periodontal and alveolar bone reconstructive applications: a review. Biomater Res 2017; 21:9. [PMID: 28593053 PMCID: PMC5460509 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-017-0095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is categorized by the destruction of periodontal tissues. Over the years, there have been several clinical techniques and material options that been investigated for periodontal defect repair/regeneration. The development of improved biomaterials for periodontal tissue engineering has significantly improved the available treatment options and their clinical results. Bone replacement graft materials, barrier membranes, various growth factors and combination of these have been used. The available bone tissue replacement materials commonly used include autografts, allografts, xenografts and alloplasts. These graft materials mostly function as osteogenic, osteoinductive and/or osteoconductive scaffolds. Polymers (natural and synthetic) are more widely used as a barrier material in guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and guided bone regeneration (GBR) applications. They work on the principle of epithelial cell exclusion to allow periodontal ligament and alveolar bone cells to repopulate the defect before the normally faster epithelial cells. However, in an attempt to overcome complications related to the epithelial down-growth and/or collapse of the non-rigid barrier membrane and to maintain space, clinicians commonly use a combination of membranes with hard tissue grafts. This article aims to review various available natural tissues and biomaterial based bone replacement graft and membrane options used in periodontal regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Sheikh
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Room 221, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2 Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, 25 Orde St, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7 Canada
| | - Nader Hamdan
- Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, 5981 University Avenue, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Yuichi Ikeda
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Room 221, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2 Canada
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-5810 Japan
| | - Marc Grynpas
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, 25 Orde St, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7 Canada
| | - Bernhard Ganss
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Room 221, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2 Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Room 221, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2 Canada
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Sheikh Z, Zhang YL, Tamimi F, Barralet J. Effect of processing conditions of dicalcium phosphate cements on graft resorption and bone formation. Acta Biomater 2017; 53:526-535. [PMID: 28213100 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dicalcium phosphate cements (brushite and monetite) are resorbable biomaterials with osteoconductive potential for bone repair and regeneration that have yet to gain widespread commercial use. Brushite can be converted to monetite by heat treatments additionally resulting in various changes in the physico-chemical properties. However, since conversion is most commonly performed using autoclave sterilisation (wet heating), it is uncertain whether the properties observed for monetite as a result of heating brushite under dry conditions affect resorption and bone formation favourably. This study was designed to produce monetite grafts of differing physical form by autoclaving and dry heating (under vacuum) to be compared with brushite biomaterials in an orthotopic pre-clinical implantation model in rabbit for 12weeks. It was observed that monetite grafts had higher porosity and specific surface area than their brushite precursors. The autoclaved monetite grafts had compressive strength reduced by 50% when compared with their brushite precursors. However, the dry heat converted monetite grafts had compressive strength comparable with brushite. Results from in vivo experiments revealed that both types of monetite graft materials resorbed faster than brushite and more bone formation was achieved. There was no significant difference in the amount of bone formed between the two types of monetite grafts. The implanted brushite grafts underwent phase transformation to form hydroxyapatite, which ultimately limited bioresorption. However, this was not observed in both types of monetite grafts. In summary, both autoclaving and dry heating the preset brushite cement grafts resulted in monetite biomaterials which were more resorbable with potential to be investigated and optimized for orthopaedic and maxillofacial bone repair and regeneration applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We present in this original research article a comparison between dicalcium phosphate cement based grafts (brushite and 2 types of monetite grafts prepared by wet and dry thermal processing) with regards to resorption and bone formation in vivo after orthotopic implantation in rabbit condylar femural region. To the best of our knowledge this is the first in vivo study that reports a comparison resorption and bone formation using brushite and two types of monetite biomaterials. Also, we have included in the manuscript a summary of all the in vivo studies performed on brushite and monetite biomaterials to date. This includes cement composition, physical properties (porosity and surface area), implantation and histomorphometrical details such as animal species, site of implantation, observation period, percentage bone tissue formation and residual graft material. In addition, we calculated the percentage resorption of graft materials based upon various implantation sites and included that into the discussion section. The results of this original research provides greater understanding of the resorption processes of dicalcium phosphate based grafts, allowing preparation of bone substitute materials with more predictable resorption profiles in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Sheikh
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada.
| | - Yu Ling Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada.
| | - Faleh Tamimi
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada.
| | - Jake Barralet
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada; Division of Orthopaedics, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Ave, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada.
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