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Sheikh Z, Abdallah MN, Al-Jaf F, Chen G, Hamdan N, Young RN, Grynpas MD, Glogauer M. Improved bone regeneration using bone anabolic drug conjugates (C3 and C6) with deproteinized bovine bone mineral as a carrier in rat mandibular defects. J Periodontol 2020; 91:1521-1531. [PMID: 32100284 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) has been extensively studied and used for bone regeneration in oral and maxillofacial surgery. However, it lacks an osteoinductive ability. We developed two novel bone anabolic conjugated drugs, known as C3 and C6, of an inactive bisphosphonate and a bone activating synthetic prostaglandin agonist. The aim was to investigate whether these drugs prebound to DBBM granules have the potential to achieve rapid and enhanced bone regeneration. METHODS Bilateral defects (4.3 mm diameter circular through and through) were created in mandibular angles of 24 Sprague-Dawley rats were filled with DBBM Control, DBBM with C3 or DBBM with C6 (n = 8 defects per group/ each timepoint). After 2 and 4 weeks, postmortem samples were analyzed by microcomputed tomography followed by backscattering electron microscopy and histology. RESULTS DBBM grafts containing the C3 and C6 conjugated drugs showed significantly more bone formation than DBBM control at 2 and 4 weeks. The C6 containing DBBM demonstrated the highest percentage of new bone formation at 4 weeks. There was no significant difference in the percentage of the remaining graft between the different groups at 2 or 4 weeks. CONCLUSIONS DBBM granules containing conjugated drugs C3 and C6 induced greater new bone volume generated and increased the bone formation rate more than the DBBM controls. This is expected to allow the development of clinical treatments that provide more predictable and improved bone regeneration for bone defect repair in oral and maxillofacial surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Sheikh
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mohamed-Nur Abdallah
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faik Al-Jaf
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nader Hamdan
- Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robert N Young
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marc D Grynpas
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Dental Oncology and Maxillofacial Prosthetics, Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Sheikh Z, Abdallah MN, Al-Jaf F, Chen G, Hamdan N, Young RN, Grynpas MD, Glogauer M. Achieving enhanced bone regeneration using monetite granules with bone anabolic drug conjugates (C3 and C6) in rat mandibular defects. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 108:2670-2680. [PMID: 32159274 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bone grafting procedures are commonly used to manage bone defects in the craniofacial region. Monetite is an excellent biomaterial option for bone grafting, however, it is limited by lack of osteoinduction. Several molecules can be incorporated within the monetite matrix to promote bone regeneration. The aim was to investigate whether incorporating bone forming drug conjugates (C3 and C6) within monetite can improve their ability to regenerate bone in bone defects. Bilateral bone defects were created in the mandible of 24 Sprague-Dawley rats and were then packed with monetite control, monetite+C3 or monetite+C6. After 2 and 4 weeks, post-mortem samples were analyzed using microcomputed tomography, histology and back-scattered electron microscopy to calculate the percentages of bone formation and remaining graft material. At 2 and 4 weeks, monetite with C3 and C6 demonstrated higher bone formation than monetite control, while monetite+C6 had the highest bone formation percentage at 4 weeks. There were no significant differences in the remaining graft material between the groups at 2 or 4 weeks. Incorporating these anabolic drug conjugates within the degradable matrix of monetite present a promising bone graft alternative for bone regeneration and repair in orthopedic as well as oral and maxillofacial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Sheikh
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mohamed-Nur Abdallah
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faik Al-Jaf
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nader Hamdan
- Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robert N Young
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marc D Grynpas
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Dental Oncology and Maxillofacial Prosthetics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Sheikh Z, Chen G, Al-Jaf F, Thévenin M, Banks K, Glogauer M, Young RN, Grynpas MD. In Vivo Bone Effects of a Novel Bisphosphonate-EP4a Conjugate Drug (C3) for Reversing Osteoporotic Bone Loss in an Ovariectomized Rat Model. JBMR Plus 2019; 3:e10237. [PMID: 31844825 PMCID: PMC6894726 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological bone loss is a regular feature of postmenopausal osteoporosis, and the microstructural changes along with the bone loss make the individual prone to getting hip, spine, and wrist fractures. We have developed a new conjugate drug named C3, which has a synthetic, stable EP4 agonist (EP4a) covalently linked to an inactive alendronate (ALN) that binds to bone and allows physiological remodeling. After losing bone for 12 weeks, seven groups of rats were treated for 8 weeks via tail‐vein injection. The groups were: C3 conjugate at low and high doses, vehicle‐treated ovariectomy (OVX) and sham, C1 (a similar conjugate, but with active ALN at high dose), inactive ALN alone, and a mixture of unconjugated ALN and EP4a to evaluate the conjugation effects. Bone turnover was determined by dynamic and static histomorphometry; μCT was employed to determine bone microarchitecture; and bone mechanical properties were evaluated via biomechanical testing. Treatment with C3 significantly increased trabecular bone volume and vertebral BMD versus OVX controls. There was also significant improvement in the vertebral load‐bearing abilities and stimulation of bone formation in femurs after C3 treatment. This preclinical research revealed that C3 resulted in significant anabolic effects on trabecular bone, and EP4a and ALN conjugation components are vital to conjugate anabolic efficacy. A combined therapy using an EP4 selective agonist anabolic agent linked to an inactive ALN is presented here that produces significant anabolic effects, allows bone remodeling, and has the potential for treating postmenopausal osteoporosis or other diseases where bone strengthening would be beneficial. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Sheikh
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute Mount Sinai Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada.,Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada.,Faculty of Dentistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Chemistry Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Faik Al-Jaf
- Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Marion Thévenin
- Department of Chemistry Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Kate Banks
- Division of Comparative Medicine University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada.,Department of Physiology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada.,Department of Dental Oncology and Maxillofacial Prosthetics Princess Margaret Cancer Centre Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Robert N Young
- Department of Chemistry Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Marc D Grynpas
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute Mount Sinai Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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