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Chu J, Yu X, Jiang G, Tao Y, Wu W, Han S. Bacterial imaging in tumour diagnosis. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14474. [PMID: 38808743 PMCID: PMC11135020 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Some bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium), have an inherent ability to locate solid tumours, making them a versatile platform that can be combined with other tools to improve the tumour diagnosis and treatment. In anti-cancer therapy, bacteria function by carrying drugs directly or expressing exogenous therapeutic genes. The application of bacterial imaging in tumour diagnosis, a novel and promising research area, can indeed provide dynamic and real-time monitoring in both pre-treatment assessment and post-treatment detection. Different imaging techniques, including optical technology, acoustic imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear medicine imaging, allow us to observe and track tumour-associated bacteria. Optical imaging, including bioluminescence and fluorescence, provides high-sensitivity and high-resolution imaging. Acoustic imaging is a real-time and non-invasive imaging technique with good penetration depth and spatial resolution. MRI provides high spatial resolution and radiation-free imaging. Nuclear medicine imaging, including positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) can provide information on the distribution and dynamics of bacterial population. Moreover, strategies of synthetic biology modification and nanomaterial engineering modification can improve the viability and localization ability of bacteria while maintaining their autonomy and vitality, thus aiding the visualization of gut bacteria. However, there are some challenges, such as the relatively low bacterial abundance and heterogeneously distribution within the tumour, the high dimensionality of spatial datasets and the limitations of imaging labeling tools. In summary, with the continuous development of imaging technology and nanotechnology, it is expected to further make in-depth study on tumour-associated bacteria and develop new bacterial imaging methods for tumour diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chu
- Huzhou Central HospitalAffiliated Central Hospital Huzhou UniversityHuzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive CancerHuzhouChina
- Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital)HuzhouChina
| | - Xiang Yu
- Huzhou Central HospitalAffiliated Central Hospital Huzhou UniversityHuzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive CancerHuzhouChina
- Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital)HuzhouChina
| | - Gaofei Jiang
- Key Lab of Organic‐Based Fertilizers of China, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste UtilizationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ye Tao
- Shanghai BIOZERON Biotechnology Co., Ltd.ShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Wu
- Huzhou Central HospitalAffiliated Central Hospital Huzhou UniversityHuzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive CancerHuzhouChina
- Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital)HuzhouChina
| | - Shuwen Han
- Huzhou Central HospitalAffiliated Central Hospital Huzhou UniversityHuzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive CancerHuzhouChina
- Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital)HuzhouChina
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2
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Xia X, Zhang JW, Zhao B, Zhang M, Chen ZR, Zhang BF, Ji YL, Wang X, Xiong WM, Li JW, Lv QL. Progress of engineered bacteria for tumour therapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:111935. [PMID: 38599096 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Finding novel therapeutic modalities, improving drug delivery efficiency and targeting, and reducing the immune escape of tumor cells are currently hot topics in the field of tumor therapy. Bacterial therapeutics have proven highly effective in preventing tumor spread and recurrence, used alone or in combination with traditional therapies. In recent years, a growing number of researchers have significantly improved the targeting and penetration of bacteria by using genetic engineering technology, which has received widespread attention in the field of tumor therapy. In this paper, we provide an overview and assessment of the advancements made in the field of tumor therapy using genetically engineered bacteria. We cover three major aspects: the development of engineered bacteria, their integration with other therapeutic techniques, and the current state of clinical trials. Lastly, we discuss the limitations and challenges that are currently being faced in the utilization of engineered bacteria for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xia
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Personalized Diagnosis and Treatment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, PR China; College of Chemistry and Bio-engineering, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, PR China
| | - Jing-Wen Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Personalized Diagnosis and Treatment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, PR China; College of Chemistry and Bio-engineering, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, PR China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Personalized Diagnosis and Treatment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, PR China; College of Chemistry and Bio-engineering, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- Nanchang Inspection and Testing Center, Nanchang Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Health Food and its Contact Materials, Nanchang 330012, PR China
| | - Zhang-Ren Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, PR China
| | - Bing-Feng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Bio-engineering, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, PR China
| | - Yu-Long Ji
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Personalized Diagnosis and Treatment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, PR China
| | - Xia Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Personalized Diagnosis and Treatment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, PR China
| | - Wen-Min Xiong
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Personalized Diagnosis and Treatment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, PR China
| | - Jia-Wei Li
- Department of Cardiovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, PR China.
| | - Qiao-Li Lv
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Personalized Diagnosis and Treatment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, PR China; College of Chemistry and Bio-engineering, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, PR China.
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3
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Li S, Zhang YX. Sensitive delivery systems and novel encapsulation technologies for live biotherapeutic products and probiotics. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024; 50:371-384. [PMID: 37074732 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2202237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Live biotherapeutic product (LBP), a type of biological product, holds promise for the prevention or treatment of metabolic disease and pathogenic infection. Probiotics are live microorganisms that improve the intestinal microbial balance and beneficially affect the health of the host when ingested in sufficient numbers. These biological products possess the advantages of inhibition of pathogens, degradation of toxins, and modulation of immunity. The application of LBP and probiotic delivery systems has attracted great interest to researchers. The initial used technologies for LBP and probiotic encapsulation are traditional capsules and microcapsules. However, the stability and targeted delivery capability require further improved. The specific sensitive materials can greatly improve the delivery efficiency of LBPs and probiotics. The specific sensitive delivery systems show advantages over traditional ones due to their better properties of biocompatibility, biodegradability, innocuousness, and stability. Moreover, some new technologies, including layer-by-layer encapsulation, polyelectrolyte complexation, and electrohydrodynamic technology, show great potential in LBP and probiotic delivery. In this review, novel delivery systems and new technologies of LBPs and probiotics were presented, and the challenges and prospects were explored in specific sensitive materials for LBP and probiotic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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4
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Wang S, Cao H, Zhao CC, Wang Q, Wang D, Liu J, Yang L, Liu J. Engineering biomimetic nanosystem targeting multiple tumor radioresistance hallmarks for enhanced radiotherapy. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024:10.1007/s11427-023-2528-5. [PMID: 38602587 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2528-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Tumor cells establish a robust self-defense system characterized by hypoxia, antioxidant overexpression, DNA damage repair, and so forth to resist radiotherapy. Targeting one of these features is insufficient to overcome radioresistance due to the feedback mechanisms initiated by tumor cells under radiotherapy. Therefore, we herein developed an engineering biomimetic nanosystem (M@HHPt) masked with tumor cell membranes and loaded with a hybridized protein-based nanoparticle carrying oxygens (O2) and cisplatin prodrugs (Pt(IV)) to target multiple tumor radioresistance hallmarks for enhanced radiotherapy. After administration, M@HHPt actively targeted and smoothly accumulated in tumor cells by virtue of its innate homing abilities to realize efficient co-delivery of O2 and Pt(IV). O2 introduction induced hypoxia alleviation cooperated with Pt(IV) reduction caused glutathione consumption greatly amplified radiotherapy-ignited cellular oxidative stress. Moreover, the released cisplatin effectively hindered DNA damage repair by crosslinking with radiotherapy-produced DNA fragments. Consequently, M@HHPt-sensitized radiotherapy significantly suppressed the proliferation of lung cancer H1975 cells with an extremely high sensitizer enhancement ratio of 1.91 and the progression of H1975 tumor models with an excellent tumor inhibition rate of 94.7%. Overall, this work provided a feasible strategy for tumor radiosensitization by overcoming multiple radioresistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmacokinetics for Innovative Drugs, Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Hongmei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmacokinetics for Innovative Drugs, Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Cui-Cui Zhao
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Tianjin), Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmacokinetics for Innovative Drugs, Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Dianyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmacokinetics for Innovative Drugs, Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Jinjian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmacokinetics for Innovative Drugs, Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmacokinetics for Innovative Drugs, Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China.
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmacokinetics for Innovative Drugs, Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China.
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5
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Zhang Y, Huang R, Jiang Y, Shen W, Pei H, Wang G, Pei P, Yang K. The role of bacteria and its derived biomaterials in cancer radiotherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:4149-4171. [PMID: 37799393 PMCID: PMC10547917 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria-mediated anti-tumor therapy has received widespread attention due to its natural tumor-targeting ability and specific immune-activation characteristics. It has made significant progress in breaking the limitations of monotherapy and effectively eradicating tumors, especially when combined with traditional therapy, such as radiotherapy. According to their different biological characteristics, bacteria and their derivatives can not only improve the sensitivity of tumor radiotherapy but also protect normal tissues. Moreover, genetically engineered bacteria and bacteria-based biomaterials have further expanded the scope of their applications in radiotherapy. In this review, we have summarized relevant researches on the application of bacteria and its derivatives in radiotherapy in recent years, expounding that the bacteria, bacterial derivatives and bacteria-based biomaterials can not only directly enhance radiotherapy but also improve the anti-tumor effect by improving the tumor microenvironment (TME) and immune effects. Furthermore, some probiotics can also protect normal tissues and organs such as intestines from radiation via anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation and apoptosis inhibition. In conclusion, the prospect of bacteria in radiotherapy will be very extensive, but its biological safety and mechanism need to be further evaluated and studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ruizhe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yunchun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wenhao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hailong Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guanglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Pei Pei
- Teaching and Research Section of Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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6
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Liao H, Yang S, Liang Z, Xiao L, Xie S, Lin P, Xia F, Fang C, Chen Q, Ling D, Li F. A Cancer Cell Selective Replication Stress Nano Amplifier Promotes Replication Fork Catastrophe to Overcome Radioresistance. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18548-18561. [PMID: 37706454 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Replication stress (RS) induced by DNA damage plays a significant role in conferring the anticancer effects of radiotherapy and is tightly associated with radioresistance of cancer cells. Amplification of RS represents an effective approach to improving the efficacy of radiotherapy, although the development of selective RS amplifiers remains an unexplored frontier. We herein present an RS nano amplifier (RSNA) consisting of a catalytic FePt nanoparticle loaded with the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin (DOX), which selectively exacerbates RS in cancer cells by promoting replication fork (RF) catastrophe. RSNA converts the excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer cells into oxygen, enhancing the DNA-damaging effects of radiotherapy to create more template lesions that impede RF progression in coalition with DOX. After radiation, ROS scavenging by RSNA accelerates RF progression through damaged template strands, increasing the frequency of RF collapse into double-strand breaks. Moreover, pretreatment with RSNA accumulates cancer cells in the S phase, exposing more RFs to radiation-induced RS. These effects of RSNA convergently maximize RS in cancer cells, effectively overcoming the radioresistance of cancer cells without affecting normal cells. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of selectively amplifying RS to boost radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Liao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shengfei Yang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zeyu Liang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shangzhi Xie
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Peihua Lin
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chunyan Fang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Daishun Ling
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- WLA Laboratories, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fangyuan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- WLA Laboratories, Shanghai 201203, China
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He Y, Chen H, Li W, Xu L, Yao H, Cao Y, Wang Z, Zhang L, Wang D, Zhou D. 3-Bromopyruvate-loaded bismuth sulfide nanospheres improve cancer treatment by synergizing radiotherapy with modulation of tumor metabolism. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:209. [PMID: 37408010 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy (RT) is one of the most mainstream cancer therapeutic modalities. However, due to the lack of specificity of the radiation adopted, both normal and cancerous cells are destroyed indiscriminately. This highlights the crucial need to improve radiosensitization. This study aims to address this issue by constructing a multifunctional nanospheres that can sensitize multiple aspects of radiotherapy. RESULTS Nanospheres containing high atomic element Bi can effectively absorb ionizing radiation and can be used as radiosensitizers. Cell viability after Bi2S3 + X-ray treatment was half that of X-ray treatment alone. On the other hand, exposed 3-bromopyruvate (3BP) could reduce the overactive oxygen (O2) metabolism of tumor cells and alleviate tumor hypoxia, thereby promoting radiation-induced DNA damage. The combination index (CI) of 3BP and Bi2S3-based RT in Bi2S3-3BP + X-ray was determined to be 0.46 with the fraction affected (fa) was 0.5 via Chou-Talalay's isobolographic method, which indicated synergistic effect of 3BP and Bi2S3-based RT after integration into Bi2S3-3BP + X-ray. Under the combined effect of 3BP and RT, autophagy was over-activated through starvation-induced and redox homeostasis dysregulation pathways, which in turn exhibited pro-death effects. In addition, the prepared nanospheres possess strong X-ray attenuation and high near-infrared (NIR) optical absorption, thus eliminating the need for additional functional components and could serve as bimodal contrast agents for computed tomography/photoacoustic (CT/PA) imaging. CONCLUSIONS The rational design of multifunctional nanospheres with the unique properties provided a novel strategy to achieving high therapeutic efficacy in RT. This was accomplished through simultaneous activation of multiple sensitization pathways by increasing ionizing radiation, reducing tumor oxygen consumption, inducing pro-death autophagy, and providing multiple-imaging guidance/monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiman He
- Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Huawan Chen
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Huan Yao
- Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Yang Cao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China.
| | - Di Zhou
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China.
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Qi P, Luo C, Pan Y, Ding S, Li X, Qiao K, Ning S. Self-cascade catalytic single-atom nanozyme for enhanced breast cancer low-dose radiotherapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 227:113347. [PMID: 37196465 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) efficacy can be promoted with the help of nanoenzyme that can "re-programing" the tumour's micro-environment by changing the expression level of special bio-molecules. However, problems such as low reaction efficiency, limited endogenous H2O2, and/or unsatisfactory results of a single catalysis mode in treatment limit the application in the RT field. Herein, a novel Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) decorated iron SAE (FeSAE@Au) was formulated for self-cascade catalytic RT. In this dual-nanozyme system, embedded AuNPs can sever as GOx and endow FeSAE@Au with self-H2O2 supplying ability, which can elevate the H2O2 level in tumors by catalyzing cellular glucose in situ, further improving the catalytic performance of FeSAE with peroxidase-like activity. The self-cascade catalytic reaction can significantly increase cellular hydroxyl radicals (•OH) level, further promoting RT's effect. Furthermore, in vivo findings demonstrated that FeSAE can effectively limit tumor growth while causing low damage in important organs. According to our understanding, FeSAE@Au is the first description of a hybrid SAE-based nanomaterial employed in cascade catalytic RT. The research yields new and interesting insights for developing various SAE systems for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyuan Qi
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530000, China
| | - You Pan
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Shuaijie Ding
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Central Laboratory and Precision Medicine Center, Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and Huai'an Second People's Hospital, Huai'an 223001, China.
| | - Kun Qiao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Shipeng Ning
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning 530000, China.
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Prospects for hypoxia-based drug delivery platforms for the elimination of advanced metastatic tumors: From 3D modeling to clinical concepts. J Control Release 2023; 353:1002-1022. [PMID: 36516901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a unique characteristic of the solid tumor microenvironment. Hypoxia contributes to multi-drug resistance, metastasis and cancer relapse through numerous molecular pathways, but at the same time provides an opportunity for the development of novel drugs or modalities specifically targeting hypoxic tumor regions. Given the high significance of tumor hypoxia in therapeutic results, we here discuss a variety of hypoxia-adopted strategies, and their potential and utility in the treatment of deep-seated hypoxic tumor cells. We discuss the merits and demerits of these approaches, as well as their combination with other approaches such as photodynamic therapy. We also survey the currently available 3D hypoxia modeling systems, in particular organoid-based microfluidics. Finally, we discuss the potential and the current status of preclinical tumor hypoxia approaches in clinical trials for advanced cancer. We believe that multi-modal imaging and therapeutic hypoxia adopted drug delivery platforms could provide better efficacy and safety profiles, and more importantly personalized therapy. Determining the hypoxia status of tumors could offer a second chance for the clinical translation of hypoxia-based agents, such as hypoxia activated prodrugs (HAPs) from bench to bedside.
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10
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Han D, Zhang X, Ma Y, Yang X, Li Z. The development of live microorganism-based oxygen shuttles for enhanced hypoxic tumor therapy. Mater Today Bio 2022; 18:100517. [PMID: 36578285 PMCID: PMC9791452 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a prominent feature of malignant tumors and contributes to tumor proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance in various solid tumors. Therefore, improving tumor oxygenation is crucial for curing tumors. To date, multiple strategies, including oxygen delivering and producing materials, have been designed to increase the oxygen concentration in hypoxic tumors. However, the unsustainable supply of oxygen is still the main obstacle, resulting in a suboptimal outcome in treating oxygen-deprived tumors. Thus, a sufficient oxygen supply is highly desirable in the treatment of hypoxic tumors. Photosynthesis, as the main source of oxygen in nature through the conversion of light energy into chemical energy and oxygen, has been widely studied in scientific research. Moreover, photosynthetic microorganisms have been increasingly applied in cancer therapy by increasing oxygenation, which improves the therapeutic effect of oxygen-consuming tumor therapeutic tools such as radiotherapy and photodynamic therapy. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the design and manufacture of live bacteria as oxygen shuttles for a new generation of hypoxic tumor treatment strategies. Finally, current challenges and future directions are also discussed for successfully addressing hypoxic tumor issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Han
- Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, 523059, China,College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yichuan Ma
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Xinjian Yang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, 523059, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangdong, 510515, PR China,Corresponding author. Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, 523059, China.
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11
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Zhang Q, Hou K, Chen H, Zeng N, Wu Y. Nanotech Probes: A Revolution in Cancer Diagnosis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:933125. [PMID: 35875155 PMCID: PMC9300983 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.933125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in nanotechnologies for cancer diagnosis and treatment have received considerable attention worldwide. Nanoparticles are being used to create nanodrugs and probes to diagnose and treat a variety of diseases, including cancer. Nanomedicines have unique advantages, such as increased surface-to-volume ratios, which enable them to interact with, absorb, and deliver small biomolecules to a very specific target, thereby improving the effectiveness of both probes and drugs. Nanoprobe biotechnology also plays an important role in the discovery of novel cancer biomarkers, and nanoprobes have become an important part of early clinical diagnosis of cancer. Various organic and inorganic nanomaterials have been developed as biomolecular carriers for the detection of disease biomarkers. Thus, we designed this review to evaluate the advances in nanoprobe technology in tumor diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ning Zeng
- *Correspondence: Yiping Wu, ; Ning Zeng,
| | - Yiping Wu
- *Correspondence: Yiping Wu, ; Ning Zeng,
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12
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Qi P, Zhang J, Bao Z, Liao Y, Liu Z, Wang J. A Platelet-Mimicking Single-Atom Nanozyme for Mitochondrial Damage-Mediated Mild-Temperature Photothermal Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:19081-19090. [PMID: 35442630 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Single-atom nanozyme (SAzyme) systems have shown great potential in tumor therapy. A multifunctional SAzyme not only possesses high catalytic activity but also can be used as photothermal agents in photothermal therapy (PTT). Furthermore, it is also imperative to overcome tumor thermal resistance in SAzyme-based PTT so that PTT under a mild temperature is achievable. Herein, a novel platelet membrane (PM)-coated mesoporous Fe single-atom nanozyme (Fe-SAzyme) was formulated to solve these issues. The PM-coated mesoporous Fe-SAzyme (PMS) showed a satisfactory NIR-II photothermal performance, high peroxidase (POD) activity, and good tumor-targeting ability. In addition, PMS may be used as a carrier for protein drugs owing to its inner mesoporous structure. In vitro experiments showed that PMS could inhibit the expression of heat shock protein (HSP) by damaging the mitochondria, thereby finally improving the effect of mild-temperature PTT. Moreover, in vivo results showed that PMS could efficiently accumulate in tumor sites and suppress tumor growth with minimal toxicity in major organs. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report of a biomimetic mesoporous Fe-SAzyme used to achieve mitochondrial damage-mediated mild-temperature PTT. The study provides new promising ideas for designing other SAzyme systems for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyuan Qi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Junyu Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhirong Bao
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuanping Liao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zeming Liu
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jike Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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13
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Chen H, Li Y, Wang Y, Ning P, Shen Y, Wei X, Feng Q, Liu Y, Li Z, Xu C, Huang S, Deng C, Wang P, Cheng Y. An Engineered Bacteria-Hybrid Microrobot with the Magnetothermal Bioswitch for Remotely Collective Perception and Imaging-Guided Cancer Treatment. ACS NANO 2022; 16:6118-6133. [PMID: 35343677 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microrobots driven by multiple propelling forces hold great potential for noninvasively targeted delivery in the physiologic environment. However, the remotely collective perception and precise propelling in a low Reynold's number bioenvironment remain the major challenges of microrobots to achieve desired therapeutic effects in vivo. Here, we reported a biohybrid microrobot that integrated with magnetic, thermal, and hypoxia sensitivities and an internal fluorescent protein as the dual reporter of thermal and positioning signals for targeted cancer treatment. There were three key elements in the microrobotic system, including the magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)-loaded probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle1917 (EcN@MNP) for spatially magnetic and hypoxia perception, a thermal-logic circuit engineered into the bacteria to control the biosynthesis of mCherry as the temperature and positioning reporter, and NDH-2 enzyme encoded in the EcN for enhanced anticancer therapy. According to the fluorescent-protein-based imaging feedback, the microrobot showed good thermal sensitivity and active targeting ability to the tumor area in a collective manner under the magnetic field. The cancer cell apoptosis was efficiently triggered in vitro and in vivo by the hybrid microrobot coupled with the effects of magnetothermal ablation and NDH-2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage. Our study demonstrates that the biohybrid EcN microrobot is an ideal platform to integrate the physical, biological, and chemical properties for collective perception and propelling in targeted cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Chen
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yingze Li
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yanjin Wang
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Peng Ning
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yajing Shen
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Xueyan Wei
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Qishuai Feng
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yali Liu
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Zhenguang Li
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Siyu Huang
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Cuijun Deng
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai 200120, China
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14
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Bao Y, Cheng Y, Liu W, Luo W, Zhou P, Qian D. Bacteria−Based Synergistic Therapy in the Backdrop of Synthetic Biology. Front Oncol 2022; 12:845346. [PMID: 35444948 PMCID: PMC9013830 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.845346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the synergistic effect of traditional therapies combined with tumor targeting or immunotherapy can significantly reduce mortality, cancer remains the leading cause of disease related death to date. Limited clinical response rate, drug resistance and off-target effects, to a large extent, impede the ceilings of clinical efficiency. To get out from the dilemmas mentioned, bacterial therapy with a history of more than 150 years regained great concern in recent years. The rise of biological engineering and chemical modification strategies are able to optimize tumor bacterial therapy in highest measure, and meanwhile avoid its inherent drawbacks toward clinical application such as bacteriotoxic effects, weak controllability, and low security. Here, we give an overview of recent studies with regard to bacteria-mediated therapies combined with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. And more than that, we review the bacterial detoxification and targeting strategies via biological reprogramming or chemical modification, their applications, and clinical transformation prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dong Qian
- *Correspondence: Dong Qian, ; Peijie Zhou,
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15
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Chen H, Zhu D, Guo L, Li G. Effective Combination of Isoniazid and Core-Shell Magnetic Nanoradiotherapy Against Gastrointestinal Tumor Cell Types. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:1005-1014. [PMID: 35299864 PMCID: PMC8922330 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s342008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Radiotherapy is a conventional treatment for gastrointestinal tumors. However, its therapeutic effect might not be satisfactory because of factors such as radio-resistance of tumor cells and dose reduction applied to avoid damage to normal tissues. We developed a novel combination therapy involving the use of isoniazid (INH) and core-shell magnetic nanospheres (NPs) to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy. Methods Magnetic core-shell NPs were synthesized. The shell manganese dioxide (MnO2) reacted with intracellular glutathione to produce Mn2+, which decomposed hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to hydroxyl radicals (·OH) in the presence of INH to produce sufficient amount of reactive oxygen species. In addition to this chemodynamic therapy, MnO2 catalyzed H2O2 to O2, which alleviated hypoxia in tumors and thus enhanced the effect of radiotherapy. In addition, iron oxide (Fe3O4) and reduced Mn2+ were potential candidates for T1–T2 dual-mode magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with remarkable magnetic targeting ability. Results NPs exhibited efficient tumor targeting performance under the magnetic field and improved T1/T2 dual-mode MRI, which elevated oxygen levels without toxicity to the mice to achieve remarkable therapeutic outcomes, reaching a tumor inhibition rate of 93.2%. Moreover, chemodynamic therapy mediated by INH and NPs enhanced the therapeutic effect of radiotherapy both in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion The results demonstrated that the combination of INH and NPs could be a novel strategy for radiosensitization with clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of General Surgery & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Nanfang Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daoming Zhu
- Department of General Surgery & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Nanfang Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoxin Li
- Department of General Surgery & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Nanfang Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Guoxin Li; Liang Guo, Email ;
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16
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Native and Engineered Probiotics: Promising Agents against Related Systemic and Intestinal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020594. [PMID: 35054790 PMCID: PMC8775704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal homeostasis is a dynamic balance involving the interaction between the host intestinal mucosa, immune barrier, intestinal microecology, nutrients, and metabolites. Once homeostasis is out of balance, it will increase the risk of intestinal diseases and is also closely associated with some systemic diseases. Probiotics (Escherichia coli Nissle 1917, Akkermansia muciniphila, Clostridium butyricum, lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacterium spp.), maintaining the gut homeostasis through direct interaction with the intestine, can also exist as a specific agent to prevent, alleviate, or cure intestinal-related diseases. With genetic engineering technology advancing, probiotics can also show targeted therapeutic properties. The aims of this review are to summarize the roles of potential native and engineered probiotics in oncology, inflammatory bowel disease, and obesity, discussing the therapeutic applications of these probiotics.
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17
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Pan Y, Tang W, Fan W, Zhang J, Chen X. Development of nanotechnology-mediated precision radiotherapy for anti-metastasis and radioprotection. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9759-9830. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01145f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT), including external beam RT and internal radiation therapy, uses high-energy ionizing radiation to kill tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Wei Tang
- Departments of Pharmacy and Diagnostic Radiology, Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Faculty of Science and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Wenpei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
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18
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Chen M, Wang P, Jiang D, Bao Z, Quan H. Platelet Membranes Coated Gold Nanocages for Tumor Targeted Drug Delivery and Amplificated Low-Dose Radiotherapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:793006. [PMID: 34900745 PMCID: PMC8651991 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.793006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous high doses of radiation can cause irreversible side effects and radiation resistance; thus, advanced radiosensitizers are urgently needed. To overcome this problem, we developed a nano platelet radiosensitization system (PCA) by coating the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin (CDDP) loaded gold nanocages (AuNs) within the platelet membrane. The developed PCA system may enable AuNs to have immune escape and targeting capabilities. After administration, PCA will actively target tumor cells and avoid being cleared by the immune system. Subsequently, CDDP, which destroys tumor cell DNA, can not only kill tumor cells directly but also combine with AuNs, which deposit radiation energy into tumor tissues, reducing RT resistance. In vivo and in vitro studies revealed that the combination of PCA with RT (2Gy) efficiently inhibits tumor proliferation without causing side effects such as inflammation. To conclude, this is the first attempt to use platelet membranes to correctly transport AuNs while also accomplishing low-dose RT, which could help AuNs-based tumor RT become more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Henan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dazhen Jiang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhirong Bao
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Quan
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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19
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Chen M, Wang Z, Suo W, Bao Z, Quan H. Injectable Hydrogel for Synergetic Low Dose Radiotherapy, Chemodynamic Therapy and Photothermal Therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:757428. [PMID: 34881231 PMCID: PMC8645961 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.757428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher doses of radiotherapy (RT) are associated with resistance induction, therefore highly selective and controllable radiosensitizers are urgently needed. To address this issue, we developed a FeGA-based injectable hydrogel system (FH) that can be used in combination with low-dose radiation. Our FH can deliver FeGA directly to the tumor site via intratumoral injection, where it is a reservoir-based system to conserve FeGA. The photothermal properties of FeGA steadily dissolve FH under laser irradiation, and, simultaneously, FeGA reacts with a large amount of H2O2 in the cell to produce OH (Fenton reaction) which is highly toxic to mitochondria, rendering the cell inactive and reducing radiotherapy resistance. In vivo and in vitro studies suggest that combining the FH and NIR irradiation with RT (2Gy) can significantly reduce tumor proliferation without side effects such as inflammation. To conclude, this is the first study to achieve combined chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) in situ treatment, and the best therapeutic effect can be obtained with a low-dose radiation combination, thus expanding the prospects of FeGA-based tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weilong Suo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Nanotechnology at Universities of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Zhirong Bao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Quan
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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20
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Zeng W, Liu C, Wang S, Wang Z, Huang Q. SnFe 2O 4 Nanozyme Based TME Improvement System for Anti-Cancer Combination Thermoradiotherapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:768829. [PMID: 34746011 PMCID: PMC8564484 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.768829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
High doses of radiotherapy (RT) are associated with resistance induction. Therefore, highly selective and controllable radiosensitizers are urgently needed. To address this issue, we developed a tin ferrite (SFO)-based tumor microenvironment (TME)-improved system (SIS) that can be used in combination with low-dose radiation. The SIS was delivered via intratumoral injection directly to the tumor site, where it was stored as a ration depot. Due to the photothermal properties of SFO, SIS steadily dissolved under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. Simultaneously, the dual glutathione oxidase (GSH-OXD) and catalase (CAT) activities of the SFO nanozyme significantly lowered the content of GSH in tumor tissues and efficiently catalyzed the conversion of intracellular hydrogen peroxide to produce a large amount of oxygen (O2) for intracellular redox homeostasis disruption, thus reducing radiotherapy resistance. Our in vivo and in vitro studies suggested that combining the SIS and NIR irradiation with RT (2Gy) significantly reduced tumor proliferation without side effects such as inflammation. To conclude, this study revealed that SFO-based nanozymes show great promise as a catalytic, radiosensitizing anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zeng
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunping Liu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuntao Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinqin Huang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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21
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Jiao D, Wu K, Xu K, Liu Y, Zhao D, Han X, Fan R. Development of A Decahedral Nanoenzyme Capable of Overcoming Hypoxia to Facilitate the Iodine-125 Radiosensitization of Esophageal Cancer. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:764531. [PMID: 34692667 PMCID: PMC8531641 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.764531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioisotopes have long been leveraged for internal radiotherapy-mediated cancer treatment. However, such therapeutic approaches are associated with serious side effects, and their efficacy is limited by intratumoral hypoxia. Herein, we prepared a folic acid-decorated palladium decahedral platform capable of enhancing the radiotherapeutic efficacy of iodine-125 (125I) seed treatment. This decahedral nanoenzyme was able to target tumor regions and catalyze the conversion of intracellular H2O2 to O2, thereby alleviating hypoxia within the tumor microenvironment. In addition, palladium was hypoxia can be alleviated, on the other hand, palladium was able to enhance the radiotherapeutic energy deposition within tumor tissues. The results of this analysis indicated that synthesized decahedral constructs can efficiently target and modify the hypoxic tumor microenvironment while simultaneously enhancing radiation energy deposition therein. Relative to palladium nanodots, the prolonged in vivo circulation of these decahedral constructs better enabled them to facilitate sustained radiosensitization. Overall, the results of this study highlight a novel approach to improving the therapeutic utility of 125I seed interstitial implantation, thus underscoring an important direction for future clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechao Jiao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kunpeng Wu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kaihao Xu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Deyao Zhao
- Department of Irradiation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruitai Fan
- Department of Irradiation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Zeng W, Jiang D, Liu Z, Suo W, Wang Z, Zhu D, Huang Q. An Injectable Hydrogel for Enhanced FeGA-Based Chemodynamic Therapy by Increasing Intracellular Acidity. Front Oncol 2021; 11:750855. [PMID: 34631588 PMCID: PMC8492932 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.750855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyl radical (•OH)-mediated chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is an emerging antitumor strategy, however, acid deficiency in the tumor microenvironment (TME) hampers its efficacy. In this study, a new injectable hydrogel was developed as an acid-enhanced CDT system (AES) for improving tumor therapy. The AES contains iron-gallic acid nanoparticles (FeGA) and α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (α-CHCA). FeGA converts near-infrared laser into heat, which results in agarose degradation and consequent α-CHCA release. Then, as a monocarboxylic acid transporter inhibitor, α-CHCA can raise the acidity in TME, thus contributing to an increase in ·OH-production in FeGA-based CDT. This approach was found effective for killing tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating good therapeutic efficacy. In vivo investigations also revealed that AES had outstanding biocompatibility and stability. This is the first study to improve FeGA-based CDT by increasing intracellular acidity. The AES system developed here opens new opportunities for effective tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zeng
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dazhen Jiang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zeming Liu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weilong Suo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Daoming Zhu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qinqin Huang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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23
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Caballero AM, Villagrán VAS, Serna AJ, Farrés A. Challenges in the production and use of probiotics as therapeuticals in cancer treatment or prevention. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:6356962. [PMID: 34427674 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics were defined as microbial strains that confer health benefits to their consumers. The concept has evolved during the last twenty years, and today metabolites produced by the strains, known as postbiotics, and even dead cells, known as paraprobiotics are closely associated to them. The isolation of commensal strains from human microbiome has led to the development of next generation probiotics. This review aims to present an overview of the developments in the area of cancer prevention and treatment, intimately related to advances in the knowledge of the microbiome role in its genesis and therapy. Strain identification and characterization, production processes, delivery strategies and clinical evaluation are crucial to translate results into the market with solid scientific support. Examples of recent tools in isolation, strain typification, quality control and development of new probiotic strains are described. Probiotics market and regulation were originally developed in the food sector, but these new strategies will impact the pharmaceutical and health sectors, requiring new considerations in regulatory frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Mejía Caballero
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Insituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Vianey Anahi Salas Villagrán
- Departamento de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alaide Jiménez Serna
- Centro de Investigación y Capacitación en Gastronomía, Universidad del Claustro de Sor Juana, 06080 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Amelia Farrés
- Departamento de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
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24
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An intratumoral injectable nanozyme hydrogel for hypoxia-resistant thermoradiotherapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 207:112026. [PMID: 34384974 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia in local tumors leads to the failure or resistance of radiotherapy (RT) and high-dose RT will cause systemic reactions and local radiation damage. As a non-chemotherapeutic intervention, photothermal therapy (PTT) can remove tumor tissues through thermal ablation as well as effectively improve the microenvironment of hypoxic cells. Therefore, the combined use of PTT and RT (thermoradiotherapy) has urgently become an efficient treatment. In this work, by encapsulating prussian blue (PB) nanoparticles in agarose hydrogel, we developed an injectable hybrid light-controlled hydrogel system as a PB reservoir and release controller (PRC) which can realize single injection and multiple treatments in vivo. Under the irradiation of 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) laser, PB nanoparticles convert laser energy into heat energy, causing degradation of agarose hydrogel and the release of PB nanoparticles. Due to the excellent photothermal properties of PB, photothermal treatment in the NIR Biological Windows can greatly enhance the sensitivity of tumor cells to RT. Meanwhile, PB nanoparticles can also be a nanozyme to drive the decomposition of endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and then generate oxygen (O2) to improve the tumor hypoxic microenvironment, achieving the further enhancement of the radiation sensitivity. Notably, this study is the first design to utilize hydrogel for thermoradiotherapy. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments, the PRC demonstrated excellent effects of PTT-RT, good stability and biocompatibility, indicating our nanoplatform promote the development of anti-cancer combination thermoradiotherapy with greater clinical significance.
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25
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Yang Y, Hua S, Suo W, Wang W, Wang L, Chen Z, Liu K, Zhao J. A Novel Bionic Catalyst-Mediated Drug Delivery System for Enhanced Sonodynamic Therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:699737. [PMID: 34395406 PMCID: PMC8361452 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.699737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound (US)-triggered sonodynamic therapy (SDT) proves itself to be a formidable tool in the fight against cancer, due to its large spectrum of uses as a non-invasive therapeutic measure, while also demonstrating itself to be a certain improvement upon traditional SDT therapeutics. However, tumor hypoxia remains to be a major challenge for oxygen-dependent SDT. This study describes the development of an innovative, multi-use, catalyst-based and improved SDT targeting cancer, through the employment of a sonosensitizing curcumin (Cur) load embedded within a MnO2 core, together with an extraneous tumor cell membrane component. The latter allows for efficient tumor recognition properties. Hollowed-out MnO2 allows for efficient drug delivery, together with catalyzing oxygen generation from hydrogen peroxide present in tumor tissue, leading to enhanced SDT efficacy through the induction of a reduced hypoxic state within the tumor. In addition, Cur acts as a cytotoxic agent in its own right. The results deriving from in vivo studies revealed that such a biomimetic approach for drug-delivery actually led to a reduced hypoxic state within tumor tissue and a raised tumor-inhibitory effect within mouse models. Such a therapeutic measure attained a synergic SDT-based tumor sensitization treatment option, together with the potential use of such catalysis-based therapeutic formulations in other medical conditions having hypoxic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Hua
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weilong Suo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Nanotechnology at Universities of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Wenbin Wang
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Longhao Wang
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhengguang Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kefeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Internet Medical and System Applications of National Engineering Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
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