1
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Rosso AP, de Oliveira FA, Guégan P, Jager E, Giacomelli FC. Evaluation of polymersome permeability as a fundamental aspect towards the development of artificial cells and nanofactories. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 671:88-99. [PMID: 38795537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Polymersomes are synthetic vesicles with potential use in healthcare, chemical transformations in confined environment (nanofactories), and in the construction of artificial cells and organelles. In this framework, one of the most important features of such supramolecular structures is the permeability behavior allowing for selective control of mass exchange between the inner and outer compartments. The use of biological and synthetic nanopores in this regard is the most common strategy to impart permeability nevertheless, this typically requires fairly complex strategies to enable porosity. Yet, investigations concerning the permeability of polymer vesicles to different analytes still requires further exploration and, taking these considerations into account, we have detailed investigated the permeability behavior of a variety of polymersomes with regard to different analytes (water, protons, and rhodamine B) which were selected as models for solvents, ions, and small molecules. Polymersomes based on hydrophilic blocks of poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] (PHPMA) or PEO (poly(ethylene oxide)) linked to the non-responsive blocks poly[N-(4-isopropylphenylacetamide)ethyl methacrylate] (PPPhA) or poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), or to the stimuli pH-responsive block poly[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDPA) have been investigated. Interestingly, the produced PEO-based vesicles are notably larger than the ones produced using PHPMA-containing block copolymers. The experimental results reveal that all the vesicles are inherently permeable to some extent with permeability behavior following exponential profiles. Nevertheless, polymersomes based on PMMA as the hydrophobic component were demonstrated to be the least permeable to the small molecule rhodamine B as well as to water. The synthetic vesicles based on the pH-responsive PDPA block exhibited restrictive and notably slow proton permeability as attributed to partial chain protonation upon acidification of the medium. The dye permeability was evidenced to be much slower than ion or solvent diffusion, and in the case of pH-responsive assemblies, it was demonstrated to also depend on the ionic strength of the environment. These findings are understood to be highly relevant towards polymer selection for the production of synthetic vesicles with selective and time-dependent permeability, and it may thus contribute in advancing biomimicry and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabella P Rosso
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | | | - Philippe Guégan
- Equipe Chimie des Polymères, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR-CNRS 8232), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Eliezer Jager
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fernando C Giacomelli
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil.
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2
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Jäger E, Ilina O, Dölen Y, Valente M, van Dinther EA, Jäger A, Figdor CG, Verdoes M. pH and ROS Responsiveness of Polymersome Nanovaccines for Antigen and Adjuvant Codelivery: An In Vitro and In Vivo Comparison. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1749-1758. [PMID: 38236997 PMCID: PMC10934262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The antitumor immunity can be enhanced through the synchronized codelivery of antigens and immunostimulatory adjuvants to antigen-presenting cells, particularly dendritic cells (DCs), using nanovaccines (NVs). To study the influence of intracellular vaccine cargo release kinetics on the T cell activating capacities of DCs, we compared stimuli-responsive to nonresponsive polymersome NVs. To do so, we employed "AND gate" multiresponsive (MR) amphiphilic block copolymers that decompose only in response to the combination of chemical cues present in the environment of the intracellular compartments in antigen cross-presenting DCs: low pH and high reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. After being unmasked by ROS, pH-responsive side chains are exposed and can undergo a charge shift within a relevant pH window of the intracellular compartments in antigen cross-presenting DCs. NVs containing the model antigen Ovalbumin (OVA) and the iNKT cell activating adjuvant α-Galactosylceramide (α-Galcer) were fabricated using microfluidics self-assembly. The MR NVs outperformed the nonresponsive NV in vitro, inducing enhanced classical- and cross-presentation of the OVA by DCs, effectively activating CD8+, CD4+ T cells, and iNKT cells. Interestingly, in vivo, the nonresponsive NVs outperformed the responsive vaccines. These differences in polymersome vaccine performance are likely linked to the kinetics of cargo release, highlighting the crucial chemical requirements for successful cancer nanovaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliézer Jäger
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of
Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department
of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University
Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Olga Ilina
- Department
of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University
Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yusuf Dölen
- Department
of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University
Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Valente
- Department
of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University
Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eric A.W. van Dinther
- Department
of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University
Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Jäger
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of
Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Carl G. Figdor
- Department
of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University
Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Chemical Immunology, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department
of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University
Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Chemical Immunology, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Weiss AM, Hossainy S, Rowan SJ, Hubbell JA, Esser-Kahn AP. Immunostimulatory Polymers as Adjuvants, Immunotherapies, and Delivery Systems. Macromolecules 2022; 55:6913-6937. [PMID: 36034324 PMCID: PMC9404695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
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Activating innate immunity in a controlled manner is
necessary
for the development of next-generation therapeutics. Adjuvants, or
molecules that modulate the immune response, are critical components
of vaccines and immunotherapies. While small molecules and biologics
dominate the adjuvant market, emerging evidence supports the use of
immunostimulatory polymers in therapeutics. Such polymers can stabilize
and deliver cargo while stimulating the immune system by functioning
as pattern recognition receptor (PRR) agonists. At the same time,
in designing polymers that engage the immune system, it is important
to consider any unintended initiation of an immune response that results
in adverse immune-related events. Here, we highlight biologically
derived and synthetic polymer scaffolds, as well as polymer–adjuvant
systems and stimuli-responsive polymers loaded with adjuvants, that
can invoke an immune response. We present synthetic considerations
for the design of such immunostimulatory polymers, outline methods
to target their delivery, and discuss their application in therapeutics.
Finally, we conclude with our opinions on the design of next-generation
immunostimulatory polymers, new applications of immunostimulatory
polymers, and the development of improved preclinical immunocompatibility
tests for new polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Weiss
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago 5640 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago 5735 S Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Samir Hossainy
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago 5640 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Stuart J. Rowan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago 5640 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago 5735 S Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Hubbell
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago 5640 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago 5640 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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4
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Wang T, Qin J, Cheng J, Li C, Du J. Intelligent design of polymersomes for antibacterial and anticancer applications. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1822. [PMID: 35673991 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Polymersomes (or polymer vesicles) have attracted much attention for biomedical applications in recent years because their lumen can be used for drug delivery and their coronas and membrane can be modified with a variety of functional groups. Thus, polymersomes are very suitable for improved antibacterial and anticancer therapy. This review mainly highlighted recent advances in the synthetic protocols and design principles of intelligent antibacterial and anticancer polymersomes. Antibacterial polymersomes are divided into three categories: polymersomes as antibiotic nanocarriers, intrinsically antibacterial polymersomes, and antibacterial polymersomes with supplementary means including photothermal and photodynamic therapy. Similarly, the anticancer polymersomes are divided into two categories: polymersomes-based delivery systems and anticancer polymersomes with supplementary means. In addition, the bilateral relationship between bacteria and cancer is addressed, since more and more evidences show that bacteria may cause cancer or promote cancer progression. Finally, prospective on next-generation antibacterial and anticancer polymersomes are discussed. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinlong Qin
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajing Cheng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Li
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianzhong Du
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
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Optical
imaging has become an essential tool to study biomolecular
processes in live systems with unprecedented spatial resolution. New
fluorescent technologies and advances in optical microscopy have revolutionized
the ways in which we can study immune cells in real time. For example,
activatable fluorophores that emit signals after target recognition
have enabled direct imaging of immune cell function with enhanced
readouts and minimal background. In this Account, we summarize recent
advances in the chemical synthesis and implementation of activatable
fluorescent probes to monitor the activity and the role of immune
cells in different pathological processes, from infection to inflammatory
diseases or cancer. In addition to the contributions that our group
has made to this field, we review the most relevant literature disclosed
over the past decade, providing examples of different activatable
architectures and their application in diagnostics and drug discovery.
This Account covers the imaging of the three major cell types in the
immune system, that is, neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes.
Attracted by the tunability and target specificity of peptides, many
groups have designed strategies based on fluorogenic peptides whose
fluorescence emission is regulated by the reaction with enzymes (e.g.,
MMPs, cathepsins, granzymes), or through Förster resonance
energy transfer (FRET) mechanisms. Selective imaging of immune cells
has been also achieved by targeting different intracellular metabolic
routes, such as lipid biogenesis. Other approaches involve the implementation
of diversity-oriented fluorescence libraries or the use of environmentally
sensitive fluorescent scaffolds (e.g., molecular rotors). Our group
has made important progress by constructing probes to image metastasis-associated
macrophages in tumors, apoptotic neutrophils, or cytotoxic natural
killer (NK) cells against cancer cells, among other examples. The
chemical probes covered in this Account have been successfully validated
in vitro in cell culture systems, and in vivo in relevant models of
inflammation and cancer. Overall, the range of chemical structures
and activation mechanisms reported to sense immune cell function is
remarkable. However, the emergence of new strategies based on new
molecular targets or activatable mechanisms that are yet to be discovered
will open the door to track unexplored roles of immune cells in different
biological systems. We anticipate that upcoming generations of activatable
probes will find applications in the clinic to help assessing immunotherapies
and advance precision medicine. We hope that this Account will evoke
new ideas and innovative work in the design of fluorescent probes
for imaging cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Mendive-Tapia
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Marc Vendrell
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ Edinburgh, U.K
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Chu S, Shi X, Tian Y, Gao F. pH-Responsive Polymer Nanomaterials for Tumor Therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:855019. [PMID: 35392227 PMCID: PMC8980858 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.855019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the tumor microenvironment presents significant challenges to cancer therapy, while providing opportunities for targeted drug delivery. Using characteristic signals of the tumor microenvironment, various stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems can be constructed for targeted drug delivery to tumor sites. Among these, the pH is frequently utilized, owing to the pH of the tumor microenvironment being lower than that of blood and healthy tissues. pH-responsive polymer carriers can improve the efficiency of drug delivery in vivo, allow targeted drug delivery, and reduce adverse drug reactions, enabling multifunctional and personalized treatment. pH-responsive polymers have gained increasing interest due to their advantageous properties and potential for applicability in tumor therapy. In this review, recent advances in, and common applications of, pH-responsive polymer nanomaterials for drug delivery in cancer therapy are summarized, with a focus on the different types of pH-responsive polymers. Moreover, the challenges and future applications in this field are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunli Chu
- Department of Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaolu Shi
- Department of Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fengxiang Gao
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
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7
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Ding X, Sun X, Cai H, Wu L, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Zhou D, Yu G, Zhou X. Engineering Macrophages via Nanotechnology and Genetic Manipulation for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 11:786913. [PMID: 35070992 PMCID: PMC8770285 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.786913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play critical roles in tumor progression. In the tumor microenvironment, macrophages display highly diverse phenotypes and may perform antitumorigenic or protumorigenic functions in a context-dependent manner. Recent studies have shown that macrophages can be engineered to transport drug nanoparticles (NPs) to tumor sites in a targeted manner, thereby exerting significant anticancer effects. In addition, macrophages engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) were shown to actively migrate to tumor sites and eliminate tumor cells through phagocytosis. Importantly, after reaching tumor sites, these engineered macrophages can significantly change the otherwise immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment and thereby enhance T cell-mediated anticancer immune responses. In this review, we first introduce the multifaceted activities of macrophages and the principles of nanotechnology in cancer therapy and then elaborate on macrophage engineering via nanotechnology or genetic approaches and discuss the effects, mechanisms, and limitations of such engineered macrophages, with a focus on using live macrophages as carriers to actively deliver NP drugs to tumor sites. Several new directions in macrophage engineering are reviewed, such as transporting NP drugs through macrophage cell membranes or extracellular vesicles, reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) by nanotechnology, and engineering macrophages with CARs. Finally, we discuss the possibility of combining engineered macrophages and other treatments to improve outcomes in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Ding
- Department of Immunology, Nantong University, School of Medicine, Nantong, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xinchen Sun
- Department of Immunology, Nantong University, School of Medicine, Nantong, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Peoples' Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Huihui Cai
- Department of Immunology, Nantong University, School of Medicine, Nantong, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Nantong People's Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Immunology, Nantong University, School of Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Immunology, Nantong University, School of Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Southeast University, School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Dingjingyu Zhou
- Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Guiping Yu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangyin, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Nantong University, School of Medicine, Nantong, China
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8
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Piergentili I, Bouwmans PR, Reinalda L, Lewis RW, Klemm B, Liu H, de Kruijff RM, Denkova AG, Eelkema R. Thioanisole ester based logic gate cascade to control ROS-triggered micellar degradation. Polym Chem 2022; 13:2383-2390. [PMID: 35664499 PMCID: PMC9016795 DOI: 10.1039/d2py00207h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thioanisole ester polymer side chains hydrolyze exclusively upon thioether oxidation, showing logic gate response. ROS-induced ester hydrolysis on the hydrophobic domain leads to nanocarrier disassembly with potential for targeted drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Piergentili
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Pepijn R. Bouwmans
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk Reinalda
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Reece W. Lewis
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Klemm
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Robin M. de Kruijff
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Antonia G. Denkova
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Eelkema
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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