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Melianas A, Kemerink M. Photogenerated Charge Transport in Organic Electronic Materials: Experiments Confirmed by Simulations. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1806004. [PMID: 30719756 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The performance of organic optoelectronic devices, such as organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells, is to a large extent dictated by their ability to transport the photogenerated charge, with relevant processes spanning a wide temporal (fs-µs) and spatial (1-100 nm) range. However, time-resolved techniques can access only a limited temporal window, and often contradict steady-state measurements. Here, commonly employed steady-state and time-resolved techniques are unified over an exceptionally wide temporal range (fs-µs) in a consistent physical picture. Experimental evidence confirmed by numerical simulations shows that, although various techniques probe different time scales, they are mutually consistent as they probe the same physical mechanisms governing charge motion in disordered media-carrier hopping and thermalization in a disorder-broadened density of states (DOS). The generality of this framework is highlighted by time-resolved experimental data obtained on polymer:fullerene, polymer:polymer, and small-molecule blends with varying morphology, including recent experiments revealing that low donor content OPV devices operate by long-range hole tunneling between non-nearest-neighbor molecules. The importance of nonequilibrium processes in organic electronic materials is reviewed, with a particular focus on experimental data and understanding charge transport physics in terms of material DOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armantas Melianas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Martijn Kemerink
- Complex Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
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Spoltore D, Hofacker A, Benduhn J, Ullbrich S, Nyman M, Zeika O, Schellhammer S, Fan Y, Ramirez I, Barlow S, Riede M, Marder SR, Ortmann F, Vandewal K. Hole Transport in Low-Donor-Content Organic Solar Cells. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:5496-5501. [PMID: 30187758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Organic solar cells with an electron donor diluted in a fullerene matrix have a reduced density of donor-fullerene contacts, resulting in decreased free-carrier recombination and increased open-circuit voltages. However, the low donor concentration prevents the formation of percolation pathways for holes. Notwithstanding, high (>75%) external quantum efficiencies can be reached, suggesting an effective hole-transport mechanism. Here, we perform a systematic study of the hole mobilities of 18 donors, diluted at ∼6 mol % in C60, with varying frontier energy level offsets and relaxation energies. We find that hole transport between isolated donor molecules occurs by long-range tunneling through several fullerene molecules, with the hole mobilities being correlated to the relaxation energy of the donor. The transport mechanism presented in this study is of general relevance to bulk heterojunction organic solar cells where mixed phases of fullerene containing a small fraction of a donor material or vice versa are present as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Spoltore
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics , Technische Universität Dresden , 01187 Dresden , Germany
| | - Andreas Hofacker
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics , Technische Universität Dresden , 01187 Dresden , Germany
| | - Johannes Benduhn
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics , Technische Universität Dresden , 01187 Dresden , Germany
| | - Sascha Ullbrich
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics , Technische Universität Dresden , 01187 Dresden , Germany
| | - Mathias Nyman
- Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Åbo Akademi University , Porthansgatan 3 , 20500 Turku , Finland
| | - Olaf Zeika
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics , Technische Universität Dresden , 01187 Dresden , Germany
| | - Sebastian Schellhammer
- Center for Advancing Electronics (cfaed) , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Yeli Fan
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0400 , United States
| | - Ivan Ramirez
- Department of Physics , Oxford University , Parks Road , OX1 3PU Oxford , United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0400 , United States
| | - Moritz Riede
- Department of Physics , Oxford University , Parks Road , OX1 3PU Oxford , United Kingdom
| | - Seth R Marder
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0400 , United States
| | - Frank Ortmann
- Center for Advancing Electronics (cfaed) , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Koen Vandewal
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics , Technische Universität Dresden , 01187 Dresden , Germany
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Inganäs O. Organic Photovoltaics over Three Decades. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800388. [PMID: 29938847 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of organic semiconductors for photovoltaic devices, over the last three decades, has led to unexpected performance for an alternative choice of materials to convert sunlight to electricity. New materials and developed concepts have improved the photovoltage in organic photovoltaic devices, where records are now found above 13% power conversion efficiency in sunlight. The author has stayed with the topic of organic materials for energy conversion and energy storage during these three decades, and makes use of the Hall of Fame now built by Advanced Materials, to present his view of the path travelled over this time, including motivations, personalities, and ambitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Inganäs
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, S-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
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Ie Y, Karakawa M, Jinnai S, Yoshida H, Saeki A, Seki S, Yamamoto S, Ohkita H, Aso Y. Electron-donor function of methanofullerenes in donor–acceptor bulk heterojunction systems. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:4123-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00940a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electron-donor function of methanofullerenes in bulk heterojunction systems is demonstrated for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Ie
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR)
- Osaka University
- Ibaraki, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)-PRESTO
- Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Makoto Karakawa
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR)
- Osaka University
- Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Seihou Jinnai
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR)
- Osaka University
- Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshida
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)-PRESTO
- Kawaguchi, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Research
- Kyoto University
- Uji, Japan
| | - Akinori Saeki
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)-PRESTO
- Kawaguchi, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamamoto
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Nishikyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Ohkita
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)-PRESTO
- Kawaguchi, Japan
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
| | - Yoshio Aso
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR)
- Osaka University
- Ibaraki, Japan
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Luo J, Li L, Song Y, Pei J. A Piezochromic Luminescent Complex: Mechanical Force Induced Patterning with a High Contrast Ratio. Chemistry 2011; 17:10515-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solid, Laboratory of New Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100090 (P. R. China)
| | - Li‐Yi Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 (P. R. China)
| | - Yanlin Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solid, Laboratory of New Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100090 (P. R. China)
| | - Jian Pei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 (P. R. China)
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Inganäs O, Zhang F, Tvingstedt K, Andersson LM, Hellström S, Andersson MR. Polymer photovoltaics with alternating copolymer/fullerene blends and novel device architectures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:E100-E116. [PMID: 20455208 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200904407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of novel conjugated polymers, designed for the purpose of photovoltaic energy conversion, and their properties in polymer/fullerene materials and photovoltaic devices are reviewed. Two families of main-chain polymer donors, based on fluorene or phenylene and donor-acceptor-donor comonomers in alternating copolymers, are used to absorb the high-energy parts of the solar spectrum and to give high photovoltages in combinations with fullerene acceptors in devices. These materials are used in alternative photovoltaic device geometries with enhanced light incoupling to collect larger photocurrents or to enable tandem devices and enhance photovoltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Inganäs
- Center of Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Linköping University, Sweden.
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