1
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Stenson K, Fecteau TE, O'Callaghan L, Bryden P, Mellor J, Wright J, Earl L, Thomas O, Iqbal H, Barlow S, Parvanta S. Health-related quality of life across disease stages in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: results from a real-world survey. J Neurol 2024; 271:2390-2404. [PMID: 38200398 PMCID: PMC11055770 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12141-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by a rapid disease course, with disease severity being associated with declining health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in persons living with ALS (pALS). The main objective of this study was to assess the impact of disease progression on HRQoL across King's, Milano-Torino Staging (MiToS), and physician-judgement clinical staging. Additionally, we evaluated the impact of the disease on the HRQoL of care partners (cALS). METHODS Data were sourced from the Adelphi ALS Disease Specific Programme (DSP)™, a cross-sectional survey of neurologists, pALS and cALS presenting in a real-world clinical setting between July 2020 and March 2021 in Europe and the United States. RESULTS Neurologists (n = 142) provided data for 880 pALS. There were significant negative correlations between all three clinical staging systems and EuroQol (European Quality of Life) Five Dimension Five Level Scale (EQ-5D-5L) utility scores and visual analogue scale (VAS) ratings. Although not all differences were significant, 5-item Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Assessment Questionnaire (ALSAQ-5) scores showed a stepwise increase in HRQoL impairment at each stage of the disease regardless of the staging system. At later stages, high levels of fatigue and substantial activity impairment were reported. As pALS disease states progressed, cALS also experienced a decline in HRQoL and increased burden. CONCLUSIONS Across outcomes, pALS and cALS generally reported worse outcomes at later stages of the disease, highlighting an unmet need in this population for strategies to maximise QoL despite disease progression. Recognition and treatment of symptoms such as pain and fatigue may lead to improved outcomes for pALS and cALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - L O'Callaghan
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Sage Therapeutics, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - J Mellor
- Adelphi Real World, Bollington, UK
| | - J Wright
- Adelphi Real World, Bollington, UK
| | - L Earl
- Adelphi Real World, Bollington, UK
| | - O Thomas
- Adelphi Real World, Bollington, UK
| | - H Iqbal
- Adelphi Real World, Bollington, UK
| | - S Barlow
- Adelphi Real World, Bollington, UK
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2
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Gish MK, Karunasena CD, Carr JM, Kopcha WP, Greenaway AL, Mohapatra AA, Zhang J, Basu A, Brosius V, Pratik SM, Bredas JL, Coropceanu V, Barlow S, Marder SR, Ferguson AJ, Reid OG. The Excited-State Lifetime of Poly(NDI2OD-T2) Is Intrinsically Short. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2024; 128:6392-6400. [PMID: 38655059 PMCID: PMC11033933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers composed of alternating electron donor and acceptor segments have come to dominate the materials being considered for organic photoelectrodes and solar cells, in large part because of their favorable near-infrared absorption. The prototypical electron-transporting push-pull polymer poly(NDI2OD-T2) (N2200) is one such material. While reasonably efficient organic solar cells can be fabricated with N2200 as the acceptor, it generally fails to contribute as much photocurrent from its absorption bands as the donor with which it is paired. Moreover, transient absorption studies have shown N2200 to have a consistently short excited-state lifetime (∼100 ps) that is dominated by a ground-state recovery. In this paper, we investigate whether these characteristics are intrinsic to the backbone structure of this polymer or if these are extrinsic effects from ubiquitous solution-phase and thin-film aggregates. We compare the solution-phase photophysics of N2200 with those of a pair of model compounds composed of alternating bithiophene (T2) donor and naphthalene diimide (NDI) acceptor units, NDI-T2-NDI and T2-NDI-T2, in a dilute solution. We find that the model compounds have even faster ground-state recovery dynamics (τ = 45, 27 ps) than the polymer (τ = 133 ps), despite remaining molecularly isolated in solution. In these molecules, as in the case of the N2200 polymer, the lowest excited state has a T2 to NDI charge-transfer (CT) character. Electronic-structure calculations indicate that the short lifetime of this state is due to fast nonradiative decay to the ground state (GS) promoted by strong CT-GS electronic coupling and strong electron-vibrational coupling with high-frequency (quantum) normal modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K. Gish
- Materials,
Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Chamikara D. Karunasena
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
| | - Joshua M. Carr
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - William P. Kopcha
- Materials,
Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ann L. Greenaway
- Materials,
Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Aiswarya Abhisek Mohapatra
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Junxiang Zhang
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Aniruddha Basu
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Victor Brosius
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Saied Md Pratik
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Bredas
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
| | - Veaceslav Coropceanu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University
of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Materials,
Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Seth R. Marder
- Materials,
Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Andrew J. Ferguson
- Materials,
Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Obadiah G. Reid
- Materials,
Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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3
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Shaikh A, Sahoo S, Marder SR, Barlow S, Mohapatra SK. Reductive dimerization of benzothiazolium salts. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2115-2123. [PMID: 38376182 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01871g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Three different types of reaction products were obtained from the reduction of 2-substituted 3-methylbenzothiazolium salts using Na : Hg (1 wt%). Depending on the 2-substituents, two types of dimeric compounds were obtained: the 2-cyclohexyl-, 2-phenyl-, and 2-(p-tolyl)-substituted species are reduced to the corresponding 2,2'-bibenzo[d]thiazoles, while their 2-((p-OMe)C6H4)- and 2-((p-NMe2)C6H4)-substituted derivatives afford cis-[1,4]benzothiazino[3,2-b][1,4]benzothiazines. Furthermore, in the presence of molecular O2, new disulfide derivatives were obtained from the bibenzo[d]thiazoles. The products were obtained in a moderate to good yield, and the structures were confirmed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The electrochemistry and further reactivity towards different oxidants of the dimeric compounds were studied; the 2,2'-bibenzo[d]thiazoles show oxidation potentials similar to that of ferrocene and are converted back to the corresponding benzothiazolium cations by mild oxidants such as TCNQ. In contrast, the benzothiazino-benzothiazines show no oxidations in the solvent window of THF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijaz Shaikh
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology-Indian Oil Odisha Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Center, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India.
| | - Satyajit Sahoo
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology-Indian Oil Odisha Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Center, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India.
| | - Seth R Marder
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Department of Chemistry and of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Swagat K Mohapatra
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology-Indian Oil Odisha Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Center, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India.
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4
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Mohapatra AA, Yual WK, Zhang Y, Samoylov AA, Thurston J, Davis CM, McCarthy DP, Printz AD, Toney MF, Ratcliff EL, Armstrong NR, Greenaway AL, Barlow S, Marder SR. Reducing delamination of an electron-transporting polymer from a metal oxide for electrochemical applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:988-991. [PMID: 38167668 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05391a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Delamination of the electron-transporting polymer N2200 from indium tin oxide (ITO) in aqueous electrolytes is mitigated by modifying ITO with an azide-functionalized phosphonic acid (PA) which, upon UV irradiation, reacts with the polymer. The optical, electrochemical, and spectroelectrochemical properties of N2200 thin films are retained in aqueous and non-aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Waleed Kuar Yual
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | | | - Jonathan Thurston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Casey M Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Declan P McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Adam D Printz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Michael F Toney
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Erin L Ratcliff
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Neal R Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Ann L Greenaway
- Materials, Chemistry, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- Materials, Chemistry, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Materials, Chemistry, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
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5
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Tang K, Brown MR, Risko C, Gish MK, Rumbles G, Pham PH, Luca OR, Barlow S, Marder SR. Beyond n-dopants for organic semiconductors: use of bibenzo[ d]imidazoles in UV-promoted dehalogenation reactions of organic halides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1912-1922. [PMID: 38116245 PMCID: PMC10729154 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
2,2'-Bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)- and 2,2'-dicyclohexyl-1,1',3,3'-tetramethyl-2,2',3,3'-tetrahydro-2,2'-bibenzo[d]imidazole ((N-DMBI)2 and (Cyc-DMBI)2) are quite strong reductants with effective potentials of ca. -2 V vs ferrocenium/ferrocene, yet are relatively stable to air due to the coupling of redox and bond-breaking processes. Here, we examine their use in accomplishing electron transfer-induced bond-cleavage reactions, specifically dehalogenations. The dimers reduce halides that have reduction potentials less cathodic than ca. -2 V vs ferrocenium/ferrocene, especially under UV photoexcitation (using a 365 nm LED). In the case of benzyl halides, the products are bibenzyl derivatives, whereas aryl halides are reduced to the corresponding arenes. The potentials of the halides that can be reduced in this way, quantum-chemical calculations, and steady-state and transient absorption spectroscopy suggest that UV irradiation accelerates the reactions via cleavage of the dimers to the corresponding radical monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Tang
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Megan R Brown
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, United States
| | - Melissa K Gish
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States
| | - Garry Rumbles
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States,
| | - Phuc H Pham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Oana R Luca
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States,
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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6
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Gatsios C, Opitz A, Lungwitz D, Mansour AE, Schultz T, Shin D, Hammer S, Pflaum J, Zhang Y, Barlow S, Marder SR, Koch N. Surface doping of rubrene single crystals by molecular electron donors and acceptors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:29718-29726. [PMID: 37882732 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03640e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The surface molecular doping of organic semiconductors can play an important role in the development of organic electronic or optoelectronic devices. Single-crystal rubrene remains a leading molecular candidate for applications in electronics due to its high hole mobility. In parallel, intensive research into the fabrication of flexible organic electronics requires the careful design of functional interfaces to enable optimal device characteristics. To this end, the present work seeks to understand the effect of surface molecular doping on the electronic band structure of rubrene single crystals. Our angle-resolved photoemission measurements reveal that the Fermi level moves in the band gap of rubrene depending on the direction of surface electron-transfer reactions with the molecular dopants, yet the valence band dispersion remains essentially unperturbed. This indicates that surface electron-transfer doping of a molecular single crystal can effectively modify the near-surface charge density, while retaining good charge-carrier mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Gatsios
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dominique Lungwitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ahmed E Mansour
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schultz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dongguen Shin
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Hammer
- Experimentelle Physik VI, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for the Physics of Materials, Departments of Physics and Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Jens Pflaum
- Experimentelle Physik VI, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Applied Energy Research e.V., Magdalene-Schoch-Str. 3, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Mohapatra SK, Al Kurdi K, Jhulki S, Bogdanov G, Bacsa J, Conte M, Timofeeva TV, Marder SR, Barlow S. Benzoimidazolium-derived dimeric and hydride n-dopants for organic electron-transport materials: impact of substitution on structures, electrochemistry, and reactivity. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1651-1663. [PMID: 37942021 PMCID: PMC10630679 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
1,3-Dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]imidazoles, 1H, and 1,1',3,3'-tetramethyl-2,2',3,3'-tetrahydro-2,2'-bibenzo[d]imidazoles, 12, are of interest as n-dopants for organic electron-transport materials. Salts of 2-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-4,7-dimethoxy-, 2-cyclohexyl-4,7-dimethoxy-, and 2-(5-(dimethylamino)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[d]imidazolium (1g-i+, respectively) have been synthesized and reduced with NaBH4 to 1gH, 1hH, and 1iH, and with Na:Hg to 1g2 and 1h2. Their electrochemistry and reactivity were compared to those derived from 2-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)- (1b+) and 2-cyclohexylbenzo[d]imidazolium (1e+) salts. E(1+/1•) values for 2-aryl species are less reducing than for 2-alkyl analogues, i.e., the radicals are stabilized more by aryl groups than the cations, while 4,7-dimethoxy substitution leads to more reducing E(1+/1•) values, as well as cathodic shifts in E(12•+/12) and E(1H•+/1H) values. Both the use of 3,4-dimethoxy and 2-aryl substituents accelerates the reaction of the 1H species with PC61BM. Because 2-aryl groups stabilize radicals, 1b2 and 1g2 exhibit weaker bonds than 1e2 and 1h2 and thus react with 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (VII) via a "cleavage-first" pathway, while 1e2 and 1h2 react only via "electron-transfer-first". 1h2 exhibits the most cathodic E(12•+/12) value of the dimers considered here and, therefore, reacts more rapidly than any of the other dimers with VII via "electron-transfer-first". Crystal structures show rather long central C-C bonds for 1b2 (1.5899(11) and 1.6194(8) Å) and 1h2 (1.6299(13) Å).
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagat K Mohapatra
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 80007, United States
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology—Indian Oil Campus, ITT Kharagpur Extension Center, Bhubaneswar 751013 Odisha, India
| | - Khaled Al Kurdi
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 80007, United States
| | - Samik Jhulki
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 80007, United States
| | - Georgii Bogdanov
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, New Mexico 87701, United States
| | - John Bacsa
- Crystallography Lab, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Maxwell Conte
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 80007, United States
| | - Tatiana V Timofeeva
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, New Mexico 87701, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 80007, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 80007, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States
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8
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Aboaja A, Pandurangi P, Almeida S, Castelletti L, Rivera-Arroyo G, Opitz-Welke A, Welke J, Barlow S. Erratum: Six Nations: a clinical scenario comparison of systems for prisoners with psychosis in Australia, Bolivia and four European nations - ERRATUM. BJPsych Int 2023; 20:76. [PMID: 37531230 PMCID: PMC10387424 DOI: 10.1192/bji.2023.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1192/bji.2022.16.].
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9
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Wang R, Schultz T, Papadogianni A, Longhi E, Gatsios C, Zu F, Zhai T, Barlow S, Marder SR, Bierwagen O, Amsalem P, Koch N. Tuning the Surface Electron Accumulation Layer of In 2 O 3 by Adsorption of Molecular Electron Donors and Acceptors. Small 2023; 19:e2300730. [PMID: 37078833 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In2 O3 , an n-type semiconducting transparent transition metal oxide, possesses a surface electron accumulation layer (SEAL) resulting from downward surface band bending due to the presence of ubiquitous oxygen vacancies. Upon annealing In2 O3 in ultrahigh vacuum or in the presence of oxygen, the SEAL can be enhanced or depleted, as governed by the resulting density of oxygen vacancies at the surface. In this work, an alternative route to tune the SEAL by adsorption of strong molecular electron donors (specifically here ruthenium pentamethylcyclopentadienyl mesitylene dimer, [RuCp*mes]2 ) and acceptors (here 2,2'-(1,3,4,5,7,8-hexafluoro-2,6-naphthalene-diylidene)bis-propanedinitrile, F6 TCNNQ) is demonstrated. Starting from an electron-depleted In2 O3 surface after annealing in oxygen, the deposition of [RuCp*mes]2 restores the accumulation layer as a result of electron transfer from the donor molecules to In2 O3 , as evidenced by the observation of (partially) filled conduction sub-bands near the Fermi level via angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, indicating the formation of a 2D electron gas due to the SEAL. In contrast, when F6 TCNNQ is deposited on a surface annealed without oxygen, the electron accumulation layer vanishes and an upward band bending is generated at the In2 O3 surface due to electron depletion by the acceptor molecules. Hence, further opportunities to expand the application of In2 O3 in electronic devices are revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbin Wang
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schultz
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Papadogianni
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Longhi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Christos Gatsios
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fengshuo Zu
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tianshu Zhai
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Oliver Bierwagen
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Amsalem
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Nguyen HA, Dixon G, Dou FY, Gallagher S, Gibbs S, Ladd DM, Marino E, Ondry JC, Shanahan JP, Vasileiadou ES, Barlow S, Gamelin DR, Ginger DS, Jonas DM, Kanatzidis MG, Marder SR, Morton D, Murray CB, Owen JS, Talapin DV, Toney MF, Cossairt BM. Design Rules for Obtaining Narrow Luminescence from Semiconductors Made in Solution. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37311205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed semiconductors are in demand for present and next-generation optoelectronic technologies ranging from displays to quantum light sources because of their scalability and ease of integration into devices with diverse form factors. One of the central requirements for semiconductors used in these applications is a narrow photoluminescence (PL) line width. Narrow emission line widths are needed to ensure both color and single-photon purity, raising the question of what design rules are needed to obtain narrow emission from semiconductors made in solution. In this review, we first examine the requirements for colloidal emitters for a variety of applications including light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, lasers, and quantum information science. Next, we will delve into the sources of spectral broadening, including "homogeneous" broadening from dynamical broadening mechanisms in single-particle spectra, heterogeneous broadening from static structural differences in ensemble spectra, and spectral diffusion. Then, we compare the current state of the art in terms of emission line width for a variety of colloidal materials including II-VI quantum dots (QDs) and nanoplatelets, III-V QDs, alloyed QDs, metal-halide perovskites including nanocrystals and 2D structures, doped nanocrystals, and, finally, as a point of comparison, organic molecules. We end with some conclusions and connections, including an outline of promising paths forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao A Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Grant Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Florence Y Dou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Shaun Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Stephen Gibbs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Dylan M Ladd
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Emanuele Marino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Justin C Ondry
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - James P Shanahan
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Eugenia S Vasileiadou
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Daniel R Gamelin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - David S Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - David M Jonas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Daniel Morton
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Christopher B Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jonathan S Owen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dmitri V Talapin
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Michael F Toney
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Brandi M Cossairt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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11
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Lungwitz D, Joy S, Mansour AE, Opitz A, Karunasena C, Li H, Panjwani NA, Moudgil K, Tang K, Behrends J, Barlow S, Marder SR, Brédas JL, Graham K, Koch N, Kahn A. Spectral Signatures of a Negative Polaron in a Doped Polymer Semiconductor: Energy Levels and Hubbard U Interactions. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:5633-5640. [PMID: 37310355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The modern picture of negative charge carriers on conjugated polymers invokes the formation of a singly occupied (spin-up/spin-down) level within the polymer gap and a corresponding unoccupied level above the polymer conduction band edge. The energy splitting between these sublevels is related to on-site Coulomb interactions between electrons, commonly termed Hubbard U. However, spectral evidence for both sublevels and experimental access to the U value is still missing. Here, we provide evidence by n-doping the polymer P(NDI2OD-T2) with [RhCp*Cp]2, [N-DMBI]2, and cesium. Changes in the electronic structure after doping are studied with ultraviolet photoelectron and low-energy inverse photoemission spectroscopies (UPS, LEIPES). UPS data show an additional density of states (DOS) in the former empty polymer gap while LEIPES data show an additional DOS above the conduction band edge. These DOS are assigned to the singly occupied and unoccupied sublevels, allowing determination of a U value of ∼1 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lungwitz
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Syed Joy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Ahmed E Mansour
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chamikara Karunasena
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, USA
| | - Naitik A Panjwani
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karttikay Moudgil
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA
| | - Kan Tang
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Jan Behrends
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, USA
| | - Kenneth Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antoine Kahn
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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12
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Zhao L, Astridge DD, Gunnarsson WB, Xu Z, Hong J, Scott J, Kacmoli S, Al Kurdi K, Barlow S, Marder SR, Gmachl CF, Sellinger A, Rand BP. Thermal Properties of Polymer Hole-Transport Layers Influence the Efficiency Roll-off and Stability of Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes. Nano Lett 2023. [PMID: 37220025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
While the performance of metal halide perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) has rapidly improved in recent years, their stability remains a bottleneck to commercial realization. Here, we show that the thermal stability of polymer hole-transport layers (HTLs) used in PeLEDs represents an important factor influencing the external quantum efficiency (EQE) roll-off and device lifetime. We demonstrate a reduced EQE roll-off, a higher breakdown current density of approximately 6 A cm-2, a maximum radiance of 760 W sr-1 m-2, and a longer device lifetime for PeLEDs using polymer HTLs with high glass-transition temperatures. Furthermore, for devices driven by nanosecond electrical pulses, a record high radiance of 1.23 MW sr-1 m-2 and an EQE of approximately 1.92% at 14.6 kA cm-2 are achieved. Thermally stable polymer HTLs enable stable operation of PeLEDs that can sustain more than 11.7 million electrical pulses at 1 kA cm-2 before device failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianfeng Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Daniel D Astridge
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - William B Gunnarsson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Zhaojian Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jisu Hong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jonathan Scott
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Sara Kacmoli
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Khaled Al Kurdi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Claire F Gmachl
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Alan Sellinger
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Materials Science Program, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Barry P Rand
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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13
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Burke DW, Dasari RR, Sangwan VK, Oanta AK, Hirani Z, Pelkowski CE, Tang Y, Li R, Ralph DC, Hersam MC, Barlow S, Marder SR, Dichtel WR. Synthesis, Hole Doping, and Electrical Properties of a Semiconducting Azatriangulene-Based Covalent Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37216443 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) containing heterotriangulenes have been theoretically identified as semiconductors with tunable, Dirac-cone-like band structures, which are expected to afford high charge-carrier mobilities ideal for next-generation flexible electronics. However, few bulk syntheses of these materials have been reported, and existing synthetic methods provide limited control of network purity and morphology. Here, we report transimination reactions between benzophenone-imine-protected azatriangulenes (OTPA) and benzodithiophene dialdehydes (BDT), which afforded a new semiconducting COF network, OTPA-BDT. The COFs were prepared as both polycrystalline powders and thin films with controlled crystallite orientation. The azatriangulene nodes are readily oxidized to stable radical cations upon exposure to an appropriate p-type dopant, tris(4-bromophenyl)ammoniumyl hexachloroantimonate, after which the network's crystallinity and orientation are maintained. Oriented, hole-doped OTPA-BDT COF films exhibit electrical conductivities of up to 1.2 × 10-1 S cm-1, which are among the highest reported for imine-linked 2D COFs to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Burke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Raghunath R Dasari
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Vinod K Sangwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Alexander K Oanta
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoheb Hirani
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chloe E Pelkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yongjian Tang
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ruofan Li
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Daniel C Ralph
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable & Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable & Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Departments of Chemistry and of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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14
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Lin Y, Zhang Y, Magomedov A, Gkogkosi E, Zhang J, Zheng X, El-Labban A, Barlow S, Getautis V, Wang E, Tsetseris L, Marder SR, McCulloch I, Anthopoulos TD. 18.73% efficient and stable inverted organic photovoltaics featuring a hybrid hole-extraction layer. Mater Horiz 2023; 10:1292-1300. [PMID: 36786547 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01575g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Developing efficient and stable organic photovoltaics (OPVs) is crucial for the technology's commercial success. However, combining these key attributes remains challenging. Herein, we incorporate the small molecule 2-((3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (Br-2PACz) between the bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) and a 7 nm-thin layer of MoO3 in inverted OPVs, and study its effects on the cell performance. We find that the Br-2PACz/MoO3 hole-extraction layer (HEL) boosts the cell's power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 17.36% to 18.73% (uncertified), making them the most efficient inverted OPVs to date. The factors responsible for this improvement include enhanced charge transport, reduced carrier recombination, and favourable vertical phase separation of donor and acceptor components in the BHJ. The Br-2PACz/MoO3-based OPVs exhibit higher operational stability under continuous illumination and thermal annealing (80 °C). The T80 lifetime of OPVs featuring Br-2PACz/MoO3 - taken as the time over which the cell's PCE reduces to 80% of its initial value - increases compared to MoO3-only cells from 297 to 615 h upon illumination and from 731 to 1064 h upon continuous heating. Elemental analysis of the BHJs reveals the enhanced stability to originate from the partially suppressed diffusion of Mo ions into the BHJ and the favourable distribution of the donor and acceptor components induced by the Br-2PACz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbao Lin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Artiom Magomedov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas LT-50254, Lithuania
| | - Eleftheria Gkogkosi
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens GR-15780, Greece
| | - Junxiang Zhang
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Xiaopeng Zheng
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulrahman El-Labban
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Vytautas Getautis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas LT-50254, Lithuania
| | - Ergang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Tsetseris
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens GR-15780, Greece
| | - Seth R Marder
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
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15
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Gorman LS, Littlewood DL, Quinlivan L, Monaghan E, Smith J, Barlow S, Webb RT, Kapur N. Family involvement, patient safety and suicide prevention in mental healthcare: ethnographic study. BJPsych Open 2023; 9:e54. [PMID: 36950952 PMCID: PMC10044501 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2023.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family involvement has been identified as a key aspect of clinical practice that may help to prevent suicide. AIMS To investigate how families can be effectively involved in supporting a patient accessing crisis mental health services. METHOD A multi-site ethnographic investigation was undertaken with two crisis resolution home treatment teams in England. Data included 27 observations of clinical practice and interviews with 6 patients, 4 family members, and 13 healthcare professionals. Data were analysed using framework analysis. RESULTS Three overarching themes described how families and carers are involved in mental healthcare. Families played a key role in keeping patients safe by reducing access to means of self-harm. They also provided useful contextual information to healthcare professionals delivering the service. However, delivering a home-based service can be challenging in the absence of a supportive family environment or because of practical problems such as the lack of suitable private spaces within the home. At an organisational level, service design and delivery can be adjusted to promote family involvement. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study indicate that better communication and dissemination of safety and care plans, shared learning, signposting to carer groups and support for carers may facilitate better family involvement. Organisationally, offering flexible appointment times and alternative spaces for appointments may help improve services for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise S Gorman
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; and Centre for Mental Health and Safety, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Donna L Littlewood
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Centre for Mental Health and Safety, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Leah Quinlivan
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Centre for Mental Health and Safety, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Elizabeth Monaghan
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jonathan Smith
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen Barlow
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Roger T Webb
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Centre for Mental Health and Safety, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Navneet Kapur
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Centre for Mental Health and Safety, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; and Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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16
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Saeedifard F, Naeem Y, Boni YT, Chang YC, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Kippelen B, Barlow S, Davies HML, Marder SR. Dirhodium C-H Functionalization of Hole-Transport Materials. J Org Chem 2023; 88:4309-4316. [PMID: 36921217 PMCID: PMC10088024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Hole-transport materials (HTMs) based on triarylamine derivatives play important roles in organic electronics applications including organic light-emitting diodes and perovskite solar cells. For some applications, triarylamine derivatives bearing appropriate binding groups have been used to functionalize surfaces, while others have been incorporated as side chains into polymers to manipulate the processibility of HTMs for device applications. However, only a few approaches have been used to incorporate a single surface-binding group or polymerizable group into triarylamine materials. Here, we report that Rh-carbenoid chemistry can be used to insert carboxylic esters and norbornene functional groups into sp2 C-H bonds of a simple triarylamine and a 4,4'-bis(diarylamino)biphenyl, respectively. The norbenene-functionalized monomer was polymerized by ring-opening metathesis; the electrochemical, optical, and charge-transport properties of these materials were similar to those of related materials synthesized by conventional means. This method potentially offers straightforward access to a diverse range of HTMs with different functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Saeedifard
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Yasir Naeem
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Yannick T Boni
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Yi-Chien Chang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Junxiang Zhang
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Bernard Kippelen
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Huw M L Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States.,Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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17
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Aboaja A, Pandurangi P, Almeida S, Castelletti L, Rivera-Arroyo G, Optiz-Welke A, Welke J, Barlow S. Six nations: a clinical scenario comparison of systems for prisoners with psychosis in Australia, Bolivia and four European nations. BJPsych Int 2023; 20:13-17. [PMID: 36812036 PMCID: PMC9909414 DOI: 10.1192/bji.2022.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper compares across six nations the mental health systems available to prisoners with the highest acuity of psychosis and risk combined with the lowest level of insight into the need for treatment. Variations were observed within and between nations. Findings highlight the likely impact of factors such as mental health legislation and the prison mental health workforce on a nation's ability to deliver timely and effective treatment close to home for prisoners who lack capacity to consent to treatment for their severe mental illness. The potential benefits of addressing the resulting inequalities are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Aboaja
- PhD, MRCPsych, Consultant Forensic Psychiatrist, Forensic Service, Roseberry Park Hospital, Tees, Esk & Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesborough, UK.
| | - Prashant Pandurangi
- FRCPsych, FRANZCP, Consultant Forensic Psychiatrist, Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health (Forensicare), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susana Almeida
- MD, Consultant Psychiatrist, Psychiatric and Mental Health Clinic, São João de Deus Prison Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luca Castelletti
- MD, Consultant Psychiatrist, Dipartimento Salute Mentale, AULSS 9, Verona, Italy
| | - Guillermo Rivera-Arroyo
- MD, Professor of Psychopathology, Department of Psychology, Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Annette Optiz-Welke
- PhD, Consultant Forensic Psychiatrist, Institute of Forensic Psychiatry, Charité University Berlin, Germany
| | - Justus Welke
- MD, MSc, Epidemiologist, Institute of Forensic Psychiatry, Charité University Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen Barlow
- FRCPsych, Consultant Forensic Psychiatrist, Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Rampton Hospital, Retford, UK
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18
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Lungwitz D, Mansour AE, Zhang Y, Opitz A, Barlow S, Marder SR, Koch N. Improving the Resistance of Molecularly Doped Polymer Semiconductor Layers to Solvent. Chem Mater 2023; 35:672-681. [PMID: 36711052 PMCID: PMC9879288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c03262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability to form multi-heterolayer (opto)electronic devices by solution processing of (molecularly doped) semiconducting polymer layers is of great interest since it can facilitate the fabrication of large-area and low-cost devices. However, the solution processing of multilayer devices poses a particular challenge with regard to dissolution of the first layer during the deposition of a second layer. Several approaches have been introduced to circumvent this problem for neat polymers, but suitable approaches for molecularly doped polymer semiconductors are much less well-developed. Here, we provide insights into two different mechanisms that can enhance the solvent resistance of solution-processed doped polymer layers while also retaining the dopants, one being the doping-induced pre-aggregation in solution and the other including the use of a photo-reactive agent that results in covalent cross-linking of the semiconductor and, perhaps in some cases, the dopant. For molecularly p-doped poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) and poly[2,5-bis(3-tetradecyl-thiophene-2-yl)thieno(3,2-b)thiophene] layers, we find that the formation of polymer chain aggregates prior to the deposition from solution plays a major role in enhancing solvent resistance. However, this pre-aggregation limits inclusion of the cross-linking agent benzene-1,3,5-triyl tris(4-azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoate). We show that if pre-aggregation in solution is suppressed, high resistance of thin doped polymer layers to solvent can be achieved using the tris(azide). Moreover, the electrical conductivity can be largely retained by increasing the tris(azide) content in a doped polymer layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lungwitz
- Institut
für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahmed E. Mansour
- Institut
für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, D-12489Berlin, Germany
| | - Yadong Zhang
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia30332-0400, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80303, United States
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Institut
für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia30332-0400, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80303, United States
| | - Seth R. Marder
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia30332-0400, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80303, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80303, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80303, United States
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut
für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, D-12489Berlin, Germany
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19
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Persson G, Järsvall E, Röding M, Kroon R, Zhang Y, Barlow S, Marder SR, Müller C, Olsson E. Visualisation of individual dopants in a conjugated polymer: sub-nanometre 3D spatial distribution and correlation with electrical properties. Nanoscale 2022; 14:15404-15413. [PMID: 36218271 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03554e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
While molecular doping is ubiquitous in all branches of organic electronics, little is known about the spatial distribution of dopants, especially at molecular length scales. Moreover, a homogeneous distribution is often assumed when simulating transport properties of these materials, even though the distribution is expected to be inhomogeneous. In this study, electron tomography is used to determine the position of individual molybdenum dithiolene complexes and their three-dimensional distribution in a semiconducting polymer at the sub-nanometre scale. A heterogeneous distribution is observed, the characteristics of which depend on the dopant concentration. At 5 mol% of the molybdenum dithiolene complex, the majority of the dopant species are present as isolated molecules or small clusters up to five molecules. At 20 mol% dopant concentration and higher, the dopant species form larger nanoclusters with elongated shapes. Even in case of these larger clusters, each individual dopant species is still in contact with the surrounding polymer. The electrical conductivity first strongly increases with dopant concentration and then slightly decreases for the most highly doped samples, even though no large aggregates can be observed. The decreased conductivity is instead attributed to the increased energetic disorder and lower probability of electron transfer that originates from the increased size and size variation in dopant clusters. This study highlights the importance of detailed information concerning the dopant spatial distribution at the sub-nanometre scale in three dimensions within the organic semiconductor host. The information acquired using electron tomography may facilitate more accurate simulations of charge transport in doped organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Persson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Emmy Järsvall
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Röding
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Biomaterials and Health, Agriculture and Food, 41276 Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Yadong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- School of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eva Olsson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
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20
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Cooper MW, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Ashokan A, Fuentes-Hernandez C, Salman S, Kippelen B, Barlow S, Marder SR. Delayed Luminescence in 2-Methyl-5-(penta(9-carbazolyl)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole Derivatives. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7480-7490. [PMID: 36215098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
2,5-Diphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole has been widely used as an acceptor portion of donor-acceptor fluorophores that exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), but analogous 2-alkyl-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles have been much less widely investigated. Here the properties of carbazole-substituted 2-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles are compared to those of their 2,5-diphenyl analogues. The fluorescence of each of the former compounds is blue-shifted by ca. 50-100 meV relative to that in the latter, while similar estimated values of the singlet-triplet energy separation (ΔEST) are maintained. In particular, 2-methyl-5-(penta(9-carbazolyl)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole and 2-methyl-5-(penta(3,6-di-tert-butyl-9-carbazolyl)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole exhibit solution fluorescence maxima of 466 and 485 nm and estimated ΔEST values of 0.12 and 0.03 eV, respectively. In both cases the reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) rates inferred from their solution fluorescence behavior are over twice those of the corresponding 2-phenyl derivatives. Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) in which the 2-methyl derivatives are used as emitters yield external quantum efficiency (EQE) values of up to 23%. OLEDs with 2-methyl-5-(penta(9-carbazolyl)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole and 2-methyl-5-(penta(3,6-di-tert-butyl-9-carbazolyl)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole emitters show reduced efficiency rolloff at high current densities relative to their 2-phenyl counterparts, the latter exhibiting an EQE of 16% at 1000 cd m-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Cooper
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Ajith Ashokan
- Chemistry Department, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, United States
| | - Canek Fuentes-Hernandez
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Seyhan Salman
- Chemistry Department, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, United States
| | - Bernard Kippelen
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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21
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Saeedifard F, Chang YC, Kippelen B, Marder SR, Barlow S. Thermal Insolubilization of Electrically n-Doped Films Achieved Using 7-Alkoxy-Benzocyclobutene-Substituted Fullerene and Dopant Molecules. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:8094-8101. [PMID: 36170664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c05286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Insoluble electrically n-doped fullerene-containing films have been obtained by thermal annealing of a fullerene compound and a 1,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole n-dopant moiety, both of which are functionalized with a 7-butoxybenzocyclobutene group. The covalent tethering and electrical doping reactions are studied by mass spectrometry as well as electron paramagnetic resonance. Optical absorption spectra on BBCB-N-DMBI-H-doped BBCBP indicate films heated at 150 °C for 10 min are unaffected by immersion for 10 min in ortho-dichlorobenzene. Although films containing a 10 mol % loading of the dopant showed electrical conductivity values of 1.1 × 10-5 ± 3.4 × 10-7 S cm-1 prior to heating, the thermal insolubilization process led to values around two orders-of-magnitude lower. However, the thermal insolubilization also leads to immobilization of the dopant molecule and the corresponding cation, reducing their ability to diffuse into an adjacent layer of a stronger electron acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Saeedifard
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Yi-Chien Chang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Bernard Kippelen
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States.,Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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22
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Saeedifard F, Lungwitz D, Yu ZD, Schneider S, Mansour AE, Opitz A, Barlow S, Toney MF, Pei J, Koch N, Marder SR. Use of a Multiple Hydride Donor To Achieve an n-Doped Polymer with High Solvent Resistance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:33598-33605. [PMID: 35822714 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability to insolubilize doped semiconducting polymer layers can help enable the fabrication of efficient multilayer solution-processed electronic and optoelectronic devices. Here, we present a promising approach to simultaneously n-dope and largely insolubilize conjugated polymer films using tetrakis[{4-(1,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)phenoxy}methyl]methane (tetrakis-O-DMBI-H), which consists of four 2,3-dihydro-1H-benzoimidazole (DMBI-H) n-dopant moieties covalently linked to one another. Doping a thiophene-fused benzodifurandione-based oligo(p-phenylenevinylene)-co-thiophene polymer (TBDOPV-T) with tetrakis-O-DMBI-H results in a highly n-doped film with bulk conductivity of 15 S cm-1. Optical absorption spectra provide evidence for film retention of ∼93% after immersion in o-dichlorobenzene for 5 min. The optical absorption signature of the charge carriers in the n-doped polymer decreases only slightly more than that of the neutral polymer under these conditions, indicating that the exposure to solvent also results in negligible dedoping of the film. Moreover, thermal treatment studies on a tetrakis-O-DMBI-H-doped TBDOPV-T film in contact with another undoped polymer film indicate immobilization of the molecular dopant in TBDOPV-T. This is attributed to the multiple electrostatic interactions between each dopant tetracation and up to four nearby anionic doped polymer segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Saeedifard
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Dominique Lungwitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zi-Di Yu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sebastian Schneider
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light Source, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- School of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ahmed E Mansour
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Michael F Toney
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Jian Pei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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23
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Al Kurdi K, Gregory SA, Gordon MP, Ponder JF, Atassi A, Rinehart JM, Jones AL, Urban JJ, Reynolds JR, Barlow S, Marder SR, Yee SK. Iron(III) Dopant Counterions Affect the Charge-Transport Properties of Poly(Thiophene) and Poly(Dialkoxythiophene) Derivatives. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:29039-29051. [PMID: 35711091 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the charge-transport properties of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and poly(ProDOT-alt-biEDOT) (PE2) films doped with a set of iron(III)-based dopants and as a function of dopant concentration. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements show that doping P3HT with 12 mM iron(III) solutions leads to similar extents of oxidation, independent of the dopant anion; however, the electrical conductivities and Seebeck coefficients vary significantly (5 S cm-1 and + 82 μV K-1 with tosylate and 56 S cm-1 and +31 μV K-1 with perchlorate). In contrast, PE2 thermoelectric transport properties vary less with respect to the iron(III) anion chemistry, which is attributed to PE2 having a lower onset of oxidation than P3HT. Consequentially, PE2 doped with 12 mM iron(III) perchlorate obtained an electrical conductivity of 315 S cm-1 and a Seebeck coefficient of + 7 μV K-1. Modeling these thermoelectric properties with the semilocalized transport (SLoT) model suggests that tosylate-doped P3HT remains mostly in the localized transport regime, attributed to more disorder in the microstructure. In contrast perchlorate-doped P3HT and PE2 films exhibited thermally deactivated electrical conductivities and metal-like transport at high doping levels over limited temperature ranges. Finally, the SLoT model suggests that PE2 has the potential to be more electrically conductive than P3HT due to PE2's ability to achieve higher extents of oxidation and larger shifts in the reduced Fermi energy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Al Kurdi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Shawn A Gregory
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Madeleine P Gordon
- Applied Science and Technology Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - James F Ponder
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Amalie Atassi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Joshua M Rinehart
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Austin L Jones
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Urban
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Shannon K Yee
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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24
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Järsvall E, Biskup T, Zhang Y, Kroon R, Barlow S, Marder SR, Müller C. Double Doping of a Low-Ionization-Energy Polythiophene with a Molybdenum Dithiolene Complex. Chem Mater 2022; 34:5673-5679. [PMID: 35782206 PMCID: PMC9245179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Doping of organic semiconductors is crucial for tuning the charge-carrier density of conjugated polymers. The exchange of more than one electron between a monomeric dopant and an organic semiconductor allows the polaron density to be increased relative to the number of counterions that are introduced into the host matrix. Here, a molybdenum dithiolene complex with a high electron affinity of 5.5 eV is shown to accept two electrons from a polythiophene that has a low ionization energy of 4.7 eV. Double p-doping is consistent with the ability of the monoanion salt of the molybdenum dithiolene complex to dope the polymer. The transfer of two electrons to the neutral dopant was also confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy since the monoanion, but not the dianion, of the molybdenum dithiolene complex features an unpaired electron. Double doping allowed an ionization efficiency of 200% to be reached, which facilitates the design of strongly doped semiconductors while lessening any counterion-induced disruption of the nanostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmy Järsvall
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Till Biskup
- Physical
Chemistry, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Georgia
Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Linköping
University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Georgia
Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Seth R. Marder
- Georgia
Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Departments
of Chemical and Biological Engineering and of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Christian Müller
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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Vadhariya A, Birt J, Wu J, Griffing K, Bailey F, Hetherington J, Rottier E, Barlow S, Costenbader K. POS0743 CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND BURDEN AMONG PATIENTS WITH SLE AND MUSCULOSKELETAL ORGAN INVOLVEMENT: RESULTS FROM A REAL-WORLD STUDY IN THE US. Ann Rheum Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.2078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundLimited information exists concerning the clinical burden and unmet need of musculoskeletal (MSK) organ involvement among patients with SLE in clinical practice.ObjectivesTo examine demographics, clinical status, treatment patterns, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) among patients with SLE in clinical practices and assess the impact of MSK organ involvement.MethodsData were drawn from the Adelphi Real World Lupus IV (2021) Disease Specific Programme™, a point-in-time survey of 79 US physicians and their patients with SLE. Physicians completed questionnaires regarding patient demographics, clinical status, and treatment. The same patients were invited to complete questionnaires containing the EuroQoL 5-Dimensions (EQ-5D), Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Fatigue Subscale (FACIT-Fatigue) and Work Productivity & Activity Impairment questionnaire (WPAI) PRO tools.Physicians stated their patients’ organ involvement at the time of data collection (current), in the categories of musculoskeletal, mucocutaneous, renal, cardiorespiratory, constitutional, haematologic, ophthalmologic, gastrointestinal, respiratory, or other.Two mutually exclusive patient groups were analysed:A.MSK – Current physician assessed musculoskeletal organ involvement (+/- other organ/tissue involvement).B.Non-MSK – No current musculoskeletal organ involvement as assessed by the physicianBivariate analysis was conducted for numeric variables using t-tests; binary categorical variables using a Fisher’s exact test; ordinal categorical variables using a Mann-Whitney test; and other categorical variables were compared using a chi-squared test.ResultsA total of 595 patients were included in this analysis: 64.7% MSK and 35.3% non-MSK. Mean[SD] patient age was 45.2[14.3] years, 83.2% were female, 53.3% were White/Caucasian, 27.9% were African American, and mean[SD] time diagnosed with any SLE was 5.3[6.2] years.Point-in-time assessment of clinical status, treatment patterns and patient-reported outcomes, revealed that those with MSK organ involvement assessed by their rheumatologist had higher overall SLE disease severity, more flares in the last 12 months, and slightly worse quality of life scores and work impairment.Table 1.Point-in-time clinical status, treatment patterns and PROs among patients with SLE MSK organ involvementTotalMSKNon-MSKp value(n=595)(n=385)(n=210)Physician-Reported Patient Clinical Status & Treatment HistoryCurrent SLE severity, n(%)Mild405 (68.1)243 (63.1)162 (77.1)<0.001Moderate169 (28.4)128 (33.3)41 (19.2)Severe21 (3.5)14 (3.6)7 (3.3)Current joint symptoms, n(%)Joint tenderness251 (42.2)210 (54.6)41 (19.5)<0.001Joint stiffness255 (42.9)212 (55.1)43 (20.5)<0.001Joint swelling135 (22.7)111 (28.8)24 (11.4)<0.001Mean [SD] Flares in the last 12 months1.6 [1.7]1.7 [1.8]1.2 [1.3]0.015Currently prescribed, n(%)Belimumab113 (19.0)79 (20.5)34 (16.2)0.198Immunosuppressant164 (27.6)105 (27.3)59 (28.1)0.830Corticosteroids333 (56.0)228 (59.2)105 (50.0)0.030Antimalarials429 (72.1)268 (69.6)161 (76.7))0.067Mean [SD] years on current treatment2.9 [3.6]2.5 [3.0]3.6 [4.4]<0.001Patient-Reported OutcomesMean [SD] EQ5D-5L Utility score (0= death to 1= full health)0.79 [0.20]0.76 [0.22]0.85 [0.16]0.002Mean [SD] FACIT-Fatigue score (0 worst fatigue to-52= no fatigue)32.4 [12.0]31.0 [11.5]35.4 [12.6]0.005Mean [SD] WPAI, overall work impairment score(0= no impact to 100= completely impacted)29.0 [21.0]30.5 [18.6]25.9 [25.2]0.223ConclusionIn this large sample of patients with SLE followed in clinical practices in the U.S., compared to those with little or no rheumatologist assessed MSK involvement, those with MSK involvement, had lower quality of life, with higher impact on their work productivity. These results highlight the heterogeneity of SLE and the impact of major MSK manifestations on quality of life in SLE.ReferencesN/ADisclosure of InterestsAisha Vadhariya Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Julie Birt Shareholder of: Eli Lilly and Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Jianmin Wu Shareholder of: Eli Lilly and Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Kirstin Griffing Shareholder of: Eli Lilly and Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Fiona Bailey: None declared, James Hetherington: None declared, Elke Rottier: None declared, Sophie Barlow: None declared, Karen Costenbader Consultant of: Lilly, Astra Zeneca, Janssen, Amgen, Glaxo Smith Kline, Grant/research support from: Exagen, Gilead, Merck
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Vadhariya A, Birt J, Wu J, Griffing K, Bailey F, Hetherington J, Rottier E, Barlow S, Costenbader K. AB0554 CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND BURDEN AMONG PATIENTS WITH SLE STRATIFIED BY SLEDAI DERIVED SEVERITY: RESULTS FROM A REAL-WORLD STUDY IN THE US. Ann Rheum Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.4561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundData are limited concerning the distribution of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) scores among patients with SLE in clinical practice and the characteristics of patients with specific SLEDAI scores.ObjectivesTo investigate SLE patient demographics, clinical status, treatment patterns, and patient reported outcomes (PROs), overall and stratified by SLEDAI score.MethodsData were drawn from the Adelphi Real World Lupus IV (2021) Disease Specific Programme™, a point-in-time survey of 79 US rheumatologists and patients with SLE. Rheumatologists completed questionnaires regarding patient demographics, clinical status, and treatment. The same patients were invited to complete questionnaires containing the EuroQoL 5-Dimensions (EQ-5D), Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Fatigue Subscale (FACIT-Fatigue) and Work Productivity & Activity Impairment questionnaire (WPAI) Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO) tools.Physicians completed 24 questions based on the SLEDAI-2K questionnaire regarding their patients’ current clinical manifestations, from which a SLEDAI score was derived1. Patients were grouped based on their score: SLEDAI=0 (none), SLEDAI=1-6 (mild), SLEDAI=7-12 (moderate), and SLEDAI>12 (severe)2.Data from patients without rheumatologist-perceived renal organ involvement and ≥ 1 year of SLE duration were included for analysis using bivariate tests.ResultsA total of 273 patients were included in this analysis. Mean [SD] patient age was 47.0[14.2] years, 83.9% were female, 57.1% were White/Caucasian, and 24.9% were African American.Table 1.Point-in-time clinical status, treatment patterns and PROs among patients with SLE stratified by SLEDAI scoreTable 1.Total Sample (n=273)SLEDAI=0 (n=60, 22%)SLEDAI=1-6 (n=79, 28.9%)SLEDAI=7-12 (n=70, 25.6%)SLEDAI>12 (n=64, 23.4%)p valuePhysician-Reported Clinical Status and Treatment HistoryCurrent SLE severity, n(%)Mild221 (81.0)51 (85.0)70 (88.6)53 (75.7)47 (73.4)0.057Moderate49 (18.0)9 (15.0)9 (11.4)16 (22.9)15 (23.4)Severe3 (1.1)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1 (1.4)2 (3.1)Current joint symptoms, n(%)Joint tenderness109 (39.9)24 (40.0)27 (34.2)28 (40.0)30 (46.9)0.498Joint stiffness121 (44.3)22 (36.7)33 (41.8)37 (52.9)29 (45.3)0.293Joint swelling60 (22.0)17 (28.3)13 (16.5)19 (27.1)11 (17.2)0.190Mean [SD] Flares in the last 12 months1.6 [1.5]1.3 [1.2]1.7 [1.7]1.5 [1.3]1.8 [1.5]0.550Currently prescribed, n(%)Belimumab58 (21.3)14 (23.3)18 (12.9)8 (10.1)15 (21.4)0.011Immunosuppressants48 (17.6)7 (11.7)26 (18.6)10 (12.7)13 (18.6)0.052Corticosteroids138 (50.6)35 (58.3)62 (44.3)29 (36.7)32 (45.7)0.003Antimalarials206 (75.5)28 (46.7)108 (77.1)64 (81.0)59 (84.3)<0.001Patient-Reported OutcomesMean [SD] EQ5D-5L Utility score (0=death to 1= full health)0.79 [0.19]0.83 [0.12]0.82 [0.21]0.79 [0.14]0.69 [0.25]0.024Mean [SD] FACIT-Fatigue score (0=worst fatigue to 52= no fatigue)32.7 [12.2]36.8 [8.7]36.1 [12.5]29.1 [9.8]26.4 [14.3]<0.001Mean [SD] WPAI overall (0= no impact to 100= completely impacted)26.8 [21.2]25.2 [15.8]19.5 [23.6]35.7 [20.2]31.9 [26.7]0.13149% of SLE patients were categorized as SLEDAI 7-12 or >12 (moderate or severe).Among the SLEDAI 7-12 (moderate) patients, 75.7% were subjectively categorized by their physician as having mild SLE. Of the SLEDAI >12 patients (severe), 73.4% were categorized as having mild SLE.Joints symptoms and flaring in the last 12 months were not significantly different across SLEDAI groups.Patients with greater SLEDAI reported lower EQ5D and greater FACIT-Fatigue scores. There was no statistical difference in WPAI between the SLEDAI groups.ConclusionA disconnect between point-in-time SLEDAI and physician-perceived severity exists. Patients with SLE, irrespective of SLEDAI, had high prevalence of joint symptoms, but higher SLEDAI impacted quality of life.References[1]Gladman D et al., Journal of Rheumatology, 2002.[2]Fanouriakis A et al., Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2019.Disclosure of InterestsAisha Vadhariya Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Julie Birt Shareholder of: Eli Lilly and Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Jianmin Wu Shareholder of: Eli Lilly and Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Kirstin Griffing Shareholder of: Eli Lilly and Company, Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Fiona Bailey: None declared, James Hetherington: None declared, Elke Rottier: None declared, Sophie Barlow: None declared, Karen Costenbader Consultant of: Lilly, Astra Zeneca, Janssen, Amgen, Glaxo Smith Kline, Grant/research support from: Exagen, Gilead, Merck
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Jacobs IE, Lin Y, Huang Y, Ren X, Simatos D, Chen C, Tjhe D, Statz M, Lai L, Finn PA, Neal WG, D'Avino G, Lemaur V, Fratini S, Beljonne D, Strzalka J, Nielsen CB, Barlow S, Marder SR, McCulloch I, Sirringhaus H. High-Efficiency Ion-Exchange Doping of Conducting Polymers. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2102988. [PMID: 34418878 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecular doping-the use of redox-active small molecules as dopants for organic semiconductors-has seen a surge in research interest driven by emerging applications in sensing, bioelectronics, and thermoelectrics. However, molecular doping carries with it several intrinsic problems stemming directly from the redox-active character of these materials. A recent breakthrough was a doping technique based on ion-exchange, which separates the redox and charge compensation steps of the doping process. Here, the equilibrium and kinetics of ion exchange doping in a model system, poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno(3,2-b)thiophene) (PBTTT) doped with FeCl3 and an ionic liquid, is studied, reaching conductivities in excess of 1000 S cm-1 and ion exchange efficiencies above 99%. Several factors that enable such high performance, including the choice of acetonitrile as the doping solvent, which largely eliminates electrolyte association effects and dramatically increases the doping strength of FeCl3 , are demonstrated. In this high ion exchange efficiency regime, a simple connection between electrochemical doping and ion exchange is illustrated, and it is shown that the performance and stability of highly doped PBTTT is ultimately limited by intrinsically poor stability at high redox potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian E Jacobs
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Yue Lin
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Yuxuan Huang
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Xinglong Ren
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Dimitrios Simatos
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Chen Chen
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Dion Tjhe
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Martin Statz
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Lianglun Lai
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Peter A Finn
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - William G Neal
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Gabriele D'Avino
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38042, France
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons, B-7000, Belgium
| | - Simone Fratini
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38042, France
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons, B-7000, Belgium
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Christian B Nielsen
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Iain McCulloch
- KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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Evans AM, Collins KA, Xun S, Allen TG, Jhulki S, Castano I, Smith HL, Strauss MJ, Oanta AK, Liu L, Sun L, Reid OG, Sini G, Puggioni D, Rondinelli JM, Rajh T, Gianneschi NC, Kahn A, Freedman DE, Li H, Barlow S, Rumbles G, Brédas JL, Marder SR, Dichtel WR. Controlled n-Doping of Naphthalene-Diimide-Based 2D Polymers. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2101932. [PMID: 34850459 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
2D polymers (2DPs) are promising as structurally well-defined, permanently porous, organic semiconductors. However, 2DPs are nearly always isolated as closed shell organic species with limited charge carriers, which leads to low bulk conductivities. Here, the bulk conductivity of two naphthalene diimide (NDI)-containing 2DP semiconductors is enhanced by controllably n-doping the NDI units using cobaltocene (CoCp2 ). Optical and transient microwave spectroscopy reveal that both as-prepared NDI-containing 2DPs are semiconducting with sub-2 eV optical bandgaps and photoexcited charge-carrier lifetimes of tens of nanoseconds. Following reduction with CoCp2 , both 2DPs largely retain their periodic structures and exhibit optical and electron-spin resonance spectroscopic features consistent with the presence of NDI-radical anions. While the native NDI-based 2DPs are electronically insulating, maximum bulk conductivities of >10-4 S cm-1 are achieved by substoichiometric levels of n-doping. Density functional theory calculations show that the strongest electronic couplings in these 2DPs exist in the out-of-plane (π-stacking) crystallographic directions, which indicates that cross-plane electronic transport through NDI stacks is primarily responsible for the observed electronic conductivity. Taken together, the controlled molecular doping is a useful approach to access structurally well-defined, paramagnetic, 2DP n-type semiconductors with measurable bulk electronic conductivities of interest for electronic or spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Kelsey A Collins
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Sangni Xun
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Taylor G Allen
- Center for Chemistry and Nanoscience, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Samik Jhulki
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Hannah L Smith
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Alexander K Oanta
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Lujia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Lei Sun
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Obadiah G Reid
- Center for Chemistry and Nanoscience, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Gjergji Sini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- CY Cergy Paris Université, Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, EA 2528, 5 mail Gay-Lussac, Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, 95031, France
| | - Danilo Puggioni
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - James M Rondinelli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Tijana Rajh
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Pharmacology, Simpson Querrey Institute, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Antoine Kahn
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Danna E Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Garry Rumbles
- Center for Chemistry and Nanoscience, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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Abstract
AIMS AND METHOD The purpose of this review was to establish whether the prescription of antipsychotic medication in HMP Low Newton was safe, rational and consistent with current best practice. A search of the electronic healthcare records was performed on 14 March 2018 to identify all the women in the prison who were prescribed antipsychotic medication, and then data were collected from the records. RESULTS A total of 46 out of 336 prisoners (13.7%) had been prescribed antipsychotic medications; 29 of the 46 patients (84.8%) were also prescribed other psychotropic medications at the same time. Quetiapine was the most frequently prescribed antipsychotic and was also the most likely to be prescribed for off-label indications. Less than one-third of all antipsychotic prescriptions were for psychotic disorders. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The rationale for prescribing all antipsychotic medication, especially for off-label indications, should be clearly documented and reviewed regularly within the prison by the mental health team and psychiatrist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois Carey
- Roseberry Park Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK
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Abstract
ConspectusElectrical doping using redox-active molecules can increase the conductivity of organic semiconductors and lower charge-carrier injection and extraction barriers; it has application in devices such as organic and perovskite light-emitting diodes, organic and perovskite photovoltaic cells, field-effect transistors, and thermoelectric devices. Simple one-electron reductants that can act as n-dopants for a wide range of useful semiconductors must necessarily have low ionization energies and are, thus, highly sensitive toward ambient conditions, leading to challenges in their storage and handling. A number of approaches to this challenge have been developed, in which the highly reducing species is generated from a precursor or in which electron transfer is coupled in some way to a chemical reaction. Many of these approaches are relatively limited in applicability because of processing constraints, limited dopant strength, or the formation of side products.This Account discusses our work to develop relatively stable, yet highly reducing, n-dopants based on the dimers formed by some 19-electron organometallic complexes and by some organic radicals. These dimers are sufficiently inert that they can be briefly handled as solids in air but react with acceptors to release two electrons and to form two equivalents of stable monomeric cations, without formation of unwanted side products. We first discuss syntheses of such dimers, both previously reported and our own. We next turn to discuss their thermodynamic redox potentials, which depend on both the oxidation potential of the highly reducing odd-electron monomers and on the free energies of dissociation of the dimers; because trends in both these quantities depend on the monomer stability, they often more-or-less cancel, resulting in effective redox potentials for a number of the organometallic dimers that are approximately -2.0 V vs ferrocenium/ferrocene. However, variations in the dimer oxidation potential and the dissociation energies determine the mechanism through which a dimer reacts with a given acceptor in solution: in all cases dimer-to-acceptor electron transfer is followed by dimer cation cleavage and a subsequent second electron transfer from the neutral monomer to the acceptor, but examples with weak central bonds can also react through endergonic cleavage of the neutral dimer, followed by electron-transfer reactions between the resulting monomers and the acceptor. We, then, discuss the use of these dimers to dope a wide range of semiconductors through both vacuum and solution processing. In particular, we highlight the role of photoactivation in extending the reach of one of these dopants, enabling successful doping of a low-electron-affinity electron-transport material in an organic light-emitting diode. Finally, we suggest future directions for research using dimeric dopants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagat K. Mohapatra
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology─Indian Oil Odisha Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Center, Bhubaneswar Odisha 751013, India
| | - Seth R. Marder
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, 215 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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Smith HL, Dull JT, Mohapatra SK, Al Kurdi K, Barlow S, Marder SR, Rand BP, Kahn A. Powerful Organic Molecular Oxidants and Reductants Enable Ambipolar Injection in a Large-Gap Organic Homojunction Diode. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:2381-2389. [PMID: 34978787 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Doping has proven to be a critical tool for enhancing the performance of organic semiconductors in devices like organic light-emitting diodes. However, the challenge in working with high-ionization-energy (IE) organic semiconductors is to find p-dopants with correspondingly high electron affinity (EA) that will improve the conductivity and charge carrier transport in a film. Here, we use an oxidant that has been recently recognized to be a very strong p-type dopant, hexacyano-1,2,3-trimethylene-cyclopropane (CN6-CP). The EA of CN6-CP has been previously estimated via cyclic voltammetry to be 5.87 eV, almost 300 meV higher than other known high-EA organic molecular oxidants. We measure the frontier orbitals of CN6-CP using ultraviolet and inverse photoemission spectroscopy techniques and confirm a high EA value of 5.88 eV in the condensed phase. The introduction of CN6-CP in a film of large-band-gap, large-IE phenyldi(pyren-1-yl)phosphine oxide (POPy2) leads to a significant shift of the Fermi level toward the highest occupied molecular orbital and a 2 orders of magnitude increase in conductivity. Using CN6-CP and n-dopant (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)(1,3,5-trimethylbenzene)ruthenium (RuCp*Mes)2, we fabricate a POPy2-based rectifying p-i-n homojunction diode with a 2.9 V built-in potential. Blue light emission is achieved under forward bias. This effect demonstrates the dopant-enabled hole injection from the CN6-CP-doped layer and electron injection from the (RuCp*Mes)2-doped layer in the diode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Smith
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jordan T Dull
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Swagat K Mohapatra
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology─Indian Oil Odisha Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Center, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India
| | - Khaled Al Kurdi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Barry P Rand
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Antoine Kahn
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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32
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Carr JM, Allen TG, Larson BW, Davydenko IG, Dasari RR, Barlow S, Marder SR, Reid OG, Rumbles G. Short and long-range electron transfer compete to determine free-charge yield in organic semiconductors. Mater Horiz 2022; 9:312-324. [PMID: 34787147 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01331a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how Frenkel excitons efficiently split to form free-charges in low-dielectric constant organic semiconductors has proven challenging, with many different models proposed in recent years to explain this phenomenon. Here, we present evidence that a simple model invoking a modest amount of charge delocalization, a sum over the available microstates, and the Marcus rate constant for electron transfer can explain many seemingly contradictory phenomena reported in the literature. We use an electron-accepting fullerene host matrix dilutely sensitized with a series of electron donor molecules to test this hypothesis. The donor series enables us to tune the driving force for photoinduced electron transfer over a range of 0.7 eV, mapping out normal, optimal, and inverted regimes for free-charge generation efficiency, as measured by time-resolved microwave conductivity. However, the photoluminescence of the donor is rapidly quenched as the driving force increases, with no evidence for inverted behavior, nor the linear relationship between photoluminescence quenching and charge-generation efficiency one would expect in the absence of additional competing loss pathways. This behavior is self-consistently explained by competitive formation of bound charge-transfer states and long-range or delocalized free-charge states, where both rate constants are described by the Marcus rate equation. Moreover, the model predicts a suppression of the inverted regime for high-concentration blends and efficient ultrafast free-charge generation, providing a mechanistic explanation for why Marcus-inverted-behavior is rarely observed in device studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Carr
- University of Colorado Boulder, Materials Science & Engineering Program, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Taylor G Allen
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
| | - Bryon W Larson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
| | - Iryna G Davydenko
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Raghunath R Dasari
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Stephen Barlow
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- University of Colorado Boulder, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- University of Colorado Boulder, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Chemistry, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Obadiah G Reid
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
- University of Colorado Boulder, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Garry Rumbles
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
- University of Colorado Boulder, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Chemistry, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
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33
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Dahlström S, Wilken S, Zhang Y, Ahläng C, Barlow S, Nyman M, Marder SR, Österbacka R. Cross-Linking of Doped Organic Semiconductor Interlayers for Organic Solar Cells: Potential and Challenges. ACS Appl Energy Mater 2021; 4:14458-14466. [PMID: 34977476 PMCID: PMC8715538 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.1c03127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processable interlayers are important building blocks for the commercialization of organic electronic devices such as organic solar cells. Here, the potential of cross-linking to provide an insoluble, stable, and versatile charge transport layer based on soluble organic semiconductors is studied. For this purpose, a photoreactive tris-azide cross-linker is synthesized. The capability of the small molecular cross-linker is illustrated by applying it to a p-doped polymer used as a hole transport layer in organic solar cells. High cross-linking efficiency and excellent charge extraction properties of the cross-linked doped hole transport layer are demonstrated. However, at high doping levels in the interlayer, the solar cell efficiency is found to deteriorate. Based on charge extraction measurements and numerical device simulations, it is shown that this is due to diffusion of dopants into the active layer of the solar cell. Thus, in the development of future cross-linker materials, care must be taken to ensure that they immobilize not only the host but also the dopants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staffan Dahlström
- Physics,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo
Akademi University, Henriksgatan 2, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Sebastian Wilken
- Physics,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo
Akademi University, Henriksgatan 2, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Yadong Zhang
- School
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Christian Ahläng
- Physics,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo
Akademi University, Henriksgatan 2, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Mathias Nyman
- Physics,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo
Akademi University, Henriksgatan 2, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Seth R. Marder
- School
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Ronald Österbacka
- Physics,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo
Akademi University, Henriksgatan 2, 20500 Turku, Finland
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34
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Zhao L, Roh K, Kacmoli S, Al Kurdi K, Liu X, Barlow S, Marder SR, Gmachl C, Rand BP. Nanosecond-Pulsed Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes at High Current Density. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2104867. [PMID: 34477263 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
While metal-halide perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) hold the potential for a new generation of display and lighting technology, their slow operation speed and response time limit their application scope. Here, high-speed PeLEDs driven by nanosecond electrical pulses with a rise time of 1.2 ns are reported with a maximum radiance of approximately 480 kW sr-1 m-2 at 8.3 kA cm-2 , and an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 1% at approximately 10 kA cm-2 , through improved device configuration designs and material considerations. Enabled by the fast operation of PeLEDs, the temporal response provides access to transient charge carrier dynamics under electrical excitation, revealing several new electroluminescence quenching pathways. Finally, integrated distributed feedback (DFB) gratings are explored, which facilitate more directional light emission with a maximum radiance of approximately 1200 kW sr-1 m-2 at 8.5 kA cm-2 , a more than two-fold enhancement to forward radiation output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianfeng Zhao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Kwangdong Roh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Sara Kacmoli
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Khaled Al Kurdi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Claire Gmachl
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Barry P Rand
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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35
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Longhi E, Risko C, Bacsa J, Khrustalev V, Rigin S, Moudgil K, Timofeeva TV, Marder SR, Barlow S. Synthesis, structures, and reactivity of isomers of [RuCp*(1,4-(Me 2N) 2C 6H 4)] 2. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:13020-13030. [PMID: 34581359 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02155a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
[RuCp*(1,3,5-R3C6H3)]2 {Cp* = η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, R = Me, Et} have previously been found to be moderately air stable, yet highly reducing, with estimated D+/0.5D2 (where D2 and D+ represent the dimer and the corresponding monomeric cation, respectively) redox potentials of ca. -2.0 V vs. FeCp2+/0. These properties have led to their use as n-dopants for organic semiconductors. Use of arenes substituted with π-electron donors is anticipated to lead to even more strongly reducing dimers. [RuCp*(1-(Me2N)-3,5-Me2C6H3)]+PF6- and [RuCp*(1,4-(Me2N)2C6H4)]+PF6- have been synthesized and electrochemically and crystallographically characterized; both exhibit D+/D potentials slightly more cathodic than [RuCp*(1,3,5-R3C6H3)]+. Reduction of [RuCp*(1,4-(Me2N)2C6H4)]+PF6- using silica-supported sodium-potassium alloy leads to a mixture of isomers of [RuCp*(1,4-(Me2N)2C6H4)]2, two of which have been crystallographically characterized. One of these isomers has a similar molecular structure to [RuCp*(1,3,5-Et3C6H3)]2; the central C-C bond is exo,exo, i.e., on the opposite face of both six-membered rings from the metals. A D+/0.5D2 potential of -2.4 V is estimated for this exo,exo dimer, more reducing than that of [RuCp*(1,3,5-R3C6H3)]2 (-2.0 V). This isomer reacts much more rapidly with both air and electron acceptors than [RuCp*(1,3,5-R3C6H3)]2 due to a much more cathodic D2˙+/D2 potential. The other isomer to be crystallographically characterized, along with a third isomer, are both dimerized in an exo,endo fashion, representing the first examples of such dimers. Density functional theory calculations and reactivity studies indicate that the central bonds of these two isomers are weaker than those of the exo,exo isomer, or of [RuCp*(1,3,5-R3C6H3)]2, leading to estimated D+/0.5D2 potentials of -2.5 and -2.6 V vs. FeCp2+/0. At the same time the D2˙+/D2 potentials for the exo,endo dimers are anodically shifted relative to those of [RuCp*(1,3,5-R3C6H3)]2, resulting in much greater air stability than for the exo,exo isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Longhi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, 125 Chemistry-Physics Building, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - John Bacsa
- Crystallography Lab, Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Victor Khrustalev
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, NM 87701, USA.,Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Sergei Rigin
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, NM 87701, USA
| | - Karttikay Moudgil
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
| | - Tatiana V Timofeeva
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, NM 87701, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA.,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.,Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA.,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
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36
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Drummond BH, Aizawa N, Zhang Y, Myers WK, Xiong Y, Cooper MW, Barlow S, Gu Q, Weiss LR, Gillett AJ, Credgington D, Pu YJ, Marder SR, Evans EW. Electron spin resonance resolves intermediate triplet states in delayed fluorescence. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4532. [PMID: 34312394 PMCID: PMC8313702 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24612-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular organic fluorophores are currently used in organic light-emitting diodes, though non-emissive triplet excitons generated in devices incorporating conventional fluorophores limit the efficiency. This limit can be overcome in materials that have intramolecular charge-transfer excitonic states and associated small singlet-triplet energy separations; triplets can then be converted to emissive singlet excitons resulting in efficient delayed fluorescence. However, the mechanistic details of the spin interconversion have not yet been fully resolved. We report transient electron spin resonance studies that allow direct probing of the spin conversion in a series of delayed fluorescence fluorophores with varying energy gaps between local excitation and charge-transfer triplet states. The observation of distinct triplet signals, unusual in transient electron spin resonance, suggests that multiple triplet states mediate the photophysics for efficient light emission in delayed fluorescence emitters. We reveal that as the energy separation between local excitation and charge-transfer triplet states decreases, spin interconversion changes from a direct, singlet-triplet mechanism to an indirect mechanism involving intermediate states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bluebell H Drummond
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, J J Thomson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CAESR), Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | - Naoya Aizawa
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Saitama, Japan
| | - Yadong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William K Myers
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CAESR), Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | - Yao Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew W Cooper
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Qinying Gu
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, J J Thomson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leah R Weiss
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, J J Thomson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alexander J Gillett
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, J J Thomson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dan Credgington
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, J J Thomson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yong-Jin Pu
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Saitama, Japan
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emrys W Evans
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, J J Thomson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
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37
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Marqués PS, Londi G, Yurash B, Nguyen TQ, Barlow S, Marder SR, Beljonne D. Understanding how Lewis acids dope organic semiconductors: a "complex" story. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7012-7022. [PMID: 34123329 PMCID: PMC8153436 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01268a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on computational studies of the potential of three borane Lewis acids (LAs) (B(C6F5)3 (BCF), BF3, and BBr3) to form stable adducts and/or to generate positive polarons with three different semiconducting π-conjugated polymers (PFPT, PCPDTPT and PCPDTBT). Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations based on range-separated hybrid (RSH) functionals provide insight into changes in the electronic structure and optical properties upon adduct formation between LAs and the two polymers containing pyridine moieties, PFPT and PCPDTPT, unravelling the complex interplay between partial hybridization, charge transfer and changes in the polymer backbone conformation. We then assess the potential of BCF to induce p-doping in PCPDTBT, which does not contain pyridine groups, by computing the energetics of various reaction mechanisms proposed in the literature. We find that reaction of BCF(OH2) to form protonated PCPDTBT and [BCF(OH)]-, followed by electron transfer from a pristine to a protonated PCPDTBT chain is highly endergonic, and thus unlikely at low doping concentration. The theoretical and experimental data can, however, be reconciled if one considers the formation of [BCF(OH)BCF]- or [BCF(OH)(OH2)BCF]- counterions rather than [BCF(OH)]- and invokes subsequent reactions resulting in the elimination of H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Simón Marqués
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, UMR CNRS 6200, UNIV Angers, SFR MATRIX 2 Bd Lavoisier 49045 Angers Cedex France
| | - Giacomo Londi
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons Place du Parc, 20 7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Brett Yurash
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia 30332-0400 USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia 30332-0400 USA
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons Place du Parc, 20 7000 Mons Belgium
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38
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Jhulki S, Un HI, Ding YF, Risko C, Mohapatra SK, Pei J, Barlow S, Marder SR. Reactivity of an air-stable dihydrobenzoimidazole n-dopant with organic semiconductor molecules. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Lu Y, Yu ZD, Un HI, Yao ZF, You HY, Jin W, Li L, Wang ZY, Dong BW, Barlow S, Longhi E, Di CA, Zhu D, Wang JY, Silva C, Marder SR, Pei J. Persistent Conjugated Backbone and Disordered Lamellar Packing Impart Polymers with Efficient n-Doping and High Conductivities. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2005946. [PMID: 33251668 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processable highly conductive polymers are of great interest in emerging electronic applications. For p-doped polymers, conductivities as high a nearly 105 S cm-1 have been reported. In the case of n-doped polymers, they often fall well short of the high values noted above, which might be achievable, if much higher charge-carrier mobilities determined could be realized in combination with high charge-carrier densities. This is in part due to inefficient doping and dopant ions disturbing the ordering of polymers, limiting efficient charge transport and ultimately the achievable conductivities. Here, n-doped polymers that achieve a high conductivity of more than 90 S cm-1 by a simple solution-based co-deposition method are reported. Two conjugated polymers with rigid planar backbones, but with disordered crystalline structures, exhibit surprising structural tolerance to, and excellent miscibility with, commonly used n-dopants. These properties allow both high concentrations and high mobility of the charge carriers to be realized simultaneously in n-doped polymers, resulting in excellent electrical conductivity and thermoelectric performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zi-Di Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hio-Ieng Un
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-400, USA
| | - Ze-Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hao-Yang You
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenlong Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Liang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zi-Yuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bo-Wei Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-400, USA
| | - Elena Longhi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-400, USA
| | - Chong-An Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Daoben Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Carlos Silva
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-400, USA
- School of Physics and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-400, USA
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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40
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Tremblay MH, Schutt K, Zhang Y, Barlow S, Snaith HJ, Marder SR. A polymeric bis(di- p-anisylamino)fluorene hole-transport material for stable n-i-p perovskite solar cells. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04157b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Half-devices made with a norbornene homopolymer with hole-transporting 2,7-bis(di-p-anisylamino)fluorene side chains exhibit improved light and heat stability in comparison to those incorporating spiro-OMeTAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Tremblay
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), Georgia Institute of Technology GA, Atlanta 30332-0400, USA
| | - Kelly Schutt
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Yadong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), Georgia Institute of Technology GA, Atlanta 30332-0400, USA
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), Georgia Institute of Technology GA, Atlanta 30332-0400, USA
| | - Henry J. Snaith
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Seth R. Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), Georgia Institute of Technology GA, Atlanta 30332-0400, USA
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41
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Sahalianov I, Hynynen J, Barlow S, Marder SR, Müller C, Zozoulenko I. UV-to-IR Absorption of Molecularly p-Doped Polythiophenes with Alkyl and Oligoether Side Chains: Experiment and Interpretation Based on Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:11280-11293. [PMID: 33237790 PMCID: PMC7872427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The UV-to-IR transitions in p-doped poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with alkyl side chains and polar polythiophene with tetraethylene glycol side chains are studied experimentally by means of the absorption spectroscopy and computationally using density functional theory (DFT) and tight-binding DFT. The evolution of electronic structure is calculated as the doping level is varied, while the roles of dopant ions, chain twisting, and π-π stacking are also considered, each of these having the effect of broadening the absorption peaks while not significantly changing their positions. The calculated spectra are found to be in good agreement with experimental spectra obtained for the polymers doped with a molybdenum dithiolene complex. As in other DFT studies of doped conjugated polymers, the electronic structure and assignment of optical transitions that emerge are qualitatively different from those obtained through earlier "traditional" approaches. In particular, the two prominent bands seen for the p-doped materials are present for both polarons and bipolarons/polaron pairs. The lowest energy of these transitions is due to excitation from the valence band to a spin-resolved orbitals located in the gap between the bands. The higher-energy band is a superposition of excitation from the valence band to a spin-resolved orbitals in the gap and an excitation between bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihor Sahalianov
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Jonna Hynynen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Seth R. Marder
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Christian Müller
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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42
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Feriante C, Evans AM, Jhulki S, Castano I, Strauss MJ, Barlow S, Dichtel WR, Marder SR. New Mechanistic Insights into the Formation of Imine-Linked Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18637-18644. [PMID: 33058663 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A more robust mechanistic understanding of imine-linked two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) is needed to improve their crystalline domain sizes and to control their morphology, both of which are necessary to fully realize their application potential. Here, we present evidence that 2D imine-linked COFs rapidly polymerize as crystalline sheets that subsequently reorganize to form stacked structures. Primarily, this study focuses on the first few minutes of 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene and terephthaldehyde polymerization, which yields an imine-linked 2D COF. In situ X-ray diffraction and thorough characterization of solids obtained using gentler isolation and activation methods than have typically been used in the literature indicate that periodic imine-linked 2D structures form within 60 s, which then form more ordered stacked structures over the course of several hours. This stacking process imparts improved stability toward the isolation process relative to that of the early stage materials, which likely obfuscated previous mechanistic conclusions regarding 2D polymerization that were based on products isolated using harsh activation methods. This revised mechanistic picture has useful implications; the 2D COF layers isolated at very short reaction times are easily exfoliated, as observed in this work using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. These results suggest improved control of imine-linked 2D COF formation can be obtained through manipulation of the polymerization conditions and interlayer interactions. Qualitatively similar results were obtained for analogous materials obtained from 2,5-di(alkoxy)terephthaldehyde derivatives, except for the COF with the longest alkoxy chains examined (OC12H25), which, although shown by in situ X-ray diffraction to be highly crystalline in the reaction mixture, is much less crystalline when isolated than the other COFs examined, likely due to the more severe steric impact of the dodecyloxy functionality on the stacking process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Feriante
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Samik Jhulki
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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43
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Untilova V, Hynynen J, Hofmann AI, Scheunemann D, Zhang Y, Barlow S, Kemerink M, Marder SR, Biniek L, Müller C, Brinkmann M. High Thermoelectric Power Factor of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) through In-Plane Alignment and Doping with a Molybdenum Dithiolene Complex. Macromolecules 2020; 53:6314-6321. [PMID: 32913375 PMCID: PMC7472519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report a record thermoelectric power factor of up to 160 μW m-1 K-2 for the conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). This result is achieved through the combination of high-temperature rubbing of thin films together with the use of a large molybdenum dithiolene p-dopant with a high electron affinity. Comparison of the UV-vis-NIR spectra of the chemically doped samples to electrochemically oxidized material reveals an oxidation level of 10%, i.e., one polaron for every 10 repeat units. The high power factor arises due to an increase in the charge-carrier mobility and hence electrical conductivity along the rubbing direction. We conclude that P3HT, with its facile synthesis and outstanding processability, should not be ruled out as a potential thermoelectric material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonna Hynynen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anna I. Hofmann
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Dorothea Scheunemann
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Yadong Zhang
- School
of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School
of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Martijn Kemerink
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Seth R. Marder
- School
of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Laure Biniek
- CNRS,
ICS UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Müller
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Martin Brinkmann
- CNRS,
ICS UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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44
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Arvind M, Tait CE, Guerrini M, Krumland J, Valencia AM, Cocchi C, Mansour AE, Koch N, Barlow S, Marder SR, Behrends J, Neher D. Quantitative Analysis of Doping-Induced Polarons and Charge-Transfer Complexes of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) in Solution. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:7694-7708. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Malavika Arvind
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Claudia E. Tait
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michele Guerrini
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jannis Krumland
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana M. Valencia
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Caterina Cocchi
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed E. Mansour
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Seth R. Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Jan Behrends
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Neher
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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45
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Zhao L, Roh K, Kacmoli S, Al Kurdi K, Jhulki S, Barlow S, Marder SR, Gmachl C, Rand BP. Thermal Management Enables Bright and Stable Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2000752. [PMID: 32406172 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The performance of lead-halide perovskite light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has increased rapidly in recent years. However, most reports feature devices operated at relatively small current densities (<500 mA cm-2 ) with moderate radiance (<400 W sr-1 m-2 ). Here, Joule heating and inefficient thermal dissipation are shown to be major obstacles toward high radiance and long lifetime. Several thermal management strategies are proposed in this work, such as doping charge-transport layers, optimizing device geometry, and attaching heat spreaders and sinks. Combining these strategies, high-performance perovskite LEDs are demonstrated with maximum radiance of 2555 W sr-1 m-2 , peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 17%, considerably reduced EQE roll-off (EQE > 10% to current densities as high as 2000 mA cm-2 ), and tenfold increase in operational lifetime (when driven at 100 mA cm-2 ). Furthermore, with proper thermal management, a maximum current density of 2.5 kA cm-2 and an EQE of ≈1% at 1 kA cm-2 are shown using electrical pulses, which represents an important milestone toward electrically driven perovskite lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianfeng Zhao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Kwangdong Roh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Sara Kacmoli
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Khaled Al Kurdi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Samik Jhulki
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Claire Gmachl
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Barry P Rand
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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46
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Tremblay MH, Zeidell AM, Rigin S, Tyznik C, Bacsa J, Zhang Y, Al Kurdi K, Jurchescu OD, Timofeeva TV, Barlow S, Marder SR. Structural Diversity in 2,2'-[Naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide)- N,N'-diyl]-bis(ethylammonium) Iodoplumbates. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:8070-8080. [PMID: 32478526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Crystallization from solutions containing 2,2'-[naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide)-N,N'-diyl]-bis(ethylammonium) diiodide ((NDIC2)I2) and PbI2 has been investigated. Eight different materials are obtained, either by variation of crystallization conditions or by subsequent thermal or solvent-induced transformations. Crystal structures have been determined for five materials. [(NDIC2)2Pb5I14(DMF)2]·4DMF (DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide) (1), [(NDIC2)Pb4I10]·4DMF (3), [(NDIC2)Pb2I6]·4NMP (NMP = N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) (4), and [(NDIC2)Pb2I6]·2H2O (5) form 1-dimensional (1D) chains consisting of PbI6 (and, in the case of 1, PbI5(DMF)) octahedra, either solely face-sharing or a mixture of face-sharing and vertex-sharing. The structure of [(NDIC2)3Pb5I16]·6NMP (2) contains 0D clusters; these consist of three PbI6 octahedra and two unusually coordinated lead centers that exhibit three relatively short Pb-I bonds, two very long Pb-I contacts, and η2-coordination of an aromatic ring of NDIC2 to the lead. Close contacts between iodide ions and the imide rings of NDIC2 in four of the structures suggest that an iodide-to-NDIC2 charge-transfer interaction may be responsible for the observed red coloration of the materials. The optical and electrical properties of 1 have been studied; its onset of absorption is at 2.0 eV, and its conductivity was measured as 5.4 × 10-5 ± 1.1 × 10-5 S m-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Tremblay
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Andrew M Zeidell
- Department of Physics and Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - Sergei Rigin
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, New Mexico 87701, United States
| | - Colin Tyznik
- Department of Physics and Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - John Bacsa
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States.,Crystallography Lab, Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Yadong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Khaled Al Kurdi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Oana D Jurchescu
- Department of Physics and Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - Tatiana V Timofeeva
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, New Mexico 87701, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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47
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Allen TG, Benis S, Munera N, Zhang J, Dai S, Li T, Jia B, Wang W, Barlow S, Hagan DJ, Van Stryland EW, Zhan X, Perry JW, Marder SR. Highly Conjugated, Fused-Ring, Quadrupolar Organic Chromophores with Large Two-Photon Absorption Cross-Sections in the Near-Infrared. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4367-4378. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor G. Allen
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Sepehr Benis
- CREOL, The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2700, United States
| | - Natalia Munera
- CREOL, The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2700, United States
| | - Junxiang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Shuixing Dai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People′s Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People′s Republic of China
| | - Boyu Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People′s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People′s Republic of China
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - David J. Hagan
- CREOL, The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2700, United States
| | - Eric W. Van Stryland
- CREOL, The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2700, United States
| | - Xiaowei Zhan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People′s Republic of China
| | - Joseph W. Perry
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Seth R. Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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48
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Guo R, Zheng Y, Hu Z, Zhang J, Han C, Longhi E, Barlow S, Marder SR, Chen W. Surface Functionalization of Black Phosphorus with a Highly Reducing Organoruthenium Complex: Interface Properties and Enhanced Photoresponsivity of Photodetectors. Chemistry 2020; 26:6576-6582. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Yue Zheng
- Department of Physics National University of Singapore 117542 Singapore Singapore
- Center for advanced 2D materials National University of Singapore 117546 Singapore Singapore
| | - Zehua Hu
- Department of Physics National University of Singapore 117542 Singapore Singapore
- Center for advanced 2D materials National University of Singapore 117546 Singapore Singapore
| | - Jialin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Cheng Han
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Elena Longhi
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of, Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia 30332 USA
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of, Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia 30332 USA
| | - Seth R. Marder
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of, Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia 30332 USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 117543 Singapore Singapore
- Department of Physics National University of Singapore 117542 Singapore Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207 P. R. China
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
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49
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Jhulki S, Evans AM, Hao XL, Cooper MW, Feriante CH, Leisen J, Li H, Lam D, Hersam MC, Barlow S, Brédas JL, Dichtel WR, Marder SR. Humidity Sensing through Reversible Isomerization of a Covalent Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:783-791. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samik Jhulki
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | | | - Xue-Li Hao
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Matthew W. Cooper
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Cameron H. Feriante
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Johannes Leisen
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Hong Li
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | | | | | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | | | - Seth R. Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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50
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Ricco A, Barlow S, Jacob J, Feng J, Hanlon A, Arrigo S, Obayomi-Davies O, Lamond J, Yang J, Lanciano R. Long Term Outcomes Following Repeat Radiation Therapy (RT) to the Lung for Lung Cancer and Lung Metastases with Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.06.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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