1
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Hughes RW, Marquez JD, Young JB, Garrison JB, Zastrow IS, Evans AM, Sumerlin BS. Selective Electrochemical Modification and Degradation of Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403026. [PMID: 38416815 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate that electrochemical-induced decarboxylation enables reliable post-polymerization modification and degradation of polymers. Polymers containing N-(acryloxy)phthalimides were subjected to electrochemical decarboxylation under mild conditions, which led to the formation of transient alkyl radicals. By installing these redox-active units, we systematically modified the pendent groups and chain ends of polyacrylates. This approach enabled the production of poly(ethylene-co-methyl acrylate) and poly(propylene-co-methyl acrylate) copolymers, which are difficult to synthesize by direct polymerization. Spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques reveal these transformations are near-quantitative on several polymer systems. Electrochemical decarboxylation also enables the degradation of all-methacrylate poly(N-(methacryloxy)phthalimide-co-methyl methacrylate) copolymers with a degradation efficiency of >95 %. Chain cleavage is achieved through the decarboxylation of the N-hydroxyphthalimide ester and subsequent β-scission of the backbone radical. Electrochemistry is thus shown to be a powerful tool in selective polymer transformations and controlled macromolecular degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys W Hughes
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Joshua D Marquez
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - James B Young
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - John B Garrison
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Isabella S Zastrow
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Austin M Evans
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
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2
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Davis AN, Parui K, Butala MM, Evans AM. Supramolecular design as a route to high-performing organic electrodes. Nanoscale 2024. [PMID: 38669191 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00292j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Organic electrodes may someday replace transition metals oxides, the current standard in electrochemical energy storage, including those with severe issues of availability, cost, and recyclability. To realize this more sustainable future, a thorough understanding of structure-property relationships and design rules for organic electrodes must be developed. Further, it is imperative that supramolecular interactions between organic species, which are often overlooked, be included in organic electrode design. In this review, we showcase how molecular and polymeric electrodes that host non-covalent interactions outperform materials without these features. Using select examples from the literature, we emphasize how dispersion forces, hydrogen-bonding, and radical pairing can be leveraged to improve the stability, capacity, and energy density of organic electrodes. Throughout this review, we identify potential next-generation designs and opportunities for continued investigation. We hope that this review will serve as a catalyst for collaboration between synthetic chemists and the energy storage community, which we view as a prerequisite to achieving high-performing supramolecular electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani N Davis
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, USA.
| | - Kausturi Parui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Megan M Butala
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Austin M Evans
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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3
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Bradshaw NP, Hirani Z, Kuo L, Li S, Williams NX, Sangwan VK, Chaney LE, Evans AM, Dichtel WR, Hersam MC. Aerosol-Jet-Printable Covalent Organic Framework Colloidal Inks and Temperature-Sensitive Nanocomposite Films. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2303673. [PMID: 37288981 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With molecularly well-defined and tailorable 2D structures, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as leading material candidates for chemical sensing, storage, separation, and catalysis. In these contexts, the ability to directly and deterministically print COFs into arbitrary geometries will enable rapid optimization and deployment. However, previous attempts to print COFs have been restricted by low spatial resolution and/or post-deposition polymerization that limits the range of compatible COFs. Here, these limitations are overcome with a pre-synthesized, solution-processable colloidal ink that enables aerosol jet printing of COFs with micron-scale resolution. The ink formulation utilizes the low-volatility solvent benzonitrile, which is critical to obtaining homogeneous printed COF film morphologies. This ink formulation is also compatible with other colloidal nanomaterials, thus facilitating the integration of COFs into printable nanocomposite films. As a proof-of-concept, boronate-ester COFs are integrated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to form printable COF-CNT nanocomposite films, in which the CNTs enhance charge transport and temperature sensing performance, ultimately resulting in high-sensitivity temperature sensors that show electrical conductivity variation by 4 orders of magnitude between room temperature and 300 °C. Overall, this work establishes a flexible platform for COF additive manufacturing that will accelerate the incorporation of COFs into technologically significant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Bradshaw
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Zoheb Hirani
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Lidia Kuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Siyang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Nicholas X Williams
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Vinod K Sangwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Lindsay E Chaney
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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4
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Yang Y, Ratsch M, Evans AM, Börjesson K. Layered 3D Covalent Organic Framework Films Based on Carbon-Carbon Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18668-18675. [PMID: 37581382 PMCID: PMC10450803 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) during the past decades has led to a variety of promising applications within gas storage, catalysis, drug delivery, and sensing. Even though most described synthesis methods result in powdery COFs with uncontrolled grain size, several approaches to grow COF films have recently been explored. However, in all COFs so far presented, the isolated materials are chemically homogeneous, with all functionalities homogeneously distributed throughout the entire material. Strategies to synthetically manipulate the spatial distribution of functionalities in a single film would be game changing. Specifically, this would allow for the introduction of local functionalities and even consecutive functions in single frameworks, thus broadening their synthetic versatility and application potential. Here, we synthesize two 3D crystalline COF films. The frameworks, the ionic B-based and neutral C-based COFs, have similar unit cell parameters, which enables their epitaxial stacking in a layered 3D COF film. The film growth was monitored in real time using a quartz crystal microbalance, showing linear growth with respect to reaction time. The high degree of polymerization was confirmed by chemical analysis and vibrational spectroscopy. Their polycrystalline and anisotropic natures were confirmed with grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. We further expand the scope of the concept by making layered films from COF-300 and its iodinated derivative. Finally, the work presented here will pave the path for multifunctional COF films where concurrent functionalities are embedded in the same crystalline material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Martin Ratsch
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Austin M. Evans
- George
and Josephine Butler Polymer Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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5
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Louie S, Zhong Y, Bao ST, Schaack C, Montoya A, Jin Z, Orchanian NM, Liu Y, Lei W, Harrison K, Hone J, Angerhofer A, Evans AM, Nuckolls CP. Coaxially Conductive Organic Wires Through Self-Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4940-4945. [PMID: 36852948 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe the synthesis of the hexameric macrocyclic aniline (MA[6]), which spontaneously assembles into coaxially conductive organic wires in its oxidized and acidified emeraldine salt (ES) form. Electrical measurements reveal that ES-MA[6] exhibits high electrical conductivity (7.5 × 10-2 S·cm-1) and that this conductivity is acid-base responsive. Single-crystal X-ray crystallography reveals that ES-MA[6] assembles into well-defined trimeric units that then stack into nanotubes with regular channels, providing a potential route to synthetic nanotubes that are leveraged for ion or small molecule transport. Ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared absorbance spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic spectroscopy showcase the interconversion between acidic (conductive) and basic (insulating) forms of these macrocycles and how charge carriers are formed through protonation, giving rise to the experimentally observed high electrical conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Louie
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yu Zhong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Si Tong Bao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Cedric Schaack
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Alvaro Montoya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Zexin Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Nicholas M Orchanian
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Wenrui Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Kelsey Harrison
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - James Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Alexander Angerhofer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.,George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Colin P Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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6
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Li L, Louie S, Evans AM, Meirzadeh E, Nuckolls C, Venkataraman L. Topological Radical Pairs Produce Ultrahigh Conductance in Long Molecular Wires. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2492-2498. [PMID: 36689781 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Molecular one-dimensional topological insulators (1D TIs), which conduct through energetically low-lying topological edge states, can be extremely highly conducting and exhibit a reversed conductance decay, affording them great potential as building blocks for nanoelectronic devices. However, these properties can only be observed at the short length limit. To extend the length at which these anomalous effects can be observed, we design topological oligo[n]emeraldine wires using short 1D TIs as building blocks. As the wire length increases, the number of topological states increases, enabling an increased electronic transmission along the wire; specifically, we show that we can drive over a microampere current through a single ∼5 nm molecular wire, appreciably more than what has been observed in other long wires reported to date. Calculations and experiments show that the longest oligo[7]emeraldine with doped topological states has over 106 enhancements in the transmission compared to its pristine form. The discovery of these highly conductive, long organic wires helps overcome a fundamental hurdle to implementing molecules in complex, nanoscale circuitry: their structures become too insulating at lengths that are useful in designing nanoscale circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York10027, United States
| | - Shayan Louie
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York10027, United States
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York10027, United States
| | - Elena Meirzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York10027, United States
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York10027, United States
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York10027, United States.,Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York10027, United States
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7
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Oanta AK, Collins KA, Evans AM, Pratik SM, Hall LA, Strauss MJ, Marder SR, D'Alessandro DM, Rajh T, Freedman DE, Li H, Brédas JL, Sun L, Dichtel WR. Electronic Spin Qubit Candidates Arrayed within Layered Two-Dimensional Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:689-696. [PMID: 36574726 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular electronic spin qubits are promising candidates for quantum information science applications because they can be reliably produced and engineered via chemical design. Embedding electronic spin qubits within two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) offers the possibility to systematically engineer inter-qubit interactions while maintaining long coherence times, both of which are prerequisites to their technological utility. Here, we introduce electronic spin qubits into a diamagnetic 2DP by n-doping naphthalene diimide subunits with varying amounts of CoCp2 and analyze their spin densities by quantitative electronic paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Low spin densities (e.g., 6.0 × 1012 spins mm-3) enable lengthy spin-lattice (T1) and spin-spin relaxation (T2) times across a range of temperatures, ranging from T1 values of 164 ms at 10 K to 30.2 μs at 296 K and T2 values of 2.36 μs at 10 K to 0.49 μs at 296 K for the lowest spin density sample examined. Higher spin densities and temperatures were both found to diminish T1 times, which we attribute to detrimental cross-relaxation from spin-spin dipolar interactions and spin-phonon coupling, respectively. Higher spin densities decreased T2 times and modulated the T2 temperature dependence. We attribute these differences to the competition between hyperfine and dipolar interactions for electron spin decoherence, with the dominant interaction transitioning from the former to the latter as spin density and temperature increase. Overall, this investigation demonstrates that dispersing electronic spin qubits within layered 2DPs enables chemical control of their inter-qubit interactions and spin decoherence times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Oanta
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Kelsey A Collins
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Saied Md Pratik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona85721, United States
| | - Lyndon A Hall
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2006, Australia
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States.,Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80303, United States
| | | | - Tijana Rajh
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States.,The School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85281, United States
| | - Danna E Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona85721, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona85721, United States
| | - Lei Sun
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
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8
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Natraj A, Ji W, Xin J, Castano I, Burke DW, Evans AM, Strauss MJ, Ateia M, Hamachi LS, Gianneschi NC, ALOthman ZA, Sun J, Yusuf K, Dichtel WR. Single-Crystalline Imine-Linked Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks Separate Benzene and Cyclohexane Efficiently. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19813-19824. [PMID: 36265086 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are composed of structurally precise, permanently porous, layered macromolecular sheets, which are traditionally synthesized as polycrystalline solids with crystalline domain lengths smaller than 100 nm. Here, we polymerize imine-linked 2D COFs as suspensions of faceted single crystals in as little as 5 min at moderate temperature and ambient pressure. Single crystals of two imine-linked 2D COFs were prepared, consisting of a rhombic 2D COF (TAPPy-PDA) and a hexagonal 2D COF (TAPB-DMPDA). The sizes of TAPPy-PDA and TAPB-DMPDA crystals were tuned from 720 nm to 4 μm and 450 nm to 20 μm in width, respectively. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that the COF crystals consist of layered, 2D polymers comprising single-crystalline domains. Continuous rotation electron diffraction resolved the unit cell and crystal structure of both COFs, which are single-crystalline in the a-b plane but disordered in the stacking c dimension. Single crystals of both COFs were incorporated into gas chromatography separation columns and exhibited unusual selective retention of cyclohexane over benzene, with single-crystalline TAPPy-PDA significantly outperforming single-crystalline TAPB-DMPDA. Polycrystalline TAPPy-PDA exhibited no separation, while polycrystalline TAPB-DMPDA exhibited poor separation and the opposite order of elution, retaining benzene more than cyclohexane, indicating the importance of improved material quality for COFs to exhibit properties that derive from their precise, crystalline structures. This work represents the first example of synthesizing imine-linked 2D COF single crystals at ambient pressure and short reaction times and demonstrates the promise of high-quality COFs for molecular separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusree Natraj
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Junjie Xin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - David W Burke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mohamed Ateia
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zeid A ALOthman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Junliang Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kareem Yusuf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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9
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Stone IB, Starr RL, Hoffmann N, Wang X, Evans AM, Nuckolls C, Lambert TH, Steigerwald ML, Berkelbach TC, Roy X, Venkataraman L. Interfacial electric fields catalyze Ullmann coupling reactions on gold surfaces. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10798-10805. [PMID: 36320717 PMCID: PMC9491086 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03780g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The electric fields created at solid-liquid interfaces are important in heterogeneous catalysis. Here we describe the Ullmann coupling of aryl iodides on rough gold surfaces, which we monitor in situ using the scanning tunneling microscope-based break junction (STM-BJ) and ex situ using mass spectrometry and fluorescence spectroscopy. We find that this Ullmann coupling reaction occurs only on rough gold surfaces in polar solvents, the latter of which implicates interfacial electric fields. These experimental observations are supported by density functional theory calculations that elucidate the roles of surface roughness and local electric fields on the reaction. More broadly, this touchstone study offers a facile method to access and probe in real time an increasingly prominent yet incompletely understood mode of catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana B Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA
| | - Rachel L Starr
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA
| | - Norah Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute New York New York 10010 USA
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | | | - Timothy C Berkelbach
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute New York New York 10010 USA
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA
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10
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Jin Z, Cheng Q, Bao ST, Zhang R, Evans AM, Ng F, Xu Y, Steigerwald ML, McDermott AE, Yang Y, Nuckolls C. Iterative Synthesis of Contorted Macromolecular Ladders for Fast-Charging and Long-Life Lithium Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13973-13980. [PMID: 35878396 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report here an iterative synthesis of long helical perylene diimide (hPDI[n]) nanoribbons with a length up to 16 fused benzene rings. These contorted, ladder-type conjugated, and atomically precise nanoribbons show great potential as organic fast-charging and long-lifetime battery cathodes. By tuning the length of the hPDI[n] oligomers, we can simultaneously modulate the electrical conductivity and ionic diffusivity of the material. The length of the ladders adjusts both the conjugation for electron transport and the contortion for lithium-ion transport. The longest oligomer, hPDI[6], when fabricated as the cathode in lithium batteries, features both high electrical conductivity and high ionic diffusivity. This electrode material exhibits a high power density and can be charged in less than 1 min to 66% of its maximum capacity. Remarkably, this material also has exceptional cycling stability and can operate for up to 10,000 charging-discharging cycles without any appreciable capacity decay. The design principles described here chart a clear path for organic battery electrodes that are sustainable, fast-charging, and long lasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexin Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Qian Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Si Tong Bao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Fay Ng
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yunyao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael L Steigerwald
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ann E McDermott
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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11
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Lee W, Louie S, Evans AM, Orchanian NM, Stone IB, Zhang B, Wei Y, Roy X, Nuckolls C, Venkataraman L. Increased Molecular Conductance in Oligo[ n]phenylene Wires by Thermally Enhanced Dihedral Planarization. Nano Lett 2022; 22:4919-4924. [PMID: 35640062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Coherent tunneling electron transport through molecular wires has been theoretically established as a temperature-independent process. Although several experimental studies have shown counter examples, robust models to describe this temperature dependence have not been thoroughly developed. Here, we demonstrate that dynamic molecular structures lead to temperature-dependent conductance within coherent tunneling regime. Using a custom-built variable-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy break-junction instrument, we find that oligo[n]phenylenes exhibit clear temperature-dependent conductance. Our calculations reveal that thermally activated dihedral rotations allow these molecular wires to have a higher probability of being in a planar conformation. As the tunneling occurs primarily through π-orbitals, enhanced coplanarization substantially increases the time-averaged tunneling probability. These calculations are consistent with the observation that more rotational pivot points in longer molecular wires leads to larger temperature-dependence on conductance. These findings reveal that molecular conductance within coherent and off-resonant electron transport regimes can be controlled by manipulating dynamic molecular structure.
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12
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Evans AM, Collins KA, Xun S, Allen TG, Jhulki S, Castano I, Smith HL, Strauss MJ, Oanta AK, Liu L, Sun L, Reid OG, Sini G, Puggioni D, Rondinelli JM, Rajh T, Gianneschi NC, Kahn A, Freedman DE, Li H, Barlow S, Rumbles G, Brédas JL, Marder SR, Dichtel WR. Controlled n-Doping of Naphthalene-Diimide-Based 2D Polymers. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2101932. [PMID: 34850459 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
2D polymers (2DPs) are promising as structurally well-defined, permanently porous, organic semiconductors. However, 2DPs are nearly always isolated as closed shell organic species with limited charge carriers, which leads to low bulk conductivities. Here, the bulk conductivity of two naphthalene diimide (NDI)-containing 2DP semiconductors is enhanced by controllably n-doping the NDI units using cobaltocene (CoCp2 ). Optical and transient microwave spectroscopy reveal that both as-prepared NDI-containing 2DPs are semiconducting with sub-2 eV optical bandgaps and photoexcited charge-carrier lifetimes of tens of nanoseconds. Following reduction with CoCp2 , both 2DPs largely retain their periodic structures and exhibit optical and electron-spin resonance spectroscopic features consistent with the presence of NDI-radical anions. While the native NDI-based 2DPs are electronically insulating, maximum bulk conductivities of >10-4 S cm-1 are achieved by substoichiometric levels of n-doping. Density functional theory calculations show that the strongest electronic couplings in these 2DPs exist in the out-of-plane (π-stacking) crystallographic directions, which indicates that cross-plane electronic transport through NDI stacks is primarily responsible for the observed electronic conductivity. Taken together, the controlled molecular doping is a useful approach to access structurally well-defined, paramagnetic, 2DP n-type semiconductors with measurable bulk electronic conductivities of interest for electronic or spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Kelsey A Collins
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Sangni Xun
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Taylor G Allen
- Center for Chemistry and Nanoscience, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Samik Jhulki
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Hannah L Smith
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Alexander K Oanta
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Lujia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Lei Sun
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Obadiah G Reid
- Center for Chemistry and Nanoscience, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Gjergji Sini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- CY Cergy Paris Université, Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, EA 2528, 5 mail Gay-Lussac, Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, 95031, France
| | - Danilo Puggioni
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - James M Rondinelli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Tijana Rajh
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Pharmacology, Simpson Querrey Institute, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Antoine Kahn
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Danna E Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Garry Rumbles
- Center for Chemistry and Nanoscience, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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13
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Rashid RB, Evans AM, Hall LA, Dasari RR, Roesner EK, Marder SR, D'Allesandro DM, Dichtel WR, Rivnay J. A Semiconducting Two-Dimensional Polymer as an Organic Electrochemical Transistor Active Layer. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2110703. [PMID: 35355340 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are devices with broad potential in bioelectronic sensing, circuits, and neuromorphic hardware. Their unique properties arise from the use of organic mixed ionic/electronic conductors (OMIECs) as the active channel. Typical OMIECs are linear polymers, where defined and controlled microstructure/morphology, and reliable characterization of transport and charging can be elusive. Semiconducting two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) present a new avenue in OMIEC materials development, enabling electronic transport along with precise control of well-defined channels ideal for ion transport/intercalation. To this end, a recently reported 2DP, TIIP, is synthesized and patterned at 10 µm resolution as the channel of a transistor. The TIIP films demonstrate textured microstructure and show semiconducting properties with accessible oxidation states. Operating in an aqueous electrolyte, the 2DP-OECT exhibits a device-scale hole mobility of 0.05 cm2 V-1 s-1 and a µC* figure of merit of 1.75 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 . 2DP OMIECs thus offer new synthetic degrees of freedom to control OECT performance and may enable additional opportunities such as ion selectivity or improved stability through reduced morphological modulation during device operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem B Rashid
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Lyndon A Hall
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Raghunath R Dasari
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Emily K Roesner
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- University of Colorado Boulder, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Chemistry, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | | | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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14
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Giri A, Evans AM, Rahman MA, McGaughey AJH, Hopkins PE. Highly Negative Poisson's Ratio in Thermally Conductive Covalent Organic Frameworks. ACS Nano 2022; 16:2843-2851. [PMID: 35143183 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The prospect of combining two-dimensional materials in vertical stacks has created a new paradigm for materials scientists and engineers. Herein, we show that stacks of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks are endowed with a host of unique physical properties that combine low densities, high thermal conductivities, and highly negative Poisson's ratios. Our systematic atomistic simulations demonstrate that the tunable mechanical and thermal properties arise from their singular layered architecture comprising strongly bonded light atoms and periodic laminar pores. For example, the negative Poisson's ratio arises from the weak van der Waals interactions between the two-dimensional layers along with the strong covalent bonds that act as hinges along the layers, which facilitate the twisting and swiveling motion of the phenyl rings relative to the tensile plane. The mechanical and thermal properties of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks can be tailored through structural modularities such as control over the pore size and/or interlayer separation. We reveal that these materials mark a regime of materials design that combines low densities with high thermal conductivities arising from their nanoporous yet covalently interconnected structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Giri
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York City, New York 10027, United States
| | - Muhammad Akif Rahman
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Alan J H McGaughey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Patrick E Hopkins
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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15
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He S, Evans AM, Meirzadeh E, Han SY, Russell JC, Wiscons RA, Bartholomew AK, Reed DA, Zangiabadi A, Steigerwald ML, Nuckolls C, Roy X. Site-Selective Surface Modification of 2D Superatomic Re 6Se 8. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:74-79. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shoushou He
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Austin M. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Elena Meirzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sae Young Han
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jake C. Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ren A. Wiscons
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | - Douglas A. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Amirali Zangiabadi
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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16
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Hanna SL, Chheda S, Anderson R, Ray D, Malliakas CD, Knapp JG, Otake KI, Li P, Li P, Wang X, Wasson MC, Zosel K, Evans AM, Robison L, Islamoglu T, Zhang X, Dichtel WR, Stoddart JF, Gomez-Gualdron DA, Gagliardi L, Farha OK. Discovery of spontaneous de-interpenetration through charged point-point repulsions. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Jin Z, Cheng Q, Evans AM, Gray J, Zhang R, Bao ST, Wei F, Venkataraman L, Yang Y, Nuckolls C. π-Conjugated redox-active two-dimensional polymers as organic cathode materials. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3533-3538. [PMID: 35432867 PMCID: PMC8943886 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc07157b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox-active two-dimensional polymers (RA-2DPs) are promising lithium battery organic cathode materials due to their regular porosities and high chemical stabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexin Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Qian Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Austin M. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Jesse Gray
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Si Tong Bao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Fengkai Wei
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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18
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Roesner EK, Asheghali D, Kirillova A, Strauss MJ, Evans AM, Becker ML, Dichtel WR. Arene-Perfluoroarene Interactions Confer Enhanced Mechanical Properties to Synthetic Nanotubes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2475-2480. [PMID: 35310510 PMCID: PMC8864921 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05932g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular nanotubes prepared through macrocycle assembly offer unique properties that stem from their long-range order, structural predictability, and tunable microenvironments. However, assemblies that rely on weak non-covalent interactions often have limited aspect ratios and poor mechanical integrity, which diminish their utility. Here pentagonal imine-linked macrocycles are prepared by condensing a pyridine-containing diamine and either terephthalaldehyde or 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroterephthalaldehyde. Atomic force microscopy and synchrotron in solvo X-ray diffraction demonstrate that protonation of the pyridine groups drives assembly into high-aspect ratio nanotube assemblies. A 1 : 1 mixture of each macrocycle yielded nanotubes with enhanced crystallinity upon protonation. UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy indicate that nanotubes containing both arene and perfluoroarene subunits display spectroscopic signatures of arene–perfluoroarene interactions. Touch-spun polymeric fibers containing assembled nanotubes prepared from the perhydro- or perfluorinated macrocycles exhibited Young's moduli of 1.09 and 0.49 GPa, respectively. Fibers containing nanotube assemblies reinforced by arene–perfluoroarene interactions yielded a 93% increase in the Young's modulus over the perhydro derivative, up to 2.1 GPa. These findings demonstrate that tuning the chemical composition of the monomeric macrocycles can have profound effects on the mechanical strength of the resulting assemblies. More broadly, these results will inspire future studies into tuning orthogonal non-covalent interactions between macrocycles to yield nanotubes with emergent functions and technological potential. Arene–perfluoroarene interactions resulted in enhanced crystallinity between analogous perhydro- and perfluoro macrocycles in a supramolecular nanotube assembly.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Roesner
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Darya Asheghali
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - Alina Kirillova
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Matthew L Becker
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
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19
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Schaack C, Evans AM, Ng F, Steigerwald ML, Nuckolls C. High-Performance Organic Electronic Materials by Contorting Perylene Diimides. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:42-51. [PMID: 34937338 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Perylene diimide (PDI) is a workhorse of the organic electronics community. However, the vast majority of designs that include PDI substitute the core with various functional groups to encourage intimate cofacial contacts between largely planar PDIs. Over the past several years, we have observed the counterintuitive result that contorting the planar aromatic core of PDI leads to higher performing photovoltaics, photodetectors, batteries, and other organic electronic devices. In this Perspective, we describe how different modes of contortion can be reliably installed into PDI-based molecules, oligomers, and polymers. We also describe how these different contortions modify the observed optical and electronic properties of PDI. For instance, contorting PDIs into bowls leads to high-efficiency singlet fission materials, while contorting PDIs into helicene-like structures leads to nonlinear amplification of Cotton effects, culminating in the highest g-factors so far observed for organic compounds. Finally, we show how these unique optoelectronic properties give rise to higher performance organic electronic devices. We specifically note how the three-dimensional structure of these contorted aromatic molecules is responsible for the enhancements in performance we observe. Throughout this Perspective, we highlight opportunities for continued study in this rapidly developing organic materials frontier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Schaack
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Mail Code 3130, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Mail Code 3130, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Fay Ng
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Mail Code 3130, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael L Steigerwald
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Mail Code 3130, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Mail Code 3130, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
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20
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Evans AM, Strauss MJ, Corcos AR, Hirani Z, Ji W, Hamachi LS, Aguilar-Enriquez X, Chavez AD, Smith BJ, Dichtel WR. Two-Dimensional Polymers and Polymerizations. Chem Rev 2021; 122:442-564. [PMID: 34852192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic chemists have developed robust methods to synthesize discrete molecules, linear and branched polymers, and disordered cross-linked networks. However, two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) prepared from designed monomers have been long missing from these capabilities, both as objects of chemical synthesis and in nature. Recently, new polymerization strategies and characterization methods have enabled the unambiguous realization of covalently linked macromolecular sheets. Here we review 2DPs and 2D polymerization methods. Three predominant 2D polymerization strategies have emerged to date, which produce 2DPs either as monolayers or multilayer assemblies. We discuss the fundamental understanding and scope of each of these approaches, including: the bond-forming reactions used, the synthetic diversity of 2DPs prepared, their multilayer stacking behaviors, nanoscale and mesoscale structures, and macroscale morphologies. Additionally, we describe the analytical tools currently available to characterize 2DPs in their various isolated forms. Finally, we review emergent 2DP properties and the potential applications of planar macromolecules. Throughout, we highlight achievements in 2D polymerization and identify opportunities for continued study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amanda R Corcos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoheb Hirani
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Xavier Aguilar-Enriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anton D Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brian J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University,1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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21
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Strauss MJ, Hwang I, Evans AM, Natraj A, Aguilar-Enriquez X, Castano I, Roesner EK, Choi JW, Dichtel WR. Lithium-Conducting Self-Assembled Organic Nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17655-17665. [PMID: 34648256 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular polymers are compelling platforms for the design of stimuli-responsive materials with emergent functions. Here, we report the assembly of an amphiphilic nanotube for Li-ion conduction that exhibits high ionic conductivity, mechanical integrity, electrochemical stability, and solution processability. Imine condensation of a pyridine-containing diamine with a triethylene glycol functionalized isophthalaldehyde yields pore-functionalized macrocycles. Atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and in solvo X-ray diffraction reveal that macrocycle protonation during their mild synthesis drives assembly into high-aspect ratio (>103) nanotubes with three interior triethylene glycol groups. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrates that lithiated nanotubes are efficient Li+ conductors, with an activation energy of 0.42 eV and a peak room temperature conductivity of 3.91 ± 0.38 × 10-5 S cm-1. 7Li NMR and Raman spectroscopy show that lithiation occurs exclusively within the nanotube interior and implicates the glycol groups in facilitating efficient Li+ transduction. Linear sweep voltammetry and galvanostatic lithium plating-stripping tests reveal that this nanotube-based electrolyte is stable over a wide potential range and supports long-term cyclability. These findings demonstrate how the coupling of synthetic design and supramolecular structural control can yield high-performance ionic transporters that are amenable to device-relevant fabrication, as well as the technological potential of chemically designed self-assembled nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Insu Hwang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anusree Natraj
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emily K Roesner
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jang Wook Choi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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22
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Evans AM, Giri A, Sangwan VK, Xun S, Bartnof M, Torres-Castanedo CG, Balch HB, Rahn MS, Bradshaw NP, Vitaku E, Burke DW, Li H, Bedzyk MJ, Wang F, Brédas JL, Malen JA, McGaughey AJH, Hersam MC, Dichtel WR, Hopkins PE. Thermally conductive ultra-low-k dielectric layers based on two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks. Nat Mater 2021; 20:1142-1148. [PMID: 33737728 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-00934-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As the features of microprocessors are miniaturized, low-dielectric-constant (low-k) materials are necessary to limit electronic crosstalk, charge build-up, and signal propagation delay. However, all known low-k dielectrics exhibit low thermal conductivities, which complicate heat dissipation in high-power-density chips. Two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) combine immense permanent porosities, which lead to low dielectric permittivities, and periodic layered structures, which grant relatively high thermal conductivities. However, conventional synthetic routes produce 2D COFs that are unsuitable for the evaluation of these properties and integration into devices. Here, we report the fabrication of high-quality COF thin films, which enable thermoreflectance and impedance spectroscopy measurements. These measurements reveal that 2D COFs have high thermal conductivities (1 W m-1 K-1) with ultra-low dielectric permittivities (k = 1.6). These results show that oriented, layered 2D polymers are promising next-generation dielectric layers and that these molecularly precise materials offer tunable combinations of useful properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Ashutosh Giri
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Vinod K Sangwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Sangni Xun
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Matthew Bartnof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Halleh B Balch
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Matthew S Rahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Nathan P Bradshaw
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Edon Vitaku
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - David W Burke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Michael J Bedzyk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jonathan A Malen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alan J H McGaughey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Patrick E Hopkins
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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23
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Strauss MJ, Jia M, Evans AM, Castano I, Li RL, Aguilar-Enriquez X, Roesner EK, Swartz JL, Chavez AD, Enciso AE, Stoddart JF, Rolandi M, Dichtel WR. Diverse Proton-Conducting Nanotubes via a Tandem Macrocyclization and Assembly Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8145-8153. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Manping Jia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Austin M. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Rebecca L. Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xavier Aguilar-Enriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emily K. Roesner
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jeremy L. Swartz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anton D. Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Alan E. Enciso
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Marco Rolandi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - William R. Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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24
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Castano I, Evans AM, Dos Reis R, Dravid VP, Gianneschi NC, Dichtel WR. Mapping Grains, Boundaries, and Defects in 2D Covalent Organic Framework Thin Films. Chem Mater 2021; 33:1341-1352. [PMID: 35296112 PMCID: PMC8922717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c04382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To improve their synthesis and ultimately realize the technical promise of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs), it is imperative that a robust understanding of their structure be developed. However, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) imaging of such beam-sensitive materials is an outstanding characterization challenge. Here, we overcome this challenge by leveraging low electron flux imaging conditions and high-speed direct electron counting detectors to acquire high-resolution images of 2D COF films. We developed a Fourier mapping technique to rapidly extract nanoscale structural information from these TEM images. This postprocessing script analyzes the evolution of 2D Fourier transforms across a TEM image, which yields information about polycrystalline domain orientations and enables quantification of average domain sizes. Moreover, this approach provides information about several types of defects present in a film, such as overlapping grains and various types of grain boundaries. We also find that the pre-eminent origin of defects in COF-5 films, a prototypical boronate ester-linked COF, arises as a consequence of broken B-O bonds formed during polymerization. These results suggest that the nanoscale features observed are a direct consequence of chemical phenomena. Taken together, this mapping approach provides information about the fundamental microstructure and crystallographic underpinnings of 2D COF films, which will guide the development of future 2D polymerization strategies and help realize the goal of using 2D COFs in a host of thin-film device architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Roberto Dos Reis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Center, and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Pharmacology, Simpson Querrey Institute, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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25
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Brumberg A, Kirschner MS, Diroll BT, Williams KR, Flanders NC, Harvey SM, Leonard AA, Watkins NE, Liu C, Kinigstein ED, Yu J, Evans AM, Liu Y, Cuthriell SA, Panuganti S, Dichtel WR, Kanatzidis MG, Wasielewski MR, Zhang X, Chen LX, Schaller RD. Anisotropic Transient Disordering of Colloidal, Two-Dimensional CdSe Nanoplatelets upon Optical Excitation. Nano Lett 2021; 21:1288-1294. [PMID: 33464913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplatelets (NPLs)-colloidally synthesized, spatially anisotropic, two-dimensional semiconductor quantum wells-are of intense interest owing to exceptionally narrow transition line widths, coupled with solution processability and bandgap tunability. However, given large surface areas and undercoordinated bonding at facet corners and edges, excitation under sufficient intensities may induce anisotropic structural instabilities that impact desired properties. We employ time-resolved X-ray diffraction to study the crystal structure of CdSe NPLs in response to optical excitation. Photoexcitation induces greater out-of-plane than in-plane disordering in 4 and 5 monolayer (ML) NPLs, while 3 ML NPLs display the opposite behavior. Recovery dynamics suggest that out-of-plane cooling slightly outpaces in-plane cooling in 5 ML NPLs with recrystallization occurring on indistinguishable time scales. In comparison, for zero-dimensional CdSe nanocrystals, disordering is isotropic and recovery is faster. These results favor the use of NPLs in optoelectronic applications, where they are likely to exhibit superior performance over traditional, zero-dimensional nanocrystals.
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26
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Addicoat M, Bennett TD, Brammer L, Craig G, Das C, Dichtel W, Doan H, Evans AM, Evans J, Goodwin A, Horike S, Jiang J, Kaskel S, Kato M, Kitagawa S, Kobayashi A, Krause S, Lavenn C, Lee JSM, Phillips AE, Roseveare TM, Schmid R, Shivanna M, Sirbu D, Tashiro S, Ting VP, van der Veen MA, Wilson B, Zhao P. Materials breaking the rules: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2021; 225:255-270. [PMID: 33475107 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd90033h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Robison L, Gong X, Evans AM, Son FA, Wang X, Redfern LR, Wasson MC, Syed ZH, Chen Z, Idrees KB, Islamoglu T, Delferro M, Dichtel WR, Coudert FX, Gianneschi NC, Farha OK. Transient Catenation in a Zirconium-Based Metal-Organic Framework and Its Effect on Mechanical Stability and Sorption Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1503-1512. [PMID: 33433209 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Interpenetration of two or more sublattices is common among many metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Herein, we study the evolution of one zirconium cluster-based, 3,8-connected MOF from its non-interpenetrated (NU-1200) to interpenetrated (STA-26) isomer. We observe this transient catenation process indirectly using ensemble methods, such as nitrogen porosimetry and X-ray diffraction, and directly, using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The approach detailed here will serve as a template for other researchers to monitor the interpenetration of their MOF samples at the bulk and single-particle limits. We investigate the mechanical stability of both lattices experimentally by pressurized in situ X-ray diffraction and nanoindentation as well as computationally with density functional theory calculations. Both lines of study reveal that STA-26 is considerably more mechanically stable than NU-1200. We conclude this study by demonstrating the potential of these MOFs and their mixed phases for the capture of gaseous n-hexane, used as a structural mimic for the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Robison
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,International Institute of Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xinyi Gong
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,International Institute of Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Florencia A Son
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xingjie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Louis R Redfern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Megan C Wasson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoha H Syed
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Zhijie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Karam B Idrees
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Timur Islamoglu
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Massimiliano Delferro
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - François-Xavier Coudert
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,International Institute of Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Pharmacology, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,International Institute of Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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28
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Li K, Wong NK, Strauss MJ, Evans AM, Matsumoto M, Dichtel WR, Adronov A. Postsynthetic Modification of a Covalent Organic Framework Achieved via Strain-Promoted Cycloaddition. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:649-656. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and the Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Naomi K. Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and the Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J. Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Austin M. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michio Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - William R. Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and the Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Balch HB, Evans AM, Dasari RR, Li H, Li R, Thomas S, Wang D, Bisbey RP, Slicker K, Castano I, Xun S, Jiang L, Zhu C, Gianneschi N, Ralph DC, Brédas JL, Marder SR, Dichtel WR, Wang F. Electronically Coupled 2D Polymer/MoS 2 Heterostructures. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21131-21139. [PMID: 33284624 PMCID: PMC9836045 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Emergent quantum phenomena in electronically coupled two-dimensional heterostructures are central to next-generation optical, electronic, and quantum information applications. Tailoring electronic band gaps in coupled heterostructures would permit control of such phenomena and is the subject of significant research interest. Two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) offer a compelling route to tailored band structures through the selection of molecular constituents. However, despite the promise of synthetic flexibility and electronic design, fabrication of 2DPs that form electronically coupled 2D heterostructures remains an outstanding challenge. Here, we report the rational design and optimized synthesis of electronically coupled semiconducting 2DP/2D transition metal dichalcogenide van der Waals heterostructures, demonstrate direct exfoliation of the highly crystalline and oriented 2DP films down to a few nanometers, and present the first thickness-dependent study of 2DP/MoS2 heterostructures. Control over the 2DP layers reveals enhancement of the 2DP photoluminescence by two orders of magnitude in ultrathin sheets and an unexpected thickness-dependent modulation of the ultrafast excited state dynamics in the 2DP/MoS2 heterostructure. These results provide fundamental insight into the electronic structure of 2DPs and present a route to tune emergent quantum phenomena in 2DP hybrid van der Waals heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halleh B. Balch
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States,Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Simil Thomas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States,Department of Physics, Govt. College Nedumangad, Kerala 695541, India
| | - Danqing Wang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States,Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ryan P. Bisbey
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States,Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kaitlin Slicker
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sangni Xun
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Lili Jiang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States,Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nathan Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Pharmacology, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Simpson Querrey Institute, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Daniel C. Ralph
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute at Cornell, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Seth R. Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - William R. Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States,Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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30
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Evans AM, Ryder MR, Ji W, Strauss MJ, Corcos AR, Vitaku E, Flanders NC, Bisbey RP, Dichtel WR. Trends in the thermal stability of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks. Faraday Discuss 2020; 225:226-240. [PMID: 33201970 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00054j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) are synthetically diverse, layered macromolecules. Their covalent lattices are thought to confer high thermal stability, which is typically evaluated with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). However, TGA measures the temperature at which volatile degradation products are formed and is insensitive to changes of the periodic structure of the COF. Here, we study the thermal stability of ten 2D COFs using a combination of variable-temperature X-ray diffraction, TGA, diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. We find that 2D COFs undergo a general two-step thermal degradation process. At the first degradation temperature, 2D COFs lose their crystallinity without chemical degradation. Then, at higher temperatures, they chemically degrade into volatile byproducts. Several trends emerge from this exploration of 2D COF stability. Boronate ester-linked COFs are generally more thermally stable than comparable imine-linked COFs. Smaller crystalline lattices are more robust to thermal degradation than chemically similar larger lattices. Finally, pore-functionalized COFs degrade at significantly lower temperatures than their unfunctionalized analogues. These trends offer design criteria for thermally resilient 2D COF materials. These findings will inform and encourage a broader exploration of mechanical deformation in 2D networks, providing a necessary step towards their practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Evans
- Northwestern University, Department of Chemistry, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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31
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Feriante C, Evans AM, Jhulki S, Castano I, Strauss MJ, Barlow S, Dichtel WR, Marder SR. New Mechanistic Insights into the Formation of Imine-Linked Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18637-18644. [PMID: 33058663 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A more robust mechanistic understanding of imine-linked two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) is needed to improve their crystalline domain sizes and to control their morphology, both of which are necessary to fully realize their application potential. Here, we present evidence that 2D imine-linked COFs rapidly polymerize as crystalline sheets that subsequently reorganize to form stacked structures. Primarily, this study focuses on the first few minutes of 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene and terephthaldehyde polymerization, which yields an imine-linked 2D COF. In situ X-ray diffraction and thorough characterization of solids obtained using gentler isolation and activation methods than have typically been used in the literature indicate that periodic imine-linked 2D structures form within 60 s, which then form more ordered stacked structures over the course of several hours. This stacking process imparts improved stability toward the isolation process relative to that of the early stage materials, which likely obfuscated previous mechanistic conclusions regarding 2D polymerization that were based on products isolated using harsh activation methods. This revised mechanistic picture has useful implications; the 2D COF layers isolated at very short reaction times are easily exfoliated, as observed in this work using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. These results suggest improved control of imine-linked 2D COF formation can be obtained through manipulation of the polymerization conditions and interlayer interactions. Qualitatively similar results were obtained for analogous materials obtained from 2,5-di(alkoxy)terephthaldehyde derivatives, except for the COF with the longest alkoxy chains examined (OC12H25), which, although shown by in situ X-ray diffraction to be highly crystalline in the reaction mixture, is much less crystalline when isolated than the other COFs examined, likely due to the more severe steric impact of the dodecyloxy functionality on the stacking process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Feriante
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Samik Jhulki
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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32
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Evans AM, Bradshaw NP, Litchfield B, Strauss MJ, Seckman B, Ryder MR, Castano I, Gilmore C, Gianneschi NC, Mulzer CR, Hersam MC, Dichtel WR. High-Sensitivity Acoustic Molecular Sensors Based on Large-Area, Spray-Coated 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2004205. [PMID: 32939866 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
2D covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) are a unique materials platform that combines covalent connectivity, structural regularity, and molecularly precise porosity. However, 2D COFs typically form insoluble aggregates, thus limiting their processing via additive manufacturing techniques. In this work, colloidal suspensions of boronate-ester-linked 2D COFs are used as a spray-coating ink to produce large-area 2D COF thin films. This method is synthetically general, with five different 2D COFs prepared as colloidal inks and subsequently spray-coated onto a diverse range of substrates. Moreover, this approach enables the deposition of multiple 2D COF materials simultaneously, which is not possible by polymerizing COFs on substrates directly. When combined with stencil masks, spray-coated 2D COFs are rapidly deposited as thin films larger than 200 cm2 with line resolutions below 50 µm. To demonstrate that this deposition scheme preserves the desirable attributes of 2D COFs, spray-coated 2D COF thin films are incorporated as the active material in acoustic sensors. These 2D-COF-based sensors have a 10 ppb limit-of-quantification for trimethylamine, which places them among the most sensitive sensors for meat and seafood spoilage. Overall, this work establishes a scalable additive manufacturing technique that enables the integration of 2D COFs into thin-film device architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Nathan P Bradshaw
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | | | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | | | - Matthew R Ryder
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | | | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, International Institute of Nanotechnology, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | | | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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33
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Flanders NC, Kirschner MS, Kim P, Fauvell TJ, Evans AM, Helweh W, Spencer AP, Schaller RD, Dichtel WR, Chen LX. Large Exciton Diffusion Coefficients in Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks with Different Domain Sizes Revealed by Ultrafast Exciton Dynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14957-14965. [PMID: 32657123 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Large singlet exciton diffusion lengths are a hallmark of high performance in organic-based devices such as photovoltaics, chemical sensors, and photodetectors. In this study, exciton dynamics of a two-dimensional covalent organic framework, 2D COF-5, is investigated using ultrafast spectroscopic techniques. After photoexcitation, the COF-5 exciton decays via three pathways: (1) excimer formation (4 ± 2 ps), (2) excimer relaxation (160 ± 40 ps), and (3) excimer decay (>3 ns). Excitation fluence-dependent transient absorption studies suggest that COF-5 has a relatively large diffusion coefficient (0.08 cm2/s). Furthermore, exciton-exciton annihilation processes are characterized as a function of COF-5 crystallite domain size in four different samples, which reveal domain-size-dependent exciton diffusion kinetics. These results reveal that exciton diffusion in COF-5 is constrained by its crystalline domain size. These insights indicate the outstanding promise of delocalized excitonic processes available in 2D COFs, which motivate their continued design and implementation into optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Flanders
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew S Kirschner
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Pyosang Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Thomas J Fauvell
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Waleed Helweh
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Austin P Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Richard D Schaller
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lin X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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34
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Persson R, Lee S, Yood MU, Wagner MR, Minton N, Niemcryk S, Lindholm A, Evans AM, Jick S. Incident depression in patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis: a multi-database study. Eur J Neurol 2020; 27:1556-1560. [PMID: 32397001 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Data on rates of newly diagnosed depression after multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnosis are sparse. Here, incident, treated depression in MS patients after diagnosis compared with matched non-MS patients is described. METHODS A matched cohort study was conducted in two separate electronic medical databases: the US Department of Defense (US-DOD) military healthcare system and the UK's Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD (UK-CPRD). The study population included all patients with a first recorded diagnosis of MS and matched non-MS patients. Patients with a history of treated depression were excluded. Incidence rates and incidence rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals for treated depression after MS diagnosis/matched date were estimated. RESULTS Incidence rate ratios of treated depression amongst MS patients compared with non-MS patients were 3.20 (95% confidence interval 3.05-3.35) in the US-DOD and 1.90 (95% confidence interval 1.74-2.06) in the UK-CPRD. Incidence rate ratios were elevated across age and sex. Rates were higher in females than males but, compared to non-MS patients, males with MS had a higher relative risk than females with MS. CONCLUSIONS Multiple sclerosis patients in the UK and the USA have a two- to three-fold increased risk of new, treated depression compared to matched non-MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Persson
- Epidemiology, Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - S Lee
- Drug Safety, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - M U Yood
- Chief Scientific Officer, EpiSource LLC, Newton, MA, USA.,Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M R Wagner
- Department of Neurology, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, VA, USA
| | - N Minton
- Drug Safety, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - S Niemcryk
- Drug Safety, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - A Lindholm
- Drug Safety, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - A M Evans
- Epidemiology, Health ResearchTx LLC, Trevose, PA, USA
| | - S Jick
- Epidemiology, Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, Lexington, MA, USA.,Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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35
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Ratsch M, Ye C, Yang Y, Zhang A, Evans AM, Börjesson K. All-Carbon-Linked Continuous Three-Dimensional Porous Aromatic Framework Films with Nanometer-Precise Controllable Thickness. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:6548-6553. [PMID: 32186875 PMCID: PMC7309314 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Inherently porous materials that
are chemically and structurally
robust are challenging to construct. Conventionally, dynamic chemistry
is thought to be needed for the formation of uniform porous organic
frameworks, but dynamic bonds can limit the stability of these materials.
For this reason, all-carbon-linked frameworks are expected to exhibit
higher stability performance than more traditional porous frameworks.
However, the limited reversibility of carbon–carbon bond-forming
reactions has restricted the exploration of these materials. In particular,
the challenges associated with producing uniform thin films of all-carbon-linked
frameworks has inhibited the study of these materials in applications
where well-defined films are required. Here, we synthesize continuous
and homogeneous films of two different all-carbon-linked three-dimensional
porous aromatic frameworks with nanometer-precision thickness (PAF-1
and BCMP-2). This was accomplished by kinetically promoting surface
reactivity while suppressing homogeneous nucleation. Through connection
of the PAF film to a gold substrate via a self-assembled monolayer
and use of flow conditions to continually introduce monomers, smooth
and continuous PAF films can be grown with controlled thickness. This
strategy allows traditional transition metal mediated carbon–carbon
cross-coupling reactions to form porous, organic thin films. We expect
that the chemical principles uncovered in this study will enable the
synthesis of a variety of chemically and structurally diverse carbon–carbon-linked
frameworks as high-quality films, which are inaccessible by conventional
methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ratsch
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Chen Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Yizhou Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Airui Zhang
- Division of Energy and Environmental Measurement, National Institute of Metrology, China NIM, Beijing 100013, P.R. China
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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36
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Burke DW, Sun C, Castano I, Flanders NC, Evans AM, Vitaku E, McLeod DC, Lambeth RH, Chen LX, Gianneschi NC, Dichtel WR. Acid Exfoliation of Imine‐linked Covalent Organic Frameworks Enables Solution Processing into Crystalline Thin Films. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David W. Burke
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Present address: Max Planck Institute for Brain Research Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | | | - Austin M. Evans
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Edon Vitaku
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - David C. McLeod
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Grounds MD 21005 USA
| | | | - Lin X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division Argonne National Laboratory Argonne IL 60493 USA
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering Biomedical Engineering International Institute for Nanotechnology Simpson Querry Institute Chemistry of Life Processes Institute Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
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37
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Burke DW, Sun C, Castano I, Flanders NC, Evans AM, Vitaku E, McLeod DC, Lambeth RH, Chen LX, Gianneschi NC, Dichtel WR. Acid Exfoliation of Imine‐linked Covalent Organic Frameworks Enables Solution Processing into Crystalline Thin Films. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5165-5171. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David W. Burke
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Present address: Max Planck Institute for Brain Research Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | | | - Austin M. Evans
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Edon Vitaku
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - David C. McLeod
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Grounds MD 21005 USA
| | | | - Lin X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division Argonne National Laboratory Argonne IL 60493 USA
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering Biomedical Engineering International Institute for Nanotechnology Simpson Querry Institute Chemistry of Life Processes Institute Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
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38
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Persson R, Lee S, Ulcickas Yood M, Wagner Usn Mc CM, Minton N, Niemcryk S, Lindholm A, Evans AM, Jick SS. Infections in patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis: A multi-database study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 41:101982. [PMID: 32070858 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.101982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent data on the rates of infections among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are sparse. The objective of this study was to quantify incidence of infections in patients with MS compared with a matched sample of patients without MS (non-MS). METHODS This study was conducted in two separate electronic medical databases: the United States Department of Defense (US-DOD) military health care system and the United Kingdom's Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD (UK-CPRD). We identified patients with a first recorded diagnosis of MS between 2001 and 2016 (UK-CPRD) or 2004 and 2017 (US-DOD) and matched non-MS patients. We identified infections recorded after the MS diagnosis date (or the matched date in non-MS patients) and calculated incidence rates (IRs) and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by infection site and type. RESULTS Relative to non-MS patients, MS patients had higher rates of any infection (US-DOD IRR 1.76; 95% CI 1.72-1.80 and UK-CPRD IRR 1.25; 95% CI 1.21-1.29) and a two-fold higher rate of hospitalized infections (US-DOD IRR 2.43; 95% CI 2.23-2.63 and UK-CPRD IRR 2.00; 95% CI 1.84-2.17). IRs of any infection were higher in females compared with males in both MS and non-MS patients, while IRs of hospitalized infections were similar between sexes in both MS and non-MS patients. The IR of first urinary tract or kidney infection was nearly two-fold higher in MS compared with non-MS patients (US-DOD IRR 1.88; 95% CI 1.81-1.95 and UK-CPRD IRR 1.97; 95% CI 1.86-2.09) with higher rates in females compared with males. IRs for any opportunistic infection, candidiasis and any herpes virus were increased between 20 and 52% among MS patients compared with non-MS patients. IRs of meningitis, tuberculosis, hepatitis B and C were all low. CONCLUSION MS patients have an increased risk of infection, notably infections of the renal tract, and a two-fold increased risk of hospitalized infections compared with non-MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Persson
- Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - S Lee
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - M Ulcickas Yood
- EpiSource, LLC, Newton, MA, USA; Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - N Minton
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - A M Evans
- Health ResearchTx, LLC, Trevose, PA, USA
| | - S S Jick
- Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, Lexington, MA, USA; Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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39
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Strauss MJ, Evans AM, Castano I, Li RL, Dichtel WR. Supramolecular polymerization provides non-equilibrium product distributions of imine-linked macrocycles. Chem Sci 2020; 11:1957-1963. [PMID: 34123290 PMCID: PMC8148301 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05422g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular polymerization of imine-linked macrocycles has been coupled to dynamic imine bond exchange within a series of macrocycles and oligomers. In this way, macrocycle synthesis is driven by supramolecular assembly, either into small aggregates supported by π–π interactions, or high-aspect ratio nanotubes stabilized primarily by electrostatic and solvophobic interactions. For the latter, supramolecular polymerization into nanotubes restricts imine exchange, thereby conferring chemical stability to the assemblies and their constituent macrocycles. Competition in the formation and component exchange among macrocycles favored pyridine-2,6-diimine-linked species due to their rapid synthesis, thermodynamic stability, and assembly into high-aspect ratio nanotubes under the reaction conditions. In addition, the pyridine-containing nanotubes inhibit the formation of similar macrocycles containing benzene-1,3-diimine-linkages, presumably by disrupting their assembly and templation. Finally, we exploit rapid imine exchange within weak, low-aspect ratio macrocycle aggregates to carry out monomer exchange reactions to macrocycles bearing pyridine moieties. Once a pyridine-containing dialdehyde has exchanged into a macrocycle, the macrocycle becomes capable of nanotube formation, which dramatically slows further imine exchange. This kinetic trap provides chemically diverse macrocycles that are not attainable by direct synthetic methods. Together these findings provide new insights into coupling supramolecular polymerization and dynamic covalent bond-forming processes and leverages this insight to target asymmetric nanotubes. We envision these findings spurring further research efforts in the synthesis of nanostructures with designed and emergent properties. Supramolecular polymerization of imine-linked macrocycles has been coupled to dynamic imine bond exchange within a series of macrocycles and oligomers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Rebecca L Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
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40
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Li H, Evans AM, Castano I, Strauss MJ, Dichtel WR, Bredas JL. Nucleation-Elongation Dynamics of Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1367-1374. [PMID: 31867961 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Homogeneous two-dimensional (2D) polymerization is a poorly understood process in which topologically planar monomers react to form planar macromolecules, often termed 2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs). While these COFs have traditionally been limited to weakly crystalline aggregated powders, they were recently grown as micron-sized single crystals by temporally resolving the growth and nucleation processes. Here, we present a quantitative analysis of the nucleation and growth rates of 2D COFs via kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations using COF-5 as an example, which show that nucleation and growth have second-order and first-order dependences on monomer concentration, respectively. The computational results were confirmed experimentally by systematic measurements of COF nucleation and growth rates performed via in situ X-ray scattering, which validated the respective monomer concentration dependencies of the nucleation and elongation processes. A major consequence is that there exists a threshold monomer concentration below which growth dominates over nucleation. Our computational and experimental findings rationalize recent empirical observations that, in the formation of 2D COF single crystals, growth dominates over nucleation when monomers are added slowly, so as to limit their concentrations. This mechanistic understanding of the nucleation and growth processes will inform the rational control of polymerization in two dimensions and ultimately enable access to high-quality samples of designed two-dimensional polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyuan Li
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE) , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0400 , United States
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Jean-Luc Bredas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE) , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0400 , United States
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41
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Jhulki S, Evans AM, Hao XL, Cooper MW, Feriante CH, Leisen J, Li H, Lam D, Hersam MC, Barlow S, Brédas JL, Dichtel WR, Marder SR. Humidity Sensing through Reversible Isomerization of a Covalent Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:783-791. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samik Jhulki
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | | | - Xue-Li Hao
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Matthew W. Cooper
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Cameron H. Feriante
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Johannes Leisen
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Hong Li
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | | | | | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | | | - Seth R. Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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42
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Feriante CH, Jhulki S, Evans AM, Dasari RR, Slicker K, Dichtel WR, Marder SR. Rapid Synthesis of High Surface Area Imine-Linked 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks by Avoiding Pore Collapse During Isolation. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e1905776. [PMID: 31763734 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Imine-linked 2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) form more rapidly than previously reported under Brønsted acid-catalyzed conditions, showing signs of crystallinity within a few minutes, and maximum crystallinity within hours. These observations contrast with the multiday reaction times typically employed under these conditions. In addition, vacuum activation, which is often used to isolate COF materials significantly erodes the crystallinity and surface area of the several isolated materials, as measured by N2 sorption and X-ray diffraction. This loss of material quality during isolation for many networks has historically obscured otherwise effective polymerization conditions. The influence of the activation procedure is characterized in detail for three COFs, with the commonly used 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene-terephthaldehyde network (TAPB-PDA COF), the most prone to pore collapse. When the networks are activated carefully, rapid COF formation is general for all five of the imine-linked 2D COFs studied, with all exhibiting excellent crystallinity and surface areas, including the highest surface areas reported to date for three materials. Furthermore, to simplify the workup of COF materials, a simple nitrogen flow method provides high-quality materials without the need for specialized equipment. These insights have important implications for studying and understanding how 2D COFs form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron H Feriante
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Samik Jhulki
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Raghunath R Dasari
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Kaitlin Slicker
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
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43
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Castano I, Evans AM, Li H, Vitaku E, Strauss MJ, Brédas JL, Gianneschi NC, Dichtel WR. Chemical Control over Nucleation and Anisotropic Growth of Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks. ACS Cent Sci 2019; 5:1892-1899. [PMID: 31807691 PMCID: PMC6891846 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) are composed of structurally precise, permanently porous, layered polymer sheets. 2D COFs have traditionally been synthesized as polycrystalline aggregates with small crystalline domains. Only recently have a small number of 2D COFs been obtained as single crystals, which were prepared by a seeded growth approach via the slow introduction of monomers, which favored particle growth over nucleation. However, these procedures are slow and operationally difficult, making it desirable to develop polymerization methods that do not require the continuous addition of reactants over days or weeks. Here, we achieve the rapid growth of boronate ester-linked COFs by chemically suppressing nucleation via addition of an excess of a monofunctional competitor, 4-tert-butylcatechol (TCAT), into the polymerization. In situ X-ray scattering measurements show that TCAT suppresses colloid nucleation, which enables seeded growth polymerizations in the presence of high monomer concentrations. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations reveal that TCAT limits oligomers to sizes below the critical nucleus size and that in-plane expansion is restricted compared to out-of-plane oriented attachment of oligomers. The simulations are consistent with transmission electron micrographs, which show that the particles grow predominantly in the stacking direction. This mechanistic insight into the role of the modulators in 2D polymerizations enables the size and aspect ratio of COF colloids to be controlled under operationally simple conditions. This chemically controlled growth strategy will accelerate the discovery and exploration of COF materials and their emergent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannina Castano
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Austin M. Evans
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Haoyuan Li
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics
(COPE), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Edon Vitaku
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael J. Strauss
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics
(COPE), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Simpson Querrey
Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemistry
of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- E-mail:
| | - William R. Dichtel
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- E-mail:
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44
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Evans AM, Castano I, Brumberg A, Parent LR, Corcos AR, Li RL, Flanders NC, Gosztola DJ, Gianneschi NC, Schaller RD, Dichtel WR. Emissive Single-Crystalline Boroxine-Linked Colloidal Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:19728-19735. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David J. Gosztola
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | | | - Richard D. Schaller
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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45
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Strauss MJ, Asheghali D, Evans AM, Li RL, Chavez AD, Sun C, Becker ML, Dichtel WR. Cooperative Self‐Assembly of Pyridine‐2,6‐Diimine‐Linked Macrocycles into Mechanically Robust Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Strauss
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Darya Asheghali
- Department of Polymer Science The University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Austin M. Evans
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Rebecca L. Li
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Anton D. Chavez
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Matthew L. Becker
- Department of Polymer Science The University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - William R. Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
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46
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Strauss MJ, Asheghali D, Evans AM, Li RL, Chavez AD, Sun C, Becker ML, Dichtel WR. Cooperative Self‐Assembly of Pyridine‐2,6‐Diimine‐Linked Macrocycles into Mechanically Robust Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14708-14714. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Strauss
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Darya Asheghali
- Department of Polymer Science The University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Austin M. Evans
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Rebecca L. Li
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Anton D. Chavez
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Matthew L. Becker
- Department of Polymer Science The University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - William R. Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
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47
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Evans AM, Ryder MR, Flanders NC, Vitaku E, Chen LX, Dichtel WR. Buckling of Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks under Thermal Stress. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Austin M. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew R. Ryder
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Nathan C. Flanders
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Edon Vitaku
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lin X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - William R. Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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48
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Zhukhovitskiy AV, Kobylianskii IJ, Thomas AA, Evans AM, Delaney CP, Flanders NC, Denmark SE, Dichtel WR, Toste FD. A Dinuclear Mechanism Implicated in Controlled Carbene Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6473-6478. [PMID: 30964670 PMCID: PMC6615555 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbene polymerization provides polyolefins that cannot be readily prepared from olefin monomers; however, controlled and living carbene polymerization has been a long-standing challenge. Here we report a new class of initiators, (π-allyl)palladium carboxylate dimers, which polymerize ethyl diazoacetate, a carbene precursor in a controlled and quasi-living manner, with nearly quantitative yields, degrees of polymerization >100, molecular weight dispersities 1.2-1.4, and well-defined, diversifiable chain ends. This method also provides block copolycarbenes that undergo microphase segregation. Experimental and theoretical mechanistic analysis supports a new dinuclear mechanism for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilia J. Kobylianskii
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Andy A. Thomas
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Austin M. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Connor P. Delaney
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nathan C. Flanders
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Scott E. Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - William R. Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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49
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Li RL, Flanders NC, Evans AM, Ji W, Castano I, Chen LX, Gianneschi NC, Dichtel WR. Controlled growth of imine-linked two-dimensional covalent organic framework nanoparticles. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3796-3801. [PMID: 30996969 PMCID: PMC6446964 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00289h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) consist of monomers arranged in predictable structures with emergent properties. However, improved crystallinity, porosity, and solution processability remain major challenges. To this end, colloidal COF nanoparticles are useful for mechanistic studies of nucleation and growth and enable advanced spectroscopy and solution processing of thin films. Here we present a general approach to synthesize imine-linked 2D COF nanoparticles and control their size by favoring imine polymerization while preventing the nucleation of new particles. The method yields uniform, crystalline, and high-surface-area particles and is applicable to several imine-linked COFs. In situ X-ray scattering experiments reveal the nucleation of amorphous polymers, which crystallize via imine exchange processes during and after particle growth, consistent with previous mechanistic studies of imine-linked COF powders. The separation of particle formation and growth processes offers control of particle size and may enable further improvements in crystallinity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Li
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , IL , 60208 USA .
| | - Nathan C Flanders
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , IL , 60208 USA .
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , IL , 60208 USA .
| | - Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , IL , 60208 USA .
| | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , IL , 60208 USA .
| | - Lin X Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , IL , 60208 USA .
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , IL , 60208 USA .
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , IL , 60208 USA .
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50
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Daugherty MC, Vitaku E, Li RL, Evans AM, Chavez AD, Dichtel WR. Improved synthesis of β-ketoenamine-linked covalent organic frameworks via monomer exchange reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:2680-2683. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08957d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
β-Ketoenamine-linked COFs with improved crystallinity are achieved through monomer exchange of isostructural imine-linked COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edon Vitaku
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Rebecca L. Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | | | - Anton D. Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory
- New York
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