1
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Zhang Q, Liu T, Wilken S, Xiong S, Zhang H, Ribca I, Liao M, Liu X, Kroon R, Fabiano S, Gao F, Lawoko M, Bao Q, Österbacka R, Johansson M, Fahlman M. Industrial Kraft Lignin Based Binary Cathode Interface Layer Enables Enhanced Stability in High Efficiency Organic Solar Cells. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2307646. [PMID: 37812198 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a binary cathode interface layer (CIL) strategy based on the industrial solvent fractionated LignoBoost kraft lignin (KL) is adopted for fabrication of organic solar cells (OSCs). The uniformly distributed phenol moieties in KL enable it to easily form hydrogen bonds with commonly used CIL materials, i.e., bathocuproine (BCP) and PFN-Br, resulting in binary CILs with tunable work function (WF). This work shows that the binary CILs work well in OSCs with large KL ratio compatibility, exhibiting equivalent or even higher efficiency to the traditional CILs in state of art OSCs. In addition, the combination of KL and BCP significantly enhanced OSC stability, owing to KL blocking the reaction between BCP and nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs). This work provides a simple and effective way to achieve high-efficient OSCs with better stability and sustainability by using wood-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilun Zhang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Tiefeng Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Wilken
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20500, Finland
| | - Shaobing Xiong
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Huotian Zhang
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
| | - Iuliana Ribca
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE- 10044, Sweden
| | - Mingna Liao
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Xianjie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
| | - Martin Lawoko
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE- 10044, Sweden
| | - Qinye Bao
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ronald Österbacka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20500, Finland
| | - Mats Johansson
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE- 10044, Sweden
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
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2
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Liu T, Heimonen J, Zhang Q, Yang CY, Huang JD, Wu HY, Stoeckel MA, van der Pol TPA, Li Y, Jeong SY, Marks A, Wang XY, Puttisong Y, Shimolo AY, Liu X, Zhang S, Li Q, Massetti M, Chen WM, Woo HY, Pei J, McCulloch I, Gao F, Fahlman M, Kroon R, Fabiano S. Ground-state electron transfer in all-polymer donor:acceptor blends enables aqueous processing of water-insoluble conjugated polymers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8454. [PMID: 38114560 PMCID: PMC10730874 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Water-based conductive inks are vital for the sustainable manufacturing and widespread adoption of organic electronic devices. Traditional methods to produce waterborne conductive polymers involve modifying their backbone with hydrophilic side chains or using surfactants to form and stabilize aqueous nanoparticle dispersions. However, these chemical approaches are not always feasible and can lead to poor material/device performance. Here, we demonstrate that ground-state electron transfer (GSET) between donor and acceptor polymers allows the processing of water-insoluble polymers from water. This approach enables macromolecular charge-transfer salts with 10,000× higher electrical conductivities than pristine polymers, low work function, and excellent thermal/solvent stability. These waterborne conductive films have technological implications for realizing high-performance organic solar cells, with efficiency and stability superior to conventional metal oxide electron transport layers, and organic electrochemical neurons with biorealistic firing frequency. Our findings demonstrate that GSET offers a promising avenue to develop water-based conductive inks for various applications in organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiefeng Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Johanna Heimonen
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Qilun Zhang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Jun-Da Huang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Han-Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Marc-Antoine Stoeckel
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Tom P A van der Pol
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Electronic and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xin-Yi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuttapoom Puttisong
- Electronic and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Asaminew Y Shimolo
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xianjie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Silan Zhang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Qifan Li
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Matteo Massetti
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Weimin M Chen
- Electronic and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Feng Gao
- Electronic and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
- n-Ink AB, Norrköping, Sweden.
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3
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Mone M, Kim Y, Darabi S, Zokaei S, Karlsson L, Craighero M, Fabiano S, Kroon R, Müller C. Mechanically Adaptive Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors Based on a Polar Polythiophene Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofibrils. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37262133 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers with oligoether side chains are promising mixed ionic-electronic conductors, but they tend to feature a low glass transition temperature and hence a low elastic modulus, which prevents their use if mechanical robust materials are required. Carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) are found to be a suitable reinforcing agent for a soft polythiophene with tetraethylene glycol side chains. Dry nanocomposites feature a Young's modulus of more than 400 MPa, which reversibly decreases to 10 MPa or less upon passive swelling through water uptake. The presence of CNF results in a slight decrease in electronic mobility but enhances the ionic mobility and volumetric capacitance, with the latter increasing from 164 to 197 F cm-3 upon the addition of 20 vol % CNF. Overall, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) feature a higher switching speed and a transconductance that is independent of the CNF content up to at least 20 vol % CNF. Hence, CNF-reinforced conjugated polymers with oligoether side chains facilitate the design of mechanically adaptive mixed ionic-electronic conductors for wearable electronics and bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariza Mone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Youngseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sozan Darabi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sepideh Zokaei
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lovisa Karlsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mariavittoria Craighero
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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4
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Petsagkourakis I, Riera-Galindo S, Ruoko TP, Strakosas X, Pavlopoulou E, Liu X, Braun S, Kroon R, Kim N, Lienemann S, Gueskine V, Hadziioannou G, Berggren M, Fahlman M, Fabiano S, Tybrandt K, Crispin X. Improved Performance of Organic Thermoelectric Generators Through Interfacial Energetics. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023:e2206954. [PMID: 37132565 PMCID: PMC10369274 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The interfacial energetics are known to play a crucial role in organic diodes, transistors, and sensors. Designing the metal-organic interface has been a tool to optimize the performance of organic (opto)electronic devices, but this is not reported for organic thermoelectrics. In this work, it is demonstrated that the electrical power of organic thermoelectric generators (OTEGs) is also strongly dependent on the metal-organic interfacial energetics. Without changing the thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) of polythiophene-based conducting polymers, the generated power of an OTEG can vary by three orders of magnitude simply by tuning the work function of the metal contact to reach above 1000 µW cm-2 . The effective Seebeck coefficient (Seff ) of a metal/polymer/metal single leg OTEG includes an interfacial contribution (Vinter /ΔT) in addition to the intrinsic bulk Seebeck coefficient of the polythiophenes, such that Seff = S + Vinter /ΔT varies from 22.7 µV K-1 [9.4 µV K-1 ] with Al to 50.5 µV K-1 [26.3 µV K-1 ] with Pt for poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):p-toluenesulfonate [poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate)]. Spectroscopic techniques are used to reveal a redox interfacial reaction affecting locally the doping level of the polymer at the vicinity of the metal-organic interface and conclude that the energetics at the metal-polymer interface provides a new strategy to enhance the performance of OTEGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Petsagkourakis
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - S Riera-Galindo
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - T-P Ruoko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - X Strakosas
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - E Pavlopoulou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - X Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - S Braun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - R Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - N Kim
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - S Lienemann
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - V Gueskine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - G Hadziioannou
- Bordeaux INP, CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, LCPO, F-33600, UMR 5629, Pessac, France
| | - M Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, 602 23, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - M Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - S Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - K Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - X Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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5
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Persson G, Järsvall E, Röding M, Kroon R, Zhang Y, Barlow S, Marder SR, Müller C, Olsson E. Visualisation of individual dopants in a conjugated polymer: sub-nanometre 3D spatial distribution and correlation with electrical properties. Nanoscale 2022; 14:15404-15413. [PMID: 36218271 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03554e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
While molecular doping is ubiquitous in all branches of organic electronics, little is known about the spatial distribution of dopants, especially at molecular length scales. Moreover, a homogeneous distribution is often assumed when simulating transport properties of these materials, even though the distribution is expected to be inhomogeneous. In this study, electron tomography is used to determine the position of individual molybdenum dithiolene complexes and their three-dimensional distribution in a semiconducting polymer at the sub-nanometre scale. A heterogeneous distribution is observed, the characteristics of which depend on the dopant concentration. At 5 mol% of the molybdenum dithiolene complex, the majority of the dopant species are present as isolated molecules or small clusters up to five molecules. At 20 mol% dopant concentration and higher, the dopant species form larger nanoclusters with elongated shapes. Even in case of these larger clusters, each individual dopant species is still in contact with the surrounding polymer. The electrical conductivity first strongly increases with dopant concentration and then slightly decreases for the most highly doped samples, even though no large aggregates can be observed. The decreased conductivity is instead attributed to the increased energetic disorder and lower probability of electron transfer that originates from the increased size and size variation in dopant clusters. This study highlights the importance of detailed information concerning the dopant spatial distribution at the sub-nanometre scale in three dimensions within the organic semiconductor host. The information acquired using electron tomography may facilitate more accurate simulations of charge transport in doped organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Persson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Emmy Järsvall
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Röding
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Biomaterials and Health, Agriculture and Food, 41276 Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Yadong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- School of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eva Olsson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
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6
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Järsvall E, Biskup T, Zhang Y, Kroon R, Barlow S, Marder SR, Müller C. Double Doping of a Low-Ionization-Energy Polythiophene with a Molybdenum Dithiolene Complex. Chem Mater 2022; 34:5673-5679. [PMID: 35782206 PMCID: PMC9245179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Doping of organic semiconductors is crucial for tuning the charge-carrier density of conjugated polymers. The exchange of more than one electron between a monomeric dopant and an organic semiconductor allows the polaron density to be increased relative to the number of counterions that are introduced into the host matrix. Here, a molybdenum dithiolene complex with a high electron affinity of 5.5 eV is shown to accept two electrons from a polythiophene that has a low ionization energy of 4.7 eV. Double p-doping is consistent with the ability of the monoanion salt of the molybdenum dithiolene complex to dope the polymer. The transfer of two electrons to the neutral dopant was also confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy since the monoanion, but not the dianion, of the molybdenum dithiolene complex features an unpaired electron. Double doping allowed an ionization efficiency of 200% to be reached, which facilitates the design of strongly doped semiconductors while lessening any counterion-induced disruption of the nanostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmy Järsvall
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Till Biskup
- Physical
Chemistry, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Georgia
Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Linköping
University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Georgia
Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Seth R. Marder
- Georgia
Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Institute, University
of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Departments
of Chemical and Biological Engineering and of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Christian Müller
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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7
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Stegerer D, Pracht M, Günther F, Sun H, Preis K, Zerson M, Maftuhin W, Tan WL, Kroon R, McNeill CR, Fabiano S, Walter M, Biskup T, Gemming S, Magerle R, Müller C, Sommer M. Organogels from Diketopyrrolopyrrole Copolymer Ionene/Polythiophene Blends Exhibit Ground-State Single Electron Transfer in the Solid State. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Stegerer
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Martin Pracht
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Florian Günther
- Instituto de Física de Saõ Carlos, Universidade de Saõ Paulo, Saõ Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Hengda Sun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Kevin Preis
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Mario Zerson
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Wafa Maftuhin
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wen Liang Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Christopher R. McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Michael Walter
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Till Biskup
- Physikalische Chemie und Didaktik der Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sibylle Gemming
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
| | - Robert Magerle
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
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8
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Zokaei S, Craighero M, Cea C, Kneissl LM, Kroon R, Khodagholy D, Lund A, Müller C. Electrically Conducting Elastomeric Fibers with High Stretchability and Stability. Small 2022; 18:e2102813. [PMID: 34816573 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable conducting materials are appealing for the design of unobtrusive wearable electronic devices. Conjugated polymers with oligoethylene glycol side chains are excellent candidate materials owing to their low elastic modulus and good compatibility with polar stretchable polymers. Here, electrically conducting elastomeric blend fibers with high stretchability, wet spun from a blend of a doped polar polythiophene with tetraethylene glycol side chains and a polyurethane are reported. The wet-spinning process is versatile, reproducible, scalable, and produces continuous filaments with a diameter ranging from 30 to 70 µm. The fibers are stretchable up to 480% even after chemical doping with iron(III) p-toluenesulfonate hexahydrate and exhibit an electrical conductivity of up to 7.4 S cm-1 , which represents a record combination of properties for conjugated polymer-based fibers. The fibers remain conductive during elongation until fiber fracture and display excellent long-term stability at ambient conditions. Cyclic stretching up to 50% strain for at least 400 strain cycles reveals that the doped fibers exhibit high cyclic stability and retain their electrical conductivity. Finally, a directional strain sensing device, which makes use of the linear increase in resistance of the fibers up to 120% strain is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Zokaei
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Mariavittoria Craighero
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Claudia Cea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Lucas M Kneissl
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Dion Khodagholy
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Anja Lund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
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9
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Zokaei S, Kim D, Järsvall E, Fenton AM, Weisen AR, Hultmark S, Nguyen PH, Matheson AM, Lund A, Kroon R, Chabinyc ML, Gomez ED, Zozoulenko I, Müller C. Tuning of the elastic modulus of a soft polythiophene through molecular doping. Mater Horiz 2022; 9:433-443. [PMID: 34787612 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01079d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecular doping of a polythiophene with oligoethylene glycol side chains is found to strongly modulate not only the electrical but also the mechanical properties of the polymer. An oxidation level of up to 18% results in an electrical conductivity of more than 52 S cm-1 and at the same time significantly enhances the elastic modulus from 8 to more than 200 MPa and toughness from 0.5 to 5.1 MJ m-3. These changes arise because molecular doping strongly influences the glass transition temperature Tg and the degree of π-stacking of the polymer, as indicated by both X-ray diffraction and molecular dynamics simulations. Surprisingly, a comparison of doped materials containing mono- or dianions reveals that - for a comparable oxidation level - the presence of multivalent counterions has little effect on the stiffness. Evidently, molecular doping is a powerful tool that can be used for the design of mechanically robust conducting materials, which may find use within the field of flexible and stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Zokaei
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden.
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
| | - Emmy Järsvall
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden.
| | - Abigail M Fenton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Albree R Weisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Sandra Hultmark
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden.
| | - Phong H Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Amanda M Matheson
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Anja Lund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden.
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden.
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
| | - Michael L Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping 60174, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 41296, Sweden
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10
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Wu HY, Yang CY, Li Q, Kolhe NB, Strakosas X, Stoeckel MA, Wu Z, Jin W, Savvakis M, Kroon R, Tu D, Woo HY, Berggren M, Jenekhe SA, Fabiano S. Influence of Molecular Weight on the Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance of Ladder-Type Conjugated Polymers. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2106235. [PMID: 34658088 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) hold promise for developing a variety of high-performance (bio-)electronic devices/circuits. While OECTs based on p-type semiconductors have achieved tremendous progress in recent years, n-type OECTs still suffer from low performance, hampering the development of power-efficient electronics. Here, it is demonstrated that fine-tuning the molecular weight of the rigid, ladder-type n-type polymer poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) by only one order of magnitude (from 4.9 to 51 kDa) enables the development of n-type OECTs with record-high geometry-normalized transconductance (gm,norm ≈ 11 S cm-1 ) and electron mobility × volumetric capacitance (µC* ≈ 26 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 ), fast temporal response (0.38 ms), and low threshold voltage (0.15 V). This enhancement in OECT performance is ascribed to a more efficient intermolecular charge transport in high-molecular-weight BBL than in the low-molecular-weight counterpart. OECT-based complementary inverters are also demonstrated with record-high voltage gains of up to 100 V V-1 and ultralow power consumption down to 0.32 nW, depending on the supply voltage. These devices are among the best sub-1 V complementary inverters reported to date. These findings demonstrate the importance of molecular weight in optimizing the OECT performance of rigid organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors and open for a new generation of power-efficient organic (bio-)electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Qifan Li
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Nagesh B Kolhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC, 98195, USA
| | - Xenofon Strakosas
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Marc-Antoine Stoeckel
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenlong Jin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Marios Savvakis
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Deyu Tu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Teknikringen 7, Linköping, SE-58330, Sweden
| | - Samson A Jenekhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC, 98195, USA
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Teknikringen 7, Linköping, SE-58330, Sweden
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11
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Kroon R, Kalf J, de Swart B, van Engelen B, Horlings C. IMAGING. Neuromuscul Disord 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2021.07.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Zokaei S, Kroon R, Gladisch J, Paulsen BD, Sohn W, Hofmann AI, Persson G, Stamm A, Syrén P, Olsson E, Rivnay J, Stavrinidou E, Lund A, Müller C. Toughening of a Soft Polar Polythiophene through Copolymerization with Hard Urethane Segments. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:2002778. [PMID: 33511014 PMCID: PMC7816697 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polar polythiophenes with oligoethylene glycol side chains are exceedingly soft materials. A low glass transition temperature and low degree of crystallinity prevents their use as a bulk material. The synthesis of a copolymer comprising 1) soft polythiophene blocks with tetraethylene glycol side chains, and 2) hard urethane segments is reported. The molecular design is contrary to that of other semiconductor-insulator copolymers, which typically combine a soft nonconjugated spacer with hard conjugated segments. Copolymerization of polar polythiophenes and urethane segments results in a ductile material that can be used as a free-standing solid. The copolymer displays a storage modulus of 25 MPa at room temperature, elongation at break of 95%, and a reduced degree of swelling due to hydrogen bonding. Both chemical doping and electrochemical oxidation reveal that the introduction of urethane segments does not unduly reduce the hole charge-carrier mobility and ability to take up charge. Further, stable operation is observed when the copolymer is used as the active layer of organic electrochemical transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Zokaei
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGöteborg41296Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGöteborg41296Sweden
| | - Johannes Gladisch
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversityNorrköping60174Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversityNorrköping60174Sweden
| | - Bryan D. Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - Wonil Sohn
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - Anna I. Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGöteborg41296Sweden
| | - Gustav Persson
- Department of PhysicsChalmers University of TechnologyGöteborg41296Sweden
| | - Arne Stamm
- Department of Fibre and Polymer TechnologyKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholm11428Sweden
| | - Per‐Olof Syrén
- Department of Fibre and Polymer TechnologyKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholm11428Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholm11428Sweden
| | - Eva Olsson
- Department of PhysicsChalmers University of TechnologyGöteborg41296Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterChalmers University of TechnologyGöteborg41296Sweden
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversityNorrköping60174Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversityNorrköping60174Sweden
| | - Anja Lund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGöteborg41296Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGöteborg41296Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterChalmers University of TechnologyGöteborg41296Sweden
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13
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Xu K, Sun H, Ruoko TP, Wang G, Kroon R, Kolhe NB, Puttisong Y, Liu X, Fazzi D, Shibata K, Yang CY, Sun N, Persson G, Yankovich AB, Olsson E, Yoshida H, Chen WM, Fahlman M, Kemerink M, Jenekhe SA, Müller C, Berggren M, Fabiano S. Ground-state electron transfer in all-polymer donor-acceptor heterojunctions. Nat Mater 2020; 19:738-744. [PMID: 32152564 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Doping of organic semiconductors is crucial for the operation of organic (opto)electronic and electrochemical devices. Typically, this is achieved by adding heterogeneous dopant molecules to the polymer bulk, often resulting in poor stability and performance due to dopant sublimation or aggregation. In small-molecule donor-acceptor systems, charge transfer can yield high and stable electrical conductivities, an approach not yet explored in all-conjugated polymer systems. Here, we report ground-state electron transfer in all-polymer donor-acceptor heterojunctions. Combining low-ionization-energy polymers with high-electron-affinity counterparts yields conducting interfaces with resistivity values five to six orders of magnitude lower than the separate single-layer polymers. The large decrease in resistivity originates from two parallel quasi-two-dimensional electron and hole distributions reaching a concentration of ∼1013 cm-2. Furthermore, we transfer the concept to three-dimensional bulk heterojunctions, displaying exceptional thermal stability due to the absence of molecular dopants. Our findings hold promise for electro-active composites of potential use in, for example, thermoelectrics and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Hengda Sun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Tero-Petri Ruoko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Gang Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Nagesh B Kolhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yuttapoom Puttisong
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Xianjie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Department Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Koki Shibata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Ning Sun
- Department of Physics, Center for Optoelectronics Engineering Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Gustav Persson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Andrew B Yankovich
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eva Olsson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshida
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
- Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Weimin M Chen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Martijn Kemerink
- Complex Materials and Devices, Department of Physics Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Samson A Jenekhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.
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14
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Yu L, Qian D, Marina S, Nugroho FAA, Sharma A, Hultmark S, Hofmann AI, Kroon R, Benduhn J, Smilgies DM, Vandewal K, Andersson MR, Langhammer C, Martín J, Gao F, Müller C. Diffusion-Limited Crystallization: A Rationale for the Thermal Stability of Non-Fullerene Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:21766-21774. [PMID: 31185565 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic solar cells are thought to suffer from poor thermal stability of the active layer nanostructure, a common belief that is based on the extensive work that has been carried out on fullerene-based systems. We show that a widely studied non-fullerene acceptor, the indacenodithienothiophene-based acceptor ITIC, crystallizes in a profoundly different way as compared to fullerenes. Although fullerenes are frozen below the glass-transition temperature Tg of the photovoltaic blend, ITIC can undergo a glass-crystal transition considerably below its high Tg of ∼180 °C. Nanoscopic crystallites of a low-temperature polymorph are able to form through a diffusion-limited crystallization process. The resulting fine-grained nanostructure does not evolve further with time and hence is characterized by a high degree of thermal stability. Instead, above Tg, the low temperature polymorph melts, and micrometer-sized crystals of a high-temperature polymorph develop, enabled by more rapid diffusion and hence long-range mass transport. This leads to the same detrimental decrease in photovoltaic performance that is known to occur also in the case of fullerene-based blends. Besides explaining the superior thermal stability of non-fullerene blends at relatively high temperatures, our work introduces a new rationale for the design of bulk heterojunctions that is not based on the selection of high- Tg materials per se but diffusion-limited crystallization. The planar structure of ITIC and potentially other non-fullerene acceptors readily facilitates the desired glass-crystal transition, which constitutes a significant advantage over fullerenes, and may pave the way for truly stable organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Yu
- College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R. China
| | - Deping Qian
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) , Linköping University , SE-581 83 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Sara Marina
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry , University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3 , 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián , Spain
| | | | - Anirudh Sharma
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology , Flinders University , Sturt Road , Bedford Park, Adelaide , SA 5042 , Australia
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO) , University of Bordeaux, UMR 5629 , B8 Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire , 33615 Pessac Cedex , France
| | | | | | | | - Johannes Benduhn
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics , Technische Universität Dresden , Nöthnitzer Straße 61 , 01187 Dresden , Germany
| | - Detlef-M Smilgies
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) , Ithaca , New York 14850 , United States
| | - Koen Vandewal
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC) , Hasselt University , Wetenschapspark 1 , 3590 Diepenbeek , Belgium
| | - Mats R Andersson
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology , Flinders University , Sturt Road , Bedford Park, Adelaide , SA 5042 , Australia
| | | | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry , University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3 , 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián , Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science , E-48011 Bilbao , Spain
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) , Linköping University , SE-581 83 Linköping , Sweden
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15
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Kroon R, Hofmann AI, Yu L, Lund A, Müller C. Thermally Activated in Situ Doping Enables Solid-State Processing of Conducting Polymers. Chem Mater 2019; 31:2770-2777. [PMID: 31303693 PMCID: PMC6614883 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b04895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Free-standing bulk structures encompassing highly doped conjugated polymers are currently heavily explored for wearable electronics as thermoelectric elements, conducting fibers, and a plethora of sensory devices. One-step manufacturing of such bulk structures is challenging because the interaction of dopants with conjugated polymers results in poor solution and solid-state processability, whereas doping of thick conjugated polymer structures after processing suffers from diffusion-limited transport of the dopant. Here, we introduce the concept of thermally activated latent dopants for in situ bulk doping of conjugated polymers. Latent dopants allow for noninteractive coprocessing of dopants and polymers, while thermal activation eliminates any thickness-dependent diffusion and activation limitations. Two latent acid dopants were synthesized in the form of thermal acid generators based on aryl sulfonic acids and an o-nitrobenzyl capping moiety. First, we show that these acid dopant precursors can be coprocessed noninteractively with three different polythiophenes. Second, the polymer films were doped in situ through thermal activation of the dopants. Ultimately, we demonstrate that solid-state processing with a latent acid dopant can be readily carried out and that it is possible to dope more than 100 μm-thick polymer films through thermal activation of the latent dopant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liyang Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anja Lund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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16
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Kiefer D, Kroon R, Hofmann AI, Sun H, Liu X, Giovannitti A, Stegerer D, Cano A, Hynynen J, Yu L, Zhang Y, Nai D, Harrelson TF, Sommer M, Moulé AJ, Kemerink M, Marder SR, McCulloch I, Fahlman M, Fabiano S, Müller C. Double doping of conjugated polymers with monomer molecular dopants. Nat Mater 2019; 18:149-155. [PMID: 30643236 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular doping is a crucial tool for controlling the charge-carrier concentration in organic semiconductors. Each dopant molecule is commonly thought to give rise to only one polaron, leading to a maximum of one donor:acceptor charge-transfer complex and hence an ionization efficiency of 100%. However, this theoretical limit is rarely achieved because of incomplete charge transfer and the presence of unreacted dopant. Here, we establish that common p-dopants can in fact accept two electrons per molecule from conjugated polymers with a low ionization energy. Each dopant molecule participates in two charge-transfer events, leading to the formation of dopant dianions and an ionization efficiency of up to 200%. Furthermore, we show that the resulting integer charge-transfer complex can dissociate with an efficiency of up to 170%. The concept of double doping introduced here may allow the dopant fraction required to optimize charge conduction to be halved.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kiefer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anna I Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Hengda Sun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xianjie Liu
- Division of Surface Physics and Chemistry, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alexander Giovannitti
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dominik Stegerer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
- Institute of Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Alexander Cano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jonna Hynynen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Liyang Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Yadong Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dingqi Nai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Thomas F Harrelson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institute of Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Adam J Moulé
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Martijn Kemerink
- Complex Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- KSC, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Division of Surface Physics and Chemistry, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
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17
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Hynynen J, Järsvall E, Kroon R, Zhang Y, Barlow S, Marder SR, Kemerink M, Lund A, Müller C. Enhanced Thermoelectric Power Factor of Tensile Drawn Poly(3-hexylthiophene). ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:70-76. [PMID: 30701126 PMCID: PMC6344060 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The thermoelectric power factor of a broad range of organic semiconductors scales with their electrical conductivity according to a widely obeyed power law, and therefore, strategies that permit this empirical trend to be surpassed are highly sought after. Here, tensile drawing of the conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is employed to create free-standing films with a high degree of uniaxial alignment. Along the direction of orientation, sequential doping with a molybdenum tris(dithiolene) complex leads to a 5-fold enhancement of the power factor beyond the predicted value, reaching up to 16 μW m-1 K-2 for a conductivity of about 13 S cm-1. Neither stretching nor doping affect the glass transition temperature of P3HT, giving rise to robust free-standing materials that are of interest for the design of flexible thermoelectric devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Hynynen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Emmy Järsvall
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Yadong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Seth R. Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Martijn Kemerink
- Complex Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anja Lund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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18
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Hofmann AI, Kroon R, Yu L, Müller C. Highly stable doping of a polar polythiophene through co-processing with sulfonic acids and bistriflimide. J Mater Chem C Mater 2018; 6:6905-6910. [PMID: 30713690 PMCID: PMC6333274 DOI: 10.1039/c8tc01593g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Doping of organic semiconductors is currently an intensely studied field, since it is a powerful tool to optimize the performance of various organic electronic devices, ranging from organic solar cells, to thermoelectric modules, and bio-medical sensors. Despite recent advances, there is still a need for the development of highly conducting polymer:dopant systems with excellent long term stability and a high resistance to elevated temperatures. In this work we study the doping of the polar polythiophene derivative p(g42T-T) by various sulfonic acids and bistriflimide via different processing techniques. We demonstrate that simple co-processing of p(g42T-T) with an acid dopant yields conductivities of up to 120 S cm-1, which remain stable for more than six months under ambient conditions. Notably, a high conductivity is only achieved if the doping is carried out in air, which can be explained with a doping process that involves an acid mediated oxidation of the polymer through O2. P(g42T-T) doped with the non-toxic and inexpensive 1,3-propanedisulfonic acid was found to retain its electrical conductivity for at least 20 hours upon annealing at 120 °C, which allowed the bulk processing of the doped polymer into conducting, free-standing and flexible films and renders the di-acid a promising alternative to commonly used redox dopants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Göteborg , Sweden . ;
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Göteborg , Sweden . ;
| | - Liyang Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Göteborg , Sweden . ;
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Göteborg , Sweden . ;
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19
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Ryan JD, Lund A, Hofmann AI, Kroon R, Sarabia-Riquelme R, Weisenberger MC, Müller C. All-Organic Textile Thermoelectrics with Carbon-Nanotube-Coated n-Type Yarns. ACS Appl Energy Mater 2018; 1:2934-2941. [PMID: 29963656 PMCID: PMC6020086 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.8b00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectric textiles that are able to generate electricity from heat gradients may find use as power sources for a wide range of miniature wearable electronics. To realize such thermoelectric textiles, both p- and n-type yarns are needed. The realization of air-stable and flexible n-type yarns, i.e., conducting yarns where electrons are the majority charge carriers, presents a considerable challenge due to the scarcity of air-stable n-doped organic materials. Here, we realize such n-type yarns by coating commercial sewing threads with a nanocomposite of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP). Our n-type yarns have a bulk conductivity of 1 S cm-1 and a Seebeck coefficient of -14 μV K-1, which is stable for several months at ambient conditions. We combine our coated n-type yarns with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) dyed silk yarns, constituting the p-type component, to realize a textile thermoelectric module with 38 n/p elements, which are capable of producing an open-circuit voltage of 143 mV when exposed to a temperature gradient of 116 °C and a maximum power output of 7.1 nW at a temperature gradient of 80 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Ryan
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University
of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anja Lund
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University
of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anna I. Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University
of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University
of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ruben Sarabia-Riquelme
- Department of Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Matthew C. Weisenberger
- Department of Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University
of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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20
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Hynynen J, Kiefer D, Yu L, Kroon R, Munir R, Amassian A, Kemerink M, Müller C. Enhanced Electrical Conductivity of Molecularly p-Doped Poly(3-hexylthiophene) through Understanding the Correlation with Solid-State Order. Macromolecules 2017; 50:8140-8148. [PMID: 29093606 PMCID: PMC5656978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular p-doping of the conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) is a widely studied model system. Underlying structure-property relationships are poorly understood because processing and doping are often carried out simultaneously. Here, we exploit doping from the vapor phase, which allows us to disentangle the influence of processing and doping. Through this approach, we are able to establish how the electrical conductivity varies with regard to a series of predefined structural parameters. We demonstrate that improving the degree of solid-state order, which we control through the choice of processing solvent and regioregularity, strongly increases the electrical conductivity. As a result, we achieve a value of up to 12.7 S cm-1 for P3HT:F4TCNQ. We determine the F4TCNQ anion concentration and find that the number of (bound + mobile) charge carriers of about 10-4 mol cm-3 is not influenced by the degree of solid-state order. Thus, the observed increase in electrical conductivity by almost 2 orders of magnitude can be attributed to an increase in charge-carrier mobility to more than 10-1 cm2 V-1 s-1. Surprisingly, in contrast to charge transport in undoped P3HT, we find that the molecular weight of the polymer does not strongly influence the electrical conductivity, which highlights the need for studies that elucidate structure-property relationships of strongly doped conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Hynynen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - David Kiefer
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Liyang Yu
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Rahim Munir
- Division
of Physical Sciences & Engineering and KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aram Amassian
- Division
of Physical Sciences & Engineering and KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martijn Kemerink
- Complex
Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology
(IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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21
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Gedefaw D, Sharma A, Pan X, Bjuggren JM, Kroon R, Gregoriou VG, Chochos CL, Andersson MR. Optimization of the power conversion efficiency in high bandgap pyridopyridinedithiophene-based conjugated polymers for organic photovoltaics by the random terpolymer approach. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Kroon R, Kiefer D, Stegerer D, Yu L, Sommer M, Müller C. Polar Side Chains Enhance Processability, Electrical Conductivity, and Thermal Stability of a Molecularly p-Doped Polythiophene. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1700930. [PMID: 28437018 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Molecular doping of organic semiconductors is critical for optimizing a range of optoelectronic devices such as field-effect transistors, solar cells, and thermoelectric generators. However, many dopant:polymer pairs suffer from poor solubility in common organic solvents, which leads to a suboptimal solid-state nanostructure and hence low electrical conductivity. A further drawback is the poor thermal stability through sublimation of the dopant. The use of oligo ethylene glycol side chains is demonstrated to significantly improve the processability of the conjugated polymer p(g4 2T-T)-a polythiophene-in polar aprotic solvents, which facilitates coprocessing of dopant:polymer pairs from the same solution at room temperature. The use of common molecular dopants such as 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) is explored. Doping of p(g4 2T-T) with F4TCNQ results in an electrical conductivity of up to 100 S cm-1 . Moreover, the increased compatibility of the polar dopant F4TCNQ with the oligo ethylene glycol functionalized polythiophene results in a high degree of thermal stability at up to 150 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - David Kiefer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Dominik Stegerer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Freiburg University, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Liyang Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Michael Sommer
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Freiburg University, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
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23
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Sharma A, Kroon R, Lewis DA, Andersson GG, Andersson MR. Poly(4-vinylpyridine): A New Interface Layer for Organic Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:10929-10936. [PMID: 28262016 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) was used as a cathode interface layer in inverted organic solar cells (OSCs) fabricated using poly[2,3-bis(3-octyloxyphenyl)quinoxaline-5,8-diyl-alt-thiophene-2,5-diyl] (TQ1) and PC71BM (phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester) as the donor and acceptor materials, respectively. We successfully demonstrate that the work function of underlying indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode can be significantly reduced by ∼0.7 eV, after modification of the surface with a thin film of P4VP. Photoconversion efficiency of 4.7% was achieved from OSCs incorporating P4VP interface layer between the ITO and bulk heterojunction (BHJ). Thin P4VP layer, when used to modify ZnO electron transport layer in inverted OSCs, reduced the ZnO work function from 3.7 to 3.4 eV, which resulted in a noteworthy increase in open-circuit voltage from 840 to 890 mV. On simultaneous modification of ZnO with P4VP and optimization of the BHJ morphology by using solvent additive chloronapthalene, photoconversion efficiency of OSCs was significantly increased from 4.6% to 6.3%. The enhanced device parameters are also attributed to an energetically favorable material stratification, as a result of an enrichment of PC71BM toward the P4VP interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Sharma
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia , Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Renee Kroon
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - David A Lewis
- Flinders Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University , Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Gunther G Andersson
- Flinders Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University , Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Mats R Andersson
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia , Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
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24
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Kroon R, Mengistie DA, Kiefer D, Hynynen J, Ryan JD, Yu L, Müller C. Thermoelectric plastics: from design to synthesis, processing and structure-property relationships. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:6147-6164. [PMID: 27385496 PMCID: PMC5123640 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00149a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectric plastics are a class of polymer-based materials that combine the ability to directly convert heat to electricity, and vice versa, with ease of processing. Potential applications include waste heat recovery, spot cooling and miniature power sources for autonomous electronics. Recent progress has led to surging interest in organic thermoelectrics. This tutorial review discusses the current trends in the field with regard to the four main building blocks of thermoelectric plastics: (1) organic semiconductors and in particular conjugated polymers, (2) dopants and counterions, (3) insulating polymers, and (4) conductive fillers. The design and synthesis of conjugated polymers that promise to show good thermoelectric properties are explored, followed by an overview of relevant structure-property relationships. Doping of conjugated polymers is discussed and its interplay with processing as well as structure formation is elucidated. The use of insulating polymers as binders or matrices is proposed, which permit the adjustment of the rheological and mechanical properties of a thermoelectric plastic. Then, nanocomposites of conductive fillers such as carbon nanotubes, graphene and inorganic nanowires in a polymer matrix are introduced. A case study examines poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) based materials, which up to now have shown the most promising thermoelectric performance. Finally, a discussion of the advantages provided by bulk architectures e.g. for wearable applications highlights the unique advantages that thermoelectric plastics promise to offer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Desalegn Alemu Mengistie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - David Kiefer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Jonna Hynynen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Jason D Ryan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Liyang Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
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25
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Feron K, Cave JM, Thameel MN, O'Sullivan C, Kroon R, Andersson MR, Zhou X, Fell CJ, Belcher WJ, Walker AB, Dastoor PC. Utilizing Energy Transfer in Binary and Ternary Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:20928-20937. [PMID: 27456294 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Energy transfer has been identified as an important process in ternary organic solar cells. Here, we develop kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) models to assess the impact of energy transfer in ternary and binary bulk heterojunction systems. We used fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy to determine the energy disorder and Förster radii for poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl), [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester, 4-bis[4-(N,N-diisobutylamino)-2,6-dihydroxyphenyl]squaraine (DIBSq), and poly(2,5-thiophene-alt-4,9-bis(2-hexyldecyl)-4,9-dihydrodithieno[3,2-c:3',2'-h][1,5]naphthyridine-5,10-dione). Heterogeneous energy transfer is found to be crucial in the exciton dissociation process of both binary and ternary organic semiconductor systems. Circumstances favoring energy transfer across interfaces allow relaxation of the electronic energy level requirements, meaning that a cascade structure is not required for efficient ternary organic solar cells. We explain how energy transfer can be exploited to eliminate additional energy losses in ternary bulk heterojunction solar cells, thus increasing their open-circuit voltage without loss in short-circuit current. In particular, we show that it is important that the DIBSq is located at the electron donor-acceptor interface; otherwise charge carriers will be trapped in the DIBSq domain or excitons in the DIBSq domains will not be able to dissociate efficiently at an interface. KMC modeling shows that only small amounts of DIBSq (<5% by weight) are needed to achieve substantial performance improvements due to long-range energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Feron
- CSIRO Energy , Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia
- Centre for Organic Electronics, University of Newcastle , University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - James M Cave
- Department of Physics, University of Bath , Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Mahir N Thameel
- Centre for Organic Electronics, University of Newcastle , University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Department of Physics, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Anbar , Ramadi 31001, Iraq
| | - Connor O'Sullivan
- Centre for Organic Electronics, University of Newcastle , University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Renee Kroon
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mats R Andersson
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Xiaojing Zhou
- Centre for Organic Electronics, University of Newcastle , University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | | | - Warwick J Belcher
- Centre for Organic Electronics, University of Newcastle , University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Alison B Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Bath , Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C Dastoor
- Centre for Organic Electronics, University of Newcastle , University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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26
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Gedefaw D, Tessarolo M, Bolognesi M, Prosa M, Kroon R, Zhuang W, Henriksson P, Bini K, Wang E, Muccini M, Seri M, Andersson MR. Synthesis and characterization of benzodithiophene and benzotriazole-based polymers for photovoltaic applications. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:1629-37. [PMID: 27559416 PMCID: PMC4979905 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two high bandgap benzodithiophene-benzotriazole-based polymers were synthesized via palladium-catalysed Stille coupling reaction. In order to compare the effect of the side chains on the opto-electronic and photovoltaic properties of the resulting polymers, the benzodithiophene monomers were substituted with either octylthienyl (PTzBDT-1) or dihexylthienyl (PTzBDT-2) as side groups, while the benzotriazole unit was maintained unaltered. The optical characterization, both in solution and thin-film, indicated that PTzBDT-1 has a red-shifted optical absorption compared to PTzBDT-2, likely due to a more planar conformation of the polymer backbone promoted by the lower content of alkyl side chains. The different aggregation in the solid state also affects the energetic properties of the polymers, resulting in a lower highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) for PTzBDT-1 with respect to PTzBDT-2. However, an unexpected behaviour is observed when the two polymers are used as a donor material, in combination with PC61BM as acceptor, in bulk heterojunction solar cells. Even though PTzBDT-1 showed favourable optical and electrochemical properties, the devices based on this polymer present a power conversion efficiency of 3.3%, considerably lower than the efficiency of 4.7% obtained for the analogous solar cells based on PTzBDT-2. The lower performance is presumably attributed to the limited solubility of the PTzBDT-1 in organic solvents resulting in enhanced aggregation and poor intermixing with the acceptor material in the active layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desta Gedefaw
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Marta Tessarolo
- National Research Council (CNR) – Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Mario Prosa
- National Research Council (CNR) – Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Wenliu Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Patrik Henriksson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Kim Bini
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Ergang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Michele Muccini
- National Research Council (CNR) – Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirko Seri
- National Research Council (CNR) − Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mats R Andersson
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden
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27
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Rizzoli R, Benhamou CL, Halse J, Miller PD, Reid IR, Rodríguez Portales JA, DaSilva C, Kroon R, Verbruggen N, Leung AT, Gurner D. Continuous treatment with odanacatib for up to 8 years in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density: a phase 2 study. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:2099-107. [PMID: 26879200 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-016-3503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The efficacy and safety of weekly oral odanacatib (ODN) 50 mg for up to 8 years were assessed in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density (BMD). Treatment with ODN for up to 8 years resulted in continued or maintained increases in BMD at multiple sites and was well tolerated. INTRODUCTION ODN is a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K. In a 2-year phase 2b study (3/10/25/50 mg ODN once weekly [QW] or placebo) and extensions (50 mg ODN QW or placebo), ODN treatment for 5 years progressively increased BMD and decreased bone resorption markers in postmenopausal women with low BMD ( ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00112437). METHODS In this prespecified interim analysis at year 8 of an additional 5-year extension (years 6 to 10), patients (n = 117) received open-label ODN 50 mg QW plus weekly vitamin D3 (5600 IU) and calcium supplementation as needed. Primary end points were lumbar spine BMD and safety. Patients were grouped by ODN exposure duration. RESULTS Mean (95 % confidence interval [CI]) lumbar spine BMD changes from baseline were 4.6 % (2.4, 6.7; 3-year continuous ODN exposure), 12.9 % (8.1, 17.7; 5 years), 12.8 % (10.0, 15.7; 6 years), and 14.8 % (11.0, 18.6; 8 years). Similar patterns of results were observed for BMD of trochanter, femoral neck, and total hip versus baseline. Geometric mean changes from baseline to year 8 for bone resorption markers were approximately -50 % (uNTx/Cr) and -45 % (sCTx), respectively (all groups); bone formation markers remained near baseline levels. No osteonecrosis of the jaw, delayed fracture union, or morphea-like skin reactions were reported. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with ODN for up to 8 years resulted in gains in BMD at multiple sites. Bone resorption markers remained reduced, with no significant change observed in bone formation markers. Treatment with ODN for up to 8 years was well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rizzoli
- Division of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, CH-1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland.
| | | | - J Halse
- Osteoporoseklinikken, Oslo, Norway
| | - P D Miller
- Colorado Center for Bone Research, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Lakewood, CO, USA
| | - I R Reid
- University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - C DaSilva
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - R Kroon
- Formerly MSD, Oss, The Netherlands
| | | | - A T Leung
- Formerly Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - D Gurner
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
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Jarvid M, Johansson A, Kroon R, Bjuggren JM, Wutzel H, Englund V, Gubanski S, Andersson MR, Müller C. A new application area for fullerenes: voltage stabilizers for power cable insulation. Adv Mater 2015; 27:897-902. [PMID: 25504254 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201404306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fullerenes are shown to be efficient voltage-stabilizers for polyethylene, i.e., additives that increase the dielectric strength of the insulation material. Such compounds are highly sought-after because their use in power-cable insulation may considerably enhance the transmission efficiency of tomorrow's power grids. On a molal basis, fullerenes are the most efficient voltage stabilizers reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Jarvid
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering/Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
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Kroon R, Diaz de Zerio Mendaza A, Himmelberger S, Bergqvist J, Bäcke O, Faria GC, Gao F, Obaid A, Zhuang W, Gedefaw D, Olsson E, Inganäs O, Salleo A, Müller C, Andersson MR. Correction to "a new tetracyclic lactam building block for thick, broad-bandgap photovoltaics". J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:550. [PMID: 25560304 DOI: 10.1021/ja512173j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kroon R, Melianas A, Zhuang W, Bergqvist J, Diaz de Zerio Mendaza A, Steckler TT, Yu L, Bradley SJ, Musumeci C, Gedefaw D, Nann T, Amassian A, Müller C, Inganäs O, Andersson MR. Comparison of selenophene and thienothiophene incorporation into pentacyclic lactam-based conjugated polymers for organic solar cells. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01245g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we compare the effect of incorporating selenophene versus thienothiophene spacers into pentacyclic lactam-based conjugated polymers for organic solar cells.
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Kroon R, Diaz de Zerio Mendaza A, Himmelberger S, Bergqvist J, Bäcke O, Faria GC, Gao F, Obaid A, Zhuang W, Gedefaw D, Olsson E, Inganäs O, Salleo A, Müller C, Andersson MR. A New Tetracyclic Lactam Building Block for Thick, Broad-Bandgap Photovoltaics. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11578-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5051692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renee Kroon
- Ian
Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
| | | | - Scott Himmelberger
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jonas Bergqvist
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Gregório Couto Faria
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Instituto
de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São
Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Feng Gao
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Abdulmalik Obaid
- Department
of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27106, United States
| | | | | | | | - Olle Inganäs
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Mats R. Andersson
- Ian
Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
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Gedefaw D, Tessarolo M, Zhuang W, Kroon R, Wang E, Bolognesi M, Seri M, Muccini M, Andersson MR. Conjugated polymers based on benzodithiophene and fluorinated quinoxaline for bulk heterojunction solar cells: thiophene versus thieno[3,2-b]thiophene as π-conjugated spacers. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01519j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhuang W, Bolognesi M, Seri M, Henriksson P, Gedefaw D, Kroon R, Jarvid M, Lundin A, Wang E, Muccini M, Andersson MR. Influence of Incorporating Different Electron-Rich Thiophene-Based Units on the Photovoltaic Properties of Isoindigo-Based Conjugated Polymers: An Experimental and DFT Study. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401691r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenliu Zhuang
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Mirko Seri
- Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrik Henriksson
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Desta Gedefaw
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Markus Jarvid
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Angelica Lundin
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ergang Wang
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Michele Muccini
- Istituto
per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mats R. Andersson
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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Tang Z, Andersson LM, George Z, Vandewal K, Tvingstedt K, Heriksson P, Kroon R, Andersson MR, Inganäs O. Interlayer for modified cathode in highly efficient inverted ITO-free organic solar cells. Adv Mater 2012; 24:554-558. [PMID: 22250035 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201104579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Inverted polymer solar cells with a bottom metal cathode modified by a conjugated polymer interlayer show considerable improvement of photocurrent and fill factor, which is due to hole blocking at the interlayer, and a modified surface energy which affects the nanostructure in the TQ1/[70]PCBM blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Tang
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics IFM, Center of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
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Piliego C, Manca M, Kroon R, Yarema M, Szendrei K, Andersson MR, Heiss W, Loi MA. Charge separation dynamics in a narrow band gap polymer–PbS nanocrystal blend for efficient hybrid solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm34034h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kroon R, Lenes M, Hummelen JC, Blom PWM, de Boer B. Small Bandgap Polymers for Organic Solar Cells(Polymer Material Development in the Last 5 Years). POLYM REV 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15583720802231833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Schwab LW, Kroon R, Schouten AJ, Loos K. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 10/2008. Macromol Rapid Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200890017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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40
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Hammerling U, Bongcam-Rudloff E, Setterblad N, Kroon R, Rehnström AK, Viitanen E, Andersson G, Sjödin L. The beta-gal interferon assay: a new, precise and sensitive method. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1998; 18:451-60. [PMID: 9712360 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1998.18.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of a human glioblastoma line were stably transfected with a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter sequence/lacZ reporter gene. Following this modification, they produced Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase constitutively in amounts that could be measured through their conversion of an added fluorophore into a product readily estimated by fluorimetry. Human interferons (IFN) selectively and in a dose-dependent manner reduce the formation of beta-galactosidase in this system. We have used it as the basis for a novel assay that is sensitive (4-40 pg/ml), precise, completed in 30 h, and applicable to both type I and type II human IFNs. Statistical analysis showed interassay relative standard deviations ranging from 5% to 11%, and most individual assays revealed potencies with limits of error within 85%-115%. Neither partially trypsin-digested IFN nor the other cytokines and mitogens we tested reacted in this system, except for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). The high selectivity was further shown by the loss of response to IFN in the presence of the appropriate specific anti-IFN or anti-IFN-gamma receptor antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Hammerling
- Division of Biotechnology, Medical Products Agency, Uppsala, Sweden.
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41
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van Griensven JM, Koster RW, Burggraaf J, Huisman LG, Kluft C, Kroon R, Schoemaker RC, Cohen AF. Effects of liver blood flow on the pharmacokinetics of tissue-type plasminogen activator (alteplase) during thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998; 63:39-47. [PMID: 9465840 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9236(98)90119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The removal of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA; alteplase) by the liver is so rapid that liver blood flow becomes rate determining for its clearance. In patients with myocardial infarction changes in liver blood flow may result from impaired cardiac performance or drug treatment. OBJECTIVE To estimate the effect of variations in liver blood flow on t-PA plasma concentrations during thrombolytic therapy. METHODS Fifteen patients with acute myocardial infarction were investigated in an open single-center study at the coronary care unit of University Hospital Leiden. Patients received thrombolytic treatment with 100 mg rt-PA over 3 hours. Liver blood flow was estimated by indocyanine green clearance and by Doppler echocardiography. Concentrations of t-PA antigen, t-PA activity, indocyanine green, alpha 2-antiplasmin, fibrinogen, and fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products were measured. RESULTS Indocyanine green clearance and clearance of both t-PA antigen (r = 0.78; p < 0:01) and t-PA activity (r = 0.54; p < 0.05) were significantly related. Significant associations between t-PA antigen and fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products and between t-PA antigen and alpha 2-antiplasmin were also found. CONCLUSIONS The liver blood flow of patients with myocardial infarction is inversely correlated with plasma concentrations of t-PA. In patients with severely impaired liver blood flow and heart failure, high t-PA plasma concentrations may occur if standard doses are given. This finding could contribute to optimization of the dosage of t-PA in certain patient groups.
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van Griensven JM, Koster RW, Hopkins GR, Beier H, Günzler WA, Kroon R, Schoemaker RC, Cohen AF. Effect of changes in liver blood flow on the pharmacokinetics of saruplase in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Thromb Haemost 1997; 78:1015-20. [PMID: 9308746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recombinant unglycosylated single chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator saruplase is cleared for a large part by the liver. A large interindividual variation in saruplase concentration is found in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. The variable cardiac performance after an infarct may induce differences in liver blood flow that could explain the concentration diversity. This study was performed to investigate the relation between hepatic blood flow and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of saruplase. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirteen AMI patients were enrolled in this open label study. Patients received a bolus injection of 20 mg saruplase followed by a one-hour infusion of 60 mg saruplase. Concurrently 36 mg intravenous indocyanine green (ICG) was given over 1 h to measure hepatic blood flow. Blood samples were taken at regular time intervals to measure plasma levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) antigen and activity, the two-chain form (tcu-PA) activity, indocyanine green, fibrinogen, fibrin and fibrin degradation products, alpha2-antiplasmin and thrombin antithrombin III complex. A correlation was seen between the clearance of ICG and both those of u-PA antigen (r = 0.62; p <0.05) and u-PA activity (r = 0.57; p <0.05). A negative correlation was seen between the area under the curve of tcu-PA activity and the areas under the effect curves of both fibrinogen and alpha2-antiplasmin (r = -0.84; p <0.01 and r = -0.65; p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS Liver blood flow is an important determinant of the clearance of u-PA antigen and activity and reduction of flow in patients with heart failure will lead to an increase in plasma concentrations. High plasma concentrations of tcu-PA activity lead to increased systemic fibrinogenolysis. These results may be used to optimize saruplase treatment in patients with impaired cardiac function or after co-medication with drugs that affect liver blood flow.
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van Griensven JM, Huisman LG, Stuurman T, Dooijewaard G, Kroon R, Schoemaker RC, Kluft K, Cohen AF. Effects of increased liver blood flow on the kinetics and dynamics of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996; 60:504-11. [PMID: 8941023 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9236(96)90146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of increased liver blood flow on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and to study the changes in endogenous urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA). METHODS This open, randomized, crossover trial was carried out in a clinical research unit. Eight healthy, nonsmoking volunteers received linear infusions of 24 mg rt-PA and 92 mg indocyanine green over 160 minutes. Sixty minutes after the infusions were started, the subjects consumed a standardized meal to increase liver blood flow on one occasion and abstained from taking food on the other occasion. Plasma concentrations of indocyanine green, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen, t-PA activity, total u-PA antigen, plasmin-activatable single-chain u-PA (scu-PA), active two-chain u-PA (tcu-PA), fibrinogen, total fibrin, and fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (TDP), and alpha 2-antiplasmin were measured. RESULTS After the consumption of the meal, the area under the curve (AUC) was 35% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 25%, 43%) lower for indocyanine green, 15% (CI: 6%, 24%) lower for t-PA antigen, and 11% (CI: 2%, 19%) lower for t-PA activity compared to the AUC after subjects abstained from food. No changes were observed in fibrinogen, TDP, or alpha 2-antiplasmin concentrations that were attributable to the intake of food. The infusion of rt-PA caused a fivefold increase in the concentration of active tcu-PA and a concomitant decrease in scu-PA concentrations by more than 50%. CONCLUSIONS Increased liver blood flow results in an increase in t-PA clearance. The conversion of the inactive zymogen scu-PA to the active tcu-PA is increased by an infusion of rt-PA, but total u-PA antigen concentrations remain unchanged.
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Hammerling U, Kroon R, Wilhelmsen T, Sjödin L. In vitro bioassay for human erythropoietin based on proliferative stimulation of an erythroid cell line and analysis of carbohydrate-dependent microheterogeneity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1996; 14:1455-69. [PMID: 8877851 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(96)01799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The human erythroleukemia cell line TF-1 was employed for the determination of proliferative stimulation induced by recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo). Potencies of various intact and sugar-trimmed rhEpo preparations were estimated using the International Standard for Human r-DNA-derived Epo (87/684) as a reference for activity. The cellular response was measured in a multi-channel photometer using a colorimetric microassay, based on the metabolism of the tetrazolium dye 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide to formazan, by viable cells. The linear part of the log dose-response relationship encompassed 2.5-90 pM and activity of rhEpo preparations was measured at doses between 3 and 60 pM. The assay was designed as a parallel line test, using three or four concentrations for potency determinations, which fulfills pharmacopoeial requirements for assay validity. Inter-assay relative standard deviation varied between 4.1% and 12.6% and most assays revealed potencies with limits of error within 87-113%. In order to acquire an additional means for an efficient probing of physiologically relevant features of rhEpo, a luminiscence-dependent Western detection system, based on a combined isoelectric focusing/sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separation, was established. As opposed to conventional electrophoresis the two dimensional approach enabled the disclosure of minor truncations in the rhEpo-attached glycan moieties using picomolar quantities of the hormone. Moreover, the separated isoforms of rhEpo were quantified by computer-assisted densitometry and compared with the 87/684 standard. Accordingly, results obtained by the cellular response were balanced against the general pattern observed and the relative amounts of separated rhEpo isomers as determined by the quantitative Western analysis. The method described should be suitable for potency assessments of pharmaceutical formulations of rhEpo.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Hammerling
- Division of Biotechnology, Medical Products Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
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van Griensven JM, Jusko WJ, Lemkes HH, Kroon R, Verhorst CJ, Chiang ST, Cohen AF. Tolrestat pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects on red blood cell sorbitol levels in normal volunteers and in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 58:631-40. [PMID: 8529328 DOI: 10.1016/0009-9236(95)90019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of diabetes mellitus on the pharmacokinetics of tolrestat and to investigate its effect on red blood cell sorbitol levels according to a new pharmacodynamic model for this class of drugs. METHODS Single and multiple doses of tolrestat (200 mg/twice a day) were administered to 12 patients with insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes and 12 healthy volunteers in an open parallel trial. RESULTS Tolrestat disposition was characterized by first-order absorption and biexponential disposition: In normal subjects the terminal disposition half-life (t1/2) was 13 +/- 3 hours (mean +/- SD) and the apparent oral clearance (CL/F) was 48 +/- 9 ml/hr/kg, similar to the values in patients with type I diabetes mellitus (t1/2 = 14 +/- 4 hours; CL/F = 55 +/- 10 ml/hr/kg). Red blood cell sorbitol concentrations, which declined because of tolrestat's inhibition of aldose reductase, were characterized by an indirect-response model including a 50% inhibition constant (IC50) for production of sorbitol by aldose reductase. The removal of sorbitol (kout) was slower in patients with diabetes. The plasma IC50 averaged 2.0 +/- 1.3 micrograms/ml in normal subjects and 2.5 +/- 1.9 micrograms/ml in patients with diabetes. IC50 values expressed in free (unbound) concentrations (fu = 0.64%), which ranged from 12 to 16 ng/ml, were similar to the in vitro IC50 for inhibition of sorbitol accumulation in human red blood cells. CONCLUSIONS Tolrestat pharmacokinetics were similar in normal subjects and in patients with diabetes; however, the patients with diabetes had higher baseline sorbitol levels (11 versus 5 nmol/ml for normal subjects) and slower sorbitol efflux rates. The proposed biochemically realistic, dynamic model characterized well the red blood cell sorbitol response patterns after administration of single and multiple doses of tolrestat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M van Griensven
- Centre for Human Drug Research, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands
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van Griensven JM, Burggraaf KJ, Gerloff J, Günzler WA, Beier H, Kroon R, Huisman LG, Schoemaker RC, Kluft K, Cohen AF. Effects of changing liver blood flow by exercise and food on kinetics and dynamics of saruplase. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 57:381-9. [PMID: 7712665 DOI: 10.1016/0009-9236(95)90206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of changes in liver blood flow on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single-chain unglycosylated urokinase-type plasminogen activator. METHODS This open, randomized, crossover trial was carried out in the clinical research unit. Infusions of 37.5 mg saruplase and 90 mg indocyanine green were administered over 150 minutes to 10 healthy male volunteers. After 60 minutes the subjects consumed a standardized meal to increase liver blood flow or performed an exercise test (20 minutes) to decrease liver blood flow. Indocyanine green concentrations, total urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) antigen, two-chain u-PA activity, fibrinogen, total degradation products, alpha 2-antiplasmin, and factor XII-dependent fibrinolytic activity were measured. Blood flow was measured after food intake in a portal vein branch with Doppler echography. RESULTS The weighted average indocyanine green concentration after exercise was increased by 29% compared with baseline (steady-state concentration) values (95% confidence intervals [CI]: +6%, +56%). After food, the concentration was 27% lower compared with baseline values (95% CI: -35%, -19%), and portal vein flow was increased by a maximum of 103% (95% CI: +71%, +136%). Average maximal concentrations of u-PA antigen after exercise were increased by 130 ng/ml compared with baseline concentrations (95% CI: +65, +195 ng/ml) and, unexpectedly, 156 ng/ml higher after food (95% CI: +59, +253 ng/ml). Although not significant, an increase in average u-PA antigen concentration compared with baseline values was detected after both exercise (7%) and food (13%). This tendency toward a larger effect after food compared with the effect after exercise was reflected by minor changes in the pharmacodynamics. CONCLUSIONS u-PA plasma concentrations were increased by reduced liver blood flow induced by exercise. Food intake produced an unexpected increase in u-PA concentrations despite increases in liver blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M van Griensven
- Centre for Human Drug Research, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands
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47
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Abstract
A method for the determination of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (hG-CSF) activity, based on stimulation of cellular proliferation, was developed using a subclone of the murine myeloid leukemia cell line NFS-60, with an improved sensitivity for hG-CSF, as indicator. The optimal range for quantitative analysis of hG-CSF was about 4-60 pg ml-1. The stimulatory effect was measured by a colorimetric microassay: the optical density of formazan, which is produced by viable cells from 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), was obtained by reading plates in a multi-channel photometer. The assay was designed as a five-dose parallel line test, employing three or four doses for potency determinations, which fulfil pharmacopoeial requirements for assay validity. Inter-assay relative standard deviation (RSD) varied between 5.2 and 12.0%. Most assay experiments revealed potencies within limits of error of 90-110% and the mean index of precision value was 0.057. The recently developed yeast cell-derived International Standard (88/502) served as a reference for activity of rhG-CSF. Specificity of the assay was demonstrated by absence of response upon exposure to a panel of biomolecules, including recombinant human interleukin-3, and by the suppression of growth stimulation in the presence of neutralizing anti hG-CSF antibodies. Potency readings of unglycosylated rhG-CSF were dependent on pH of assay medium with higher relative activities observed at pH 6.6 than at 7.4. Moreover, SDS-PAGE analysis of the carbohydrate-deficient preparation, following incubation at physiological pH, revealed several high molecular weight rhG-CSF bands and decreased monomeric form. The method described was found suitable for potency assessments of pharmaceutical formulations of hG-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Hammerling
- Division of Pharmacology, Medical Products Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
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48
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Kroon R, Fleurent H, Sprik R. Diffusion-limited exciton fusion reaction in one-dimensional tetramethylammonium manganese trichloride (TMMC). Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 1993; 47:2462-2472. [PMID: 9960278 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.47.2462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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49
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Cohen AF, Kroon R, Schoemaker HC, Breimer DD, Van Vliet-Verbeek A, Brandenburg HC. The bioavailability of digoxin from three oral formulations measured by a specific h.p.l.c. assay. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 35:136-42. [PMID: 8443031 PMCID: PMC1381504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1993.tb05679.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
1. We have studied the absolute bioavailability of three oral formulations of digoxin, 1.0 mg, in 12 young healthy volunteers in a four way randomised cross-over study using an intravenous control. 2. Digoxin tablets (250 micrograms), liquid filled digoxin capsules (100 micrograms) and an experimental enteric-coated capsule (100 micrograms) were evaluated. In vitro dissolution at pH 1 demonstrated extensive hydrolytic breakdown of digoxin from the tablets and capsules but not from the enteric-coated capsules. 3. Serum 'digoxin' concentrations were measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPI). The systemic availability (+/- s.d.) of the capsules was 70.5 +/- 11.3%, and that of the tablets 71.5 +/- 8.6%. Drug was less available from the enteric-coated capsules (62.1 +/- 10.3%) measured with FPI. These results were reflected in the urinary drug recoveries measured by FPI. 4. By contrast, there were no differences in urinary recovery of unchanged digoxin between any of the oral treatments, when this was measured by h.p.l.c. The cross-reactivity of immunoassays for metabolites of digoxin may produce artefactual results and the optimal pharmaceutical formulation for digoxin remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Cohen
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden University Hospital, The Netherlands
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50
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van Steveninck AL, Verver S, Schoemaker HC, Pieters MS, Kroon R, Breimer DD, Cohen AF. Effects of temazepam on saccadic eye movements: concentration-effect relationships in individual volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992; 52:402-8. [PMID: 1424412 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.1992.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Saccadic eye movements were analyzed after single oral doses of 20 mg temazepam and placebo in a randomized, double-blind crossover study in eight healthy volunteers. For an optimal evaluation of concentration-effect relationships, 18 blood samples and 43 effect measures were obtained over 33 1/2 hours. After placebo, saccadic peak velocity decreased within the first hour, with average values remaining 6.2% to 12.1% below baseline up to 15 hours after intake. After temazepam, significant changes in peak velocity occurred for 5 hours, with maximum decreases averaging 29.2% (95% confidence interval, 10.0 to 37.2). The apparent duration of effects ranged from 3 to 9 hours in individual subjects. Linear concentration-effect relationships were demonstrated for peak velocity, with individual slopes ranging from -0.11 to -0.46 deg/sec.(ng/ml)-1 (average r = -0.82, all p < 0.01). Differences in protein binding of temazepam did not account for the approximate fourfold variability in individual sensitivities to temazepam. By increasing the frequency of measurements, the accuracy of pharmacodynamic evaluations was clearly enhanced in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L van Steveninck
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden University Hospital, The Netherlands
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