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Xiang L, He Z, Yan C, Zhao Y, Li Z, Jia L, Jiang Z, Dai X, Lemaur V, Ma Y, Liu L, Meng Q, Zou Y, Beljonne D, Zhang F, Zhang D, Di CA, Zhu D. Nanoscale doping of polymeric semiconductors with confined electrochemical ion implantation. Nat Nanotechnol 2024:10.1038/s41565-024-01653-x. [PMID: 38649746 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Nanoresolved doping of polymeric semiconductors can overcome scaling limitations to create highly integrated flexible electronics, but remains a fundamental challenge due to isotropic diffusion of the dopants. Here we report a general methodology for achieving nanoscale ion-implantation-like electrochemical doping of polymeric semiconductors. This approach involves confining counterion electromigration within a glassy electrolyte composed of room-temperature ionic liquids and high-glass-transition-temperature insulating polymers. By precisely adjusting the electrolyte glass transition temperature (Tg) and the operating temperature (T), we create a highly localized electric field distribution and achieve anisotropic ion migration that is nearly vertical to the nanotip electrodes. The confined doping produces an excellent resolution of 56 nm with a lateral-extended doping length down to as little as 9.3 nm. We reveal a universal exponential dependence of the doping resolution on the temperature difference (Tg - T) that can be used to depict the doping resolution for almost infinite polymeric semiconductors. Moreover, we demonstrate its implications in a range of polymer electronic devices, including a 200% performance-enhanced organic transistor and a lateral p-n diode with seamless junction widths of <100 nm. Combined with a further demonstration in the scalability of the nanoscale doping, this concept may open up new opportunities for polymer-based nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanyi Xiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyi Yan
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingxuan Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziling Jiang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Université de Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Yingqiao Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liyao Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Zou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Université de Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chong-An Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Daoben Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Maufort A, Cerdá J, Van Hecke K, Deduytsche D, Verding A, Ruttens B, Li W, Detavernier C, Lutsen L, Quarti C, Vanderzande D, Beljonne D, Van Gompel WTM. Elucidating the Non-Covalent Interactions that Trigger Interdigitation in Lead-Halide Layered Hybrid Perovskites. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:5568-5579. [PMID: 38470041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites constitute a versatile class of materials applied to a variety of optoelectronic devices. These materials are composed of alternating layers of inorganic lead halide octahedra and organic ammonium cations. Most perovskite research studies so far have focused on organic sublattices based on phenethylammonium and alkylammonium cations, which are packed by van der Waals cohesive forces. Here, we report a more complex organic sublattice containing benzotriazole-based ammonium cations packed through interdigitated π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding. Single crystals and thin films of four perovskite derivatives are studied in depth with optical spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, supported by density-functional theory calculations. We quantify the lattice stabilization of interdigitation, dipole-dipole interactions, and inter- as well as intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Furthermore, we investigate the driving force behind interdigitation by defining a steric occupancy factor σ and tuning the composition of the organic and inorganic sublattice. We relate the phenomenon of interdigitation to the available lattice space and to weakened hydrogen bonding to the inorganic octahedra. Finally, we find that the stabilizing interactions in the organic sublattice slightly improve the thermal stability of the perovskite. This work sheds light on the design rules and structure-property relationships of 2D layered hybrid perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Maufort
- Hybrid Materials Design, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, B-3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jesús Cerdá
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- XStruct, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Davy Deduytsche
- Conformal Coating of Nanomaterials, Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arne Verding
- Hybrid Materials Design, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, B-3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Bart Ruttens
- Imec-imomec, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Wei Li
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Christophe Detavernier
- Conformal Coating of Nanomaterials, Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lutsen
- Hybrid Materials Design, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, B-3500 Hasselt, Belgium
- Imec-imomec, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Claudio Quarti
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vanderzande
- Hybrid Materials Design, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, B-3500 Hasselt, Belgium
- Imec-imomec, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Wouter T M Van Gompel
- Hybrid Materials Design, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, B-3500 Hasselt, Belgium
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3
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Yan S, Cornil D, Cornil J, Beljonne D, Palacios-Rivera R, Ocal C, Barrena E. Polar Polymorphism: A New Intermediate Structure toward the Thin-Film Phase in Asymmetric Benzothieno[3,2- b][1]-benzothiophene Derivatives. Chem Mater 2024; 36:585-595. [PMID: 38222937 PMCID: PMC10783425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Understanding structure and polymorphism is relevant for any organic device optimization, and it is of particular relevance in 7-decyl-2-phenyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (Ph-BTBT-10) since high carrier mobility in Ph-BTBT-10 thin films has been linked to the structural transformation from the metastable thin-film phase to the thermodynamically stable bilayer structure via thermal annealing. We combine here a systematic nanoscale morphological analysis with local Kelvin probe force microcopy (KPFM) that demonstrates the formation of a polar polymorph in thin films as an intermediate structure for thicknesses lower than 20 nm. The polar structure develops with thickness a variable amount of structural defects in the form of individual flipped molecules (point defects) or sizable polar domains, and evolves toward the reported nonpolar thin-film phase. The direct experimental evidence is supported by electronic structure density functional theory calculations. The structure of the film has dramatic effects on the electronic properties, leading to a decrease in the film work function (by up to 1 eV) and a considerable broadening of the occupied molecular orbitals, attributed to electrostatic disorder. From an advanced characterization point of view, KPFM stands out as a valuable tool for evaluating electrostatic disorder and the conceivable emergence of polar polymorphs in organic thin films. The emergence of polar assemblies introduces a critical consideration for other asymmetric BTBT derivatives, which may be pivotal to understanding the structure-property relationships in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). A precise determination of any polar assemblies close to the dielectric interface is critical for the judicious design and upgrading of high-performance OFETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Yan
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Cornil
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University
of Mons (UMONS), 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University
of Mons (UMONS), 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University
of Mons (UMONS), 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Rogger Palacios-Rivera
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Ocal
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Barrena
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Puozzo H, Saiev S, Bonnaud L, Beljonne D, Lazzaroni R. Integrating Benzoxazine-PDMS 3D Networks with Carbon Nanotubes for flexible Pressure Sensors. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202301791. [PMID: 37937983 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Shapeable and flexible pressure sensors with superior mechanical and electrical properties are of major interest as they can be employed in a wide range of applications. In this regard, elastomer-based composites incorporating carbon nanomaterials in the insulating matrix embody an appealing solution for designing flexible pressure sensors with specific properties. In this study, PDMS chains of different molecular weight were successfully functionalized with benzoxazine moieties in order to thermally cure them without adding a second component, nor a catalyst or an initiator. These precursors were then blended with 1 weight percent of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using an ultrasound probe, which induced a transition from a liquid-like to a gel-like behavior as CNTs generate an interconnected network within the matrix. After curing, the resulting nanocomposites exhibit mechanical and electrical properties making them highly promising materials for pressure-sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Puozzo
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons (UMONS), 20 Place du Parc, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP), Materia Nova Research Center, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons (UMONS), 20 Place du Parc, B-7000, Mons, Belgium) E-mail: s
| | - Shamil Saiev
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons (UMONS), 20 Place du Parc, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Leïla Bonnaud
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP), Materia Nova Research Center, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons (UMONS), 20 Place du Parc, B-7000, Mons, Belgium) E-mail: s
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons (UMONS), 20 Place du Parc, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons (UMONS), 20 Place du Parc, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
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5
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Carey RL, Giannini S, Schott S, Lemaur V, Xiao M, Prodhan S, Wang L, Bovoloni M, Quarti C, Beljonne D, Sirringhaus H. Spin relaxation of electron and hole polarons in ambipolar conjugated polymers. Nat Commun 2024; 15:288. [PMID: 38177094 PMCID: PMC10767019 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The charge-transport properties of conjugated polymers have been studied extensively for opto-electronic device applications. Some polymer semiconductors not only support the ambipolar transport of electrons and holes, but do so with comparable carrier mobilities. This opens the possibility of gaining deeper insight into the charge-transport physics of these complex materials via comparison between electron and hole dynamics while keeping other factors, such as polymer microstructure, equal. Here, we use field-induced electron spin resonance spectroscopy to compare the spin relaxation behavior of electron and hole polarons in three ambipolar conjugated polymers. Our experiments show unique relaxation regimes as a function of temperature for electrons and holes, whereby at lower temperatures electrons relax slower than holes, but at higher temperatures, in the so-called spin-shuttling regime, the trend is reversed. On the basis of theoretical simulations, we attribute this to differences in the delocalization of electron and hole wavefunctions and show that spin relaxation in the spin shuttling regimes provides a sensitive probe of the intimate coupling between charge and structural dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remington L Carey
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Samuele Giannini
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
- Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds, National Research Council (ICCOM-CNR), I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sam Schott
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Mingfei Xiao
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Suryoday Prodhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Linjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Michelangelo Bovoloni
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Claudio Quarti
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
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6
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Jia X, Soprani L, Londi G, Hosseini SM, Talnack F, Mannsfeld S, Shoaee S, Neher D, Reineke S, Muccioli L, D'Avino G, Vandewal K, Beljonne D, Spoltore D. Molecularly induced order promotes charge separation through delocalized charge-transfer states at donor-acceptor heterojunctions. Mater Horiz 2024; 11:173-183. [PMID: 37915305 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00526g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The energetic landscape at the interface between electron donating and accepting molecular materials favors efficient conversion of intermolecular charge-transfer (CT) states into free charge carriers (FCC) in high-performance organic solar cells. Here, we elucidate how interfacial energetics, charge generation and radiative recombination are affected by molecular arrangement. We experimentally determine the CT dissociation properties of a series of model, small molecule donor-acceptor blends, where the used acceptors (B2PYMPM, B3PYMPM and B4PYMPM) differ only in the nitrogen position of their lateral pyridine rings. We find that the formation of an ordered, face-on molecular packing in B4PYMPM is beneficial to efficient, field-independent charge separation, leading to fill factors above 70% in photovoltaic devices. This is rationalized by a comprehensive computational protocol showing that, compared to the more amorphous and isotropically oriented B2PYMPM, the higher structural order of B4PYMPM molecules leads to more delocalized CT states. Furthermore, we find no correlation between the quantum efficiency of FCC radiative recombination and the bound or unbound nature of the CT states. This work highlights the importance of structural ordering at donor-acceptor interfaces for efficient FCC generation and shows that less bound CT states do not preclude efficient radiative recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Jia
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Soprani
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Londi
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, B-7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Seyed Mehrdad Hosseini
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Felix Talnack
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Mannsfeld
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Safa Shoaee
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dieter Neher
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sebastian Reineke
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Luca Muccioli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriele D'Avino
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 rue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Koen Vandewal
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, B-7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Donato Spoltore
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
- Department of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, V.le delle Scienze 7/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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7
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Li W, Giannini S, Quarti C, Hou Z, Prezhdo OV, Beljonne D. Interlayer Charge Transport in 2D Lead Halide Perovskites from First Principles. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:9403-9415. [PMID: 38048307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on the implementation of a versatile projection-operator diabatization approach to calculate electronic coupling integrals in layered periodic systems. The approach is applied to model charge transport across the saturated organic spacers in two-dimensional (2D) lead halide perovskites. The calculations yield out-of-plane charge transfer rates that decay exponentially with the increasing length of the alkyl chain, range from a few nanoseconds to milliseconds, and are supportive of a hopping mechanism. Most importantly, we show that the charge carriers strongly couple to distortions of the Pb-I framework and that accounting for the associated nonlocal dynamic disorder increases the thermally averaged interlayer rates by a few orders of magnitude compared to the frozen-ion 0 K-optimized structure. Our formalism provides the first comprehensive insight into the role of the organic spacer cation on vertical transport in 2D lead halide perovskites and can be readily extended to functional π-conjugated spacers, where we expect the improved energy alignment with the inorganic layout to speed up the charge transfer between the semiconducting layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Samuele Giannini
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Claudio Quarti
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Zhufeng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Oleg V Prezhdo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
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8
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Wang M, Wang G, Naisa C, Fu Y, Gali SM, Paasch S, Wang M, Wittkaemper H, Papp C, Brunner E, Zhou S, Beljonne D, Steinrück HP, Dong R, Feng X. Poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline)-Ladder-Type Two-Dimensional Conjugated Covalent Organic Framework for Fast Proton Storage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310937. [PMID: 37691002 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical proton storage plays an essential role in designing next-generation high-rate energy storage devices, e.g., aqueous batteries. Two-dimensional conjugated covalent organic frameworks (2D c-COFs) are promising electrode materials, but their competitive proton and metal-ion insertion mechanisms remain elusive, and proton storage in COFs is rarely explored. Here, we report a perinone-based poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL)-ladder-type 2D c-COF for fast proton storage in both a mild aqueous Zn-ion electrolyte and strong acid. We unveil that the discharged C-O- groups exhibit largely reduced basicity due to the considerable π-delocalization in perinone, thus affording the 2D c-COF a unique affinity for protons with fast kinetics. As a consequence, the 2D c-COF electrode presents an outstanding rate capability of up to 200 A g-1 (over 2500 C), surpassing the state-of-the-art conjugated polymers, COFs, and metal-organic frameworks. Our work reports the first example of pure proton storage among COFs and highlights the great potential of BBL-ladder-type 2D conjugated polymers in future energy devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Wang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gang Wang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chandrasekhar Naisa
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Yubin Fu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Sai Manoj Gali
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Silvia Paasch
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mao Wang
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optics, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610101, China
| | - Haiko Wittkaemper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Physical Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eike Brunner
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Shengqiang Zhou
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Institute of Physical Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Renhao Dong
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, China
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
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9
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Apostol P, Gali SM, Su A, Tie D, Zhang Y, Pal S, Lin X, Bakuru VR, Rambabu D, Beljonne D, Dincă M, Vlad A. Controlling Charge Transport in 2D Conductive MOFs─The Role of Nitrogen-Rich Ligands and Chemical Functionality. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145. [PMID: 37921430 PMCID: PMC10655089 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional electrically conducting metal-organic frameworks (2D-e-MOFs) have emerged as a class of highly promising functional materials for a wide range of applications. However, despite the significant recent advances in 2D-e-MOFs, developing systems that can be postsynthetically chemically functionalized, while also allowing fine-tuning of the transport properties, remains challenging. Herein, we report two isostructural 2D-e-MOFs: Ni3(HITAT)2 and Ni3(HITBim)2 based on two new 3-fold symmetric ligands: 2,3,7,8,12,13-hexaaminotriazatruxene (HATAT) and 2,3,8,9,14,15-hexaaminotribenzimidazole (HATBim), respectively, with reactive sites for postfunctionalization. Ni3(HITAT)2 and Ni3(HITBim)2 exhibit temperature-activated charge transport, with bulk conductivity values of 44 and 0.5 mS cm-1, respectively. Density functional theory analysis attributes the difference to disparities in the electron density distribution within the parent ligands: nitrogen-rich HATBim exhibits localized electron density and a notably lower lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy relative to HATAT. Precise amounts of methanesulfonyl groups are covalently bonded to the N-H indole moiety within the Ni3(HITAT)2 framework, modulating the electrical conductivity by a factor of ∼20. These results provide a blueprint for the design of porous functional materials with tunable chemical functionality and electrical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petru Apostol
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials
and Catalysis, Université Catholique
de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Sai Manoj Gali
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Alice Su
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
| | - Da Tie
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials
and Catalysis, Université Catholique
de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials
and Catalysis, Université Catholique
de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Shubhadeep Pal
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials
and Catalysis, Université Catholique
de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Xiaodong Lin
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials
and Catalysis, Université Catholique
de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Vasudeva Rao Bakuru
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials
and Catalysis, Université Catholique
de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Darsi Rambabu
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials
and Catalysis, Université Catholique
de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
| | - Alexandru Vlad
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials
and Catalysis, Université Catholique
de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
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10
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Giannini S, Di Virgilio L, Bardini M, Hausch J, Geuchies JJ, Zheng W, Volpi M, Elsner J, Broch K, Geerts YH, Schreiber F, Schweicher G, Wang HI, Blumberger J, Bonn M, Beljonne D. Transiently delocalized states enhance hole mobility in organic molecular semiconductors. Nat Mater 2023; 22:1361-1369. [PMID: 37709929 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01664-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Evidence shows that charge carriers in organic semiconductors self-localize because of dynamic disorder. Nevertheless, some organic semiconductors feature reduced mobility at increasing temperature, a hallmark for delocalized band transport. Here we present the temperature-dependent mobility in two record-mobility organic semiconductors: dinaphtho[2,3-b:2',3'-f]thieno[3,2-b]-thiophene (DNTT) and its alkylated derivative, C8-DNTT-C8. By combining terahertz photoconductivity measurements with atomistic non-adiabatic molecular dynamics simulations, we show that while both crystals display a power-law decrease of the mobility (μ) with temperature (T) following μ ∝ T -n, the exponent n differs substantially. Modelling reveals that the differences between the two chemically similar semiconductors can be traced to the delocalization of the different states that are thermally accessible by charge carriers, which in turn depends on their specific electronic band structure. The emerging picture is that of holes surfing on a dynamic manifold of vibrationally dressed extended states with a temperature-dependent mobility that provides a sensitive fingerprint for the underlying density of states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Giannini
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium.
| | | | - Marco Bardini
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Julian Hausch
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Wenhao Zheng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martina Volpi
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jan Elsner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Katharina Broch
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yves H Geerts
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
- International Solvay Institutes for Physics and Chemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Guillaume Schweicher
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Hai I Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany.
- Nanophotonics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany.
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium.
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11
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Han B, Gali SM, Dai S, Beljonne D, Samorì P. Isomer Discrimination via Defect Engineering in Monolayer MoS 2. ACS Nano 2023; 17:17956-17965. [PMID: 37704191 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The all-surface nature of two-dimensional (2D) materials renders them highly sensitive to environmental changes, enabling the on-demand tailoring of their physical properties. Transition metal dichalcogenides, such as 2H molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), can be used as a sensory material capable of discriminating molecules possessing a similar structure with a high sensitivity. Among them, the identification of isomers represents an unexplored and challenging case. Here, we demonstrate that chemical functionalization of defect-engineered monolayer MoS2 enables isomer discrimination via a field-effect transistor readout. A multiscale characterization comprising X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and electrical measurement corroborated by theoretical calculations revealed that monolayer MoS2 exhibits exceptional sensitivity to the differences in the dipolar nature of molecules arising from their chemical structure such as the one in difluorobenzenethiol isomers, allowing their precise recognition. Our findings underscore the potential of 2D materials for molecular discrimination purposes, in particular for the identification of complex isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Han
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sai Manoj Gali
- Université de Mons, Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Place du Parc 20, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Shuting Dai
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - David Beljonne
- Université de Mons, Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Place du Parc 20, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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12
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Marchi M, Raciti E, Gali SM, Piccirilli F, Vondracek H, Actis A, Salvadori E, Rosso C, Criado A, D'Agostino C, Forster L, Lee D, Foucher AC, Rai RK, Beljonne D, Stach EA, Chiesa M, Lazzaroni R, Filippini G, Prato M, Melchionna M, Fornasiero P. Carbon Vacancies Steer the Activity in Dual Ni Carbon Nitride Photocatalysis. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2303781. [PMID: 37409444 PMCID: PMC10502671 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of carbon nitride (CN) structures is one main avenue to enhance the activity of CN-based photocatalysts. Increasing the efficiency of photocatalytic heterogeneous materials is a critical step toward the realistic implementation of sustainable schemes for organic synthesis. However, limited knowledge of the structure/activity relationship in relation to subtle structural variations prevents a fully rational design of new photocatalytic materials, limiting practical applications. Here, the CN structure is engineered by means of a microwave treatment, and the structure of the material is shaped around its suitable functionality for Ni dual photocatalysis, with a resulting boosting of the reaction efficiency toward many CX (X = N, S, O) couplings. The combination of advanced characterization techniques and first-principle simulations reveals that this enhanced reactivity is due to the formation of carbon vacancies that evolve into triazole and imine N species able to suitably bind Ni complexes and harness highly efficient dual catalysis. The cost-effective microwave treatment proposed here appears as a versatile and sustainable approach to the design of CN-based photocatalysts for a wide range of industrially relevant organic synthetic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Marchi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Energy, Environment and Transport “Giacomo Ciamician”INSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 1Trieste34127Italy
| | - Edoardo Raciti
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel MaterialsMaterials Research InstituteUniversity of Mons‐UMONSMons7000Belgium
| | - Sai Manoj Gali
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel MaterialsMaterials Research InstituteUniversity of Mons‐UMONSMons7000Belgium
| | - Federica Piccirilli
- Elettra Sincrotrone TriesteStrada Statale 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park BasovizzaTrieste34149Italy
| | - Hendrik Vondracek
- Elettra Sincrotrone TriesteStrada Statale 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park BasovizzaTrieste34149Italy
| | - Arianna Actis
- Department of Chemistry and NIS CentreUniversity of TorinoVia Pietro Giuria 7Torino10125Italy
| | - Enrico Salvadori
- Department of Chemistry and NIS CentreUniversity of TorinoVia Pietro Giuria 7Torino10125Italy
| | - Cristian Rosso
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Energy, Environment and Transport “Giacomo Ciamician”INSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 1Trieste34127Italy
| | - Alejandro Criado
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía–CICAUniversidade da CoruñaRúa As CarballeirasA Coruña15071Spain
| | - Carmine D'Agostino
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Material Engineering (DICAM)Alma Mater StudiorumUniversity of BolognaVia Terracini, 28Bologna40131Italy
| | - Luke Forster
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Daniel Lee
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Alexandre C. Foucher
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104‐6272USA
| | - Rajeev Kumar Rai
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104‐6272USA
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel MaterialsMaterials Research InstituteUniversity of Mons‐UMONSMons7000Belgium
| | - Eric A. Stach
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104‐6272USA
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department of Chemistry and NIS CentreUniversity of TorinoVia Pietro Giuria 7Torino10125Italy
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel MaterialsMaterials Research InstituteUniversity of Mons‐UMONSMons7000Belgium
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Energy, Environment and Transport “Giacomo Ciamician”INSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 1Trieste34127Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Energy, Environment and Transport “Giacomo Ciamician”INSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 1Trieste34127Italy
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Paseo de Miramón 194Donostia‐San Sebastián20014Spain
- IkerbasqueBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbao48013Spain
| | - Michele Melchionna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Energy, Environment and Transport “Giacomo Ciamician”INSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 1Trieste34127Italy
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Energy, Environment and Transport “Giacomo Ciamician”INSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 1Trieste34127Italy
- ICCOM‐CNRUnit of Triestevia L. Giorgieri 1Trieste34127Italy
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13
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Volpi M, Jouclas R, Liu J, Liu G, Catalano L, McIntosh N, Bardini M, Gatsios C, Modesti F, Turetta N, Beljonne D, Cornil J, Kennedy AR, Koch N, Erk P, Samorì P, Schweicher G, Geerts YH. Enantiopure Dinaphtho[2,3-b:2,3-f]thieno[3,2-b]thiophenes: Reaching High Magnetoresistance Effect in OFETs. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2301914. [PMID: 37424043 PMCID: PMC10502826 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Chiral molecules are known to behave as spin filters due to the chiral induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect. Chirality can be implemented in molecular semiconductors in order to study the role of the CISS effect in charge transport and to find new materials for spintronic applications. In this study, the design and synthesis of a new class of enantiopure chiral organic semiconductors based on the well-known dinaphtho[2,3-b:2,3-f]thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (DNTT) core functionalized with chiral alkyl side chains is presented. When introduced in an organic field-effect transistor (OFET) with magnetic contacts, the two enantiomers, (R)-DNTT and (S)-DNTT, show an opposite behavior with respect to the relative direction of the magnetization of the contacts, oriented by an external magnetic field. Each enantiomer displays an unexpectedly high magnetoresistance over one preferred orientation of the spin current injected from the magnetic contacts. The result is the first reported OFET in which the current can be switched on and off upon inversion of the direction of the applied external magnetic field. This work contributes to the general understanding of the CISS effect and opens new avenues for the introduction of organic materials in spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Volpi
- Laboratoire de Chimie des PolymèresFaculté des SciencesUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01Bruxelles1050Belgium
| | - Rémy Jouclas
- Laboratoire de Chimie des PolymèresFaculté des SciencesUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01Bruxelles1050Belgium
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratoire de Chimie des PolymèresFaculté des SciencesUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01Bruxelles1050Belgium
| | - Guangfeng Liu
- Laboratoire de Chimie des PolymèresFaculté des SciencesUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01Bruxelles1050Belgium
| | - Luca Catalano
- Laboratoire de Chimie des PolymèresFaculté des SciencesUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01Bruxelles1050Belgium
| | - Nemo McIntosh
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel MaterialsCenter for Research in Molecular Electronics and PhotonicsUniversity of MonsPlace du Parc 23MonsB‐7000Belgium
| | - Marco Bardini
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel MaterialsCenter for Research in Molecular Electronics and PhotonicsUniversity of MonsPlace du Parc 23MonsB‐7000Belgium
| | - Christos Gatsios
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH12489BerlinGermany
- Institut für Physik and IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universitat zu Berlin12489BerlinGermany
| | | | - Nicholas Turetta
- CNRSUniversity of StrasbourgISIS UMR 7006, 8 Alleé Gaspard MongeStrasbourgF‐67000France
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel MaterialsCenter for Research in Molecular Electronics and PhotonicsUniversity of MonsPlace du Parc 23MonsB‐7000Belgium
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel MaterialsCenter for Research in Molecular Electronics and PhotonicsUniversity of MonsPlace du Parc 23MonsB‐7000Belgium
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeCathedral Street 295GlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Norbert Koch
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH12489BerlinGermany
- Institut für Physik and IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universitat zu Berlin12489BerlinGermany
| | - Peter Erk
- BASF SERGD – J542S67056Ludwigshafen am RheinGermany
| | - Paolo Samorì
- CNRSUniversity of StrasbourgISIS UMR 7006, 8 Alleé Gaspard MongeStrasbourgF‐67000France
| | - Guillaume Schweicher
- Laboratoire de Chimie des PolymèresFaculté des SciencesUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01Bruxelles1050Belgium
| | - Yves H. Geerts
- Laboratoire de Chimie des PolymèresFaculté des SciencesUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01Bruxelles1050Belgium
- International Solvay Institutes for Physics and ChemistryUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 231Bruxelles1050Belgium
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14
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Obermann S, Zheng W, Melidonie J, Böckmann S, Osella S, Arisnabarreta N, Guerrero-León LA, Hennersdorf F, Beljonne D, Weigand JJ, Bonn M, De Feyter S, Hansen MR, Wang HI, Ma J, Feng X. Curved graphene nanoribbons derived from tetrahydropyrene-based polyphenylenes via one-pot K-region oxidation and Scholl cyclization. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8607-8614. [PMID: 37592977 PMCID: PMC10430550 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02824k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise synthesis of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) is of great interest to chemists and materials scientists because of their unique opto-electronic properties and potential applications in carbon-based nanoelectronics and spintronics. In addition to the tunable edge structure and width, introducing curvature in GNRs is a powerful structural feature for their chemi-physical property modification. Here, we report an efficient solution synthesis of the first pyrene-based GNR (PyGNR) with curved geometry via one-pot K-region oxidation and Scholl cyclization of its corresponding well-soluble tetrahydropyrene-based polyphenylene precursor. The efficient A2B2-type Suzuki polymerization and subsequent Scholl reaction furnishes up to ∼35 nm long curved GNRs bearing cove- and armchair-edges. The construction of model compound 1, as a cutout of PyGNR, from a tetrahydropyrene-based oligophenylene precursor proves the concept and efficiency of the one-pot K-region oxidation and Scholl cyclization, which is clearly revealed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The structure and optical properties of PyGNR are investigated by Raman, FT-IR, solid-state NMR, STM and UV-Vis analysis with the support of DFT calculations. PyGNR exhibits a narrow optical bandgap of ∼1.4 eV derived from a Tauc plot, qualifying as a low-bandgap GNR. Moreover, THz spectroscopy on PyGNR estimates its macroscopic charge mobility μ as ∼3.6 cm2 V-1 s-1, outperforming several other curved GNRs reported via conventional Scholl reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Obermann
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden D-01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Wenhao Zheng
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research D-55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Jason Melidonie
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden D-01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Steffen Böckmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Westfählische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Silvio Osella
- Chemical and Biological Systems Simulation Lab, Centre of New Technologies University of Warsaw Banacha 2C Warsaw 02-097 Poland
| | - Nicolás Arisnabarreta
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - L Andrés Guerrero-León
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden D-01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Felix Hennersdorf
- Chair of Inorganic Molecular Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons Mons 7000 Belgium
| | - Jan J Weigand
- Chair of Inorganic Molecular Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research D-55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Westfählische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Hai I Wang
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research D-55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Ji Ma
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden D-01069 Dresden Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics Weinberg 2 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden D-01069 Dresden Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics Weinberg 2 06120 Halle Germany
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15
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Medina-Lopez D, Liu T, Osella S, Levy-Falk H, Rolland N, Elias C, Huber G, Ticku P, Rondin L, Jousselme B, Beljonne D, Lauret JS, Campidelli S. Interplay of structure and photophysics of individualized rod-shaped graphene quantum dots with up to 132 sp² carbon atoms. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4728. [PMID: 37550308 PMCID: PMC10406913 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40376-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanographene materials are promising building blocks for the growing field of low-dimensional materials for optics, electronics and biophotonics applications. In particular, bottom-up synthesized 0D graphene quantum dots show great potential as single quantum emitters. To fully exploit their exciting properties, the graphene quantum dots must be of high purity; the key parameter for efficient purification being the solubility of the starting materials. Here, we report the synthesis of a family of highly soluble and easily processable rod-shaped graphene quantum dots with fluorescence quantum yields up to 94%. This is uncommon for a red emission. The high solubility is directly related to the design of the structure, allowing for an accurate description of the photophysical properties of the graphene quantum dots both in solution and at the single molecule level. These photophysical properties were fully predicted by quantum-chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Medina-Lopez
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thomas Liu
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Silvio Osella
- Chemical and Biological Systems Simulation Lab, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hugo Levy-Falk
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Nicolas Rolland
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Christine Elias
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Gaspard Huber
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LSDRM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pranav Ticku
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Loïc Rondin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Bruno Jousselme
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Jean-Sébastien Lauret
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, 91400, Orsay, France.
| | - Stephane Campidelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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16
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Gorgon S, Lv K, Grüne J, Drummond BH, Myers WK, Londi G, Ricci G, Valverde D, Tonnelé C, Murto P, Romanov AS, Casanova D, Dyakonov V, Sperlich A, Beljonne D, Olivier Y, Li F, Friend RH, Evans EW. Reversible spin-optical interface in luminescent organic radicals. Nature 2023; 620:538-544. [PMID: 37587296 PMCID: PMC10432275 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecules present a versatile platform for quantum information science1,2 and are candidates for sensing and computation applications3,4. Robust spin-optical interfaces are key to harnessing the quantum resources of materials5. To date, carbon-based candidates have been non-luminescent6,7, which prevents optical readout via emission. Here we report organic molecules showing both efficient luminescence and near-unity generation yield of excited states with spin multiplicity S > 1. This was achieved by designing an energy resonance between emissive doublet and triplet levels, here on covalently coupled tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) methyl-carbazole radicals and anthracene. We observed that the doublet photoexcitation delocalized onto the linked acene within a few picoseconds and subsequently evolved to a pure high-spin state (quartet for monoradical, quintet for biradical) of mixed radical-triplet character near 1.8 eV. These high-spin states are coherently addressable with microwaves even at 295 K, with optical readout enabled by reverse intersystem crossing to emissive states. Furthermore, for the biradical, on return to the ground state the previously uncorrelated radical spins either side of the anthracene shows strong spin correlation. Our approach simultaneously supports a high efficiency of initialization, spin manipulations and light-based readout at room temperature. The integration of luminescence and high-spin states creates an organic materials platform for emerging quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gorgon
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford, UK.
| | - Kuo Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jeannine Grüne
- Experimental Physics VI, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - William K Myers
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | - Giacomo Londi
- Laboratory for Computational Modelling of Functional Materials, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Gaetano Ricci
- Laboratory for Computational Modelling of Functional Materials, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Danillo Valverde
- Laboratory for Computational Modelling of Functional Materials, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | | | - Petri Murto
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Vladimir Dyakonov
- Experimental Physics VI, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Sperlich
- Experimental Physics VI, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory for Computational Modelling of Functional Materials, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | | | - Emrys W Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
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17
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Suresh SM, Zhang L, Matulaitis T, Hall D, Si C, Ricci G, Slawin AMZ, Warriner S, Beljonne D, Olivier Y, Samuel IDW, Zysman-Colman E. Judicious Heteroatom Doping Produces High-Performance Deep-Blue/Near-UV Multiresonant Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence OLEDs. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2300997. [PMID: 37140188 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Two multiresonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) emitters are presented and it is shown how further borylation of a deep-blue MR-TADF emitter, DIDOBNA-N, both blueshifts and narrows the emission producing a new near-UV MR-TADF emitter, MesB-DIDOBNA-N, are shown. DIDOBNA-N emits bright blue light (ΦPL = 444 nm, FWHM = 64 nm, ΦPL = 81%, τd = 23 ms, 1.5 wt% in TSPO1). The deep-blue organic light-emitting diode (OLED) based on this twisted MR-TADF compound shows a very high maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax ) of 15.3% for a device with CIEy of 0.073. The fused planar MR-TADF emitter, MesB-DIDOBNA-N shows efficient and narrowband near-UV emission (λPL = 402 nm, FWHM = 19 nm, ΦPL = 74.7%, τd = 133 ms, 1.5 wt% in TSPO1). The best OLED with MesB-DIDOBNA-N, doped in a co-host, shows the highest efficiency reported for a near-UV OLED at 16.2%. With a CIEy coordinate of 0.049, this device also shows the bluest EL reported for a MR-TADF OLED to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subeesh Madayanad Suresh
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Le Zhang
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Tomas Matulaitis
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - David Hall
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Changfeng Si
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Gaetano Ricci
- Laboratory for Computational Modeling of Functional Materials, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, Namur, 5000, Belgium
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Stuart Warriner
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons, 7000, Belgium
- Laboratory for Computational Modeling of Functional Materials, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, Namur, 5000, Belgium
| | - Ifor D W Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
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18
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Wang M, Fu S, Petkov P, Fu Y, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Ma J, Chen G, Gali SM, Gao L, Lu Y, Paasch S, Zhong H, Steinrück HP, Cánovas E, Brunner E, Beljonne D, Bonn M, Wang HI, Dong R, Feng X. Exceptionally high charge mobility in phthalocyanine-based poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline)-ladder-type two-dimensional conjugated polymers. Nat Mater 2023; 22:880-887. [PMID: 37337069 PMCID: PMC10313522 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional conjugated polymers (2DCPs), composed of multiple strands of linear conjugated polymers with extended in-plane π-conjugation, are emerging crystalline semiconducting polymers for organic (opto)electronics. They are represented by two-dimensional π-conjugated covalent organic frameworks, which typically suffer from poor π-conjugation and thus low charge carrier mobilities. Here we overcome this limitation by demonstrating two semiconducting phthalocyanine-based poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline)-ladder-type 2DCPs (2DCP-MPc, with M = Cu or Ni), which are constructed from octaaminophthalocyaninato metal(II) and naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride by polycondensation under solvothermal conditions. The 2DCP-MPcs exhibit optical bandgaps of ~1.3 eV with highly delocalized π-electrons. Density functional theory calculations unveil strongly dispersive energy bands with small electron-hole reduced effective masses of ~0.15m0 for the layer-stacked 2DCP-MPcs. Terahertz spectroscopy reveals the band transport of Drude-type free carriers in 2DCP-MPcs with exceptionally high sum mobility of electrons and holes of ~970 cm2 V-1 s-1 at room temperature, surpassing that of the reported linear conjugated polymers and 2DCPs. This work highlights the critical role of effective conjugation in enhancing the charge transport properties of 2DCPs and the great potential of high-mobility 2DCPs for future (opto)electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Wang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Shuai Fu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Petko Petkov
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yubin Fu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
| | - Zhitao Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Yannan Liu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
| | - Ji Ma
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
| | - Guangbo Chen
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sai Manoj Gali
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Lei Gao
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yang Lu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
| | - Silvia Paasch
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Haixia Zhong
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Institute of Physical Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Enrique Cánovas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eike Brunner
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hai I Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Renhao Dong
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany.
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19
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Kaienburg P, Bristow H, Jungbluth A, Habib I, McCulloch I, Beljonne D, Riede M. Vacuum-Deposited Donors for Low-Voltage-Loss Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37348123 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The advent of nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) enabled records of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) exceeding 19% power conversion efficiency in the laboratory. However, high-efficiency NFAs have so far only been realized in solution-processed blends. Due to its proven track record in upscaled industrial production, vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE) is of prime interest for real-world OPV commercialization. Here, we combine the benchmark solution-processed NFA Y6 with three different evaporated donors in a bilayer (planar heterojunction) architecture. We find that voltage losses decrease by hundreds of millivolts when VTE donors are paired with the NFA instead of the fullerene C60, the current standard acceptor in VTE OPVs. By showing that evaporated small-molecule donors behave much like solution-processed donor polymers in terms of voltage loss when combined with NFAs, we highlight the immense potential for evaporable NFAs and the urgent need to direct synthesis efforts toward making smaller, evaporable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Kaienburg
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, U.K
| | - Helen Bristow
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Anna Jungbluth
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, U.K
| | - Irfan Habib
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, U.K
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), Mons B-7000, Belgium
| | - Moritz Riede
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, U.K
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20
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Hall D, Sancho-García JC, Pershin A, Beljonne D, Zysman-Colman E, Olivier Y. Benchmarking DFT Functionals for Excited-State Calculations of Donor-Acceptor TADF Emitters: Insights on the Key Parameters Determining Reverse Inter-System Crossing. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37196185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The importance of intermediate triplet states and the nature of excited states has gained interest in recent years for the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) mechanism. It is widely accepted that simple conversion between charge transfer (CT) triplet and singlet excited states is too crude, and a more complex route involving higher-lying locally excited triplet excited states has to be invoked to witness the magnitude of the rate of reverse inter-system crossing (RISC) rates. The increased complexity has challenged the reliability of computational methods to accurately predict the relative energy between excited states as well as their nature. Here, we compare the results of widely used density functional theory (DFT) functionals, CAM-B3LYP, LC-ωPBE, LC-ω*PBE, LC-ω*HPBE, B3LYP, PBE0, and M06-2X, against a wavefunction-based reference method, Spin-Component Scaling second-order approximate Coupled Cluster (SCS-CC2), in 14 known TADF emitters possessing a diversity of chemical structures. Overall, the use of the Tamm-Dancoff Approximation (TDA) together with CAM-B3LYP, M06-2X, and the two ω-tuned range-separated functionals LC-ω*PBE and LC-ω*HPBE demonstrated the best agreement with SCS-CC2 calculations in predicting the absolute energy of the singlet S1, and triplet T1 and T2 excited states and their energy differences. However, consistently across the series and irrespective of the functional or the use of TDA, the nature of T1 and T2 is not as accurately captured as compared to S1. We also investigated the impact of the optimization of S1 and T1 excited states on ΔEST and the nature of these states for three different functionals (PBE0, CAM-B3LYP, and M06-2X). We observed large changes in ΔEST using CAM-B3LYP and PBE0 functionals associated with a large stabilization of T1 with CAM-B3LYP and a large stabilization of S1 with PBE0, while ΔEST is much less affected considering the M06-2X functional. The nature of the S1 state barely evolves after geometry optimization essentially because this state is CT by nature for the three functionals tested. However, the prediction of the T1 nature is more problematic since these functionals for some compounds interpret the nature of T1 very differently. SCS-CC2 calculations on top of the TDA-DFT optimized geometries lead to a large variation in terms of ΔEST and the excited-state nature depending on the chosen functionals, further stressing the large dependence of the excited-state features on the excited-state geometries. The presented work highlights that despite good agreement of energies, the description of the exact nature of the triplet states should be undertaken with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hall
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, KY16 9ST St Andrews, U.K
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | | | - Anton Pershin
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, KY16 9ST St Andrews, U.K
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory for Computational Modeling of Functional Materials, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
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21
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Ippolito S, Urban F, Zheng W, Mazzarisi O, Valentini C, Kelly AG, Gali SM, Bonn M, Beljonne D, Corberi F, Coleman JN, Wang HI, Samorì P. Unveiling Charge-Transport Mechanisms in Electronic Devices Based on Defect-Engineered MoS 2 Covalent Networks. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2211157. [PMID: 36648210 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Device performance of solution-processed 2D semiconductors in printed electronics has been limited so far by structural defects and high interflake junction resistance. Covalently interconnected networks of transition metal dichalcogenides potentially represent an efficient strategy to overcome both limitations simultaneously. Yet, the charge-transport properties in such systems have not been systematically researched. Here, the charge-transport mechanisms of printed devices based on covalent MoS2 networks are unveiled via multiscale analysis, comparing the effects of aromatic versus aliphatic dithiolated linkers. Temperature-dependent electrical measurements reveal hopping as the dominant transport mechanism: aliphatic systems lead to 3D variable range hopping, unlike the nearest neighbor hopping observed for aromatic linkers. The novel analysis based on percolation theory attributes the superior performance of devices functionalized with π-conjugated molecules to the improved interflake electronic connectivity and formation of additional percolation paths, as further corroborated by density functional calculations. Valuable guidelines for harnessing the charge-transport properties in MoS2 devices based on covalent networks are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ippolito
- ISIS UMR 7006, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Francesca Urban
- ISIS UMR 7006, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Wenhao Zheng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Onofrio Mazzarisi
- Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Inselstraße 22, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cataldo Valentini
- ISIS UMR 7006, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Adam G Kelly
- School of Physics, Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 K8N4, Ireland
| | - Sai Manoj Gali
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Federico Corberi
- Department of Physics, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Jonathan N Coleman
- School of Physics, Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 K8N4, Ireland
| | - Hai I Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paolo Samorì
- ISIS UMR 7006, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
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22
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Lucas F, Brouillac C, Mcintosh N, Giannini S, Rault-Berthelot J, Lebreton C, Beljonne D, Cornil J, Jacques E, Quinton C, Poriel C. Electronic and Charge Transport Properties in Bridged versus Unbridged Nanohoops: The Role of the Nanohoop Size. Chemistry 2023:e202300934. [PMID: 36994806 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
In the field of p-conjugated nanohoops, the size of the macrocycle has a huge impact on its structural characteristics, which in turn affect its electronic properties. In this work, we report the first experimental investigations linking the size of a nanohoop to its charge transport properties, a key property in organic electronics. We describe the synthesis and the study of the first example of cyclocarbazole possessing five constituting building units, namely [5]-cyclo-N-butyl-2,7-carbazole [5]C-Bu-Cbz. By comparison with a shorter analogue, [4]-cyclo-N-butyl-2,7-carbazole [4]C-Bu-Cbz, we detail the photophysical, electrochemical, morphological and charge transport properties, highlighting the key role played by the hoop size. Particularly, we show that the saturated field effect mobility of [5]C-Bu-Cbz is four times higher than that of its smaller analogue [4]C-Bu-Cbz (4.22 × 10-5vs 1.04 × 10-5 cm².V-1.s-1). However, the study of the other OFET characteristics (threshold voltage VTH and subthreshold slope SS) suggest that a small nanohoop is beneficial for a good organization of the molecules in thin films whereas a large one increases the density of structural defects, and hence of traps for the charge carriers. The present findings are of interest for the further development of nanohoops in electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Lucas
- ISCR: Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, chemistry, FRANCE
| | | | - Nemo Mcintosh
- University of Mons: Universite de Mons, chemistry, BELGIUM
| | | | | | - Chirstophe Lebreton
- IETR: Institut d'Electronique et de Telecommunications de Rennes, physics, FRANCE
| | - David Beljonne
- Universite de Mons - Hainaut: Universite de Mons, chemistry, BELGIUM
| | | | - Emmanuel Jacques
- IETR: Institut d'Electronique et de Telecommunications de Rennes, physics, FRANCE
| | | | - Cyril Poriel
- UMR CNRS 6226, Dpt. de Chimie, campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes cedex, Rennes, FRANCE
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23
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Duda E, Madayanad Suresh S, Hall D, Bagnich S, Saxena R, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Beljonne D, Olivier Y, Köhler A, Zysman-Colman E. An Oligomer Approach for Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Emitters Based on Twisted Donor-Acceptor Units. Chem Mater 2023; 35:2027-2037. [PMID: 36936179 PMCID: PMC10018739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c03438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient blue donor-acceptor thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters remains a challenge. To enhance the efficiency of TADF-related processes of the emitter, we targeted a molecular design that would introduce a large number of intermediate triplet states between the lowest energy excited triplet (T1) and singlet (S1) excited states. Here, we introduce an oligomer approach using repetitive donor-acceptor units to gradually increase the number of quasi-degenerate states. In our design, benzonitrile (BN) moieties were selected as acceptors that are connected together via the amine donors, acting as bridges to adjacent BN acceptors. To preserve the photoluminescence emission wavelength across the series, we employed a design based on an ortho substitution pattern of the donors about the BN acceptor that induces a highly twisted conformation of the emitters, limiting the conjugation. Via a systematic photophysical study, we show that increasing the oligomer size allows for enhancement of the intersystem crossing and reverse intersystem crossing rates. We attribute the increasing intersystem crossing rate to the increasing number of intermediate triplet states along the series, confirmed by the time-dependent density functional theory. Overall, we report an approach to enhance the efficiency of TADF-related processes without changing the blue photoluminescence color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimantas Duda
- Soft
Matter Optoelectronics, BIMF & BPI, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Subeesh Madayanad Suresh
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - David Hall
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Sergey Bagnich
- Soft
Matter Optoelectronics, BIMF & BPI, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Rishabh Saxena
- Soft
Matter Optoelectronics, BIMF & BPI, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - David B. Cordes
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Unité
de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale & Laboratoire
de Physique du Solide, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Anna Köhler
- Soft
Matter Optoelectronics, BIMF & BPI, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
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24
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Fu S, Jia X, Hassan AS, Zhang H, Zheng W, Gao L, Di Virgilio L, Krasel S, Beljonne D, Tielrooij KJ, Bonn M, Wang HI. Reversible Electrical Control of Interfacial Charge Flow across van der Waals Interfaces. Nano Lett 2023; 23:1850-1857. [PMID: 36799492 PMCID: PMC9999450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bond-free integration of two-dimensional (2D) materials yields van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures with exotic optical and electronic properties. Manipulating the splitting and recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs across the vdW interface is essential for optoelectronic applications. Previous studies have unveiled the critical role of defects in trapping photogenerated charge carriers to modulate the photoconductive gain for photodetection. However, the nature and role of defects in tuning interfacial charge carrier dynamics have remained elusive. Here, we investigate the nonequilibrium charge dynamics at the graphene-WS2 vdW interface under electrochemical gating by operando optical-pump terahertz-probe spectroscopy. We report full control over charge separation states and thus photogating field direction by electrically tuning the defect occupancy. Our results show that electron occupancy of the two in-gap states, presumably originating from sulfur vacancies, can account for the observed rich interfacial charge transfer dynamics and electrically tunable photogating fields, providing microscopic insights for optimizing optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Fu
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaoyu Jia
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Aliaa S. Hassan
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heng Zhang
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wenhao Zheng
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lei Gao
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- School
of Physics and Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Lucia Di Virgilio
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven Krasel
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Université
de Mons, 20 Place du
Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Klaas-Jan Tielrooij
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST & CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hai I. Wang
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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25
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Asher M, Bardini M, Catalano L, Jouclas R, Schweicher G, Liu J, Korobko R, Cohen A, Geerts Y, Beljonne D, Yaffe O. Mechanistic View on the Order-Disorder Phase Transition in Amphidynamic Crystals. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1570-1577. [PMID: 36748229 PMCID: PMC9940296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We combine temperature-dependent low-frequency Raman measurements and first-principles calculations to obtain a mechanistic understanding of the order-disorder phase transition of 2,7-di-tert-butylbenzo[b]benzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]thiophene (ditBu-BTBT) and 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS-pentacene) semiconducting amphidynamic crystals. We identify the lattice normal modes associated with the phase transition by following the position and width of the Raman peaks with temperature and identifying peaks that exhibit nonlinear dependence toward the phase transition temperature. Our findings are interpreted according to the "hardcore mode" model previously used to describe order-disorder phase transitions in inorganic and hybrid crystals with a Brownian sublattice. Within the framework of this model, ditBu-BTBT exhibits an ideal behavior where only one lattice mode is associated with the phase transition. TIPS-pentacene deviates strongly from the model due to strong interactions between lattice modes. We discuss the origin of the different behaviors and suggest side-chain engineering as a tool to control polymorphism in amphidynamic crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maor Asher
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot76100, Israel
| | - Marco Bardini
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University
of Mons, 7000Mons, Belgium
| | - Luca Catalano
- Laboratoire
de Chimie des Polymères, Université
Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rémy Jouclas
- Laboratoire
de Chimie des Polymères, Université
Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Schweicher
- Laboratoire
de Chimie des Polymères, Université
Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratoire
de Chimie des Polymères, Université
Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roman Korobko
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot76100, Israel
| | - Adi Cohen
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot76100, Israel
| | - Yves Geerts
- Laboratoire
de Chimie des Polymères, Université
Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050Brussels, Belgium
- International
Solvay Institutes for Physics and Chemistry, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University
of Mons, 7000Mons, Belgium
| | - Omer Yaffe
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot76100, Israel
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26
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Puozzo H, Saiev S, Bonnaud L, De Winter J, Lazzaroni R, Beljonne D. Robust and Direct Route for the Development of Elastomeric Benzoxazine Resins by Copolymerization with Amines. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Puozzo
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in MAterials & Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), 20 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in MAterials & Polymers (CIRMAP), Materia Nova Research Center, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons (UMONS), 20 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Shamil Saiev
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in MAterials & Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), 20 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Leïla Bonnaud
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in MAterials & Polymers (CIRMAP), Materia Nova Research Center, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons (UMONS), 20 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (S2MOs), Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry (CISMa), University of Mons (UMONS), 20 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in MAterials & Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), 20 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in MAterials & Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons (UMONS), 20 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
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27
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Kress J, Quarti C, An Q, Bitton S, Tessler N, Beljonne D, Vaynzof Y. Persistent Ion Accumulation at Interfaces Improves the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Energy Lett 2022; 7:3302-3310. [PMID: 36277131 PMCID: PMC9578041 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The mixed ionic-electronic nature of lead halide perovskites makes their performance in solar cells complex in nature. Ion migration is often associated with negative impacts-such as hysteresis or device degradation-leading to significant efforts to suppress ionic movement in perovskite solar cells. In this work, we demonstrate that ion trapping at the perovskite/electron transport layer interface induces band bending, thus increasing the built-in potential and open-circuit voltage of the device. Quantum chemical calculations reveal that iodine interstitials are stabilized at that interface, effectively trapping them at a remarkably high density of ∼1021 cm-3 which causes the band bending. Despite the presence of this high density of ionic defects, the electronic structure calculations show no sub-band-gap states (electronic traps) are formed due to a pronounced perovskite lattice reorganization. Our work demonstrates that ionic traps can have a positive impact on device performance of perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua
A. Kress
- Integrated
Centre for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials and Centre for Advancing
Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technical University
of Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudio Quarti
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University
of Mons−UMONS, Place du Parc 20, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Qingzhi An
- Integrated
Centre for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials and Centre for Advancing
Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technical University
of Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sapir Bitton
- Sara
and Moshe Zisapel Nanoelectronics Center, Electrical and Computer
Engineering Department, Technion Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Nir Tessler
- Sara
and Moshe Zisapel Nanoelectronics Center, Electrical and Computer
Engineering Department, Technion Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University
of Mons−UMONS, Place du Parc 20, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Yana Vaynzof
- Integrated
Centre for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials and Centre for Advancing
Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technical University
of Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 61, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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28
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Gillett AJ, Pershin A, Pandya R, Feldmann S, Sneyd AJ, Alvertis AM, Evans EW, Thomas TH, Cui LS, Drummond BH, Scholes GD, Olivier Y, Rao A, Friend RH, Beljonne D. Dielectric control of reverse intersystem crossing in thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters. Nat Mater 2022; 21:1150-1157. [PMID: 35927434 PMCID: PMC7613666 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence enables organic semiconductors with charge transfer-type excitons to convert dark triplet states into bright singlets via reverse intersystem crossing. However, thus far, the contribution from the dielectric environment has received insufficient attention. Here we study the role of the dielectric environment in a range of thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials with varying changes in dipole moment upon optical excitation. In dipolar emitters, we observe how environmental reorganization after excitation triggers the full charge transfer exciton formation, minimizing the singlet-triplet energy gap, with the emergence of two (reactant-inactive) modes acting as a vibrational fingerprint of the charge transfer product. In contrast, the dielectric environment plays a smaller role in less dipolar materials. The analysis of energy-time trajectories and their free-energy functions reveals that the dielectric environment substantially reduces the activation energy for reverse intersystem crossing in dipolar thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters, increasing the reverse intersystem crossing rate by three orders of magnitude versus the isolated molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anton Pershin
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Université de Mons, Mons, Belgium
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Raj Pandya
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sascha Feldmann
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Emrys W Evans
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Tudor H Thomas
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lin-Song Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | | | | | - Yoann Olivier
- Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale & Laboratoire de Physique du Solide, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Université de Mons, Mons, Belgium.
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29
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Abstract
Efficient exciton transport is crucial to the application of organic semiconductors (OSCs) in light-harvesting devices. While the physics of exciton transport in highly disordered media is well-explored, the description of transport in structurally and energetically ordered OSCs is less established, despite such materials being favorable for devices. In this Perspective we describe and highlight recent research pointing toward a highly efficient exciton transport mechanism which occurs in ordered OSCs, transient delocalization. Here, exciton-phonon couplings play a critical role in allowing localized exciton states to temporarily access higher-energy delocalized states whereupon they move large distances. The mechanism shows great promise for facilitating long-range exciton transport and may allow for improved device efficiencies and new device architectures. However, many fundamental questions on transient delocalization remain to be answered. These questions and suggested next steps are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander
J. Sneyd
- Department
of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University
of Mons, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Akshay Rao
- Department
of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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30
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Hall D, Sancho-García JC, Pershin A, Ricci G, Beljonne D, Zysman-Colman E, Olivier Y. Modeling of Multiresonant Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters─Properly Accounting for Electron Correlation Is Key! J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:4903-4918. [PMID: 35786892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With the surge of interest in multiresonant thermally activated delayed fluorescent (MR-TADF) materials, it is important that there exist computational methods to accurately model their excited states. Here, building on our previous work, we demonstrate how the spin-component scaling second-order approximate coupled-cluster (SCS-CC2), a wavefunction-based method, is robust at predicting the ΔEST (i.e., the energy difference between the lowest singlet S1 and triplet T1 excited states) of a large number of MR-TADF materials, with a mean average deviation (MAD) of 0.04 eV compared to experimental data. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations with the most common DFT functionals as well as the consideration of the Tamm-Dancoff approximation (TDA) consistently predict a much larger ΔEST as a result of a poorer account of Coulomb correlation as compared to SCS-CC2. Very interestingly, the use of a metric to assess the importance of higher order excitations in the SCS-CC2 wavefunctions shows that Coulomb correlation effects are substantially larger in the lowest singlet compared to the corresponding triplet and need to be accounted for a balanced description of the relevant electronic excited states. This is further highlighted with coupled cluster singles-only calculations, which predict very different S1 energies as compared to SCS-CC2 while T1 energies remain similar, leading to very large ΔEST, in complete disagreement with the experiments. We compared our SCS-CC2/cc-pVDZ with other wavefunction approaches, namely, CC2/cc-pVDZ and SOS-CC2/cc-pVDZ leading to similar performances. Using SCS-CC2, we investigate the excited-state properties of MR-TADF emitters showcasing large ΔET2T1 for the majority of emitters, while π-electron extension emerges as the best strategy to minimize ΔEST. We also employed SCS-CC2 to evaluate donor-acceptor systems that contain a MR-TADF moiety acting as the acceptor and show that the broad emission observed for some of these compounds arises from the solvent-promoted stabilization of a higher-lying charge-transfer singlet state (S2). This work highlights the importance of using wavefunction methods in relation to MR-TADF emitter design and associated photophysics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hall
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, KY16 9ST St Andrews, U.K.,Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | | | - Anton Pershin
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49,Budapest 1121, Hungary
| | - Gaetano Ricci
- Laboratory for Computational Modeling of Functional Materials, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, KY16 9ST St Andrews, U.K
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory for Computational Modeling of Functional Materials, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
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31
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Asher M, Jouclas R, Bardini M, Diskin-Posner Y, Kahn N, Korobko R, Kennedy AR, Silva de Moraes L, Schweicher G, Liu J, Beljonne D, Geerts Y, Yaffe O. Chemical Modifications Suppress Anharmonic Effects in the Lattice Dynamics of Organic Semiconductors. ACS Mater Au 2022; 2:699-708. [PMID: 36397874 PMCID: PMC9650719 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.2c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The lattice dynamics
of organic semiconductors has a significant
role in determining their electronic and mechanical properties. A
common technique to control these macroscopic properties is to chemically
modify the molecular structure. These modifications are known to change
the molecular packing, but their effect on the lattice dynamics is
relatively unexplored. Therefore, we investigate how chemical modifications
to a core [1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene (BTBT)
semiconducting crystal affect the evolution of the crystal structural
dynamics with temperature. Our study combines temperature-dependent
polarization-orientation (PO) low-frequency Raman measurements with
first-principles calculations and single-crystal X-ray diffraction
measurements. We show that chemical modifications can indeed suppress
specific expressions of vibrational anharmonicity in the lattice dynamics.
Specifically, we detect in BTBT a gradual change in the PO Raman response
with temperature, indicating a unique anharmonic expression. This
anharmonic expression is suppressed in all examined chemically modified
crystals (ditBu-BTBT and diC8-BTBT, diPh-BTBT, and DNTT). In addition,
we observe solid–solid phase transitions in the alkyl-modified
BTBTs. Our findings indicate that π-conjugated chemical modifications
are the most effective in suppressing these anharmonic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maor Asher
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rémy Jouclas
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marco Bardini
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Yael Diskin-Posner
- Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nitzan Kahn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Roman Korobko
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Lygia Silva de Moraes
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Schweicher
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Yves Geerts
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- International Solvay Institutes for Physics and Chemistry, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Omer Yaffe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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32
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Yang L, Ma J, Zheng W, Osella S, Droste J, Komber H, Liu K, Böckmann S, Beljonne D, Hansen MR, Bonn M, Wang HI, Liu J, Feng X. Solution Synthesis and Characterization of a Long and Curved Graphene Nanoribbon with Hybrid Cove-Armchair-Gulf Edge Structures. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2200708. [PMID: 35322602 PMCID: PMC9259722 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Curved graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with hybrid edge structures have recently attracted increasing attention due to their unique band structures and electronic properties as a result of their nonplanar conformation. This work reports the solution synthesis of a long and curved multi-edged GNR (cMGNR) with unprecedented cove-armchair-gulf edge structures. The synthesis involves an efficient A2 B2 -type Diels-Alder polymerization between a diethynyl-substituted prefused bichrysene monomer (3b) and a dicyclopenta[e,l]pyrene-5,11-dione derivative (6) followed by FeCl3 -mediated Scholl oxidative cyclodehydrogenation of the obtained polyarylenes (P1). Model compounds 1a and 1b are first synthesized to examine the suitability and efficiency of the corresponding polymers for the Scholl reaction. The successful formation of cMGNR from polymer P1 bearing prefused bichrysene units is confirmed by FTIR, Raman, and solid-state NMR analyses. The cove-edge structure of the cMGNR imparts the ribbon with a unique nonplanar conformation as revealed by density functional theory (DFT) simulation, which effectively enhances its dispersibility in solution. The cMGNR has a narrow optical bandgap of 1.61 eV, as estimated from the UV-vis absorption spectrum, which is among the family of low-bandgap solution-synthesized GNRs. Moreover, the cMGNR exhibits a carrier mobility of ≈2 cm2 V-1 s-1 inferred from contact-free terahertz spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed)Department of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität DresdenDresden01062Germany
| | - Ji Ma
- Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed)Department of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität DresdenDresden01062Germany
| | - Wenhao Zheng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| | - Silvio Osella
- Chemical and Biological Systems Simulation LabCentre of New TechnologiesUniversity of WarsawBanacha 2CWarsaw02–097Poland
| | - Jörn Droste
- Institute of Physical ChemistryWestfal̈ische Wilhelms‐Universitaẗ (WWU) MünsterCorrensstraße 28/30MünsterD‐48149Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 6Dresden01069Germany
| | - Kun Liu
- Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed)Department of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität DresdenDresden01062Germany
| | - Steffen Böckmann
- Institute of Physical ChemistryWestfal̈ische Wilhelms‐Universitaẗ (WWU) MünsterCorrensstraße 28/30MünsterD‐48149Germany
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel MaterialsUniversité de MonsMonsB‐7000Belgium
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institute of Physical ChemistryWestfal̈ische Wilhelms‐Universitaẗ (WWU) MünsterCorrensstraße 28/30MünsterD‐48149Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| | - Hai I. Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic ChemistryThe University of Hong KongPokfulam RoadHong Kong999077China
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed)Department of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität DresdenDresden01062Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure PhysicsWeinberg 2Halle06120Germany
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33
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Jouclas R, Liu J, Volpi M, Silva de Moraes L, Garbay G, McIntosh N, Bardini M, Lemaur V, Vercouter A, Gatsios C, Modesti F, Turetta N, Beljonne D, Cornil J, Kennedy AR, Koch N, Erk P, Samorì P, Schweicher G, Geerts YH. Dinaphthotetrathienoacenes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications in Organic Field-Effect Transistors. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2105674. [PMID: 35297223 PMCID: PMC9259716 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The charge transport of crystalline organic semiconductors is limited by dynamic disorder that tends to localize charges. It is the main hurdle to overcome in order to significantly increase charge carrier mobility. An innovative design that combines a chemical structure based on sulfur-rich thienoacene with a solid-state herringbone (HB) packing is proposed and the synthesis, physicochemical characterization, and charge transport properties of two new thienoacenes bearing a central tetrathienyl core fused with two external naphthyl rings: naphtho[2,3-b]thieno-[2''',3''':4'',5'']thieno[2″,3″:4',5']thieno[3',2'-b]naphtho[2,3-b]thiophene (DN4T) and naphtho[1,2-b]thieno-[2''',3''':4'',5'']thieno[2'',3'':4',5']thieno[3',2'-b]naphtho[1,2-b]thiophene are presented. Both compounds crystallize with a HB pattern structure and present transfer integrals ranging from 33 to 99 meV (for the former) within the HB plane of charge transport. Molecular dynamics simulations point toward an efficient resilience of the transfer integrals to the intermolecular sliding motion commonly responsible for strong variations of the electronic coupling in the crystal. Best device performances are reached with DN4T with hole mobility up to μ = 2.1 cm2 V-1 s-1 in polycrystalline organic field effect transistors, showing the effectiveness of the electronic coupling enabled by the new aromatic core. These promising results pave the way to the design of high-performing materials based on this new thienoacene, notably through the introduction of alkyl side-chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Jouclas
- Laboratoire de Chimie des PolymèresFaculté des SciencesUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01Bruxelles1050Belgium
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratoire de Chimie des PolymèresFaculté des SciencesUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01Bruxelles1050Belgium
| | - Martina Volpi
- Laboratoire de Chimie des PolymèresFaculté des SciencesUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01Bruxelles1050Belgium
| | - Lygia Silva de Moraes
- Laboratoire de Chimie des PolymèresFaculté des SciencesUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01Bruxelles1050Belgium
| | - Guillaume Garbay
- Laboratoire de Chimie des PolymèresFaculté des SciencesUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01Bruxelles1050Belgium
| | - Nemo McIntosh
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel MaterialsCenter for Research in Molecular Electronics and PhotonicsUniversity of MonsPlace du Parc 23MonsB‐7000Belgium
| | - Marco Bardini
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel MaterialsCenter for Research in Molecular Electronics and PhotonicsUniversity of MonsPlace du Parc 23MonsB‐7000Belgium
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel MaterialsCenter for Research in Molecular Electronics and PhotonicsUniversity of MonsPlace du Parc 23MonsB‐7000Belgium
| | - Alexandre Vercouter
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel MaterialsCenter for Research in Molecular Electronics and PhotonicsUniversity of MonsPlace du Parc 23MonsB‐7000Belgium
| | - Christos Gatsios
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH12489BerlinGermany
- Institut für Physik and IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universitat zu Berlin12489BerlinGermany
| | | | - Nicholas Turetta
- University of StrasbourgCNRSISIS UMR 70068 Alleé Gaspard MongeStrasbourgF‐67000France
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel MaterialsCenter for Research in Molecular Electronics and PhotonicsUniversity of MonsPlace du Parc 23MonsB‐7000Belgium
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel MaterialsCenter for Research in Molecular Electronics and PhotonicsUniversity of MonsPlace du Parc 23MonsB‐7000Belgium
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- Dept. of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeCathedral Street 295GlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Norbert Koch
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH12489BerlinGermany
- Institut für Physik and IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universitat zu Berlin12489BerlinGermany
| | - Peter Erk
- BASF SERCS – J542S67056Ludwigshafen am RheinGermany
| | - Paolo Samorì
- University of StrasbourgCNRSISIS UMR 70068 Alleé Gaspard MongeStrasbourgF‐67000France
| | - Guillaume Schweicher
- Laboratoire de Chimie des PolymèresFaculté des SciencesUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01Bruxelles1050Belgium
| | - Yves H. Geerts
- Laboratoire de Chimie des PolymèresFaculté des SciencesUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01Bruxelles1050Belgium
- International Solvay Institutes for Physics and ChemistryUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 231Bruxelles1050Belgium
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34
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Jacobs IE, Lin Y, Huang Y, Ren X, Simatos D, Chen C, Tjhe D, Statz M, Lai L, Finn PA, Neal WG, D'Avino G, Lemaur V, Fratini S, Beljonne D, Strzalka J, Nielsen CB, Barlow S, Marder SR, McCulloch I, Sirringhaus H. High-Efficiency Ion-Exchange Doping of Conducting Polymers. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2102988. [PMID: 34418878 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecular doping-the use of redox-active small molecules as dopants for organic semiconductors-has seen a surge in research interest driven by emerging applications in sensing, bioelectronics, and thermoelectrics. However, molecular doping carries with it several intrinsic problems stemming directly from the redox-active character of these materials. A recent breakthrough was a doping technique based on ion-exchange, which separates the redox and charge compensation steps of the doping process. Here, the equilibrium and kinetics of ion exchange doping in a model system, poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno(3,2-b)thiophene) (PBTTT) doped with FeCl3 and an ionic liquid, is studied, reaching conductivities in excess of 1000 S cm-1 and ion exchange efficiencies above 99%. Several factors that enable such high performance, including the choice of acetonitrile as the doping solvent, which largely eliminates electrolyte association effects and dramatically increases the doping strength of FeCl3 , are demonstrated. In this high ion exchange efficiency regime, a simple connection between electrochemical doping and ion exchange is illustrated, and it is shown that the performance and stability of highly doped PBTTT is ultimately limited by intrinsically poor stability at high redox potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian E Jacobs
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Yue Lin
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Yuxuan Huang
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Xinglong Ren
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Dimitrios Simatos
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Chen Chen
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Dion Tjhe
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Martin Statz
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Lianglun Lai
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Peter A Finn
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - William G Neal
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Gabriele D'Avino
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38042, France
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons, B-7000, Belgium
| | - Simone Fratini
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38042, France
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons, B-7000, Belgium
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Christian B Nielsen
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Iain McCulloch
- KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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35
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Kwok JJ, Park KS, Patel BB, Dilmurat R, Beljonne D, Zuo X, Lee B, Diao Y. Understanding Solution State Conformation and Aggregate Structure of Conjugated Polymers via Small Angle X-ray Scattering. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Kwok
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Green St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kyung Sun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bijal B. Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rishat Dilmurat
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Xiaobing Zuo
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Green St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute, Molecular Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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36
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Wu S, Li W, Yoshida K, Hall D, Madayanad Suresh S, Sayner T, Gong J, Beljonne D, Olivier Y, Samuel IDW, Zysman-Colman E. Excited-State Modulation in Donor-Substituted Multiresonant Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:22341-22352. [PMID: 35533089 PMCID: PMC9121343 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Strategies to tune the emission of multiresonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) emitters remain rare. Here, we explore the effect of donor substitution about a MR-TADF core on the emission energy and the nature of the excited state. We decorate different numbers and types of electron-donors about a central MR-TADF core, DiKTa. Depending on the identity and number of donor groups, the excited state either remains short-range charge transfer (SRCT) and thus characteristic of an MR-TADF emitter or becomes a long-range charge transfer (LRCT) that is typically observed in donor-acceptor TADF emitters. The impact is that in three examples that emit from a SRCT state, Cz-DiKTa, Cz-Ph-DiKTa, and 3Cz-DiKTa, the emission remains narrow, while in four examples that emit via a LRCT state, TMCz-DiKTa, DMAC-DiKTa, 3TMCz-DiKTa, and 3DMAC-DiKTa, the emission broadens significantly. Through this strategy, the organic light-emitting diodes fabricated with the three MR-TADF emitters show maximum electroluminescence emission wavelengths, λEL, of 511, 492, and 547 nm with moderate full width at half-maxima (fwhm) of 62, 61, and 54 nm, respectively. Importantly, each of these devices show high maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEmax) of 24.4, 23.0, and 24.4%, which are among the highest reported with ketone-based MR-TADF emitters. OLEDs with D-A type emitters, DMAC-DiKTa and TMCz-DiKTa, also show high efficiencies, with EQEmax of 23.8 and 20.2%, but accompanied by broad emission at λEL of 549 and 527 nm, respectively. Notably, the DMAC-DiKTa-based OLED shows very small efficiency roll-off, and its EQE remains 18.5% at 1000 cd m-2. Therefore, this work demonstrates that manipulating the nature and numbers of donor groups decorating a central MR-TADF core is a promising strategy for both red-shifting the emission and improving the performance of the OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Wu
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Wenbo Li
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Kou Yoshida
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - David Hall
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University
of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Subeesh Madayanad Suresh
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Sayner
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Junyi Gong
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University
of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory
for Computational Modeling of Functional Materials & Solid State
Physics Laboratory, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Ifor D. W. Samuel
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
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37
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Liu T, Carles B, Elias C, Tonnelé C, Medina-Lopez D, Narita A, Chassagneux Y, Voisin C, Beljonne D, Campidelli S, Rondin L, Lauret JS. Vibronic fingerprints in the luminescence of graphene quantum dots at cryogenic temperature. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:104302. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0083282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomically precise graphene quantum dots synthesized by bottom-up chemistry are promising versatile single emitters with potential applications for quantum photonic technologies. Toward a better understanding and control of graphene quantum dot (GQD) optical properties, we report on single-molecule spectroscopy at cryogenic temperature. We investigate the effect of temperature on the GQDs’ spectral linewidth and vibronic replica, which we interpret building on density functional theory calculations. Finally, we highlight that the vibronic signatures are specific to the GQD geometry and can be used as a fingerprint for identification purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Liu
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, LuMIn, Orsay, France
| | - Baptiste Carles
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, LuMIn, Orsay, France
| | - Christine Elias
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, LuMIn, Orsay, France
| | | | - Daniel Medina-Lopez
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yannick Chassagneux
- LPENS, PSL, CNRS, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Voisin
- LPENS, PSL, CNRS, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Stéphane Campidelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Loïc Rondin
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, LuMIn, Orsay, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Lauret
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, LuMIn, Orsay, France
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38
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Liu T, Tonnelé C, Zhao S, Rondin L, Elias C, Medina-Lopez D, Okuno H, Narita A, Chassagneux Y, Voisin C, Campidelli S, Beljonne D, Lauret JS. Vibronic effect and influence of aggregation on the photophysics of graphene quantum dots. Nanoscale 2022; 14:3826-3833. [PMID: 35194627 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08279e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots, atomically precise nanopieces of graphene, are promising nano-objects with potential applications in various domains such as photovoltaics, quantum light emitters and bio-imaging. Despite their interesting prospects, precise reports on their photophysical properties remain scarce. Here, we report on a study of the photophysics of C96H24(C12H25) graphene quantum dots. A combination of optical studies down to the single molecule level with advanced molecular modelling demonstrates the importance of coupling to vibrations in the emission process. Optical fingerprints for H-like aggregates are identified. Our combined experimental-theoretical investigations provide a comprehensive description of the light absorption and emission properties of nanographenes, which not only represents an essential step towards precise control of sample production but also paves the way for new exciting physics focused on twisted graphenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Liu
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, LuMIn, Orsay, France.
| | | | - Shen Zhao
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, LuMIn, Orsay, France.
| | - Loïc Rondin
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, LuMIn, Orsay, France.
| | - Christine Elias
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, LuMIn, Orsay, France.
| | - Daniel Medina-Lopez
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hanako Okuno
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA INAC-MEM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yannick Chassagneux
- LPENS, PSL, CNRS, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Voisin
- LPENS, PSL, CNRS, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Campidelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Jean-Sébastien Lauret
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, LuMIn, Orsay, France.
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39
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Hall D, Stavrou K, Duda E, Danos A, Bagnich S, Warriner S, Slawin AMZ, Beljonne D, Köhler A, Monkman A, Olivier Y, Zysman-Colman E. Diindolocarbazole - achieving multiresonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence without the need for acceptor units. Mater Horiz 2022; 9:1068-1080. [PMID: 35067689 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01383a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work we present a new multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) emitter paradigm, demonstrating that the structure need not require the presence of acceptor atoms. Based on an in silico design, the compound DiICzMes4 possesses a red-shifted emission, enhanced photoluminescence quantum yield, and smaller singlet-triplet energy gap, ΔEST, than the parent indolocarbazole that induces MR-TADF properties. Coupled cluster calculations accurately predict the magnitude of the ΔEST when the optimized singlet and triplet geometries are used. Slow yet optically detectable reverse intersystem crossing contributes to low efficiency in organic light-emitting diodes using DiICzMes4 as the emitter. However, when used as a terminal emitter in combination with a TADF assistant dopant within a hyperfluorescence device architecture, maximum external quantum efficiencies of up to 16.5% were achieved at CIE (0.15, 0.11). This represents one of the bluest hyperfluorescent devices reported to date. Simultaneously, recognising that MR-TADF emitters do not require acceptor atoms reveals an unexplored frontier in materials design, where yet greater performance may yet be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hall
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Kleitos Stavrou
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Eimantas Duda
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, BIMF & BPI, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth 95447, Germany.
| | - Andrew Danos
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Sergey Bagnich
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, BIMF & BPI, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth 95447, Germany.
| | - Stuart Warriner
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, UK
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Anna Köhler
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, BIMF & BPI, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth 95447, Germany.
| | - Andrew Monkman
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory for Computational Modeling of Functional Materials, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, Namur 5000, Belgium.
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
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40
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Dilmurat R, Prodhan S, Wang L, Beljonne D. Thermally activated intra-chain charge transport in high charge-carrier mobility copolymers. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:084115. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0082569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Disordered or even seemingly amorphous, donor–acceptor type, conjugated copolymers with high charge-carrier mobility have emerged as a new class of functional materials, where transport along the conjugated backbone is key. Here, we report on non-adiabatic molecular dynamics simulations of charge-carrier transport along chains of poly (indacenodithiophene-co-benzothiadiazole), within a model Hamiltonian parameterized against first-principles calculations. We predict thermally activated charge transport associated with a slightly twisted ground-state conformation, on par with experimental results. Our results also demonstrate that the energy mismatch between the hole on the donor vs the acceptor units of the copolymer drives localization of the charge carriers and limits the intra-chain charge-carrier mobility. We predict that room-temperature mobility values in excess of 10 cm2 V−1 s−1 can be achieved through proper chemical tuning of the component monomer units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishat Dilmurat
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Suryoday Prodhan
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Linjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
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41
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Jacobs IE, D'Avino G, Lemaur V, Lin Y, Huang Y, Chen C, Harrelson TF, Wood W, Spalek LJ, Mustafa T, O'Keefe CA, Ren X, Simatos D, Tjhe D, Statz M, Strzalka JW, Lee JK, McCulloch I, Fratini S, Beljonne D, Sirringhaus H. Structural and Dynamic Disorder, Not Ionic Trapping, Controls Charge Transport in Highly Doped Conducting Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3005-3019. [PMID: 35157800 PMCID: PMC8874922 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Doped organic semiconductors are critical to emerging device applications, including thermoelectrics, bioelectronics, and neuromorphic computing devices. It is commonly assumed that low conductivities in these materials result primarily from charge trapping by the Coulomb potentials of the dopant counterions. Here, we present a combined experimental and theoretical study rebutting this belief. Using a newly developed doping technique based on ion exchange, we prepare highly doped films with several counterions of varying size and shape and characterize their carrier density, electrical conductivity, and paracrystalline disorder. In this uniquely large data set composed of several classes of high-mobility conjugated polymers, each doped with at least five different ions, we find electrical conductivity to be strongly correlated with paracrystalline disorder but poorly correlated with ionic size, suggesting that Coulomb traps do not limit transport. A general model for interacting electrons in highly doped polymers is proposed and carefully parametrized against atomistic calculations, enabling the calculation of electrical conductivity within the framework of transient localization theory. Theoretical calculations are in excellent agreement with experimental data, providing insights into the disorder-limited nature of charge transport and suggesting new strategies to further improve conductivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian E Jacobs
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Gabriele D'Avino
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 rue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons B-7000, Belgium
| | - Yue Lin
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Yuxuan Huang
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Chen Chen
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Thomas F Harrelson
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road Building 67, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - William Wood
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Leszek J Spalek
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Tarig Mustafa
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Christopher A O'Keefe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Xinglong Ren
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Dimitrios Simatos
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Dion Tjhe
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Martin Statz
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Joseph W Strzalka
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jin-Kyun Lee
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, South Korea
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.,KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simone Fratini
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 rue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons B-7000, Belgium
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
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42
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Prodhan S, Giannini S, Wang L, Beljonne D. Correction to "Long-Range Interactions Boost Singlet Exciton Diffusion in Nanofibers of π-Extended Polymer Chains". J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:1002. [PMID: 35060739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
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43
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Pantaler M, Diez-Cabanes V, Queloz VIE, Sutanto A, Schouwink PA, Pastore M, García-Benito I, Nazeeruddin MK, Beljonne D, Lupascu DC, Quarti C, Grancini G. Revealing Weak Dimensional Confinement Effects in Excitonic Silver/Bismuth Double Perovskites. JACS Au 2022; 2:136-149. [PMID: 35098230 PMCID: PMC8791057 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Lead-free perovskites are attracting increasing interest as nontoxic materials for advanced optoelectronic applications. Here, we report on a family of silver/bismuth bromide double perovskites with lower dimensionality obtained by incorporating phenethylammonium (PEA) as an organic spacer, leading to the realization of two-dimensional double perovskites in the form of (PEA)4AgBiBr8 (n = 1) and the first reported (PEA)2CsAgBiBr7 (n = 2). In contrast to the situation prevailing in lead halide perovskites, we find a rather weak influence of electronic and dielectric confinement on the photophysics of the lead-free double perovskites, with both the 3D Cs2AgBiBr6 and the 2D n = 1 and n = 2 materials being dominated by strong excitonic effects. The large measured Stokes shift is explained by the inherent soft character of the double-perovskite lattices, rather than by the often-invoked band to band indirect recombination. We discuss the implications of these results for the use of double perovskites in light-emitting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pantaler
- Institute
for Materials Science and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen
(CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 15, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Group
for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1951, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Diez-Cabanes
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University
of Mons, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
- Université
de Lorraine & CNRS, LPCT, UMR 7019, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Valentin I. E. Queloz
- Group
for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1951, Switzerland
| | - Albertus Sutanto
- Group
for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1951, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Alexander Schouwink
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Inés García-Benito
- Group
for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1951, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Group
for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1951, Switzerland
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University
of Mons, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Doru C. Lupascu
- Group
for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical
Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1951, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Quarti
- Laboratory
for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University
of Mons, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
- Email for C.Q.:
| | - Giulia Grancini
- Department
of Chemistry & INSTM, University of
Pavia, Via Torquato Taramelli 14, Pavia 27100, Italy
- Email for G.G.:
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44
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Duda E, Hall D, Bagnich S, Carpenter-Warren CL, Saxena R, Wong MY, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Beljonne D, Olivier Y, Zysman-Colman E, Köhler A. Enhancing Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence by Fine-Tuning the Dendron Donor Strength. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:552-562. [PMID: 34995068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) relies on a small energy gap between the emissive singlet and the nonemissive triplet state, obtained by reducing the wave function overlap between donor and acceptor moieties. Efficient emission, however, requires maintaining a good oscillator strength, which is itself based on sufficient overlap of the wave functions between donor and acceptor moieties. We demonstrate an approach to subtly fine-tune the required wave function overlap by employing donor dendrons of changing functionality. We use a carbazolyl-phthalonitrile based donor-acceptor core (2CzPN) as a reference emitter and progressively localize the hole density through substitution at the 3,6-positions of the carbazole donors (Cz) with further carbazole, (4-tert-butylphenyl)amine (tBuDPA), and phenoxazine (PXZ). Using detailed photoluminescence studies, complemented with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we show that this approach permits a gradual decrease of the singlet-triplet gap, ΔEST, from 300 to around 10 meV in toluene, yet we also demonstrate why a small ΔEST alone is not enough. While sufficient oscillator strength is maintained with the Cz- and tBuDPA-based donor dendrons, this is not the case for the PXZ-based donor dendron, where the wave function overlap is reduced too strongly. Overall, we find the donor dendron extension approach allows successful fine-tuning of the emitter photoluminescence properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimantas Duda
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, BIMF & BPI, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - David Hall
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, U.K., KY16 9ST.,Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Sergey Bagnich
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, BIMF & BPI, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Cameron L Carpenter-Warren
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, U.K., KY16 9ST
| | - Rishabh Saxena
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, BIMF & BPI, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Michael Y Wong
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, U.K., KY16 9ST
| | - David B Cordes
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, U.K., KY16 9ST
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, U.K., KY16 9ST
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale & Laboratoire de Physique du Solide, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, U.K., KY16 9ST
| | - Anna Köhler
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics, BIMF & BPI, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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45
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Chan CY, Suresh SM, Lee YT, Tsuchiya Y, Matulaitis T, Hall D, Slawin A, Warriner S, Beljonne D, Olivier Y, Adachi C, Zysman-Colman E. Two Boron Atoms versus One: High-performance Deep-blue Multi-resonance Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9377-9380. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03347j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two new deep-blue narrowband multi-resonant emitters, 1B-DTACrs and 2B-DTACrs, one of which showing thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), based on boron, nitrogen, and oxygen doped nanographenes were designed and synthesized...
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46
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Meng G, Liu L, He Z, Hall D, Wang X, Peng T, Yin X, Chen P, Beljonne D, Olivier Y, Zysman-Colman E, Wang N, Wang S. Multi-resonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters based on tetracoordinate boron-containing PAHs: colour tuning based on the nature of chelates. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1665-1674. [PMID: 35282615 PMCID: PMC8827120 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05692a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-resonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) materials have attracted considerable attention recently. The molecular design frequently incorporates cycloboration. However, to the best of our knowledge MR-TADF compounds containing nitrogen chelated to boron are still unknown. Reported herein is a new class of tetracoordinate boron-containing MR-TADF emitters bearing C^N^C- and N^N^N-chelating ligands. We demonstrate that the replacement of the B–C covalent bond in the C^N^C-chelating ligand by the B–N covalent bond affords an isomer, which dramatically influences the optoelectronic properties of the molecule. The resulting N^N^N-chelating compounds show bathochromically shifted absorption and emission spectra relative to C^N^C-chelating compounds. The incorporation of a tert-butylcarbazole group at the 4-position of the pyridine significantly enhances both the thermal stability and the reverse intersystem crossing rate, yet has a negligible effect on emission properties. Consequently, high-performance hyperfluorescent organic light-emitting diodes (HF-OLEDs) that utilize these molecules as green and yellow-green emitters show a maximum external quantum efficiency (ηext) of 11.5% and 25.1%, and a suppressed efficiency roll-off with an ηext of 10.2% and 18.7% at a luminance of 1000 cd m−2, respectively. A new class of tetra-coordinate boron-containing MR-TADF emitters and their corresponding high-performance hyperfluorescent organic light-emitting diodes have been successfully achieved.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lijie Liu
- Intelligent Organic Luminescent Materials Research Center, School of Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Zhechang He
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - David Hall
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Tai Peng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, 154007, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Pangkuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale, Laboratoire de Physique du Solide, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Suning Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
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47
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Raciti E, Gali SM, Melchionna M, Filippini G, Actis A, Chiesa M, Bevilacqua M, Fornasiero P, Prato M, Beljonne D, Lazzaroni R. Radical defects modulate the photocatalytic response in 2D-graphitic carbon nitride. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9927-9939. [PMID: 36128229 PMCID: PMC9430681 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03964h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) is an important heterogeneous metal-free catalytic material. Thermally induced post-synthetic modifications, such as amorphization and/or reduction, were recently used to enhance the photocatalytic response of these materials for certain classes of organic transformations, with structural defects possibly playing an important role. The knowledge of how these surface modifications modulate the photocatalytic response of gCN is therefore not only interesting from a fundamental point of view, but also necessary for the development and/or tuning of metal-free gCN systems with superior photo-catalytic properties. Herein, employing density functional theory calculations and combining both the periodic and molecular approaches, in conjunction with experimental EPR measurements, we demonstrate that different structural defects on the gCN surface generate distinctive radical defect states localized within the electronic bandgap, with only those correlated with amorphous and reduced gCN structures being photo-active. To this end, we (i) model defective gCN surfaces containing radical defect states; (ii) assess the interactions of these defects with the radical precursors involved in the photo-driven alkylation of electron-rich aromatic compounds (namely perfluoroalkyl iodides); and (iii) describe the photo-chemical processes triggering the initial step of that reaction at the gCN surface. We provide a coherent structure/photo-catalytic property relationship on defective gCN surfaces, elaborating how only specific defect types act as binding sites for the perfluoroalkyl iodide reagent and can favor a photo-induced charge transfer from the gCN surface to the molecule, thus triggering the perfluoroalkylation reaction. The nature of radical defects governs the photocatalytic activity of graphitic carbon nitride.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Raciti
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, Mons 7000, Belgium
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Sai Manoj Gali
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Michele Melchionna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Arianna Actis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, NIS Centre of Excellence, Via Giuria 9, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, NIS Centre of Excellence, Via Giuria 9, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Manuela Bevilacqua
- Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (ICCOM-CNR), via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
- Center for Energy, Environment and Transport Giacomo Ciamician and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy
- Center for Energy, Environment and Transport Giacomo Ciamician and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 182, Donostia San Sebastián 20014, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, Mons 7000, Belgium
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48
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Wang X, Ma J, Zheng W, Osella S, Arisnabarreta N, Droste J, Serra G, Ivasenko O, Lucotti A, Beljonne D, Bonn M, Liu X, Hansen MR, Tommasini M, De Feyter S, Liu J, Wang HI, Feng X. Cove-Edged Graphene Nanoribbons with Incorporation of Periodic Zigzag-Edge Segments. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:228-235. [PMID: 34962807 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Structurally precision graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are promising candidates for next-generation nanoelectronics due to their intriguing and tunable electronic structures. GNRs with hybrid edge structures often confer them unique geometries associated with exotic physicochemical properties. Herein, a novel type of cove-edged GNRs with periodic short zigzag-edge segments is demonstrated. The bandgap of this GNR family can be tuned using an interplay between the length of the zigzag segments and the distance of two adjacent cove units along the opposite edges, which can be converted from semiconducting to nearly metallic. A family member with periodic cove-zigzag edges based on N = 6 zigzag-edged GNR, namely 6-CZGNR-(2,1), is successfully synthesized in solution through the Scholl reaction of a unique snakelike polymer precursor (10) that is achieved by the Yamamoto coupling of a structurally flexible S-shaped phenanthrene-based monomer (1). The efficiency of cyclodehydrogenation of polymer 10 toward 6-CZGNR-(2,1) is validated by FT-IR, Raman, and UV-vis spectroscopies, as well as by the study of two representative model compounds (2 and 3). Remarkably, the resultant 6-CZGNR-(2,1) exhibits an extended and broad absorption in the near-infrared region with a record narrow optical bandgap of 0.99 eV among the reported solution-synthesized GNRs. Moreover, 6-CZGNR-(2,1) exhibits a high macroscopic carrier mobility of ∼20 cm2 V-1 s-1 determined by terahertz spectroscopy, primarily due to the intrinsically small effective mass (m*e = m*h = 0.17 m0), rendering this GNR a promising candidate for nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, P.R. China.,Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ji Ma
- Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wenhao Zheng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Silvio Osella
- Chemical and Biological Systems Simulation Lab, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nicolás Arisnabarreta
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jörn Droste
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Westfal̈ische Wilhelms-Universitaẗ Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gianluca Serra
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Oleksandr Ivasenko
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrea Lucotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Université de Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Westfal̈ische Wilhelms-Universitaẗ Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hai I Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle 06120 Germany
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Gillett AJ, Tonnelé C, Londi G, Ricci G, Catherin M, Unson DML, Casanova D, Castet F, Olivier Y, Chen WM, Zaborova E, Evans EW, Drummond BH, Conaghan PJ, Cui LS, Greenham NC, Puttisong Y, Fages F, Beljonne D, Friend RH. Spontaneous exciton dissociation enables spin state interconversion in delayed fluorescence organic semiconductors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6640. [PMID: 34789719 PMCID: PMC8599618 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26689-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering a low singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST) is necessary for efficient reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) in delayed fluorescence (DF) organic semiconductors but results in a small radiative rate that limits performance in LEDs. Here, we study a model DF material, BF2, that exhibits a strong optical absorption (absorption coefficient = 3.8 × 105 cm-1) and a relatively large ΔEST of 0.2 eV. In isolated BF2 molecules, intramolecular rISC is slow (delayed lifetime = 260 μs), but in aggregated films, BF2 generates intermolecular charge transfer (inter-CT) states on picosecond timescales. In contrast to the microsecond intramolecular rISC that is promoted by spin-orbit interactions in most isolated DF molecules, photoluminescence-detected magnetic resonance shows that these inter-CT states undergo rISC mediated by hyperfine interactions on a ~24 ns timescale and have an average electron-hole separation of ≥1.5 nm. Transfer back to the emissive singlet exciton then enables efficient DF and LED operation. Thus, access to these inter-CT states, which is possible even at low BF2 doping concentrations of 4 wt%, resolves the conflicting requirements of fast radiative emission and low ΔEST in organic DF emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Gillett
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Claire Tonnelé
- Donostia International Physics Centre (DIPC), Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Giacomo Londi
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Gaetano Ricci
- Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale & Laboratoire de Physique du Solide, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, B-5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Manon Catherin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, AMUtech, Campus de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Darcy M L Unson
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Centre (DIPC), Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Frédéric Castet
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université de Bordeaux, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale & Laboratoire de Physique du Solide, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, B-5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Weimin M Chen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Elena Zaborova
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, AMUtech, Campus de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Emrys W Evans
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK
| | - Bluebell H Drummond
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - Patrick J Conaghan
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, UK
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Lin-Song Cui
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Neil C Greenham
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yuttapoom Puttisong
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Frédéric Fages
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, AMUtech, Campus de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, France.
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000, Mons, Belgium.
| | - Richard H Friend
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, UK.
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50
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Oliveira ON, Beljonne D, Wong SS, Schanze KS. Forum on Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning for Design and Development of Applied Materials. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:53301-53302. [PMID: 34788937 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
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