1
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Davies DW, Seo B, Park SK, Shiring SB, Chung H, Kafle P, Yuan D, Strzalka JW, Weber R, Zhu X, Savoie BM, Diao Y. Unraveling two distinct polymorph transition mechanisms in one n-type single crystal for dynamic electronics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1304. [PMID: 36944642 PMCID: PMC10030468 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36871-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cooperativity is used by living systems to circumvent energetic and entropic barriers to yield highly efficient molecular processes. Cooperative structural transitions involve the concerted displacement of molecules in a crystalline material, as opposed to typical molecule-by-molecule nucleation and growth mechanisms which often break single crystallinity. Cooperative transitions have acquired much attention for low transition barriers, ultrafast kinetics, and structural reversibility. However, cooperative transitions are rare in molecular crystals and their origin is poorly understood. Crystals of 2-dimensional quinoidal terthiophene (2DQTT-o-B), a high-performance n-type organic semiconductor, demonstrate two distinct thermally activated phase transitions following these mechanisms. Here we show reorientation of the alkyl side chains triggers cooperative behavior, tilting the molecules like dominos. Whereas, nucleation and growth transition is coincident with increasing alkyl chain disorder and driven by forming a biradical state. We establish alkyl chain engineering as integral to rationally controlling these polymorphic behaviors for novel electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel William Davies
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Bumjoon Seo
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Joellabuk-do, 55324, South Korea
| | - Stephen B Shiring
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Hyunjoong Chung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Prapti Kafle
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Dafei Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Joseph W Strzalka
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Ralph Weber
- Bruker BioSpin Corp., 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, MA, 01821, USA
| | - Xiaozhang Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Brett M Savoie
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N. Mathews Ave. M/C 251, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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2
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Wang Z, Wang C, Sun Y, Wang K, Strzalka JW, Patel SN, Nealey PF, Ober CK, Escobedo FA. Ion Transport in 2D Nanostructured π-Conjugated Thieno[3,2- b]thiophene-Based Liquid Crystal. ACS Nano 2022; 16:20714-20729. [PMID: 36475656 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Leveraging the self-assembling behavior of liquid crystals designed for controlling ion transport is of both fundamental and technological significance. Here, we have designed and prepared a liquid crystal that contains 2,5-bis(thien-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (BTTT) as mesogenic core and conjugated segment and symmetric tetra(ethylene oxide) (EO4) as polar side chains for ion-conducting regions. Driven by the crystallization of the BTTT cores, BTTT/dEO4 exhibits well-ordered smectic phases below 71.5 °C as confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, temperature-dependent wide-angle X-ray scattering, and grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS). We adopted a combination of experimental GIWAXS and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to better understand the molecular packing of BTTT/dEO4 films, particularly when loaded with the ion-conducting salt lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI). Ionic conduction of BTTT/dEO4 is realized by the addition of LiTFSI, with the material able to maintain smectic phases up to r = [Li+]/[EO] = 0.1. The highest ionic conductivity of 8 × 10-3 S/cm was attained at an intermedium salt concentration of r = 0.05. It was also found that ion conduction in BTTT/dEO4 is enhanced by forming a smectic layered structure with irregular interfaces between the BTTT and EO4 layers and by the lateral film expansion upon salt addition. This can be explained by the enhancement of the misalignment and configurational entropy of the side chains, which increase their local mobility and that of the solvated ions. Our molecular design thus illustrates how, beyond the favorable energetic interactions that drive the assembly of ion solvating domains, modulation of entropic effects can also be favorably harnessed to improve ion conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyang Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637, United States
| | - Chaoqiuyu Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
| | - Yangyang Sun
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
| | - Kai Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637, United States
| | | | - Shrayesh N Patel
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637, United States
| | - Paul F Nealey
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637, United States
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
| | - Fernando A Escobedo
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
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3
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Grocke G, Dong BX, Taggart AD, Martinson ABF, Niklas J, Poluektov OG, Strzalka JW, Patel SN. Structure-Transport Properties Governing the Interplay in Humidity-Dependent Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conduction of Conjugated Polyelectrolytes. ACS Polym Au 2022; 2:275-286. [PMID: 36855565 PMCID: PMC9955331 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric mixed ionic-electronic conductors (MIECs) are of broad interest in the field of energy storage and conversion, optoelectronics, and bioelectronics. A class of polymeric MIECs are conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs), which possess a π-conjugated backbone imparting electronic transport characteristics along with side chains composed of a pendant ionic group to allow for ionic transport. Here, our study focuses on the humidity-dependent structure-transport properties of poly[3-(potassium-n-alkanoate) thiophene-2,5-diyl] (P3KnT) CPEs with varied side-chain lengths of n = 4-7. UV-vis spectroscopy along with electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy reveals that the infiltration of water leads to a hydrated, self-doped state that allows for electronic transport. The resulting humidity-dependent ionic conductivity (σi) of the thin films shows a monotonic increase with relative humidity (RH) while electronic conductivity (σe) follows a non-monotonic profile. The values of σe continue to rise with increasing RH reaching a local maximum after which σe begins to decrease. P3KnTs with higher n values demonstrate greater resiliency to increasing RH before suffering a decrease in σe. This drop in σe is attributed to two factors. First, disruption of the locally ordered π-stacked domains observed through in situ humidity-dependent grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) experiments can account for some of the decrease in σe. A second and more dominant factor is attributed to the swelling of the amorphous domains where electronic transport pathways connecting ordered domains are impeded. P3K7T is most resilient to swelling (based on ellipsometry and water uptake measurements) where sufficient hydration allows for high σi (1.0 × 10-1 S/cm at 95% RH) while not substantially disrupting σe (1.7 × 10-2 S/cm at 85% RH and 8.0 × 10-3 S/cm at 95% RH). Overall, our study highlights the complexity of balancing electronic and ionic transport in hydrated CPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett
L. Grocke
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Ban Xuan Dong
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Aaron D. Taggart
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States,Advanced
Materials for Energy-Water Systems Energy Frontier Research Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Alex B. F. Martinson
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States,Advanced
Materials for Energy-Water Systems Energy Frontier Research Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jens Niklas
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Oleg G. Poluektov
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Joseph W. Strzalka
- X-ray
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Shrayesh N. Patel
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States,
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4
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Jacobs IE, D'Avino G, Lemaur V, Lin Y, Huang Y, Chen C, Harrelson TF, Wood W, Spalek LJ, Mustafa T, O'Keefe CA, Ren X, Simatos D, Tjhe D, Statz M, Strzalka JW, Lee JK, McCulloch I, Fratini S, Beljonne D, Sirringhaus H. Structural and Dynamic Disorder, Not Ionic Trapping, Controls Charge Transport in Highly Doped Conducting Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3005-3019. [PMID: 35157800 PMCID: PMC8874922 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Doped organic semiconductors are critical to emerging device applications, including thermoelectrics, bioelectronics, and neuromorphic computing devices. It is commonly assumed that low conductivities in these materials result primarily from charge trapping by the Coulomb potentials of the dopant counterions. Here, we present a combined experimental and theoretical study rebutting this belief. Using a newly developed doping technique based on ion exchange, we prepare highly doped films with several counterions of varying size and shape and characterize their carrier density, electrical conductivity, and paracrystalline disorder. In this uniquely large data set composed of several classes of high-mobility conjugated polymers, each doped with at least five different ions, we find electrical conductivity to be strongly correlated with paracrystalline disorder but poorly correlated with ionic size, suggesting that Coulomb traps do not limit transport. A general model for interacting electrons in highly doped polymers is proposed and carefully parametrized against atomistic calculations, enabling the calculation of electrical conductivity within the framework of transient localization theory. Theoretical calculations are in excellent agreement with experimental data, providing insights into the disorder-limited nature of charge transport and suggesting new strategies to further improve conductivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian E Jacobs
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Gabriele D'Avino
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 rue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons B-7000, Belgium
| | - Yue Lin
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Yuxuan Huang
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Chen Chen
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Thomas F Harrelson
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road Building 67, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - William Wood
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Leszek J Spalek
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Tarig Mustafa
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Christopher A O'Keefe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Xinglong Ren
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Dimitrios Simatos
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Dion Tjhe
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Martin Statz
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Joseph W Strzalka
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jin-Kyun Lee
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, South Korea
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.,KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Materials Science and Engineering Program (MSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simone Fratini
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 rue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons B-7000, Belgium
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
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5
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Masud A, Wu W, Singh M, Tonny W, Ammar A, Sharma K, Strzalka JW, Terlier T, Douglas JF, Karim A. Solvent Processing and Ionic Liquid-Enabled Long-Range Vertical Ordering in Block Copolymer Films with Enhanced Film Stability. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Masud
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Wenjie Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Maninderjeet Singh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Wafa Tonny
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Ali Ammar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Kshitij Sharma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Joseph W. Strzalka
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tanguy Terlier
- Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jack F. Douglas
- Materials Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Alamgir Karim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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6
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Jiang Z, Strzalka JW, Walko DA, Wang J. Reconstruction of evolving nanostructures in ultrathin films with X-ray waveguide fluorescence holography. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3197. [PMID: 32581274 PMCID: PMC7314812 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16980-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled synthesis of nanostructure ultrathin films is critical for applications in nanoelectronics, photonics, and energy generation and storage. The paucity of structural probes that are sensitive to nanometer-thick films and also capable of in-operando conditions with high spatiotemporal resolutions limits the understanding of morphology and dynamics in ultrathin films. Similar to X-ray fluorescence holography for crystals, where holograms are formed through the interference between the reference and the object waves, we demonstrated that an ultrathin film, being an X-ray waveguide, can also generate fluorescence holograms as a result of the establishment of X-ray standing waves. Coupled with model-independent reconstruction algorithms based on rigorous dynamical scattering theories, the thin-film-based X-ray waveguide fluorescence holography becomes a unique in situ and time-resolved imaging probe capable of elucidating the real-time nanostructure kinetics with unprecedented resolutions. Combined with chemical sensitive spectroscopic analysis, the reconstruction can yield element-specific morphology of embedding nanostructures in ultrathin films. The authors introduce X-ray waveguide fluorescence holography based on the waveguiding properties of thin films. Combined with model-independent reconstruction algorithms, they show that the method can be used for real-time nanostructure kinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Jiang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
| | - Joseph W Strzalka
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Donald A Walko
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
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7
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Wang G, Swick SM, Matta M, Mukherjee S, Strzalka JW, Logsdon JL, Fabiano S, Huang W, Aldrich TJ, Yang T, Timalsina A, Powers-Riggs N, Alzola JM, Young RM, DeLongchamp DM, Wasielewski MR, Kohlstedt KL, Schatz GC, Melkonyan FS, Facchetti A, Marks TJ. Photovoltaic Blend Microstructure for High Efficiency Post-Fullerene Solar Cells. To Tilt or Not To Tilt? J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13410-13420. [PMID: 31379156 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Achieving efficient polymer solar cells (PSCs) requires a structurally optimal donor-acceptor heterojunction morphology. Here we report the combined experimental and theoretical characterization of a benzodithiophene-benzothiadiazole donor polymer series (PBTZF4-R; R = alkyl substituent) blended with the non-fullerene acceptor ITIC-Th and analyze the effects of substituent dimensions on blend morphology, charge transport, carrier dynamics, and PSC metrics. Varying substituent dimensions has a pronounced effect on the blend morphology with a direct link between domain purity, to some extent domain dimensions, and charge generation and collection. The polymer with the smallest alkyl substituent yields the highest PSC power conversion efficiency (PCE, 11%), reflecting relatively small, high-purity domains and possibly benefiting from "matched" donor polymer-small molecule acceptor orientations. The distinctive morphologies arising from the substituents are investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations which reveal that substituent dimensions dictate a well-defined set of polymer conformations, in turn driving chain aggregation and, ultimately, the various film morphologies and mixing with acceptor small molecules. A straightforward energetic parameter explains the experimental polymer domain morphological trends, hence PCE, and suggests strategies for substituent selection to optimize PSC materials morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Subhrangsu Mukherjee
- Material Science and Engineering Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Joseph W Strzalka
- X-ray Science Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | | | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology , Linköping University , SE-60174 Norrköping , Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dean M DeLongchamp
- Material Science and Engineering Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Antonio Facchetti
- Flexterra Corporation , 8025 Lamon Avenue , Skokie , Illinois 60077 , United States
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8
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Tsai H, Asadpour R, Blancon JC, Stoumpos CC, Durand O, Strzalka JW, Chen B, Verduzco R, Ajayan PM, Tretiak S, Even J, Alam MA, Kanatzidis MG, Nie W, Mohite AD. Light-induced lattice expansion leads to high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. Science 2018; 360:67-70. [PMID: 29622649 DOI: 10.1126/science.aap8671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Light-induced structural dynamics plays a vital role in the physical properties, device performance, and stability of hybrid perovskite-based optoelectronic devices. We report that continuous light illumination leads to a uniform lattice expansion in hybrid perovskite thin films, which is critical for obtaining high-efficiency photovoltaic devices. Correlated, in situ structural and device characterizations reveal that light-induced lattice expansion benefits the performances of a mixed-cation pure-halide planar device, boosting the power conversion efficiency from 18.5 to 20.5%. The lattice expansion leads to the relaxation of local lattice strain, which lowers the energetic barriers at the perovskite-contact interfaces, thus improving the open circuit voltage and fill factor. The light-induced lattice expansion did not compromise the stability of these high-efficiency photovoltaic devices under continuous operation at full-spectrum 1-sun (100 milliwatts per square centimeter) illumination for more than 1500 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsinhan Tsai
- Division of Materials Physics and Application, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.,Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Reza Asadpour
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Blancon
- Division of Materials Physics and Application, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Constantinos C Stoumpos
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Olivier Durand
- Université de Rennes, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) de Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON (Fonctions Optiques pour les Technologies de l'Information)-UMR 6082, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Joseph W Strzalka
- Division of X-Ray Science, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Bo Chen
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Rafael Verduzco
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Pulickel M Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Molecular Physics, LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Jacky Even
- Université de Rennes, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) de Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON (Fonctions Optiques pour les Technologies de l'Information)-UMR 6082, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Muhammad Ashraf Alam
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Wanyi Nie
- Division of Materials Physics and Application, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Aditya D Mohite
- Division of Materials Physics and Application, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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9
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Qu G, Zhao X, Newbloom GM, Zhang F, Mohammadi E, Strzalka JW, Pozzo LD, Mei J, Diao Y. Understanding Interfacial Alignment in Solution Coated Conjugated Polymer Thin Films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:27863-27874. [PMID: 28762715 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Domain alignment in conjugated polymer thin films can significantly enhance charge carrier mobility. However, the alignment mechanism during meniscus-guided solution coating remains unclear. Furthermore, interfacial alignment has been rarely studied despite its direct relevance and critical importance to charge transport. In this study, we uncover a significantly higher degree of alignment at the top interface of solution coated thin films, using a donor-acceptor conjugated polymer, poly(diketopyrrolopyrrole-co-thiophene-co-thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-co-thiophene) (DPP2T-TT), as the model system. At the molecular level, we observe in-plane π-π stacking anisotropy of up to 4.8 near the top interface with the polymer backbone aligned parallel to the coating direction. The bulk of the film is only weakly aligned with the backbone oriented transverse to coating. At the mesoscale, we observe a well-defined fibril-like morphology at the top interface with the fibril long axis pointing toward the coating direction. Significantly smaller fibrils with poor orientational order are found on the bottom interface, weakly aligned orthogonal to the fibrils on the top interface. The high degree of alignment at the top interface leads to a charge transport anisotropy of up to 5.4 compared to an anisotropy close to 1 on the bottom interface. We attribute the formation of distinct interfacial morphology to the skin-layer formation associated with high Peclet number, which promotes crystallization on the top interface while suppressing it in the bulk. We further infer that the interfacial fibril alignment is driven by the extensional flow on the top interface arisen from increasing solvent evaporation rate closer to the meniscus front.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Qu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xikang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Gregory M Newbloom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington , Box 351750, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, United States
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Erfan Mohammadi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Joseph W Strzalka
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Lilo D Pozzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington , Box 351750, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, United States
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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10
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Tronin A, Nordgren CE, Strzalka JW, Kuzmenko I, Worcester DL, Lauter V, Freites JA, Tobias DJ, Blasie JK. Direct evidence of conformational changes associated with voltage gating in a voltage sensor protein by time-resolved X-ray/neutron interferometry. Langmuir 2014; 30:4784-4796. [PMID: 24697545 PMCID: PMC4007984 DOI: 10.1021/la500560w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The voltage sensor domain (VSD) of voltage-gated cation (e.g., Na(+), K(+)) channels central to neurological signal transmission can function as a distinct module. When linked to an otherwise voltage-insensitive, ion-selective membrane pore, the VSD imparts voltage sensitivity to the channel. Proteins homologous with the VSD have recently been found to function themselves as voltage-gated proton channels or to impart voltage sensitivity to enzymes. Determining the conformational changes associated with voltage gating in the VSD itself in the absence of a pore domain thereby gains importance. We report the direct measurement of changes in the scattering-length density (SLD) profile of the VSD protein, vectorially oriented within a reconstituted phospholipid bilayer membrane, as a function of the transmembrane electric potential by time-resolved X-ray and neutron interferometry. The changes in the experimental SLD profiles for both polarizing and depolarizing potentials with respect to zero potential were found to extend over the entire length of the isolated VSD's profile structure. The characteristics of the changes observed were in qualitative agreement with molecular dynamics simulations of a related membrane system, suggesting an initial interpretation of these changes in terms of the VSD's atomic-level 3-D structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey
Y. Tronin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - C. Erik Nordgren
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Joseph W. Strzalka
- X-ray
Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ivan Kuzmenko
- X-ray
Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - David L. Worcester
- Department
of Physiology & Biophysics, University
of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Valeria Lauter
- Spallation
Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - J. Alfredo Freites
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Douglas J. Tobias
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - J. Kent Blasie
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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11
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Sun Y, Henderson KJ, Jiang Z, Strzalka JW, Wang J, Shull KR. Effects of Reactive Annealing on the Structure of Poly(methacrylic acid)–Poly(methyl methacrylate) Diblock Copolymer Thin Films. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201000g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kevin J. Henderson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhang Jiang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Joseph W. Strzalka
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jin Wang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Shull
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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12
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Dunphy DR, Garcia FL, Kaehr B, Khripin CY, Collord AD, Baca HK, Tate MP, Hillhouse HW, Strzalka JW, Jiang Z, Wang J, Brinker CJ. Tricontinuous Cubic Nanostructure and Pore Size Patterning in Mesostructured Silica Films Templated with Glycerol Monooleate. Chem Mater 2011; 23:2107-2112. [PMID: 21572556 PMCID: PMC3091003 DOI: 10.1021/cm1033723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of nanostructured films possessing tricontinuous minimal surface mesophases with well-defined framework and pore connectivity remains a difficult task. As a new route to these structures, we introduce glycerol monooleate (GMO) as a template for evaporation-induced self-assembly. As deposited, a nanostructured double gyroid phase is formed, as indicated by analysis of grazing-incidence small-angle x-ray scattering data. Removal of GMO by UV/O(3) treatment or acid extraction induces a phase change to a nanoporous body-centered structure which we tentatively identify as based on the IW-P surface. To improve film quality, we add a co-surfactant to the GMO in a mass ratio of 1:10; when this co-surfactant is cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, we find an unusually large pore size (8-12 nm) in acid extracted films, while UV/O(3) treated films yield pores of only ca. 4 nm. Using this pore size dependence on film processing procedure, we create a simple method for patterning pore size in nanoporous films, demonstrating spatially-defined size-selective molecular adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren R. Dunphy
- University of New Mexico/NSF Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Fred L. Garcia
- University of New Mexico/NSF Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Bryan Kaehr
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87106
| | | | - Andrew D. Collord
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87106
| | - Helen K. Baca
- University of New Mexico/NSF Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | | | - Hugh W. Hillhouse
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | - Zhang Jiang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439
| | - Jin Wang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439
| | - C. Jeffrey Brinker
- University of New Mexico/NSF Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87106
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13
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Ye S, Strzalka JW, Discher BM, Noy D, Zheng S, Dutton PL, Blasie JK. Amphiphilic 4-helix bundles designed for biomolecular materials applications. Langmuir 2004; 20:5897-904. [PMID: 16459607 DOI: 10.1021/la0363884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Artificial peptides previously designed to possess alpha-helical bundle motifs have been either hydrophilic (i.e., soluble in polar media) or lipophilic (i.e., soluble in nonpolar media) in overall character. Realizations of these bioinspired bundles have succeeded in reproducing a variety of biomimetic functionality within the appropriate media. However, to translate their functionality into any biomolecular device applications at the macroscopic level, the bundles must be oriented in an ensemble, for example, at an interface. This goal has been realized in a new family of alpha-helical bundle peptides which are amphiphilic; namely, they assemble into 4-helix bundles with well-defined hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains. These peptides are capable of binding metalloporphyrin prosthetic groups at selected locations within these domains. We describe here the realization of one of the first members of this family, AP0, successfully designed for vectorial incorporation into soft interfaces between polar and nonpolar media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixin Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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