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Dupont J, Leal BC, Lozano P, Monteiro AL, Migowski P, Scholten JD. Ionic Liquids in Metal, Photo-, Electro-, and (Bio) Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5227-5420. [PMID: 38661578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have unique physicochemical properties that make them advantageous for catalysis, such as low vapor pressure, non-flammability, high thermal and chemical stabilities, and the ability to enhance the activity and stability of (bio)catalysts. ILs can improve the efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability of bio(transformations) by acting as activators of enzymes, selectively dissolving substrates and products, and reducing toxicity. They can also be recycled and reused multiple times without losing their effectiveness. ILs based on imidazolium cation are preferred for structural organization aspects, with a semiorganized layer surrounding the catalyst. ILs act as a container, providing a confined space that allows modulation of electronic and geometric effects, miscibility of reactants and products, and residence time of species. ILs can stabilize ionic and radical species and control the catalytic activity of dynamic processes. Supported IL phase (SILP) derivatives and polymeric ILs (PILs) are good options for molecular engineering of greener catalytic processes. The major factors governing metal, photo-, electro-, and biocatalysts in ILs are discussed in detail based on the vast literature available over the past two and a half decades. Catalytic reactions, ranging from hydrogenation and cross-coupling to oxidations, promoted by homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in both single and multiphase conditions, are extensively reviewed and discussed considering the knowledge accumulated until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairton Dupont
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Bárbara C Leal
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Pedro Lozano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Adriano L Monteiro
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Pedro Migowski
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Jackson D Scholten
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
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Mayer S, Bergen A, Zhai Z, Trzeciak S, Chu J, Zahn D, Koller TM, Meyer K, Vogel N. Evolution of Surface Tension and Hansen Parameters of a Homologous Series of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids. Langmuir 2024; 40:9529-9542. [PMID: 38648374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we systematically analyze the surface tension and Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) of imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) with different anions ([NTf2]-, [PF6]-, [I]-, and [Br]-). These anions are combined with the classical 1-alkyl-3-methyl-substituted imidazolium cations ([CnC1Im]+) and a group of oligoether-functionalized imidazolium cations ([(mPEGn)2Im]+) based on methylated polyethylene glycol (mPEGn). In detail, the influences of the length of the alkyl- and the mPEGn-chain, the anion size, and the water content are investigated experimentally. For [CnC1Im]+-based ILs, the surface tension decreases with increasing alkyl chain length in all cases, but the magnitude of this decrease depends on the size of the anion ([NTf2]- < [PF6]- < [Br]- ≤ [I]-). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on [CnC1Im]+-based ILs indicate that these differences are caused by the interplay of charged and uncharged domains, in particular in the different anions, which affects the ability of the alkyl chains of the cation to orient toward the liquid-gas interface. An increase in the mPEGn-chain length of the [(mPEGn)2Im][A] ILs does not significantly influence the surface tension. These changes upon variation of the cation/anion combination do not correlate with the evolution of the HSPs for the two sets of ILs. Finally, our data suggest that significant water contents up to water mole fractions of x(H2O) = 0.25 do not significantly affect the surface tension of the studied binary IL-water mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mayer
- Institute of Particle Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Bergen
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr.1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ziwen Zhai
- Institute of Advanced Optical Technologies─Thermophysical Properties (AOT-TP), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Paul-Gordan-Str. 8, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Trzeciak
- Computer Chemistry Center/Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Junyu Chu
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr.1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk Zahn
- Computer Chemistry Center/Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas M Koller
- Institute of Advanced Optical Technologies─Thermophysical Properties (AOT-TP), Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Paul-Gordan-Str. 8, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr.1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Vogel
- Institute of Particle Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Sanchez Merlinsky L, Hemmeter D, Baraldo LM, Maier F, Steinrück HP, Williams FJ. Unlocking the Fluorine-Free Buoy Effect: Surface-Enriched Ruthenium Polypyridine Complexes in Ionic Liquids. ChemistryOpen 2024:e202400092. [PMID: 38687137 DOI: 10.1002/open.202400092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Controlling the local concentration of metal complexes at the surface of ionic liquids (ILs) is a highly sought-after objective due to its pivotal implications in supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) catalysis. Equally important is to avoid per- and polyfluorinated substances due to environmental concerns. Herein, we investigate the surface enrichment of Ru polypyridyl complexes with fluorine-free alkylic side groups of varying lengths and shapes, using the hydrophilic IL [C2C1Im][OAc] as solvent. Additional charged carboxylate groups are included into the polypyridyl ligands to increase the solubility of the complex in the IL. When the ligand system is functionalized with long and hydrophobic alkyl side chains, the complex predominantly localizes at the IL/vacuum interface, as deduced from angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Conversely, in the presence of short or more bulky substituents, no surface enrichment is observed. This buoy-like behaviour with fluorine-free side groups is explored for 0.05 %mol to 1 %mol solutions. Intriguingly, surface saturation occurs at approximately 0.5 %mol, which is beneficial to the efficient operation of catalytic systems featuring high surface areas, such as SILP catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Sanchez Merlinsky
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Hemmeter
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luis M Baraldo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florian Maier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Federico J Williams
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Bühlmeyer H, Talwar T, Eschenbacher R, Barreto J, Hauner J, Knörr L, Steinrück HP, Maier F, Libuda J. Surface Chemistry of a [C 2C 1Im][OTf] (Sub)Wetting Layer on Pt(111): A Combined XPS, IRAS, and STM Study. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024. [PMID: 38652177 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The concept of a solid catalyst with an ionic liquid layer (SCILL) is a promising approach to improve the selectivity of noble metal catalysts in heterogeneous reactions. In order to understand the origins of this selectivity control, we investigated the growth and thermal stability of ultrathin 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluormethanesulfonate [C2C1Im][OTf] films on Pt(111) by infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in time-resolved and temperature-programmed experiments. We combined these spectroscopy experiments with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to obtain detailed insights into the orientation and adsorption geometry of the ions in the first IL layer. Furthermore, we propose a mechanism for the thermal evolution of [C2C1Im][OTf] on Pt(111). We observe an intact IL layer on the surface at temperatures below 200 K. Adsorbed [C2C1Im][OTf] forms islands, which are evenly distributed over the surface. The [OTf]- anion adsorbs via the SO3 group, with the molecular axis perpendicular to the surface. Anions and cations are arranged next to each other, alternating on the Pt(111) surface. Upon heating to 250 K, we observe changes in geometry and structural distribution. Whereas at low temperature, the ions are arranged alternately for electrostatic reasons, this driving force is no longer decisive at 250 K. Here, a phase separation of two different species is discernible in STM. We propose that this effect is due to a surface reaction, which changes the charge of the adsorbates. We assume that the IL starts to decompose at around 250 K, and thus, pristine IL and decomposition products coexist on the surface. Also, IRAS and XPS show indication of IL decomposition. Further heating leads to increased IL decomposition. The reaction products associated with the anions are volatile and leave the surface. In contrast, the cation fragments remain on the surface up to temperatures above 420 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Bühlmeyer
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timo Talwar
- Chair of Physical Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roman Eschenbacher
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jade Barreto
- Chair of Physical Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonas Hauner
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Knörr
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Chair of Physical Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Maier
- Chair of Physical Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Höllring K, Baer A, Vučemilović-Alagić N, Smith DM, Smith AS. Anisotropic molecular diffusion in confinement II: A model for structurally complex particles applied to transport in thin ionic liquid films. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 657:272-289. [PMID: 38043229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.11.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Diffusion in confinement is an important fundamental problem with significant implications for applications of supported liquid phases. However, resolving the spatially dependent diffusion coefficient, parallel and perpendicular to interfaces, has been a standing issue and for objects of nanometric size, which structurally fluctuate on a similar time scale as they diffuse, no methodology has been established so far. We hypothesise that the complex, coupled dynamics can be captured and analysed by using a model built on the 2-dimensional Smoluchowski equation and systematic coarse-graining. METHODS AND SIMULATIONS For large, flexible species, a universal approach is offered that does not make any assumptions about the separation of time scales between translation and other degrees of freedom. The method is validated on Molecular Dynamics simulations of bulk systems of a family of ionic liquids with increasing cation sizes where internal degrees of freedom have little to major effects. FINDINGS After validation on bulk liquids, where we provide an interpretation of two diffusion constants for each species found experimentally, we clearly demonstrate the anisotropic nature of diffusion coefficients at interfaces. Spatial variations in the diffusivities relate to interface-induced structuring of the ionic liquids. Notably, the length scales in strongly confined ionic liquids vary consistently but differently at the solid-liquid and liquid-vapour interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Höllring
- PULS Group, Institute for Theoretical Physics, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraß e 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Baer
- PULS Group, Institute for Theoretical Physics, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraß e 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nataša Vučemilović-Alagić
- PULS Group, Institute for Theoretical Physics, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraß e 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany; Group of Computational Life Sciences, Department of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - David M Smith
- Group of Computational Life Sciences, Department of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Ana-Sunčana Smith
- PULS Group, Institute for Theoretical Physics, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraß e 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany; Group of Computational Life Sciences, Department of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia.
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6
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Hemmeter D, Merlinsky LS, Baraldo LM, Maier F, Williams FJ, Steinrück HP. Exploring the interfacial behavior of ruthenium complexes in ionic liquids: implications for supported ionic liquid phase catalysts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:7602-7610. [PMID: 38363127 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00247d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The interaction of metal complexes with ionic liquids, with a particular focus on the stability and surface concentration of the metal centers, is crucial in applications involving catalysts based on supported ionic liquids. In this study, we synthesized the complexes [Ru(tpy)(bpy)Cl][PF6] and [Ru(tpy)(dcb)Cl][PF6] (tpy = 2,2',2''-terpyridine, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, dcb = 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine) and we prepared solutions using the ionic liquids (ILs) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [C2C1Im][OAc] and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [C4C1Im][PF6]. The chemical environment of the Ru(II) metal center and the interfacial behavior of the complexes in the different IL solutions were determined using angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS). In [C4C1Im][PF6], [Ru(tpy)(bpy)Cl][PF6] maintains its chemical structure, while in [C2C1Im][OAc], partial changes in the chemical environment of the Ru center are indicated by XPS, likely due to ligand exchange. The presence of carboxylic acid functional groups in the bipyridyl ligand seems to inhibit this ligand exchange. The investigated complexes do not exhibit surface activity but are depleted from the IL/gas interface. These findings hold significance for the design of new supported ionic liquid phase catalysts based on Ru complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hemmeter
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Luciano Sanchez Merlinsky
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis M Baraldo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Florian Maier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Federico J Williams
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen, Germany.
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Maiti S, Senavirathna LN, Minguez Bacho I, Menath J, Gruber W, Vogel N, Bachmann J, Unruh T. Highly Ordered Monolayers of μm-Sized Polystyrene Spheres Studied by Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle X-ray Scattering, Simulations, and Geometrical Calculations. Langmuir 2024; 40:1185-1194. [PMID: 38166415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Unraveling the two-dimensional (2D) structural ordering of colloidal particles assembled at a flat surface is essential for understanding and optimizing their physical properties. So far, grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) has been widely used to determine crystallographic information on 2D self-assembled structures of nanosize objects. However, solving the structure of 2D lattices consisting of micrometer (μm)-sized objects still remains a challenge using scattering methods. Here, a model 2D SCALMS (supported catalytically active liquid metal solution) template is fabricated from μm-sized polystyrene (PS) spheres that form a monolayer on top of the flat solid support. GISAXS patterns of the sample were collected for rotation angles around its surface normal in steps of 3°. For every rotation angle, different Bragg-type interference maxima along the out-of-plane (qz) direction were observed. On the basis of simulations of GISXAS patterns of single domains of ordered particle arrangements using the distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) and validation against a simple geometrical scattering model, the interference maxima could nicely be interpreted to originate from a monolayer of the μm-sized spherical particles which are arranged in domains of hexagonal 2D paracrystalline order. This novel GISAXS evaluation technique serves as a proof of principle for determining the μm-size periodicity of 2D crystalline domains and demonstrates its potential to spatially resolve the relative orientations of such domains with respect to a reference direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maiti
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - L N Senavirathna
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - I Minguez Bacho
- Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, IZNF, Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Menath
- Institute of Particle Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - W Gruber
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - N Vogel
- Institute of Particle Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Bachmann
- Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, IZNF, Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Unruh
- Institute for Crystallography and Structural Physics, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Coskun OK, Dongare S, Doherty B, Klemm A, Tuckerman M, Gurkan B. Tailoring Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction on Copper by Reactive Ionic Liquid and Native Hydrogen Bond Donors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202312163. [PMID: 37874123 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2 RR) on copper (Cu) shows promise for higher-value products beyond CO. However, challenges such as the limited CO2 solubility, high overpotentials, and the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in aqueous electrolytes hinder the practical realization. We propose a functionalized ionic liquid (IL) which generates ion-CO2 adducts and a hydrogen bond donor (HBD) upon CO2 absorption to modulate CO2 RR on Cu in a non-aqueous electrolyte. As revealed by transient voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and in situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) complemented with image charge augmented quantum-mechanical/molecular mechanics (IC-QM/MM) computations, a unique microenvironment is constructed. In this microenvironment, the catalytic activity is primarily governed by the IL and HBD concentrations; former controlling the double layer thickness and the latter modulating the local proton availability. This translates to ample CO2 availability, reduced overpotential, and suppressed HER where C4 products are obtained. This study deepens the understanding of electrolyte effects in CO2 RR and the role of IL ions towards electrocatalytic microenvironment design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Kagan Coskun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Saudagar Dongare
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Brian Doherty
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Aidan Klemm
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mark Tuckerman
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Simons Center for Computational Physical Chemistry at, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Burcu Gurkan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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9
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Bühlmeyer H, Hauner J, Eschenbacher R, Steffen J, Trzeciak S, Taccardi N, Görling A, Zahn D, Wasserscheid P, Libuda J. Structure Formation in an Ionic Liquid Wetting Layer: A Combined STM, IRAS, DFT and MD Study of [C 2 C 1 Im][OTf] on Au(111). Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301328. [PMID: 37277680 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In a solid catalyst with ionic liquid layer (SCILL), ionic liquid (IL) coatings are used to improve the selectivity of noble metal catalysts. To understand the origins of this selectivity control, we performed model studies by surface science methods in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). We investigated the growth and thermal stability of ultrathin IL films by infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). We combined these experiments with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to obtain information on the orientation of the ions, the interactions with the surface, the intermolecular interactions, and the structure formation. Additionally, we performed DFT calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to interpret the experimental data. We studied the IL 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate [C2 C1 Im][OTf] on Au(111) surfaces. We observe a weakly bound multilayer of [C2 C1 Im][OTf], which is stable up to 390 K, while the monolayer desorbs at ∼450 K. [C2 C1 Im][OTf] preferentially adsorbs at the step edges and elbows of the herringbone reconstruction of Au(111). The anion adsorbs via the SO3 group with the molecular axis perpendicular to the surface. At low coverage, the [C2 C1 Im][OTf] crystallizes in a glass-like 2D phase with short-range order. At higher coverage, we observe a phase transition to a 6-membered ring structure with long-range order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Bühlmeyer
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonas Hauner
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roman Eschenbacher
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julien Steffen
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Trzeciak
- Computer Chemistry Center, CCC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Chair of Chemical Engineering I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk Zahn
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Computer Chemistry Center, CCC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Chair of Chemical Engineering I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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10
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Eschenbacher R, Trzeciak S, Schuschke C, Schötz S, Hohner C, Blaumeiser D, Zahn D, Retzer T, Libuda J. Thermal Stability and CO Permeability of [C4C1Pyr][NTf2]/Pd(111) Model SCILLs: from UHV to Ambient Pressure. Top Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-023-01798-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
AbstractSolid catalysts with ionic liquid layers (SCILLs) are heterogeneous catalysts which benefit significantly in terms of selectivity from a thin coating of an ionic liquid (IL). In the present work, we study the interaction of CO with a Pd model SCILL consisting of a 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide ([C4C1Pyr][NTf2]) film deposited on Pd(111). We investigate the CO permeability and stability of the IL film via pressure modulation experiments by infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) and at ambient pressure conditions by time-resolved, temperature-programmed, and polarization-modulated (PM) IRAS experiments. In addition, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to identify adsorption motifs, their abundance, and the influence of CO. We find a strongly bound IL wetting monolayer (ML) and a potentially dewetting multilayer. Molecular reorientation of the IL at the interface and multilayer dewetting allow for the accumulation of CO at the metal/IL interface. Our results confirm that co-adsorption of CO changes the molecular structure of the IL wetting layer which confirms the importance to study model SCILL systems under in situ conditions.
Graphical abstract
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11
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Hemmeter D, Paap U, Taccardi N, Mehler J, Schulz PS, Wasserscheid P, Maier F, Steinrück HP. Formation and Surface Behavior of Pt and Pd Complexes with Ligand Systems Derived from Nitrile-functionalized Ionic Liquids Studied by XPS. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200391. [PMID: 36164745 PMCID: PMC10091715 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We studied the formation and surface behavior of Pt(II) and Pd(II) complexes with ligand systems derived from two nitrile-functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) in solution using angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS). These ligand systems enabled a high solubility of the metal complexes in IL solution. The complexes were prepared by simple ligand substitution under vacuum conditions in defined excess of the coordinating ILs, [C3 CNC1 Im][Tf2 N] and [C1 CNC1 Pip][Tf2 N], to immediately yield solutions of the final products. The ILs differ in the cationic head group and the chain length of the functionalized substituent. Our XPS measurements on the neat ILs gave insights in the electronic properties of the coordinating substituents revealing differences in donation capability and stability of the complexes. Investigations on the composition of the outermost surface layers using ARXPS revealed no surface affinity of the nitrile-functionalized chains in the neat ILs. Solutions of the formed complexes in the nitrile ILs showed homogeneous distribution of the solute at the surface with the heterocyclic moieties preferentially orientated towards the vacuum, while the metal centers are rather located further away from the IL/vacuum interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hemmeter
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Paap
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julian Mehler
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter S Schulz
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Maier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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12
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Hemmeter D, Kremitzl D, Schulz PS, Wasserscheid P, Maier F, Steinrück HP. The Buoy Effect: Surface Enrichment of a Pt Complex in IL Solution by Ligand Design. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203325. [PMID: 36446030 PMCID: PMC10107114 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The targeted enrichment of a Pt complex with an ionic liquid (IL)-derived ligand system in IL solution is demonstrated by using angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. When the ligand system is complemented with fluorinated side chains, the complex accumulates strongly at the IL/gas interface, while in an equivalent solution of a complex without these substituents no such effect could be observed. This buoy-like behavior induces strong population of the complex at the outermost molecular layer close to surface saturation, which was studied over a range from 5 to 30 %mol . The surface enrichment was found to be most efficient at the lowest concentration, which is particularly favorable for catalytic applications such as supported ionic-liquid-phase (SILP) catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hemmeter
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Kremitzl
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter S Schulz
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Maier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Gousseva E, Midgley SD, Seymour JM, Seidel R, Grau-Crespo R, Lovelock KRJ. Understanding X-ray Photoelectron Spectra of Ionic Liquids: Experiments and Simulations of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Thiocyanate. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10500-10509. [PMID: 36455069 PMCID: PMC9761679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a combined experimental and computational approach to probe the electronic structure and atomic environment of an ionic liquid, based on core level binding energies. The 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate [C4C1Im][SCN] ionic liquid was studied using ab initio molecular dynamics, and results were compared against previously published and new experimental X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data. The long-held assumption that initial-state effects in XPS dominate the measured binding energies is proven correct, which validates the established premise that the ground state electronic structure of the ionic liquid can be inferred directly from XPS measurements. A regression model based upon site electrostatic potentials and intramolecular bond lengths is shown to account accurately for variations in core-level binding energies within the ionic liquid, demonstrating the important effect of long-range interactions on the core levels and throwing into question the validity of traditional single ion pair ionic liquid calculations for interpreting XPS data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott D. Midgley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, ReadingRG6 6DX, U.K.
| | - Jake M. Seymour
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, ReadingRG6 6DX, U.K.
| | - Robert Seidel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB), Berlin14109, Germany
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14
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Paap U, Seidl V, Meyer K, Maier F, Steinrück HP. Direct Correlation of Surface Tension and Surface Composition of Ionic Liquid Mixtures-A Combined Vacuum Pendant Drop and Angle-Resolved X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study. Molecules 2022; 27. [PMID: 36500653 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the surface tension and surface composition of various mixtures of the two ionic liquids (ILs) 1-methyl-3-octyl-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate [C8C1Im][PF6] and 1,3-bis(polyethylene glycol)imidazolium iodide [(mPEG2)2Im]I in the temperature range from 230 to 370 K under ultraclean vacuum conditions. The surface tension was measured using a newly developed apparatus, and the surface composition was determined by angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS). In the pure ILs, the alkyl chains of [C8C1Im][PF6] and the PEG chains of [(mPEG2)2Im]I are enriched at the IL/vacuum interface. In the mixtures, a strong selective surface enrichment of the alkyl chains occurs, which is most pronounced at low [C8C1Im][PF6] contents. For the surface tension, strong deviations from an ideal mixing behaviour take place. By applying a simple approach based on the surface composition of the mixtures as deduced from ARXPS, we are able to predict and reproduce the experimentally measured temperature-dependent surface tension values with astonishingly high accuracy.
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15
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Paap U, Kreß B, Steinrück H, Maier F. Probing Surface and Interfacial Tension of Ionic Liquids in Vacuum with the Pendant Drop and Sessile Drop Method. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13158. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the surface and interface tension measurements of the two ionic liquids (ILs) [C8C1Im][PF6] and [m(PEGn)2Im]I (n = 2, 4, 6) in a surface science approach. The measurements were performed in a newly developed and unique experimental setup, which allows for surface tension (ST) measurements using the pendant drop method and for contact angle measurements using the sessile drop method under the well-defined conditions of a high vacuum (from 10−7 mbar). The setup also allows for in vacuum transfer to an ultrahigh vacuum system for surface preparation and analysis, such as in angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. For [C8C1Im][PF6], we observe a linear decrease in the surface tension with increasing temperature. The ST measured under high vacuum is consistently found to be larger than under ambient conditions, which is attributed to the influence of water uptake in air by the IL. For [m(PEGn)2Im]I (n = 2, 4, 6), we observe a decrease in the ST with increasing polyethylene glycol chain length in a vacuum, similar to very recent observations under 1 bar Argon. This decrease is attributed to an increasing enrichment of the PEG chains at the surface. The ST data obtained under these ultraclean conditions are essential for a fundamental understanding of the relevant parameters determining ST on the microscopic level and can serve as a benchmark for theoretical calculations, such as molecular dynamic simulations. In addition to the ST measurements, proof-of-principle data are presented for sessile drop measurements in HV, and a detailed description and characterization of the new setup is provided.
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16
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Chanerika R, Shozi ML, Prato M, Friedrich HB. The effect of organic modifiers on Ag/Al2O3 catalysts for the sequential hydrogenation of 1-octyne vs 1-octene. Molecular Catalysis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Massicot S, Sasaki T, Lexow M, Maier F, Kuwabata S, Steinrück H. On‐Surface Metathesis of an Ionic Liquid on Ag(111). Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200167. [PMID: 35363397 PMCID: PMC9321566 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the adsorption, surface enrichment, ion exchange, and on‐surface metathesis of ultrathin mixed IL films on Ag(111). We stepwise deposited 0.5 ML of the protic IL diethylmethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([dema][TfO]) and 1.0 ML of the aprotic IL 1‐methyl‐3‐octylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C8C1Im][PF6]) at around 90 K. Thereafter, the resulting layered frozen film was heated to 550 K, and the thermally induced phenomena were monitored in situ by angle‐resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Between 135 and 200 K, [TfO]− anions at the Ag(111) surface are exchanged by [PF6]− anions and enriched together with [C8C1Im]+ cations at the IL/vacuum interface. Upon further heating, [dema][PF6] and [OMIm][PF6] desorb selectively at ∼235 and ∼380 K, respectively. Hereby, a wetting layer of pure [C8C1Im][TfO] is formed by on‐surface metathesis at the IL/metal interface, which completely desorbs at ∼480 K. For comparison, ion enrichment at the vacuum/IL interface was also studied in macroscopic IL mixtures, where no influence of the solid support is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Massicot
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Tomoya Sasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University Yamada-oka 2–1, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Matthias Lexow
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Florian Maier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Susumu Kuwabata
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University Yamada-oka 2–1, Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hans‐Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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18
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Wolf P, Wick CR, Mehler J, Blaumeiser D, Schötz S, Bauer T, Libuda J, Smith D, Smith AS, Haumann M. Improving the Performance of Supported Ionic Liquid Phase Catalysts for the Ultra-Low-Temperature Water Gas Shift Reaction Using Organic Salt Additives. ACS Catal 2022; 12:5661-5672. [PMID: 35572184 PMCID: PMC9088848 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The water gas shift reaction (WGSR) is catalyzed by supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) systems containing homogeneous Ru complexes dissolved in ionic liquids (ILs). These systems work at very low temperatures, that is, between 120 and 160 °C, as compared to >200 °C in the conventional process. To improve the performance of this ultra-low-temperature catalysis, we investigated the influence of various additives on the catalytic activity of these SILP systems. In particular, the application of methylene blue (MB) as an additive doubled the activity. Infrared spectroscopy measurements combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations excluded a coordinative interaction of MB with the Ru complex. In contrast, state-of-the-art theoretical calculations elucidated the catalytic effect of the additives by non-covalent interactions. In particular, the additives can significantly lower the barrier of the rate-determining step of the reaction mechanism via formation of hydrogen bonds. The theoretical predictions, thereby, showed excellent agreement with the increase of experimental activity upon variation of the hydrogen bonding moieties in the additives investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wolf
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstraße 1, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Christian R. Wick
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, PULS Group, Cauerstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Competence Unit for Scientific Computing (CSC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 5a, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Julian Mehler
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Dominik Blaumeiser
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - Simon Schötz
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - Tanja Bauer
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - David Smith
- Group of Computational Life Sciences, Department of Physical Chemistry, Rud̵er Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54 Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ana-Sunčana Smith
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, PULS Group, Cauerstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Group of Computational Life Sciences, Department of Physical Chemistry, Rud̵er Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54 Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Marco Haumann
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
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19
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Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) hold great promise in the fields of green chemistry, environmental science, and sustainable technology due to their unique properties, such as a tailorable structure, the various types available, and their environmentally friendly features. On the basis of multiscale simulations and experimental characterizations, two unique features of ILs are as follows: (1) strong coupling interactions between the electrostatic forces and hydrogen bonds, namely in the Z-bond, and (2) the unique semiordered structure and properties of ultrathin films, specifically regarding the quasi-liquid. In accordance with the aforementioned theoretical findings, many cutting-edge applications have been proposed: for example, CO2 capture and conversion, biomass conversion and utilization, and energy storage materials. Although substantial progress has been made recently in the field of ILs, considerable challenges remain in understanding the nature of and devising applications for ILs, especially in terms of e.g. in situ/real-time observation and highly precise multiscale simulations of the Z-bond and quasi-liquid. In this Perspective, we review recent developments and challenges for the IL research community and provide insights into the nature and function of ILs, which will facilitate future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Wang
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process
and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Hongyan He
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process
and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Chenlu Wang
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process
and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yumiao Lu
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process
and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Dong
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process
and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Huo
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process
and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suojiang Zhang
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory
of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process
and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s
Republic of China
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20
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Cole J, Syres KL. Ionic liquids on oxide surfaces. J Phys Condens Matter 2022; 34:213002. [PMID: 35234666 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac5994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) supported on oxide surfaces are being investigated for numerous applications including catalysis, batteries, capacitors, transistors, lubricants, solar cells, corrosion inhibitors, nanoparticle synthesis and biomedical applications. The study of ILs with oxide surfaces presents challenges both experimentally and computationally. The interaction between ILs and oxide surfaces can be rather complex, with defects in the oxide surface playing a key role in the adsorption behaviour and resulting electronic properties. The choice of the cation/anion pair is also important and can influence molecular ordering and electronic properties at the interface. These controllable interfacial behaviours make ionic liquid/oxide systems desirable for a number of different technological applications as well as being utilised for nanoparticle synthesis. This topical review aims to bring together recent experimental and theoretical work on the interaction of ILs with oxide surfaces, including TiO2, ZnO, Al2O3, SnO2and transition metal oxides. It focusses on the behaviour of ILs at model single crystal surfaces, the interaction between ILs and nanoparticulate oxides, and their performance in prototype devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Cole
- Jeremiah Horrocks Institute for Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Karen L Syres
- Jeremiah Horrocks Institute for Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
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21
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Escobar-Bedia FJ, Lopez-Haro M, Calvino JJ, Martin-Diaconescu V, Simonelli L, Perez-Dieste V, Sabater MJ, Concepción P, Corma A. Active and Regioselective Ru Single-Site Heterogeneous Catalysts for Alpha-Olefin Hydroformylation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Escobar-Bedia
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Lopez-Haro
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Rio San Pedro, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jose Juan Calvino
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Rio San Pedro, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Vlad Martin-Diaconescu
- CELLS─ALBA Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Laura Simonelli
- CELLS─ALBA Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Virginia Perez-Dieste
- CELLS─ALBA Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Maria J. Sabater
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Concepción
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Avelino Corma
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Akgul D, Kurtoğlu SF, Zhao Y, Fındık V, Monari A, Uzun A, Aviyente V. Influence of ionic liquids on the electronic environment of atomically dispersed Ir on (MgO) (100). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11305-11314. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00043a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) have been used as ligands for single-site Ir(CO)2 complexes bound to metal-oxide supports because of their electron-donor/acceptor capacities. The combined effects of supports and ILs as...
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Eschenbacher R, Schuschke C, Bühlmeyer H, Taccardi N, Wasserscheid P, Bauer T, Xu T, Libuda J. Interaction between Ionic Liquids and a Pt(111) Surface Probed by Coadsorbed CO as a Test Molecule. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:10079-10085. [PMID: 34624196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We used temperature-programmed infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (TP-IRAS) to study the desorption behavior of CO on Pt(111) coadsorbed with four kinds of ionic liquids (ILs), namely 1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C4C1Pyr][NTf2]), 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C2C1Im][NTf2]), 1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium-trifluoro-methanesulfonate ([C4C1Pyr][OTf]), and 1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium-hexafluorophosphate ([C4C1Pyr][PF6]). We found that CO desorbs earlier from a Pt(111) surface with coadsorbed ILs than without. In addition, the CO desorption temperature varies between different types of coadsorbed ILs, which follows the order: [C4C1Pyr][PF6] (365 K) > [C4C1Pyr][NTf2] (362 K) > [C2C1Im][NTf2] (352 K) > [C4C1Pyr][OTf] (348 K). We ascribe the difference in CO desorption temperature to the different interaction strength between ILs and the Pt(111) surface. A stronger IL-Pt(111) interaction leads to a lower CO desorption temperature. We suggest that TP-IRAS experiments of CO coadsorbed with ILs can be a useful method to aid the characterization of the interaction strength between ILs and metal surfaces such as Pt(111).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Eschenbacher
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Schuschke
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hanna Bühlmeyer
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Institute of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Institute of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tanja Bauer
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tao Xu
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Meusel M, Gezmis A, Jaekel S, Lexow M, Bayer A, Maier F, Steinrück HP. Time- and Temperature-Dependent Growth Behavior of Ionic Liquids on Au(111) Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy in Ultrahigh Vacuum. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2021; 125:20439-20449. [PMID: 34594432 PMCID: PMC8474146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c06613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We deposited defined amounts of [C1C1Im][Tf2N] on Au(111) at different temperatures and investigated the morphology and wetting behavior of the deposited films by atomic force microscopy. For multilayer coverages, we observe a drastically different growth behavior when comparing deposition at room temperature (RT) and deposition below 170 K followed by slow annealing to RT. Upon deposition at RT, we find the formation of 2-30 nm high and 50-500 nm wide metastable 3D droplets on top of a checkerboard-type wetting layer. These droplets spread out into stable 2D bilayers, on the time scale of hours and days. The same 2D bilayer structure is obtained after deposition below 170 K and slow annealing to RT. We present a statistical analysis on the time-dependent changes of the shape and volume of the 3D droplets and the 2D bilayers. We attribute the stabilization of the 2D bilayers on the wetting layer and on already formed bilayers to the high degree of order in these layers. Notably, the transformation process from the 3D droplets to 2D bilayer islands is accelerated by tip effects and also X-ray radiation.
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Qin J, Wang M, Wang Y, Wang C, Lu Y, Huo F, He H. Understanding Electric Field‐Dependent Structure Variation of Functional Ionic Liquids at the Electrode Interface. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Qin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Mi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yanlei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Chenlu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yumiao Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Feng Huo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Hongyan He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
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Wang C, Ning Y, Huang H, Li S, Xiao C, Chen Q, Peng L, Guo S, Li Y, Liu C, Wu ZS, Li X, Chen L, Gao C, Wu C, Fu Q. Operando surface science methodology reveals surface effect in charge storage electrodes. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 8:nwaa289. [PMID: 34691600 PMCID: PMC8288451 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface and interface play critical roles in energy storage devices, calling for operando characterization techniques to probe the electrified surfaces/interfaces. In this work, surface science methodology, including electron spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy, has been successfully applied to visualize electrochemical processes at operating electrode surfaces in an Al/graphite model battery. Intercalation of anions together with cations is directly observed in the surface region of a graphite electrode with tens of nanometers thickness, the concentration of which is one order higher than that in bulk. An intercalation pseudocapacitance mechanism and a double specific capacity in the electrode surface region are expected based on the super-dense intercalants and anion/cation co-intercalation, which are in sharp contrast to the battery-like mechanism in the electrode bulk. The distinct electrochemical mechanism at the electrode surface is verified by performance tests of real battery devices, showing that a surface-dominant, nanometer-thick graphite cathode outperforms a bulk-dominant, micrometer-thick graphite cathode. Our findings highlight the important surface effect of working electrodes in charge storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanxiao Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haibo Huang
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuanhai Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Li Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shuainan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yifan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Conghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhong-Shuai Wu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Liwei Chen
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chao Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chuan Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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Meusel M, Lexow M, Gezmis A, Bayer A, Maier F, Steinrück HP. Growth of Multilayers of Ionic Liquids on Au(111) Investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy in Ultrahigh Vacuum. Langmuir 2020; 36:13670-13681. [PMID: 33156635 PMCID: PMC7676296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the growth of ultrathin films of ionic liquids (ILs) on metal surfaces is of highest relevance for a variety of applications. We present a detailed study of the growth of the wetting layer and successive multilayers of 1,3-dimethylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide ([C1C1Im][Tf2N]) on Au(111). By atomic force microscopy (AFM) in ultrahigh vacuum, we follow the temperature-dependent behavior between 110 and 300 K at defined coverages. We initially observe the formation of a wetting layer with a thickness of ∼0.37 nm with anions and cations arranged in a checkerboard structure. Stable AFM imaging up to 280 K allows us to follow the IL growing on top of the wetting layer in bilayers with an average thickness of ∼0.71 nm, that is, double the height of the wetting layer, in a bilayer-by-bilayer fashion. This growth behavior is independently confirmed from the surface morphology, as deduced from AFM and angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. High-resolution AFM images at 110 K allow for identifying the molecular surface structure of the bilayers as a striped phase, which is one of the phases also seen for the wetting layer (Meusel, M.; Lexow, M.; Gezmis, A.; Schotz, S.; Wagner, M.; Bayer, A.; Maier, F.; Steinrück, H. P. Atomic Force and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Ordered Ionic Liquid Wetting Layers from 110 K up to Room Temperature. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 9000-9010).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Meusel
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische
Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Lexow
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische
Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Afra Gezmis
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische
Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bayer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische
Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Maier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische
Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische
Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Ayatollahi SF, Bahrami M, Ghatee MH, Ghaed-Sharaf T. Simulating the Effect of Anions on Spreading of Nanodroplets and the Monolayer Behavior of Quaternary Ammonium-Based Ionic Liquids on Li(100) and Li(110) Metal Facets. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Bahrami
- Department of Chemistry, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71946, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Ghatee
- Department of Chemistry, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71946, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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Bingwa N, Ndolomingo MJ, Noh J, Antonels N, Carleschi E, Doyle BP, Haumann M, Meijboom R. Synergistic effect of mesoporous metal oxides and PtO2 nanoparticles in aerobic oxidation of ethanol and ionic liquid induced acetaldehyde selectivity. Molecular Catalysis 2020; 492:110978. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.110978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Meusel M, Lexow M, Gezmis A, Schötz S, Wagner M, Bayer A, Maier F, Steinrück HP. Atomic Force and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Ordered Ionic Liquid Wetting Layers from 110 K up to Room Temperature. ACS Nano 2020; 14:9000-9010. [PMID: 32609482 PMCID: PMC7391993 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are used as ultrathin films in many applications. We studied the nanoscale arrangement within the first layer of 1,3-dimethylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide ([C1C1Im] [Tf2N]) on Au(111) between 400 and 110 K in ultrahigh vacuum by scanning tunneling and noncontact atomic force microscopy with molecular resolution. Compared to earlier studies on similar ILs, a different behavior is observed, which we attribute to the small size and symmetrical shape of the cation: (a) In both AFM and STM only the anions are imaged; (b) only long-range-ordered but no amorphous phases are observed; (c) the hexagonal room-temperature phase melts 30-50 K above the IL's bulk melting point; (d) at 110 K, striped and hexagonal superstructures with two and three ion pairs per unit cell, respectively, are found. AFM turned out to be more stable at higher temperature, while STM revealed more details at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Meusel
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Lexow
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Afra Gezmis
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Schötz
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Margareta Wagner
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute
of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/134, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Bayer
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Maier
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Sampaio AM, Siqueira LJA. Ether-Functionalized Sulfonium Ionic Liquid and Its Binary Mixtures with Acetonitrile as Electrolyte for Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors: A Molecular Dynamics Study. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:6679-6689. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c02643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abner Massari Sampaio
- Laboratório de Materiais Híbridos, Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau, 210, Diadema, SP-CEP 09913-030, Brazil
| | - Leonardo José Amaral Siqueira
- Laboratório de Materiais Híbridos, Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau, 210, Diadema, SP-CEP 09913-030, Brazil
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Babucci M, Hoffman AS, Debefve LM, Kurtoglu SF, Bare SR, Gates BC, Uzun A. Unraveling the individual influences of supports and ionic liquid coatings on the catalytic properties of supported iridium complexes and iridium clusters. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hanf S, Alvarado Rupflin L, Gläser R, Schunk S. Current State of the Art of the Solid Rh-Based Catalyzed Hydroformylation of Short-Chain Olefins. Catalysts 2020; 10:510. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10050510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydroformylation of olefins is one of the most important homogeneously catalyzed processes in industry to produce bulk chemicals. Despite the high catalytic activities and selectivity’s using rhodium-based homogeneous hydroformylation catalysts, catalyst recovery and recycling from the reaction mixture remain a challenging topic on a process level. Therefore, technical solutions involving alternate approaches with heterogeneous catalysts for the conversion of olefins into aldehydes have been considered and research activities have addressed the synthesis and development of heterogeneous rhodium-based hydroformylation catalysts. Different strategies were pursued by different groups of authors, such as the deposition of molecular rhodium complexes, metallic rhodium nanoparticles and single-atom catalysts on a solid support as well as rhodium complexes present in supported liquids. An overview of the recent developments made in the area of the heterogenization of homogeneous rhodium catalysts and their application in the hydroformylation of short-chain olefins is given. A special focus is laid on the mechanistic understanding of the heterogeneously catalyzed reactions at a molecular level in order to provide a guide for the future design of rhodium-based heterogeneous hydroformylation catalysts.
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Heller BS, Paap U, Maier F, Steinrück HP. Pronounced surface enrichment of fluorinated ionic liquids in binary mixtures with methoxy-functionalized ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Lexow M, Massicot S, Maier F, Steinrück HP. Stability and Exchange Processes in Ionic Liquid/Porphyrin Composite Films on Metal Surfaces. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2019; 123:29708-29721. [PMID: 31867088 PMCID: PMC6913898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b08531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In light of increasing interest in the development of organic-organic multicomponent heterostructures on metals, this molecular-scale study investigates prototypical composite systems of ultrathin porphyrin and ionic liquid (IL) films on metallic supports under well-defined ultrahigh vacuum conditions. By means of angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we investigated the adsorption, stability, and thermal exchange of the resulting films after sequential physical vapor deposition of the free-base porphyrin 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin, 2H-TPP, and the IL 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [C8C1Im][PF6], on Ag(111) and Au(111). 2H-TPP shows two-dimensional growth of up to two closed molecular layers on Ag(111) and Au(111) and three-dimensional island growth for thicker films. IL films on top of a monolayer of 2H-TPP exhibit Stranski-Krastanov-like growth and are stable up to 385 K. The 2H-TPP layer leads to destabilization of the IL films, compared to the IL in direct contact with the bare metals, by inhibiting the specific adsorption of the ions on the metal surfaces. When the porphyrin is deposited on top of [C8C1Im][PF6] at low temperature, the 2H-TPP molecules adsorb on top of the IL film at first but replace the IL at the IL/metal interfaces upon heating above 240 K. This exchange process is most likely driven by the higher adsorption energy of 2H-TPP on Ag(111) and Au(111) surfaces, as compared to the IL. The behavior observed on Ag(111) and Au(111) is identical. The results are highly relevant for the stability of porphyrin/IL-based thin film catalyst systems and molecular devices, and more generally, stacked organic multilayer architectures.
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Kim HY, Kang SW. CO 2 separation using composites consisting of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate/CdO/1-aminopyridinium iodide. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16563. [PMID: 31719556 PMCID: PMC6851388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Aminopyridinium iodide (iodine salt) was used in CO2 separation composites consisting of CdO and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIM+BF4−). Using iodine salt, the separation performance was largely improved. The CO2/N2 selectivity was 64.6 and the permeance of CO2 gas was 22.6 GPU, which was about twice that of BMIM+BF4−/CdO composites without addition of iodine salt. These results were due to the both effect of iodine salt on the transport of the N2 molecules by the cyclic ring compound and the promoting transport of CO2 molecules by the amine groups. Moreover, the oxide layer on the surface of the CdO could enhance the CO2 solubility, resulting in the enhancement of separation performance. The mechanical and chemical properties were measured using SEM, Raman, TGA and FT-IR. The cross-section of coated membranes was confirmed by SEM. The coordinative interactions of iodine salts with BMIM+BF4−/CdO composite were observed by Raman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Wook Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Chemistry and Energy Engineering, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, Republic of Korea.
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Vučemilović-Alagić N, Banhatti RD, Stepić R, Wick CR, Berger D, Gaimann MU, Baer A, Harting J, Smith DM, Smith AS. Insights from molecular dynamics simulations on structural organization and diffusive dynamics of an ionic liquid at solid and vacuum interfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 553:350-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Oulego P, Faes J, González R, Viesca J, Blanco D, Battez AH. Relationships between the physical properties and biodegradability and bacteria toxicity of fatty acid-based ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kanj AB, Verma R, Liu M, Helfferich J, Wenzel W, Heinke L. Bunching and Immobilization of Ionic Liquids in Nanoporous Metal-Organic Framework. Nano Lett 2019; 19:2114-2120. [PMID: 30830791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs) are a unique, novel class of designer solvents and materials with exclusive properties, attracting substantial attention in fields like energy storage and supercapacitors as well as in ion-based signal processing and electronics. For most applications, ILs need to be incorporated or embedded in solid materials like porous hosts. We investigate the dynamic structure of ILs embedded in well-defined pores of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The experimental data combined with molecular dynamics simulations unveil astonishing dynamic properties of the IL in the MOF nanoconfinement. At low IL loadings, the ions drift in the pores along the electric field, whereas at high IL loadings, collective field-induced interactions of the cations and anions lead to blocking the transport, thus suppressing the ionic mobility and tremendously decreasing the conductivity. The mutual pore blockage causes immobilized ions in the pores, resulting in a highly inhomogeneous IL density and bunched-up ions at the clogged pores. These results provide novel molecular-level insights into the dynamics of ILs in nanoconfinement, significantly enhancing the tunability of IL material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anemar Bruno Kanj
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Rupal Verma
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Modan Liu
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Julian Helfferich
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Lars Heinke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
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Babucci M, Fang CY, Perez-Aguilar JE, Hoffman AS, Boubnov A, Guan E, Bare SR, Gates BC, Uzun A. Controlling catalytic activity and selectivity for partial hydrogenation by tuning the environment around active sites in iridium complexes bonded to supports. Chem Sci 2019; 10:2623-2632. [PMID: 30996978 PMCID: PMC6419936 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05287e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-site Ir(CO)2 complexes bonded to high-surface-area metal oxide supports, SiO2, TiO2, Fe2O3, CeO2, MgO, and La2O3, were synthesized by chemisorption of Ir(CO)2(acac) (acac = acetylacetonate) followed by coating with each of the following ionic liquids (ILs): 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [BMIM][BF4], 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, [BMIM][Ac], and 1-(3-cyanopropyl)-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, [CPMIM][DCA]. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy showed that site-isolated iridium was bonded to oxygen atoms of the support. Electron densities on the iridium enveloped by each IL sheath/support combination were characterized by carbonyl infrared spectroscopy of the iridium gem-dicarbonyls and by X-ray absorption near-edge structure data. The electron-donor/acceptor tendencies of both the support and IL determine the activity and selectivity of the catalysts for the hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene, with electron-rich iridium being selective for partial hydrogenation. The results resolve the effects of the IL and support as ligands; for example, the effect of the IL becomes dominant when the support has a weak electron-donor character. The combined effects of supports and ILs as ligands offer broad opportunities for tuning catalytic properties of supported metal catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Babucci
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Koç University , Rumelifeneri Yolu , Sariyer 34450, Istanbul , Turkey .
- Koç University TÜPRAŞ Energy Center (KUTEM) , Koç University , Rumelifeneri Yolu , Sariyer 34450, Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Chia-Yu Fang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , USA
| | - Jorge E Perez-Aguilar
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , USA .
| | - Adam S Hoffman
- SSRL , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , CA 94025 , USA
| | - Alexey Boubnov
- SSRL , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , CA 94025 , USA
| | - Erjia Guan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , USA
| | - Simon R Bare
- SSRL , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , CA 94025 , USA
| | - Bruce C Gates
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , USA .
| | - Alper Uzun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Koç University , Rumelifeneri Yolu , Sariyer 34450, Istanbul , Turkey .
- Koç University TÜPRAŞ Energy Center (KUTEM) , Koç University , Rumelifeneri Yolu , Sariyer 34450, Istanbul , Turkey
- Koç University Surface Science and Technology Center (KUYTAM) , Koç University , Rumelifeneri Yolu , Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul , Turkey
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Bhuin RG, Schreiber P, Heller BS, Scheuermeyer M, Wasserscheid P, Steinrück H, Maier F. Surface behavior of low-temperature molten salt mixtures during the transition from liquid to solid. J Mol Liq 2019; 275:290-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhao X, Yuan Y, Li P, Song Z, Ma C, Pan D, Wu S, Ding T, Guo Z, Wang N. A polyether amine modified metal organic framework enhanced the CO2 adsorption capacity of room temperature porous liquids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13179-13182. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07243h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A room-temperature MOF-based porous liquid was prepared and showed an outstanding CO2 uptake capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea
- Hainan University
- Haikou
- P. R. China
| | - Yihui Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea
- Hainan University
- Haikou
- P. R. China
| | - Peipei Li
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Xidian University
- Xi’an
- China
| | - Zenjun Song
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering
- Taizhou University
- Taizhou
- P. R. China
| | - Chunxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea
- Hainan University
- Haikou
- P. R. China
| | - Duo Pan
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shandong University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao
- China
- Integrated Composites Laboratory
| | - Shide Wu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Tao Ding
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan University
- Kaifeng 475004
- China
| | - Zhanhu Guo
- Integrated Composites Laboratory
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Tennessee
- Knoxville
- USA
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea
- Hainan University
- Haikou
- P. R. China
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Chakraborty M, Ahmed T, Dhale RS, Majhi D, Sarkar M. Understanding the Microscopic Behavior of Binary Mixtures of Ionic Liquids through Various Spectroscopic Techniques. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:12114-12130. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b09699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manjari Chakraborty
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar 751005, India
| | - Tasnim Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Ranu Satish Dhale
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar 751005, India
| | - Debashis Majhi
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar 751005, India
| | - Moloy Sarkar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar 751005, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Senbin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | | | - Fang Gao
- Max Planck Institute
for Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
| | - Bin Cui
- Max Planck Institute
for Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
| | | | - Stuart S. P. Parkin
- Max Planck Institute
for Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
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Lexow M, Heller BSJ, Maier F, Steinrück HP. Anion Exchange at the Liquid/Solid Interface of Ultrathin Ionic Liquid Films on Ag(111). Chemphyschem 2018; 19:2978-2984. [PMID: 30193005 PMCID: PMC6282575 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thin ionic liquid (IL) films play an important role in many applications. To obtain a better understanding of the ion distribution within IL mixture films, we sequentially deposited ultrathin layers of two ILs with the same cation but different anions onto Ag(111), and monitored their dynamic behaviour by angle‐resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Upon depositing [C8C1Im][PF6] on top of a wetting layer of [C8C1Im][Tf2N] at room temperature (RT), we found a pronounced enrichment of the [Tf2N]− anions at the IL/vacuum interface, due to a rapid anion exchange at the IL/solid interface. In contrast, at 90 K, the [Tf2N]− anions remain at the IL/solid interface. Upon heating, we observe a rearrangement of the cations between 140 and 160 K, such that the octyl chains preferentially point towards the vacuum. Above 170 K, the ions start to become mobile, and at 220 K, the anion exchange is completed, with the [Tf2N]− anions enriched at the IL/vacuum interface in the same way as found for deposition at RT. The temperature range for the anion exchange corresponds well to glass transition temperatures reported in literature. We propose two driving forces to be cooperatively responsible for the replacement/exchange of [Tf2N]− at the IL/solid interface and its enrichment at the IL/vacuum interface. First, the adsorption energy of [C8C1Im][PF6] is significantly larger than that of [C8C1Im][Tf2N], and second, the surface tension of [C8C1Im][Tf2N] is lower than that of [C8C1Im][PF6].
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Lexow
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bettina S J Heller
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Maier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Heller BSJ, Kolbeck C, Niedermaier I, Dommer S, Schatz J, Hunt P, Maier F, Steinrück HP. Surface Enrichment in Equimolar Mixtures of Non-Functionalized and Functionalized Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1733-1745. [PMID: 29645340 PMCID: PMC6175172 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
For equimolar mixtures of ionic liquids with imidazolium‐based cations of very different electronic structure, we observe very pronounced surface enrichment effects by angle‐resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For a mixture with the same anion, that is, 1‐methyl‐3‐octylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate+1,3‐di(methoxy)imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C8C1Im][PF6]+[(MeO)2Im][PF6]), we find a strong enrichment of the octyl chain‐containing [C8C1Im]+ cation and a corresponding depletion of the [(MeO)2Im]+ cation in the topmost layer. For a mixture with different cations and anions, that is, [C8C1Im][Tf2N]+[(MeO)2Im][PF6], we find both surface enrichment of the [C8C1Im]+ cation and the [Tf2N]− (bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide) anion, while [(MeO)2Im]+ and [PF6]− are depleted from the surface. We propose that the observed behavior in these mixtures is due to a lowering of the surface tension by the enriched components. Interestingly, we observe pronounced differences in the chemical shifts of the imidazolium ring signals of the [(MeO)2Im]+ cations as compared to the non‐functionalized cations. Calculations of the electronic structure and the intramolecular partial charge distribution of the cations contribute to interpreting these shifts for the two different cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina S J Heller
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudia Kolbeck
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Inga Niedermaier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Dommer
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schatz
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patricia Hunt
- Chemistry Department, Imperial College London, SW72AZ, London, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Maier
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Lexow M, Talwar T, Heller BSJ, May B, Bhuin RG, Maier F, Steinrück HP. Time-dependent changes in the growth of ultrathin ionic liquid films on Ag(111). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:12929-12938. [PMID: 29701209 PMCID: PMC5944385 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01411f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Time dependent changes of IL film morphology depend on their molecular structure.
Various amounts of the ionic liquids (ILs) [C1C1Im][Tf2N] and [C8C1Im][Tf2N] were deposited in vacuo by physical vapour deposition (PVD) on single crystalline Ag(111) at room temperature and subsequently monitored by angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) as a function of time. For very low coverages of up to one closed molecular layer, an initial wetting layer was rapidly formed for both ILs. Deposition of higher amounts of [C1C1Im][Tf2N] revealed an initial three-dimensional film morphology. On the time scale of hours, characteristic changes of the XPS signals were observed. These are interpreted as island spreading and a transformation towards a nearly two dimensional [C1C1Im][Tf2N] film as the final state. In contrast, a film morphology close to 2D was found from the very beginning for [C8C1Im][Tf2N] deposited on Ag(111) demonstrating the influence of the alkyl chain length on the growth kinetics. These studies also highlight the suitability of time-resolved ARXPS for the investigation of IL/solid interfaces, which play a crucial role in IL thin film applications such as in catalysis, sensor, lubrication, and coating technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Lexow
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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Zhang Y, Cao Y, Chen D, Cui P, Yang J. Ionic liquid assisted synthesis of palladium nanoclusters for highly efficient formaldehyde oxidation. Electrochim Acta 2018; 269:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.02.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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