1
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Hu M, Belliveau E, Wu Y, Narayanan P, Feng D, Hamid R, Murrietta N, Ahmed GH, Kats MA, Congreve DN. Bulk Heterojunction Upconversion Thin Films Fabricated via One-Step Solution Deposition. ACS NANO 2023; 17:22642-22655. [PMID: 37963265 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Upconversion of near-infrared light into the visible has achieved limited success in applications due to the difficulty of creating solid-state films with high external quantum efficiency (EQE). Recent developments have expanded the range of relevant materials for solid-state triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion through the use of a charge-transfer state sensitization process. Here, we report the single-step solution-processed deposition of a bulk heterojunction upconversion film using organic semiconductors. The use of a bulk heterojunction thin film enables a high contact area between sensitizer and annihilator materials in this interface-triplet-generation mechanism and allows for a facile single-step deposition process. Demonstrations of multiple deposition and patterning methods on glass and flexible substrates show the promise of this materials system for solid-state upconversion applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manchen Hu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Emma Belliveau
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Pournima Narayanan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Demeng Feng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Rabeeya Hamid
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Natalia Murrietta
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ghada H Ahmed
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mikhail A Kats
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Daniel N Congreve
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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2
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Shih C, Lin C, Chen K, Amin NRA, Luo D, Hsu I, Akbar AK, Biring S, Lu C, Chen B, Yang S, Lee J, Liu S. Semi-Transparent, Pixel-Free Upconversion Goggles with Dual Audio-Visual Communication. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302631. [PMID: 37737620 PMCID: PMC10625064 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The intractable brittleness and opacity of the crystalline semiconductor restrict the prospect of developing low-cost imaging systems. Here, infrared visualization technologies are established with large-area, semi-transparent organic upconversion devices that bring high-resolution invisible images into sight without photolithography. To exploit all photoinduced charge carriers, a monolithic device structure is proposed built on the infrared-selective, single-component charge generation layer of chloroaluminum phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) coupled to two visible light-emitting layers manipulated with unipolar charges. Transient pump-probe spectroscopy reveals that the ClAlPc-based device exhibits an efficient charge dissociation process under forward bias. This process is indicated by the prompt and strong features of electroabsorption screening. Furthermore, by imposing the electric field, the ultrafast excited state dynamic suggests a prolonged charge carrier lifetime from the ClAlPc, which facilitates the charge utilization for upconversion luminance. For the first time, >30% of the infrared photons are utilized without photomultiplication strategies owing to the trivial spectrum overlap between ClAlPc and the emitter. In addition, the device can broadcast the acoustic signal by synchronizing the device frequency with the light source, which enables to operate it in dual audio-visual mode. The work demonstrates the potential of upconversion devices for affordable infrared imaging in wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Jen Shih
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical EngineeringNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic EngineeringMing Chi University of TechnologyNew Taipei City24301Taiwan
| | - Chao‐Yang Lin
- Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of EngineeringVictoria University of WellingtonWellington6012New Zealand
| | - Kai Chen
- Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of EngineeringVictoria University of WellingtonWellington6012New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and NanotechnologyWellington6012New Zealand
- The Dodd‐Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum TechnologiesDunedin9016New Zealand
| | - Nurul Ridho Al Amin
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic EngineeringMing Chi University of TechnologyNew Taipei City24301Taiwan
| | - Dian Luo
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic EngineeringMing Chi University of TechnologyNew Taipei City24301Taiwan
| | - I‐Sheng Hsu
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic EngineeringMing Chi University of TechnologyNew Taipei City24301Taiwan
| | - Abdul Khalik Akbar
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic EngineeringMing Chi University of TechnologyNew Taipei City24301Taiwan
| | - Sajal Biring
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic EngineeringMing Chi University of TechnologyNew Taipei City24301Taiwan
| | - Chih‐Hsuan Lu
- Institute of Photonics TechnologiesNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu300044Taiwan
| | - Bo‐Han Chen
- Institute of Photonics TechnologiesNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu300044Taiwan
| | - Shang‐Da Yang
- Institute of Photonics TechnologiesNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu300044Taiwan
| | - Jiun‐Haw Lee
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical EngineeringNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Shun‐Wei Liu
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic EngineeringMing Chi University of TechnologyNew Taipei City24301Taiwan
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3
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Shih CJ, Huang YC, Wang TY, Yu CW, Hsu IS, Akbar AK, Lin JY, Biring S, Lee JH, Liu SW. Transparent organic upconversion devices displaying high-resolution, single-pixel, low-power infrared images perceived by human vision. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd7526. [PMID: 37126555 PMCID: PMC10132748 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add7526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline photodiodes remain the most viable infrared sensing technology of choice, yet the opacity and the limitation in pixel size reduction per se restrict their development for supporting high-resolution in situ infrared images. In this work, we propose an all-organic non-fullerene-based upconversion device that brings invisible infrared signal into human vision via exciplex cohost light-emissive system. The device reaches an infrared-to-visible upconversion efficiency of 12.56% by resolving the 940-nm infrared signal (power density of 103.8 μW cm-2). We tailor a semitransparent (AVT, ~60%), large-area (10.35 cm2), lightweight (22.91 g), single-pixel upconversion panel to visualize the infrared power density down to 0.75 μW cm2, inferring a bias-switching linear dynamic range approaching 80 dB. We also demonstrate the possibility of visualizing low-intensity infrared signals from the Face ID and LiDAR, which should fill the gap in the existing technology based on pixelated complementary metal-oxide semiconductors with optical lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jen Shih
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Huang
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Yung Wang
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Wei Yu
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - I-Sheng Hsu
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Abdul Khalik Akbar
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Jai-Yi Lin
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Sajal Biring
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Haw Lee
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Wei Liu
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
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4
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Schloemer T, Narayanan P, Zhou Q, Belliveau E, Seitz M, Congreve DN. Nanoengineering Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion: From Materials to Real-World Applications. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3259-3288. [PMID: 36800310 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Using light to control matter has captured the imagination of scientists for generations, as there is an abundance of photons at our disposal. Yet delivering photons beyond the surface to many photoresponsive systems has proven challenging, particularly at scale, due to light attenuation via absorption and scattering losses. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC), a process which allows for low energy photons to be converted to high energy photons, is poised to overcome these challenges by allowing for precise spatial generation of high energy photons due to its nonlinear nature. With a wide range of sensitizer and annihilator motifs available for TTA-UC, many researchers seek to integrate these materials in solution or solid-state applications. In this Review, we discuss nanoengineering deployment strategies and highlight their uses in recent state-of-the-art examples of TTA-UC integrated in both solution and solid-state applications. Considering both implementation tactics and application-specific requirements, we identify critical needs to push TTA-UC-based applications from an academic curiosity to a scalable technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Schloemer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Pournima Narayanan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Emma Belliveau
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michael Seitz
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daniel N Congreve
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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5
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Infrared-to-Visible Upconversion Devices. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12040456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Infrared imaging plays remarkable roles in various fields including military, biomedicine, aerospace, and artificial intelligence. However, traditional infrared imaging systems have plenty of disadvantages such as large volume, high cost, and complex fabrication process. Emerging infrared upconversion imaging devices can directly convert low-energy infrared photons into high-energy visible light photons, thus they are promising to accomplish pixel-less high-resolution infrared imaging at low cost. In this paper, recent advances and progress of infrared-to-visible upconversion devices are summarized. We further offer the main limitations of upconversion technology and the challenges that need to be addressed for the future development of infrared upconverters.
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6
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Du X, Han J, He Z, Han C, Wang X, Wang J, Jiang Y, Tao S. Efficient Organic Upconversion Devices for Low Energy Consumption and High-Quality Noninvasive Imaging. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102812. [PMID: 34402548 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Infrared upconversion devices (UCDs) enable low-cost visualization of infrared optical signals without utilizing a readout circuit, which is of great significance for biological recognition and noninvasive dynamic monitoring. However, UCDs suffer from inferior photon to photon (p-p) efficiency and high turn-on voltage (Von ) for upconversion operation, hindering a further expansion in highly resolved infrared imaging. Herein, an efficient organic UCD integrating an interfacial exciplex emitter and a well-designed near-infrared (NIR) detector reveals a high efficiency up to 12.92% and a low Von down to 1.56 V. The low Von gives the capacity for detecting weak NIR light down to 3.2 µW cm-2 , significantly expanding the detection power scale of UCDs. Thus, the imaging linear dynamic range (I-LDR) is highly bias-tunable, ranging from 13.23 to 84.4 dB. The high I-LDR enables highly resolved and strong-penetration bioimaging especially for thick biological sections, indicating great potential in noninvasive defect and pathological detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Du
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Jiayue Han
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Zeyu He
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Chao Han
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Xiaomu Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yadong Jiang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Silu Tao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
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7
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Bennison M, Collins AR, Zhang B, Evans RC. Organic Polymer Hosts for Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Systems. Macromolecules 2021; 54:5287-5303. [PMID: 34176961 PMCID: PMC8223484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) is a process by which a lower energy photon can be upconverted to a higher energy state. The incorporation of TTA-UC materials into solid-state hosts has enabled advances in solar energy and many other applications. The choice of host system is, however, far from trivial and often calls for a careful compromise between characteristics such as high molecular mobility, low oxygen diffusion, and high material stability, factors that often contradict one another. Here, we evaluate these challenges in the context of the state-of-the-art of primarily polymer hosts and the advantages they hold in terms of material selection and tunability of their diffusion or mechanical or thermal properties. We encourage more collaborative research between polymer scientists and photophysicists in order to further optimize the current systems and outline our thoughts for the future direction of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rachel C. Evans
- Department of Materials Science and
Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
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8
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Optomechanical switching of adsorption configurations of polar organic molecules by UV radiation pressure. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12645. [PMID: 34135371 PMCID: PMC8209108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92046-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Using photoemission spectroscopy (PES), we have systematically investigated the behavior of polar organic molecule, chloroaluminum phthalocyanine (ClAlPc), adsorbed in the Cl-down configuration on the Ag(111) substrate at low temperature − 195 °C under UV irradiation with a range of different photon fluxes. Judging from the evolution of photoemission spectral line shapes of molecular energy states, we discovered that the Cl atoms are so robustly anchored at Ag(111) that the impinging photons cannot flip the ClAlPc molecules, but instead they crouch them down due to radiation pressure; we observe that the phthalocyanine (Pc) lobes bend down to interact with Ag atoms on the substrate and induce charge transfer from them. As photon flux is increased, radiation pressure on the Pc plane initiates tunneling of the Cl atom through the molecular plane to turn the adsorption configuration of ClAlPc from Cl-down to an upheld Cl-up configuration, elucidating an optomechanical way of manipulating the dipole direction of polar molecules. Finally, work function measurements provide a distinct signature of the resulting upheld Cl-up configuration as it leads to a large increase in vacuum level (VL), ~ 0.4 eV higher than that of a typical flat-on Cl-up configuration driven by thermal annealing.
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9
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Roy I, Goswami S, Young RM, Schlesinger I, Mian MR, Enciso AE, Zhang X, Hornick JE, Farha OK, Wasielewski MR, Hupp JT, Stoddart JF. Photon Upconversion in a Glowing Metal–Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5053-5059. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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10
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van Son MHC, Berghuis AM, Eisenreich F, de Waal B, Vantomme G, Gómez Rivas J, Meijer EW. Highly Ordered 2D-Assemblies of Phase-Segregated Block Molecules for Upconverted Linearly Polarized Emission. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2004775. [PMID: 33118197 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Materials based on the laminar ordering of self-assembled molecules have a unique potential for applications requiring efficient energy migration through densely packed chromophores. Here, employing molecular assemblies of coil-rod-coil block molecules for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) based on triplet energy migration with linearly polarized emission is reported. By covalently attaching discrete-length oligodimethylsiloxane (oDMS) to 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA), highly ordered 2D crystalline DPA sheets separated by oDMS layers are obtained. Transparent films of this material doped with small amounts of triplet sensitizer PtII octaethylporphyrin show air-stable TTA-UC under non-coherent excitation. Upon annealing, an increase in TTA-UC up to two orders of magnitude is observed originating from both an improved molecular ordering of DPA and an increased dispersion of the sensitizer. The molecular alignment in millimeter-sized domains leads to upconverted linearly polarized emission without alignment layers. By using a novel technique, upconversion imaging microscopy, the TTA-UC intensity is spatially resolved on a micrometer scale to visually demonstrate the importance of molecular dispersion of sensitizer molecules for efficient TTA-UC. The reported results are promising for anti-counterfeiting and 3D night-vision applications, but also exemplify the potential of discrete oligodimethylsiloxane functionalized chromophores for highly aligned and densely packed molecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H C van Son
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Anton M Berghuis
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Eisenreich
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Waal
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Ghislaine Vantomme
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Jaime Gómez Rivas
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - E W Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
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11
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Li N, Lan Z, Lau YS, Xie J, Zhao D, Zhu F. SWIR Photodetection and Visualization Realized by Incorporating an Organic SWIR Sensitive Bulk Heterojunction. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000444. [PMID: 32714755 PMCID: PMC7375246 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) photodetection and visualization has profound impacts on different applications. In this work, a large-area organic SWIR photodetector (PD) that is sensitive to SWIR light over a wavelength range from 1000 to 1600 nm and a SWIR visualization device that is capable of upconverting SWIR to visible light are developed. The organic SWIR PD, comprising an organic SWIR sensitive blend of a near-infrared polymer and a nonfullerene n-type small molecule SWIR dye, demonstrates an excellent capability for real-time heart rate monitoring, offering an attractive opportunity for portable and wearable healthcare gadgets. The SWIR-to-visible upconversion device is also demonstrated by monolithic integration of an organic SWIR PD and a perovskite light-emitting diode, converting SWIR (1050 nm) to visible light (516 nm). The most important attribute of the SWIR visualizing device is its solution fabrication capability for large-area SWIR detection and visualization at a low cost. The results are very encouraging, revealing the exciting large-area SWIR photodetection and visualization for a plethora of applications in environmental pollution, surveillance, bioimaging, medical, automotive, food, and wellness monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of PhysicsResearch Centre of Excellence for Organic ElectronicsInstitute of Advanced Materials, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological AnalysisHong Kong Baptist UniversityNTHong KongChina
| | - Zhaojue Lan
- Department of PhysicsResearch Centre of Excellence for Organic ElectronicsInstitute of Advanced Materials, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological AnalysisHong Kong Baptist UniversityNTHong KongChina
| | - Ying Suet Lau
- Department of PhysicsResearch Centre of Excellence for Organic ElectronicsInstitute of Advanced Materials, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological AnalysisHong Kong Baptist UniversityNTHong KongChina
| | - Jiajun Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCentre for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of ChemistryPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Dahui Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCentre for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of ChemistryPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Furong Zhu
- Department of PhysicsResearch Centre of Excellence for Organic ElectronicsInstitute of Advanced Materials, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological AnalysisHong Kong Baptist UniversityNTHong KongChina
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12
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Radiunas E, Dapkevičius M, Raišys S, Juršėnas S, Jozeliūnaitė A, Javorskis T, Šinkevičiūtė U, Orentas E, Kazlauskas K. Impact of t-butyl substitution in a rubrene emitter for solid state NIR-to-visible photon upconversion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:7392-7403. [PMID: 32215384 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00144a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Solid state NIR-to-visible photon upconversion (UC) mediated by triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) is necessitated by numerous practical applications. Yet, efficient TTA-UC remains a highly challenging task. In this work palladium phthalocyanine-sensitized NIR-to-vis solid UC films based on a popular rubrene emitter are thoroughly studied with the primary focus on revealing the impact of t-butyl substitution in rubrene on the TTA-UC performance. The solution-processed UC films were additionally doped with a small amount of emissive singlet sink tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene (DBP) for collecting upconverted singlets from rubrene and in this way diminishing detrimental singlet fission. Irrespective of the excitation conditions used, t-butyl-substituted rubrene (TBR) was found to exhibit enhanced TTA-UC performance as compared to that of rubrene at an optimal emitter doping of 80 wt% in polystyrene films. Explicitly, in the TTA dominated regime attained at high excitation densities, 4-fold higher UC quantum yield (ΦUC) achieved in TBR-based films was caused by the reduced fluorescence concentration quenching mainly due to suppressed singlet fission. Under low light conditions, i.e. in the regime governed by spontaneous triplet decay, even though triplet exciton diffusion was obstructed in TBR films by t-butyl moieties, the subsequently reduced TTA rate was counterbalanced by both suppressed singlet fission and non-radiative triplet quenching, still ensuring higher ΦUC of these films as compared to those of unsubstituted rubrene films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvinas Radiunas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Manvydas Dapkevičius
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Steponas Raišys
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Saulius Juršėnas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Augustina Jozeliūnaitė
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Javorskis
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ugnė Šinkevičiūtė
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Edvinas Orentas
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Karolis Kazlauskas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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13
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Wang C, Zhang X, Hu W. Organic photodiodes and phototransistors toward infrared detection: materials, devices, and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:653-670. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00431a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Active layer engineering, device construction, and integrated applications for infrared organic photodiodes and phototransistors are discussed in this tutorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300072
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14
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Strassel K, Ramanandan SP, Abdolhosseinzadeh S, Diethelm M, Nüesch F, Hany R. Solution-Processed Organic Optical Upconversion Device. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:23428-23435. [PMID: 31179678 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b06732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Imaging in the near-infrared (NIR) is getting increasingly important for applications such as machine vision or medical imaging. NIR-to-visible optical upconverters consist of a monolithic stack of a NIR photodetector and a visible light-emitting unit. Such devices convert NIR light directly to visible light and allow capturing a NIR image with an ordinary camera. Here, five-layer organic solution-processed upconverters (OUCs) are reported which consist of a squaraine dye NIR photodetector and a fluorescent poly( para-phenylene vinylene) copolymer (super yellow)-based organic light-emitting diode (OLED) or light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC), respectively. Both OLED-OUCs and LEC-OUCs convert NIR light at 980 nm to yellow light at around 575 nm with comparable device metrics of performance, such as a turn-on voltage of 2.7-2.9 V and a NIR-to-visible photon conversion efficiency of around 1.6%. Because of the presence of a salt in the emitting layer, the LEC-OUC is a temporally dynamic device. The LEC-OUC turn-on and relaxation behavior is characterized in detail. It is demonstrated that a particular ionic distribution and thereby the LEC-OUC status can be frozen by storing the device in the presence of a small voltage applied. This provides a test chart for quantitative measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Strassel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Laboratory for Functional Polymers , CH-8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL , Station 6 , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Santhanu Panikar Ramanandan
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Laboratory for Functional Polymers , CH-8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL , Station 12 , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Sina Abdolhosseinzadeh
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Laboratory for Functional Polymers , CH-8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL , Station 12 , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Matthias Diethelm
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Laboratory for Functional Polymers , CH-8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL , Station 12 , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Frank Nüesch
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Laboratory for Functional Polymers , CH-8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL , Station 12 , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Roland Hany
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Laboratory for Functional Polymers , CH-8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
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15
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Pun AB, Sanders SN, Sfeir MY, Campos LM, Congreve DN. Annihilator dimers enhance triplet fusion upconversion. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3969-3975. [PMID: 31015937 PMCID: PMC6457208 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03725f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical upconversion is a net process by which two low energy photons are converted into one higher energy photon. There is vast potential to exploit upconversion in applications ranging from solar energy and biological imaging to data storage and photocatalysis. Here, we link two upconverting chromophores together to synthesize a series of novel tetracene dimers for use as annihilators. When compared with the monomer annihilator, TIPS-tetracene, the dimers yield a strong enhancement in the triplet fusion process, also known as triplet-triplet annihilation, as demonstrated via a large increase in upconversion efficiency and an order of magnitude reduction of the threshold power for maximum yield. Along with the ongoing rapid improvements to sensitizer materials, the dimerization improvements demonstrated here open the way to a wide variety of emerging upconversion applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Pun
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , USA .
| | - Samuel N Sanders
- Rowland Institute at Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02142 , USA .
| | - Matthew Y Sfeir
- Photonics Initiative , Advanced Science Research Center , City University of New York , New York , New York 10031 , USA
- Department of Physics , Graduate Center , City University of New York , New York , New York 10016 , USA
| | - Luis M Campos
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , USA .
| | - Daniel N Congreve
- Rowland Institute at Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02142 , USA .
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16
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Pun AB, Campos LM, Congreve DN. Tunable Emission from Triplet Fusion Upconversion in Diketopyrrolopyrroles. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3777-3781. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Pun
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Luis M. Campos
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Daniel N. Congreve
- Rowland Institute at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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17
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Hany R, Cremona M, Strassel K. Recent advances with optical upconverters made from all-organic and hybrid materials. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2019; 20:497-510. [PMID: 31191760 PMCID: PMC6542176 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1610057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in near-infrared (NIR) imaging is explained by the increasing number of applications in this spectral range, which includes process monitoring and medical imaging. NIR-to-visible optical upconverters made by integrating a NIR photosensitive unit with a visible emitting unit convert incident NIR light to visible light, allowing imaging of a NIR scene directly with the naked eye. Optical upconverters made entirely from organic and hybrid materials - which include colloidal quantum dots, and metal-halide perovskites - enable low-cost and pixel-free NIR imaging. These devices have emerged as a promising addition to current NIR imagers based on inorganic semiconductor photodiode arrays interconnected with read-out integrated circuitry. Here, we review the recent progress in the field of optical upconverters made from organic and hybrid materials, explain their functionality and characterization, and identify open challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Hany
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- CONTACT Roland Hany Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Functional Polymers, CH-8600Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Marco Cremona
- Optoelectronic Molecular Laboratory, Physics Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karen Strassel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Song Q, Lin T, Su Z, Chu B, Yang H, Li W, Lee CS. Organic Upconversion Display with an over 100% Photon-to-photon Upconversion Efficiency and a Simple Pixelless Device Structure. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:6818-6824. [PMID: 30398045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Compared to traditional near-infrared (NIR) imaging devices, NIR-to-visible upconversion displays, which integrated a NIR photodetector with a visible light-emitting diode, have merits of simple device structure, low cost, high resolution, and a simple pixelless structure. However, photon-to-photon upconversion efficiencies of these devices are typically much lower than unity. Here we report an all-organic NIR-to-visible upconversion display with a photon-to-photon upconversion efficiency higher than 100% by integrating a photomultiplying organic NIR photodetector with a high-efficiency thermally activated delayed fluorescent organic light-emitting diode. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing a photon-to-photon upconversion efficiency over 100% without using a built-in transistor for current amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaogang Song
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Key Laboratory of Information Functional Material for Fujian Higher Education , Quanzhou Normal University , Quanzhou 362000 , People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications , Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130033 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications , Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130033 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zisheng Su
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Key Laboratory of Information Functional Material for Fujian Higher Education , Quanzhou Normal University , Quanzhou 362000 , People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications , Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130033 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications , Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130033 , People's Republic of China
| | - Huishan Yang
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Key Laboratory of Information Functional Material for Fujian Higher Education , Quanzhou Normal University , Quanzhou 362000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications , Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130033 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Sing Lee
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) and Department of Chemistry , City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , People's Republic of China
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19
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Dual mode OPV-OLED device with photovoltaic and light-emitting functionalities. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11472. [PMID: 30065248 PMCID: PMC6068190 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29806-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of organic optoelectronic devices such as organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) is largely attributable to their advantageous properties of their large area, ultrathin thickness, flexiblility, transparency, and solution processability. Herein, we fabricate and characterize a dual mode OPV-OLED device with three-terminal structure comprising a polymer-based bulk-heterojunction inverted OPV unit and a top-emission white phosphorescent OLED unit back-to-back connected via intermediate metal alloy electrode. Sputter-deposited indium tin oxide was used as a transparent cathode of the inverted OPV unit, whereas Ag-doped Al served as a common OPV/OLED anode, allowing the decoupling of electricity generation and light mission functions. Notably, the doping of Al by Ag facilitated the reduction of surface roughness, allowing the above electrode to be used as a common anode and dramatically reducing the leakage current. Finally, the top-emission OLED unit featured an ultrathin layer of Ag-doped Mg as a semitransparent cathode. Thus, successful integration of the OPV-OLED elements results in the decoupling of electricity generation and light emission functionalities, achieving a power conversion efficiency of 3.4% and an external quantum efficiency of 9.9%.
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20
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Li D, Hu Y, Zhang N, Lv Y, Lin J, Guo X, Fan Y, Luo J, Liu X. Near-Infrared to Visible Organic Upconversion Devices Based on Organic Light-Emitting Field Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:36103-36110. [PMID: 28960059 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The near-infrared (NIR) to visible upconversion devices have attracted great attention because of their potential applications in the fields of night vision, medical imaging, and military security. Herein, a novel all-organic upconversion device architecture has been first proposed and developed by incorporating a NIR absorption layer between the carrier transport layer and the emission layer in heterostructured organic light-emitting field effect transistors (OLEFETs). The as-prepared devices show a typical photon-to-photon upconversion efficiency as high as 7% (maximum of 28.7% under low incident NIR power intensity) and millisecond-scale response time, which are the highest upconversion efficiency and one of the fastest response time among organic upconversion devices as referred to the previous reports up to now. The high upconversion performance mainly originates from the gain mechanism of field-effect transistor structures and the unique advantage of OLEFETs to balance between the photodetection and light emission. Meanwhile, the strategy of OLEFETs also offers the advantage of high integration so that no extra OLED is needed in the organic upconversion devices. The results would pave way for low-cost, flexible and portable organic upconversion devices with high efficiency and simplified processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongsheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130033, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130033, China
| | - Ying Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130033, China
| | - Jie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130033, China
| | - Xiaoyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130033, China
| | - Jinsong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130033, China
| | - Xingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130033, China
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21
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Yuan CH, Lee CC, Liu CF, Lin YH, Su WC, Lin SY, Chen KT, Li YD, Chang WC, Li YZ, Su TH, Liu YH, Liu SW. Cathodic-controlled and near-infrared organic upconverter for local blood vessels mapping. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32324. [PMID: 27578199 PMCID: PMC5006079 DOI: 10.1038/srep32324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic materials are used in novel optoelectronic devices because of the ease and high compatibility of their fabrication processes. Here, we demonstrate a low-driving-voltage cathodic-controlled organic upconverter with a mapping application that converts near-infrared images to produce images of visible blood vessels. The proposed upconverter has a multilayer structure consisting of a photosensitive charge-generation layer (CGL) and a phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode (OLED) for producing clear images with a high resolution of 600 dots per inch. In this study, temperature-dependent electrical characterization was performed to analyze the interfacial modification of the cathodic-controlled upconverter. The result shows that the upconverter demonstrated a high conversion efficiency of 3.46% because of reduction in the injection barrier height at the interface between the CGL and the OLED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsien Yuan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chien Lee
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Fu Liu
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung City 20401, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Hsuan Lin
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung City 20401, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Su
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yu Lin
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ting Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Yan-De Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Chang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ze Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.,Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hao Su
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Wei Liu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
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